DOCSLIB.ORG

Technocracy 3

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technocracy 3 --168 --122 --117 --112 --98 --96 --95 --91 --87 --85 I 1920 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 32 41 42 .. Grand Coulee Spills Over! The greatest struc­ America's Power Goes Up! Chart shows total ture on earth is now producing power for Uncle conversion of electricity in U. S. in billions of Sam, fighting for the life of this nation. Bureau kw.-hr. Estimate for 1942 is based on 15 per­ of Reclamation Photo. cent increase over 1941. TECHNOCRACY 3 O FF ICIAL MAGAZINE OF TECHNOCRACY INC. What Shall It Profit Ye? By Howard Scott Director-in-Chief, Technocracy Inc. Warfare, The Armed Conflict of Political States their homeland except a supply of original weapons and men. The military movements of the armed forces were necessarily limited to contiguous territory N THE LAST 70 centuries of man's history human in which sustenance could be acquired by conquest. I beings have organized themselves to conduct many The means of transportation were few and limited. and varied conflicts either against the natural forces Horses, while used for many centuries were used only of their environment or against human enemies seek­ as ridden animals; the horse as a transport animal ing to oppose them. for hauling loaded vehicles did not come into exten­ Mankind has been engaged in warlike conflict al­ sive use until the invention of the collar and hame in most continuously in this long historic stretch. Since the thirteenth century. (Stirrups were not invented 16oo B.C. down to today the world has enjoyed as a until after 500 A.D.) The wars of history were there­ whole less than 330 years of peace. Less than 10 per­ fore limited by territorial considerations of possessing cent of 3500 years has witnessed no warfare on this a source of supply and by the inadequate, slow trans­ earth of ours. Throughout these 70 centuries human portation of foot troops and .oxcarts. beings have died in conflict with other human beings Up to two centuries ago wars, like the migrations on the fields of battle, and the ranks of mankind have of people and the expansion of the human race, were been decimated by floods, famine, drought, and dis­ confined mostly to the North Temperate Zone. The ease with and without the combat of warfare. predominant direction of all wars in Europe and Asia There have been many kinds of war, from simple for thousands of years has been an east-west (or west­ tribal raids and forced migrations of people intruding east) direction. The direction of wars has been similar into other lands to those of trained armies of city, to and in many cases simultaneous with (either pre­ state, kingdom, and country, seeking to dominate a ceding or following) the migrations of people, for the greater area than the homeland. There have been chief expansion movement of peoples has been from nationalistic wars, religious wars, imperialist wars, and east to west. The conflict of human warfare has one world war, but today the wor1d is involved in paralleled this expansion. the first total war in history. The Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Medes and the In over 68 of these 70 centuries the military conflict Persians carried their war.s to the Egyptians, the was always conducted by armed forces that lived off Mycenians, and the Greeks. Each and every ex­ the territory of the enemy and necessitated little from pansion and war has exhibited the general tendency, 4 TECHNOCRACY economy, namely, warfare was conducted with hand­ The internal technological pres­ tool armies limited in mobility by their dependence sures of the dominant Temperate on the limited transportation of the foot soldier and Zone political states will force an ex­ the low striking power of hand · weapons vs hand pansion into the Arctic and the weapons. Mankind had to await the discovery of the Tropics and it is of little moment means of converting extraneous energy be'fore he could whether the expansion occurs as a implement himself with the facilities for conquering result of peaceful consolidation or space and time and all the zones of the earth. as the result of military conquest. \Vhile some trade was conducted in historic times by overland caravan merchants and by sea traders, still it must be stated that those simple means of transport and production would never have become up until the last three centuries, of the east fighting effective enough to have achieved a great surplus and expanding its way west. In all the "long course of production or the development of world trade. World Egyptian history from the first Dynasty to Ptolemy trade could not have been conceived of nor carried the armed forces of Egypt only extended their south­ out by J ulius Caesar, nor could Julius Caesar have ern boundaries a step beyond the geographical Egypt fought a total war. While the legions of Imperial