Volume 10: Protected Areas and Sustainable Tourism 1

Inventory and Conservation of Endangered, Endemic and EconomicallyInventory Importantand Conservation Flora of ofHamiguitan Endangered, Range Endemic Natural and Park, Economically ImportanSouthernt Flora of Philippines Hamiguitan Range Natural Park, Southern Phi lippines V. B. Amoroso, L. D. Obsioma and C. B. Amoroso V. B. Amoroso, L. D. Obsioma and C. B. Amoroso Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines Abstract Abstract

This research was conducted to inventory and assess the flora of Mt Hamiguitan. Field reconnaissance and transect walk showed four vegetation types, namely: dipterocarp, montane, typical mossy and mossy-pygmy forests. Inventory of plants showed a total of 878 species, 342 genera and 136 families. Of these, 698 were angiosperms, 25 gymnosperms, 41 ferns and 14 fern allies. Assessment of conservation status revealed 163 endemic, 34 threatened, 33 rare and 204 economically important species. Noteworthy findings include 8 species as new record in Mindanao and one species as new record in the Philippines. An average of 64 individuals of trees was observed per plot with Lithocarpus llanosi (A. DC.) Rehd. (Fagaceae) having the highest species importance value (SIV). Among the vegetation types, highest diversity value of trees, species importance value (SIV), and species richness were observed in the montane forest. It also showed that both in vitro culture and stem cuttings and wildlings are strategies for conserving these endemic and economically important plant species. These results showed that the four vegetation types of Mt Hamiguitan are habitats of threatened, endemic, rare and economically important species of plants which should be given high priority for protection and conservation. Keywords: Keywords: diversity, conservation, plants, protected area, Philippines

Proceedings of the FORTROP II: Tropical Forestry Change in a Changing World 17-20 November 2008, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 2 FORTROP II: Tropical Forestry Change in a Changing World

Introduction

Mt Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary in Davao Oriental is a protected area covering 6834 ha located in a latitudinal range from 6°40´01s to 6°46´60s N and a longitudinal range from 126°09´02s to 126°13´01s E. The mountain is known for its unique characteristics and the largest pygmy ‘bonsai forest’ in the country. This forest type has a substrate predominated by ultrabasic rocks. The rock weathers leaving the soil with an unusually high concentration of iron and magnesium causing it to be unproductive for agricultural activities. Only a specialized group of plants can grow in this type of forest, often in the form of low, heath-like shrubs. Nepenthes alata Blco., a facultative species, and obligate ultramafic species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) were found to be numerous in the area. Other ultramafic indicator species such as Scaevola micrantha (Krause) Presl. (Goodeniaceae), Scaevola sp., Suregada glomerulata (Bl.) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) and Ochrosia glomerata (Bl.) F.–Muell. (Apocynaceae) were also found to be thriving in the vegetation.

The unique biodiversity resources in the Hamiguitan Range have not been spared from destruction by timber poaching, illegal logging and over- harvesting of forest products and resources. This will be further aggravated because of forthcoming mining activities. As a result, some of the important flora and fauna may be lost before they are recorded, studied and conserved.

This research aimed to inventory and assess the flora in the Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary and its environs. Specifically, it aimed to: 1) identify and describe the vegetation types; 2) determine the diversity and species importance values (SIV); 3) assess the conservation status of the species using the criteria of endemic, endangered, rare and economically important; 4) determine the threatened and endemic species distribution and habitats for conservation; and 5) determine the appropriate propagation techniques.

Volume 10: Protected Areas and Sustainable Tourism 3

Materials and Methods

Determination of the Vegetation Types

Field reconnaissance and a transect walk were conducted to identify and describe the vegetation types occurring in the Hamiguitan Range. Based on the species, altitude and other ecological indicators, four vegetation types were identified. In addition, the term agro-ecosystem was used to refer to the cultivated areas around the villages.

Determination of Diversity Indices

To determine species richness, a transect walk and the establishment of sample plots were carried out with the assistance of Bantay Gubat. With a local expert, a two-hectare transect walk per vegetation type was conducted and transect belts were established.

A total of thirty-two 20 m x 20 m sample plots were established in all vegetation types, each type with six sample plots, except for the dipterocarp forest, which had 14 plots. Within these plots, a 5 m x 5 m subplot was laid out to determine the species richness of the shrubs, vines and herbs. Species diversity was assessed using the Shannon index of general diversity (H) (Equation 1):

௡஽஻ு ௡஽஻ு ܪൌെσ Ž‘‰ (1) ே஽஻ு ே஽஻ு where: nDBH = total diameter at breast height of individual tree species and NDBH = total diameter at breast height of all tree species.

The species importance value (SIV) was computed using the formula of Brower and Zar (1977) (Equation 2):

SIV or ni = RD + RF + Rdom (2)

4 FORTROP II: Tropical Forestry Change in a Changing World

where: RD = Relative density, RF = Relative frequency and Rdom = Relative dominance.

Identification of Collected Specimens

The collected plants were identified using taxonomic keys from floras and monographs (Merrill, 1926; Rödl-Linder 1987; Brummitt, 1992; Madulid, 1995; the Flora Malesiana Series 1995-2007 [many author citations in references]; Amoroso et al. 1996; Barcelona et al. 1996; Huang, 1996; Rojo, 1999; Cootes, 2001; Jebb and Cheek, 2001). Mr. Leonardo L. Co from Conservation International and Dr Paul Keßler (Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden branch) confirmed the identification of some species.

Assessment of Conservation Status

The conservation status of the species in the Mt Hamiguitan Range and their status were assessed as threatened, endemic, rare or economically important, using the data from Rojo (1999), Tan et al. (1996), Merrill (1926), Madulid (1995), Zamora and Co (1986), Fernando et al. (2008) and the Flora Malesiana Series (1995-2007) [many author citations in references].

Identification of Threatened and Endemic Species and Habitats for Conservation

The vegetation type, altitude and location of endemic, endangered, rare and economically important species and their habitats were recorded whenever they were encountered. Transect diagrams were prepared to easily identify the location and distribution of the threatened and endemic species. The results of this work will provide the basis for in situ conservation of the threatened habitats and species.

Volume 10: Protected Areas and Sustainable Tourism 5

Results

Vegetation Types

Mt Hamiguitan was characterized by four vegetation types: dipterocarp forest, montane forest, typical mossy forest and mossy-pygmy forest (Figures 1 and 2) as described below:

x The dipterocarp forest was situated around 6°43´30s N and 126°09´01s E with the altitude ranging from 420 to 920 m asl. Shorea spp. (Dipterocarpaceae) and Smilax spp. (Smilacaceae) dominated the forest. The height of trees ranged from 5 to 30 m. x The montane forest was situated around 6°43´08s N and 126°10´03s E with the altitude ranging from 920 to 1160 m above sea level. Agathis philippinensis Warb., (Araucariaceae) Nepenthes spp. and epiphytes characterized this type. The height of trees ranged from 5 to 25 m, decreasing as the altitude increased. x The typical mossy forest was situated around 6°42´16s N and 126°11´52s E with the altitude ranging from 1160 to 1350 m above sea level. Mosses formed thick mats covering roots and tree trunks. Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. (Clusiaceae), Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall. (Podocarpaceae), Calamus spp. (Arecaceae) and Pinanga spp. (Arecaceae) were dominant in the area. Freycinetia spp. (Pandanaceae) were the dominant epiphytic plants, often festooned over large trees. The height of trees ranged from 6 to 15 m. x The mossy-pygmy forest was situated around 6°43´24s N and 126°11´11s E, ranging in altitude from 1160 to 1200 m asl and from 1460 to 1600 m asl. However, pygmy forest (but not mossy) was also observed as low as 75 to 275 m asl in Mati around 6°43´44s N and 126°13´27s E. The mossy-pygmy forest occupied approximately 225 hectares. The height of trees ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 m and the average diameter was 8 cm The forest was dominated by Leptospermum spp. (Myrtaceae), Weinmania spp. (Cunoniaceae), Elaeocarpus spp. (Elaeocarpaceae) and Dacrydium spp. Abundant mosses were present on the forest floor.