that we know today. The east-west movements of the Rome fought from the British Isles to North Africa and the Near East, war 8,ooo miles away from Rome barbaric Alaric and Attila were followed in turn by was not only inconceivable it was physically impos­ many others including the Saracens, the Turks, and sible. Trade only became world trade as technology Ghengis Khan and Tamerlane. developed the requisite means of production, trans­ The re-discovery of the Western Hemisphere by portation and communication. Humanity has accom­ Columbus in 1492 led to a further westward expansion plished this feat only within the last 150 years of the to be followed by expansion in the Western Hemi­ 7 ,ooo years of recorded history. sphere from the eastern coast toward the Pacific. The movements of wars and populations proceeded on In the year 18oo the population of the world was their east-west or west-east plane. Simultaneously estimated to be 85o,ooo,ooo; today, in 1942, the popu­ with the east-west movement to the Western Hemi­ lation is estimated to be approximately 2>40o,ooo,ooo. sphere, Russia began an eastward movement which The expansion of the human race in the last 150 finally reached the Pacific at approximately the same years has been more than twice as great as its total time that the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. growth in the preceding 69 centuries. The habitable The east-west movement and the west-east movement portions of the world, in the course of this long of population and human conflict finally circled the progression of east-west, west-east movement of the globe to meet each other first in the North Pacific and human race, have become occupied finally to such an later in the island lands of the Pacific. extent that there are no longer any appreciable un­ The pressure of population in conflict with the occupied portions in the Temperate Zone. Mankind natural forces of their habitat invariably forced ex­ has achieved this increase of population and wide­ pansion and conflict with other areas and other spread occupation of the earth through the tech­ people. The expansion of population and the con­ nological application of science to the area operation flict of human warfare were channelized down through of his various national economies. If mankind had the centuries chiefly through the North Temperate insisted on operating solely with human toil and hand Zone with few exceptions. As other hemispheres and tools the population would not have grown, time continents were discovered within the last few hun­ and space would not have been conquered, and pro­ dred years, the movements of people have spread to duction would have remained at the scarcity starva­ the South Temperate Zone and to various localized tion level that had existed for untold centuries. areas of the Tropics where fortuitous combinations The east_-west direction of population growth will of climate, soil and rainfall permitted the develop­ be forced znto a north-south, south-north movement. ment of a stable economy. Political states now possess in their technological economies the facilities with which to invade and de­ All the economies prior to 18oo A.D. were human velop the regions of both the Arctic and the Tropics. toil, hand-tool economies deriving their livelihood The physical demand of increasing resource-consump­ directly from the soil by the application of human tion of the technological 'economy of the dominant toil to crude tools and implements. The armed con­ Temperate Zone political states will force a political flicts of these economies naturally were fought on the expansion to occur in the north-south direction. The same general characteristics as the conduct of their modern political state of the Temperate Zone, at- TECHNOCRACY 5 tempting to· produce the major portion of its physical nuhtary warfare may have . forced same r)\ational wealth /;Jy technological processes, will be compelled ent,ity to introduce in its wartime economy regulations by tht; rising energy demands of those processes to rat~oning the consumption of food materials and acquire and develop new and greater sources of energy travel, but none of the emergency wartime regulations supply. This internal technological pressure of the of the national entities of yesterday's armed conflict5 dominant T emperate Zone political states will force ever in any way introduced even the slightest change in an expansion into the Arctic and the Tropics and it the basic techniques of the production of physical is of little moment whether the expansion occurs as wealth or in the operational structure of their economy! n result of peaceful consolidation or as the result of The wars of yesterday were fought principally with milita1·y conquest.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Origins of the Permanent War Economy
    SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! “The Independent Review does not accept “The Independent Review is pronouncements of government officials nor the excellent.” conventional wisdom at face value.” —GARY BECKER, Noble Laureate —JOHN R. MACARTHUR, Publisher, Harper’s in Economic Sciences Subscribe to The Independent Review and receive a free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, history, political science, philosophy, and sociology. Thought-provoking and educational, The Independent Review is blazing the way toward informed debate! Student? Educator? Journalist? Business or civic leader? Engaged citizen? This journal is for YOU! *Order today for more FREE book options Perfect for students or anyone on the go! The Independent Review is available on mobile devices or tablets: iOS devices, Amazon Kindle Fire, or Android through Magzter. INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE, 100 SWAN WAY, OAKLAND, CA 94621 • 800-927-8733 • [email protected] PROMO CODE IRA1703 The Origins of the Permanent War Economy F THOMAS K. DUNCAN AND CHRISTOPHER J. COYNE he military-industrial complex that Dwight D. Eisenhower (1961) warned of has become a vast network of expanded political power, enlarged profits, and T increased state authority. Indeed, national security, in terms of dollars, men- tality, and interests, has bled into nearly every aspect of American life (Turse 2008), into nearly every federal department (Mueller and Stewart 2011), into domestic and international humanitarian efforts (Coyne 2008, 2013), and even into domestic policing (Hall and Coyne 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • War Economy and the New Wars: a Case Study of Kosovo’S War Economy
    War Economy and the New Wars: A case study of Kosovo’s War Economy Ecaterina Ciutac Student Number: 104517008 MA Governance, Leadership and Democracy Studies Supervisor Prof.ª Doutora Mónica Dias Date: 27/09/2019 Acknowledgements During the first year of the course of M.A. Governance, Leadership & Democracy Studies, I had the pleasure to attend the classes of Professor Mónica Dias. It was from her classes and her way of teaching that brought inspiration to the topic of this thesis. Thanks to Professor Mónica’s attention, guidance, and dedication in supervising the project and thesis, it was possible to accomplish this important step in my academic life. Abstract Word Count Dissertation: 28 658 Word count abstract: 334 This dissertation aims to study the relationship between the economic dimension of “new wars” and the perpetuation of violence. The analysis on the economic dimension of “new wars” shows that it is an essential aspect to understand in an interconnected and globalized setting because there are impacts on the state-building and on the social and political spheres. The main question of the thesis is going to analyze the main aspects of the war economy in Kosovo. One of the hypotheses holds that in contemporary wars, the state suffers increased levels of violence, which leads to a non-ending cycle of internal crisis, because of the economic aspect of war. The goal is to explore this hypothesis and to analyze the nature and characteristics of the war economy as well as, to understand how the perpetuation of violence can easily spread on a transnational level.
    [Show full text]
  • The Buildup of the German War Economy: the Importance of the Nazi-Soviet Economic Agreements of 1939 and 1940 by Samantha Carl I
    The Buildup of the German War Economy: The Importance of the Nazi-Soviet Economic Agreements of 1939 and 1940 By Samantha Carl INTRODUCTION German-Soviet relations in the early half of the twentieth century have been marked by periods of rapprochement followed by increasing tensions. After World War I, where the nations fought on opposite sides, Germany and the Soviet Union focused on their respective domestic problems and tensions began to ease. During the 1920s, Germany and the Soviet Union moved toward normal relations with the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo in 1922.(1) Tensions were once again apparent after 1933, when Adolf Hitler gained power in Germany. Using propaganda and anti-Bolshevik rhetoric, Hitler depicted the Soviet Union as Germany's true enemy.(2) Despite the animosity between the two nations, the benefits of trade enabled them to maintain economic relations throughout the inter-war period. It was this very relationship that paved the way for the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939 and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. Nazi-Soviet relations on the eve of the war were vital to the war movement of each respective nation. In essence, the conclusion of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact on August 23, 1939 allowed Germany to augment its war effort while diminishing the Soviet fear of a German invasion.(3) The betterment of relations was a carefully planned program in which Hitler sought to achieve two important goals. First, he sought to prevent a two-front war from developing upon the invasion of Poland. Second, he sought to gain valuable raw materials that were necessary for the war movement.(4) The only way to meet these goals was to pursue the completion of two pacts with the Soviet Union: an economic agreement as well as a political one.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Military Industrial Complex