6 FORTROP II: Tropical Forestry Change in a Changing World

Elevation

1600 Mossy Forest 1400

1200

1000 Lake Mossy-Pygmy Forest 800 Montane Forest 600 Pygmy Forest

400 Dipterocarp Forest 200 Brushland 0 msl River 0 km 4km 7km 10 km 13 km 16 km 22 km 25 km 30 km 38 km

List of species: Mossy-Pygmy Forest Osmelia philippina (Leptospermm-Lithocarpus community) Sus philippinensis Calophyllum blancoi Aethopyga primigenius Agathis philippinensis Cervus mariannus Dacrydium elatum Calophyllum blancoi Drimys piperita Acerodon jubatus Aethopyga primigenius Limnonectes magnus Calamaria virgulata Dipterocarp Forest Delias magsadana (Shorea community) Mossy Forest Greeniopsis euphlebia Agathis philippinensis Podocarpus neriifolius Aethopyga primigenius Shorea polysperma Potanthus mingo mongo Shorea negrosensis Suada albina Shorea guiso Eurema brigitta grigitta Pygmy Forest Phyton reticulates Psilotum mudum Montane Forest Nepenthes mira (Agathis-Dacrydium community) Bulbophyllum cumingii Agathis philippinensis Calamaria gervaisi Seaevola micrantha Rhododendron quadrasianum Platycerium coronarium

Figure 1 Transect diagram of Mt Hamiguitan showing the altitudinal distribution of vegetation types, threatened, rare, endemic and economically important species from Hamiguitan Peak to Sitio Magum, Mati. Volume 10: Protected Areas and Sustainable Tourism 7

Elevation 1480=1650 msl 1260-1480 msl 1600 Mossy-Pygmy Forest 1400 900-1260 msl Mossy Forest 1200

500-880 msl 1000 Mantane Forest 800 300-480 msl 600 50-300 msl Grassland Dipterocarp Forest Dipterocarp Forest 400 Brushland 200 Plantation 0 msl 0 km 0.75 km 1.5 km 5km 5km 8km 10 km

List of species: Brushland Limnonectes magnus (Cocus nucifera community) Pophiopedilum ciliolare Greeniopsis euphlebia Agathis philippinensis Lecanopteris carnosa Pophiopedilum adductum Ficus psuedopalma Penetopides panini Dipterocarp Forest Sus philippinensis Psilotum nudum Paradoxurus hermaphrodites Rhododendron quadrasianum Sphenomorphous variegatus Gnetum gnemon Mossy Forest Scaevola micrantha (Leptospermum-Dacrydium community) Nepenthes mira Nepenthes alata Rhododendron kochii Nepenthes copelandii Nepenthes alata Agathis philippinensis Dipterocarp Forest (Shorea community) Pophiopedilum adductum Shorea astylosa Mossy-Pygmy Forest Shorea polysperma (Leptospermm-Lithocarpus community) Shorea guiso Agathis philippinensis Dillenia philipenensis Calamaria virgulata Montane Forest Delias magsadana (Dacrydium-Agathis community) Weinmannia urdanetensis Nepenthes copelandii Gnetum latifolium Nepenthes argentii Nepenthes mira Nepenthes mira Nepenthes maxima Nepenthes bellii Philautus acutirostris Schizaea dichotoma Lipinia vulcanicum Aethopyga primigenius Potanthus mingo mingo Gonyocephalus semperi Euremo brigitta brigitta

Figure 2 Transect diagram of Mt Hamiguitan showing the altitudinal distribution of vegetation types, threatened, rare, endemic and economically important species from Sitio Tumalite to Hamiguitan Peak. 8 FORTROP II: Tropical Forestry Change in a Changing World

Species Richness

The transect walk and sample plots revealed a total of 878 species, 342 genera and 136 families. Of these, 698 were angiosperms, 25 were gymnosperms, 141 were ferns and 14 were fern allies (Tables 1 and 2). This number of species in the study area at Mt Hamiguitan was 68% lower than those species observed at Mt Malindang which had 1200 species (Arances et al., 2004), but more species of gymnosperms were observed at the Mt Hamiguitan site than in the Mt Malindang Range.

Among the vegetation types, the montane forest exhibited the highest species richness with 462 species. This was 113% higher than was observed by Arances et al. (2004) in the montane forest of the Mt Malindang Range. The higher species richness in this vegetation type might have been due to the intact forest and more diverse habitats.

The typical mossy forest with 246 species contained more endemic and rare species. The lower species richness in the dipterocarp forest compared to the montane forest despite the numerous sample plots (14 plots) may be attributed to the small plot size, which was less than the standard used for this type of forest. It could also be attributed to the exploitation of forest resources as a source of livelihood. The presence of tall trees with bigger diameters at breast height may also have limited the growth of smaller plants.

Table 1 Total number of families, genera and species of flora in the Hamiguitan Range.

Plant group Families Genera Species Angiosperms 101 273 698 Gymnosperms 4 6 25 Ferns 28 59 141 Fern allies 3 4 14 Total 136 342 878

Volume 10: Protected Areas and Sustainable Tourism 9

Table 2 Species richness of flora in the different vegetation types in the Hamiguitan Range.

Vegetation types Plant groups Agroecosystem Dipterocarp Montane Mossy Mossy-Pygmy Angiosperms 204 326 340 179 272 Gymnosperms 3 12 16 7 13 Ferns 37 71 96 57 50 Fern allies 2 9 10 3 3 Total 246 418 462 246 338

Note: Numbers are based on sample plots and a transect walk.

Species Diversity Index

The highest diversity value for trees was observed in the montane forest (H=1.70), followed by the dipterocarp forest (H=1.63), the mossy-pygmy forest (H=1.32), with the lowest diversity value (H=1.27) observed in the mossy forest.

Species Importance Value (SIV)

The inventory of trees within the thirty-two 20 m x 20 m sample plots revealed a total of 184 species of trees and 1762 individuals with a mean plot value of 20 species and 67 individuals. Average numbers per plot are given in Table 3, while the most important species are listed in Table 4.

In the dipterocarp forest, an average of 64 trees was observed over all the sample plots. Lithocarpus llanosii had the highest species importance value followed by Shorea astylosa Foxw. with 46% and Zanthoxylum diabolicum Elm. (Rutaceae). These tree species with the highest species importance values differed from those recorded at Mt Malindang where Cyathea brevipes Copel. (Cyatheaceae) ranked first with 79%, followed by Lithocarpus philippinensis (A. DC.) Rehd. with 36% SIV (Arances et al., 2004). Lithocarpus and Shorea were also dominant in the dipterocarp forest of Mt Apo (Heaney and Regalado, 1998).

10 FORTROP II: Tropical Forestry Change in a Changing World

Table 3 Species composition of trees in the different vegetation types of the Mt Hamiguitan Wildlife Sanctuary.

Average number of trees Number of Species Vegetation types Number of Density Frequency individual dominance species (D) (F) (NI) (SD) Dipterocarp 12.71 63.71 0.14 0.027 6.060 Montane 27.17 84.17 0.21 0.041 9.278 Typical mossy 14.50 53.57 0.13 0.035 7.380 Mossy-pygmy* 24.00 1560.50 0.39 0.260 13.610

Note: *Trees with less than 10 cm DBH were counted.

Table 4 Summary of top five tree species in the different vegetation types ranked by their species importance value (SIV).

Vegetation types/Species of trees Local name SIV(%) Dipterocarp Forest Lithocarpus llanosii (A. DC.) Rehd. Ulayan 50 Shorea astylosa Foxw. Yakal 46 Zanthoxylum diabolicum Elm. Badbad 43 Xanthostemon sp. Magkuno 40 Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 33 Montane Forest Falcatifolium gruezoi de Laubenf. 37 Shorea polysperma (Blco.) Merr. Tanguile 30 Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 28 Syzygium sp. Lumboy-lumboy 28 Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 26 Typical Mossy Forest Gordonia subclavata Burk. 27 Unidentfied sp. Tagokan 17 Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 5 Osmoxylon simplicifolium (Elm.) Philipson 5 Aralia sp. 5 Mossy-Pygmy Forest Tristaniopsis micrantha 46 (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. Leptospermum flavescens J. Sm. Bitanghol 44 Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Cedar 37 Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall. 32 Falcatifolium gruezoi de Laubenf. 29

Volume 10: Protected Areas and Sustainable Tourism 11

The montane forest had the highest number of species (27) and the highest number of individuals (84). This might have been due to the relative absence of human activity and the environment itself that favoured tree growth. Calophyllum blancoi was observed in all vegetation types. Merrill (1926) reported that C. blancoi could be observed in the primary forest at low and medium altitude and was often abundant there. Two species were observed in both the dipterocarp and montane forest, namely Schefflera sp. (Araliaceae) and Shorea polysperma (Blco.) Merr. with 29% and 21% SIV respectively. Falcatifolium gruezoi de Laubenf. (Podocarpaceae) was observed both in the montane and mossy forest with 37% and 29% SIV, respectively. Only five species over 20% SIV were observed in Mt Malindang namely: Polyosma philippinensis Merr. (Saxifragaceae), Clethra lancifolia Turcz. (Clethraceae), Cyathea brevipes, Lithocarpus philippinensis and Pometia pinnata J.R. & G. Forst. (Sapindaceae).