    The Changing Military Industrial Complex J Paul Dunne University of the West of England, Bristol and University of Cape Town Elisabeth Sköns Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Stockholm March 2011 Abstract The first reference to a military industrial complex (MIC) was made by US President Eisenhower in 1961. He then referred to something historically specific: the build-up of a large permanent military establishment and a permanent arms industry, which raised his concerns for the unwarranted influence of these societal forces. Subsequently the meaning of the MIC evolved to refer to the vested interests within the state and industry in expanding the military sector and in increasing military spending, with external threats providing the justification. During the Cold War, when the defence was strongly focused on deterrence, this produced a set of specific state-industry relationships that in turn generated a beneficial environment for the development and strengthening of the MIC. With the end of the Cold War, the conditions for a strong MIC were less favourable, at least initially, with changes in the international security environment, cuts in military spending and arms production, and ensuing privatisation, commercialisation, and internationalisation of military activities as well as of arms production. This paper discusses how the MIC has been affected by these changes and the degree to which there has been continuity of old power structures and a continuing MIC. Keywords: Military industrial complex; arms production JEL: H56; D4 1 Introduction Dwight Eisenhower, an ex-military Republican President of the USA, in his 1961 Farewell Address was the first to express concern about the impact of the ‘conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry’, which, he noted, was ‘new in American experience’.
    [Show full text]
  • Privatization, State Militarization Through War, and Durable Social Exclusion in Post-Soviet Armenia Anna Martirosyan University of Missouri-St
    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 7-18-2014 Privatization, State Militarization through War, and Durable Social Exclusion in Post-Soviet Armenia Anna Martirosyan University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Martirosyan, Anna, "Privatization, State Militarization through War, and Durable Social Exclusion in Post-Soviet Armenia" (2014). Dissertations. 234. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/234 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Privatization, State Militarization through War, and Durable Social Exclusion in Post-Soviet Armenia Anna Martirosyan M.A., Political Science, University of Missouri - St. Louis, 2008 M.A., Public Policy Administration, University of Missouri - St. Louis, 2002 B.A., Teaching Foreign Languages, Vanadzor Teachers' Training Institute, Armenia, 1999 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School at the University of Missouri - St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science July 11, 2014 Advisory Committee David Robertson, Ph.D. (Chair) Eduardo Silva, Ph.D. Jean-Germain Gros, Ph.D. Kenneth Thomas, Ph.D. Gerard Libardian, Ph.D. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i
    [Show full text]
  • A World at Total War Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945
    P1: JZX 0521834325agg.xml CY465-Chickering 0 521 83432 5 September 17, 2004 11:46 A World at Total War global conflict and the politics of destruction, 1937–1945 Edited by roger chickering Georgetown University stig forster¨ University of Bern bernd greiner Hamburg Institute for Social Research german historical institute Washington, D.C. and v P1: JZX 0521834325agg.xml CY465-Chickering 0 521 83432 5 September 17, 2004 11:46 PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB22RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org GERMAN HISTORICAL INSTITUTE 1607 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20009, USA © German Historical Institute 2005 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2005 Printed in the United States of America Typeface Bembo 11/13 pt. System LATEX2ε [TB] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A world at total war : global conflict and the politics of destruction, 1937–1945 / edited by Roger Chickering, Stig Forster,¨ Bernd Greiner. p. cm. – (Publications of the German Historical Institute) Results of a fifth conference on the history of total war held in Aug.