Assessment on the Status of the Flora of the Mt Hamiguitan Range

The Philippines is home to 3557 endemic species with 26 endemic genera of vascular plants. Of these, 3200 species are angiosperms, 6 gymnosperms and 351 are pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies) (Madulid, 1991).

In the Hamiguitan Range, this study identified 477 plants down to the species level. A comparison of endemism is given in Table 5, while a breakdown of the status of these species into taxonomic groups is presented in Table 6 and into vegetation types in Table 7. Of the species found in the Hamiguitan Range, 163 species (37%) were endemic to the Philippines which was equivalent to 5% of the total number of endemic plants in the Philippines (Table 6). A total of 35 species (7%) was threatened, 33 species (7%) rare and 204 species (43%) were assessed as economically important (Tables 6 and 10). Of the 530 threatened species in the Philippines, 35 (7%) were found in the Mt Hamiguitan study area. The endemism of vascular plants in the Hamiguitan Range was higher when compared to the Malindang Range, where Amoroso et al. (2004) found only 23% endemic species.

12 FORTROP II: Tropical Forestry Change in a Changing World

sm i

erm ltan nd E gu i Ham

ies

Spec

sm

i c species erm

i ng nd a

E dem en

alind f M ies

Spec

percentage o sm

i

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M tal nu ies o

T Spec sm

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erm nd pines

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ilip Ph

33 6 No data 3 (129*) 225 (41%) 53 (13*) 25 1 (7.69%) 1027 351 632 183 (246*) 280 (11%) 28 (99*) 155 9 (9.09%) 9060+ 3557 632 186 (825*) 1376 (23%) 188 (477*) 878 (37%) 163 8000+ 3200 No data No data (450*) 871 (24%) 107 (365*) 698 (41.92%) 153 Species

oup

gr

ant Pl locations in the Philippines.

endemic species in the Hamiguitan Range compared with other Total number and percentage of

Gymnosperms allies) and fern (fern Pteridophytes Anglosperms Total

Table 5 Note: *base solely on the specimens identified up to species level.

Volume 10: Protected Areas and Sustainable Tourism 13

Table 6 Total number and percentage of threatened rare and economically important plants in the Hamiguitan Range compared with other locations in the Philippines.

Conservation status Threatened Plant group Philippines Malindang Hamigutan Rare Economic Species Treatened Species Treatened Species Treatened Angiosperms 8000+ 440 871 (450*) 45 (10%) 698 (365*) 25 (7%) 15 161 Gymnosperms 33 5 225 (129*) 5 (4%) 25 (13*) 1 (8%) 3 9 Ferns 68 141 (88*) 6 (7%) 13 28 1027 280 (246*) 4 (2%) Fern Allies 17 14 (11*) 3 (3%) 2 6 Total 9060 530 1376 (825*) 54 (7%) 878 (477*) 35 (7%) 33 (6.92) 204 (43) Note: *based solely on the specimens identified up to species level.

The largest number of rare species was observed equally in the montane and the mossy-pygmy forest types with 22-23 species in each type, which was equivalent to 67% - 70% of the total rare species in the Hamiguitan Range. The smallest number of rare species was observed in the agro-ecosystem (Table 7). Economically important species occurred in all vegetation types, though they were not particularly common in the agro-ecosystem.

Table 7 Assessment of the status of floral species by vegetation type.

Vegetation types Conservation status Agro-ecosystem Dipterocarp Montane Mossy Mossy-pygmy Endemic 4478864966 Treatened* CES 2 2 4 1 2 ES 2 4 6 1 2 V 9 14 10 8 5 OTS 2 2 Rare 3 16232322 Economic important species 98 114 105 65 75 Note: CES = Critically endangered species; ES = Endangered species; V = Vulnerable; OTS = Other threatened species.

Assessment of the endemicity of the trees per vegetation type, based on the sample plots, revealed that the mossy-pygmy forest possessed the highest number of endemic species with 32% (Table 8). This confirmed the results of Amoroso et al. (2004) at Mt Malindang that as elevation increased there was also an increasing number of endemic plants.