    [Show full text]
  • An Environmental War Economy: the Lessons of Ecological Debt And
    An Environmental War Economy The lessons of ecological debt and global warming Andrew Simms A NEF Pocketbook The New Economics Foundation (NEF) was founded in 1986 by the leaders of The Other Economic Summit (TOES), which has forced issues such as international debt on to the agenda of the G7/G8 summit meetings. It has taken a lead in helping establish new coalitions and organisations, such as the Jubilee 2000 debt relief campaign, the Ethical Trading Initiative, backed by the Government and leading retailers, the UK Social Investment Forum and the Green Gauge “alternative” indicators of social and environmental progress. NEF is a registered charity, funded by individual supporters, trusts, business, public finance and international donors, and acting through policy, research, training and practical initiatives to promote a “new” economy – one which is people-centred, delivers quality of life and respects environmental limits. Its strategic areas currently include the global economy, corporate accountability, community finance and participative democracy. It is now recognised as one of the UK’s leading think-tanks. To become a NEF supporter, and receive its publications at a discount, contact Sue Carter at the address below. New Economics Foundation Cinnamon House, 6–8 Cole Street London SE1 4YH, United Kingdom Registered charity number 1055254 Tel: +44 (0)20 7407 7447 Fax: +44 (0)20 7407 6473 Email: [email protected] Web: www.neweconomics.org.uk Executive Director: Ed Mayo NEF Pocketbooks Editor: David Nicholson-Lord Design: the Argument by Design ISBN 1 899 407 391 First published: 2001 Cover Picture: Parachute Medical Services recruitment poster.
    [Show full text]
  • ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES of WAR on the U.S. ECONOMY
    ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES of WAR on the U.S. ECONOMY An overview of the macroeconomic effects of government spending on war and the military since World War II. It specifically examines five periods: World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Iraq/Afghanistan Wars, summarizing the effect of financing the wars on consumption, investment, taxes, government deficits and inflation. THE INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMICS & PEACE / QUANTIFYING PEACE AND ITS BENEFITS The Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit research organization dedicated to shifting the world’s focus to peace as a positive, achievable, and tangible measure of human well-being and progress. IEP achieves its goals by developing new conceptual frameworks to define peacefulness; providing metrics for measurement; uncovering the relationship between peace, business and prosperity, and by promoting a better understanding of the cultural, economic and political factors that drive peacefulness. IEP has offices in Sydney, New York, and Washington, D.C. It works with a wide range of partners internationally and collaborates with intergovernmental organizations on measuring and communicating the economic value of peace. For more information please visit www.economicsandpeace.org CONTENTS Executive Summary 4 Introduction 6 World War II and the Great Depression 7 Korean War 10 Vietnam War 12 Cold War 14 Iraq and Afghanistan Wars 15 Financing the Wars 17 Conclusion 18 Bibliography 19 ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF WAR / INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMICS & PEACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY One of the enduring beliefs of modern times is that war and its associated military spending has created positive economic outcomes for the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Arms Industry Transformation and Integration: the Choices of East
    ARMS INDUSTRY TRANSFORMATION AND INTEGRATION The Choices of East Central Europe yudit kiss The defence industry was one of the pillars of the command economy system in East Central Europe. After the end of the cold war the sector went through dramatic changes: it was radically downsized, reorganized and restructured according to the needs of the emerging new socio- economic systems. One of the major factors that shaped this adjustment was the enlargement of NATO and the European Union and the prospect of integration into these two organizations. The military establishments and defence industries became principal actors in the integration process, which helped them to acquire political legitimization and new economic resources. At the same time, integration presented unexpected challenges and constraints for the region’s restructuring defence industry. This book presents a comparative analysis of the defence industries of six East Central European countries—Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia—describing how they adjusted to the changed political and economic environment in both the domestic and international contexts. After the cold war, arms makers in East Central Europe found themselves confronting a situation like that faced by many of today’s industrial producers: a drastic change of the economic, political and social environment. Their experiences provide valuable lessons for governments and companies in the post-2008 global economy. Yudit Kiss (Hungary) is an economist. She received her PhD from Karl Marx University of Economics, Budapest, in 1989. Since 1992 she has worked as an independent researcher, based in Geneva. From 1993 to 1995 she studied conversion and defence industry restructuring under a MacArthur Foundation grant.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roosevelt Years, 1932-1945 Bibliographie 1