14 FORTROP II: Tropical Forestry Change in a Changing World

Table 8 Total number and percentage of endemic species of trees by vegetation type.

Vegetation types Total No. of species per plot Total No. of endermic species Dipterocarp forest 49 7 (14%) Montane forest 42 7 (17%) Mossy forest 46 11 (24%) Mossy-pygmy forest 47 15 (32%) Note: based on the average 6 sample plots per vegetation

Some of the rare and endemic plants observed were: Calamus merrillii Becc., C. ornatus var. philippinensis Becc., Nepenthes alata, N. argentii Jebb & Cheek, N. mira Jebb & Cheek and N. copelandii Merr. The presence of rare species such as Gnetum latifolium Bl. (Gnetaceae), Schizaea inopinata Sell. (Schizaeaceae), S. malaccana Hook., Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv. (Psilotaceae) and P. complanatum Sw. was noteworthy. However, there is a need to protect and conserve the habitat of Nepenthes copelandii in the montane, mossy and mossy-pygmy forests of San Isidro, since this plant species is critically endangered, endemic and rare. The Mt Hamiguitan mountain range was also the habitat of six species of pitcher plants, which is 50% of the total number of Nepenthes species in the Philippines. It should also be noted that five species of Shorea were also observed in the dipterocarp forest. While Shorea species are common in other Asian countries (Ashton, 1992), these dipterocarps are critically endangered, endemic and vulnerable in the Philippines.

Of the four species of Schizaea (Schizaeaceae) in the Philippines, three were found in the Mt Hamiguitan Range: Schizaea dichotoma (L.) J. Sm., S. inopinata and S. malaccana. The last two species are of equal botanical importance as these were new records of occurrence in Mindanao and this was only the second time they had been collected in the Philippines (Table 9). Schizaea inopinnata has been collected only once in Bohol in 1923, while S. malaccana was recently collected only in Mindoro and Sibuyan in 1993 (Barcelona et al., 1996).

Volume 10: Protected Areas and Sustainable Tourism 15

Table 9 New records of plant occurrence in the Philippines and in the Mt Hamiguitan study area.

New record Family/Species Philippines Mindanao I. Elaeocarpaceae 1. Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. 3 2. Elaeocarpus verticillatus Elm. 3 II. Iridaceae 3. Patersonia lowii Stapf. 3 III. Melastomataceae 4. Astronia lagunensis Merr. 3 IV. Nepenthaceae 5. Nepenthes argentii Jebb & Cheek 3 6. Nepenthes maxima Reinw. ex Nees 3 * 7. Nepenthes mira Jebb & Cheek 3 V. Schizaeaceae 8. Schizaea inopinata Sell. 3** 9. Schizaea malaccana Hook. 3 Total 1 8

Note: *earlier reported in Sulawesi, New Guinea and Mollucas ** 2nd collection since 1923

Another important finding was the discovery of a new record of occurrence of a plant species in the Philippines and in Mindanao (Table 9). The eight new records of occurrence of plant species in Mindanao were: Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr., E. verticillatus Elm., Patersonia lowii Stapf. (Iridaceae), Astronia lagunensis Merr. (Melastomataceae), Nepenthes argentii, N. mira, Schizaea inopinata and S. malaccana. Nepenthes maxima Reinw. ex Nees was a new record of occurrence for the Philippines, as up until this study, it had only been reported from Sulawesi, New Guinea and the Mollucas. The discovery of the endemic genus Greeniopsis (Rubiaceae) was also noteworthy. Of the six Philippine species of Greeniopsis, two species, Greeniopsis euphlebia Merr. and G. megalantha Merr. were found to be common in the area, from the agro-ecosystem to the mossy forest type.