    THE ROOSEVELT YEARS, 1932-1945 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 1- Les classiques BERNSTEIN, Irving. The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 . Chicago: Haymarket Books, 1969. BURNS, James MacGregor. Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox, 1882-1940 . New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1956, 1984. ———————————. Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom . New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1970. FREIDEL, Frank. Franklin D. Roosevelt: Launching the ew Deal . Boston: Little, Brown, 1975. ———————. Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Triumph . Boston: Little, Brown, 1956. LEUCHTENBURG, William E. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the ew Deal, 1932-1940. New York: Harper Perennial, 2009 [1963]. SCHLESINGER, Arthur M. Jr. The Crisis of the Old Order: 1919-1933, The Age of Roosevelt . New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003 [1957] ————————————. The Coming of the ew Deal: 1933-1935, The Age of Roosevelt . New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003 [1958] —————————————. The Politics of Upheaval: 1935-1936, The Age of Roosevelt . New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2003 [1960] SHERWOOD, Robert E. Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History . New York: Harper, 1948. 2- Les incontournables BADGER, Anthony J. The ew Deal, The Depression Years, 1933-1940 . Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002. BRANDS, H.W. Traitor to His Class . New York: Doubleday, 2008. DAVIS, Kenneth S. FDR, The ew Deal Years, 1933-1937 . New York: Random House, 1986. ————————. FDR, Into the Storm, 1937-1940. New York: Random House, 1993. ————————. FDR, The War President, 1940-1943 . New York: Random House, 2000. FREIDEL, Frank. Franklin D. Roosevelt, A Rendezvous with Destiny . Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1990. KENNEDY, David M. Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 .
    [Show full text]
  • Total War" Author(S): Hans Speier Source: American Sociological Review, Vol
    Class Structure and "Total War" Author(s): Hans Speier Source: American Sociological Review, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Jun., 1939), pp. 370-380 Published by: American Sociological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2084924 . Accessed: 27/09/2011 20:49 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Sociological Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Sociological Review. http://www.jstor.org CLASS STRUCTURE AND "TOTAL WAR" HANS SPEIER New Schoolfor Social Research W ARS ARE the products of the civilization in which they are waged. Their specific character is dependent upon the specific organization of society in times of peace. Since it is always a society that is at war with another society, any aspect of war is fully intelligible only when it is seen in relation to the given organization of those societies, their tech- nologies and their institutions, their material resources and their morals. In this broad sense war has always been totalitarian, but today, the term "Total War" has a special connotation, and there is a good reason for using it in a narrower sense. Total war is unlimited in character; it is what Clause- witz called "absolute war." It differs from that type of war which prevailed in the two centuries prior to the World War.
    [Show full text]
  • Basics of Economy Wars
    lobal f G Ec o o l n Fadwa, J Glob Econ 2019, 7:1 a o n m r u i DOI: 10.4172/2375-4389.1000330 c o s J $ Journal of Global Economics ISSN: 2375-4389 Book Review Open Access Basics of Economy Wars Ben Brahim Fadwa* Department of Economics, FSBEI of HE Ufa State Aviation Technical University (USATU), Russia *Corresponding author: Ben Brahim fadwa, Department of economics, FSBEI of HE Ufa State Aviation Technical University (USATU), Russia, Tel: +21656777436; E- mail: [email protected] Rec Date: Feb 20, 2019; Acc Date: Mar 15, 2019; Pub Date: Mar 22, 2019 Copyright: © 2019 Fadwa BB. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract The reasons that strengthen the interconnection of the economic and the warrior factors, economies and strategies, cause the increasing role of military-economic knowledge, study of the economy of war, its economic aspects. The subject of the military economy, as one of the sections of military science, is becoming an ever wider range of problems. Keywords: Economic; Wars; Strategies; Organization system study of the problem of economic mobilization affects virtually all spheres of the national economy. A number of new, far from simple Basics of Economy Wars tasks put problems of management optimization, as well as limited production, financial, human resources. The problem of ecology has Military-economic science (military economy) studies economic become acute [2]. processes and relationships arising in connection with the preparation, conduct of wars and their localization, prevention.
    [Show full text]