16 FORTROP II: Tropical Forestry Change in a Changing World

on i t a Loc ) l ms (

e d tu ti Al es yp t n io t eta g e V us t a St on i ered and endemicered and endemicered andendemic and endemicered M, M-P D, MD, A, M D 1146 120 – 1060 540 - 980Isidro, San Mati,Gov. Generoso – 620 320 Generoso Gov. Mati, Isidro, San San Isidro San Isidro t g g g g ered, endemic and rare endemic ered, M-P Mo, M, 1180 San Isidro va g er ered and endemicered and endemicered and endemicered and endemicered D D A, M D, M-P Mo, M, 1220 965, 905, – 820 240 – 980 420 685 San Isidro Mati Isidro, San Isidro San San Isidro s g g g g n ered, endemic and rare M, M-P 980 - 1,560 San Isidro endan endan endan endan o g y y y y C endan y aceaeaceae Criticall Criticall aceaeaceaeaceae Vulnerable and endemic Vulnerable and endemic Vulnerable and endemic A, D A, D, M A, D 240 – 820 360 – 740 San Isidro, Mati San Isidro, Mati San Isidro, Mati y p p p p p il m a enthaceae Criticall enthaceae Endan enthaceaeenthaceae Rare and endemic Rare and endemic enthaceae M, M-P D, M, M-P Rare – 920 1145 870-1200 San Isidro, Gov.Mati, Generoso San Isidro M, Mo, M-P 1165 San Isidro risticaceae Other threatened and endemic A, M 320 - 640 San Isidro, Mati F p p p p p y terocar terocar terocar terocar terocar p p p p p Stein. Orchidaceae Endan ) uis. Orhidaceae endemic and Vulnerable M-P Mo, M, 1200– 920 Isidro San Q Becc. Arecaceae Rare and endemic D, M, Mo, M-P 170 – 1200 San Isidro, Mati, Gov. Generoso

aense aense g

uri inensis s Merr. Di

Asher Orchidaceaep Criticall R. Br. Gesneriaceae Vulnerable and endemic A, D 380 – 740 San Isidro )

pp Merr. Melatomataceae Endemic D 380 Mati ie A. DC. Ebenaceae Endan Reichenbach. f. Reichenbach. Vid. Lauraceae and endemic Vulnerable M, Mo - 1100 920 Isidro San c Lam. M ( e Stein. Ericaceae Criticall Rolfe Dilleniaceae Endemic A, M 120, 1150 -1200 San Isidro, Mati, Gov. Generoso Warb. Araucariaceae Endemic D, M, Mo, M-P 905-1235 San Isidro, Gov. Generoso, Mati Merr. Ne

hili l. Anacardiaceae Endemic A,D,M, Mo, M-P 140 – 1200 SanIsidro, Mati,Gov. Generoso p

Blco. p g Lindl. Melastomataceae Endan S

Beauv. Psilotaceae Rare D, M, Mo, M-P 905-1200 San Isidro ( ensis R. Br. Gesneriaceae Vulnerable and endemic A, D 380 – 860 San Isidro, Mati Hook. Schizaeaceae Rare D 1095 San Isidro Blco. Anacardiaceae Vulnerable D A, – 540 120 Mati Isidro, San ) Bl. Di Nees ex Reinw. Ne Vand. Melastomataceae Endemic D – 820 540 Isidro San

Jebb & Cheekg Ne Foxw. Di Bl.Sell. Gnetaceae Schizaeaceae Rare RareM-P M, D, M 920 – 1145 280 San Isidro,Mati Gov. Generoso ) inensis inensis En ii L. C. Koch & Veitch Araceae Endan Kondo Ne Becc.( Arecaceaeand Rareendemic D,M, Mo 140 – 1350 San Isidro,Mati inensis var. Jebb & CheekJebb Ne

Vid.g Di Foxw. Di pp inensis elandii nifica inensis erma pp entii

p Blco. g inata

p ( g pp pp s hili p losa y p ersimilis hili y rosensis p g p hili ol hili conservation. adductum edilum uiso p p ciliolare edilum p p ros la g p miniaceus nanthus y y altissima ifera

List of endangered, endemic and rare species of plants that must be given high priority for protection and and protection for priority high given be must that plants of species rare and endemic endangered, of List py enthes co enthes bellii g hio ar enthes mira enthes maxima enthes p p hio ristica p alm p p athis p p y g g Ne Pa kochii Rhododendron Shorea ast Shorea zebrina Alocasia Dios Medinilla ma Ne Pa A Aesch mercadoi Cinnamomum Dendrobium sanderae var. contorta Shorea Shorea ne Shorea Man M Calamus merrilii ornatus Calamus Ne Ne A Buchanania nitida Dillenia cumin Medinilla malindan Medinilla latifolium Gnetum Ne Psilotum nudum ino Schizaea Schizaea malaccana 30. 33. 32. 28. 21. 13. 19. 27. 25. 12. 14. 22. 26. 23. 24. 31. 29. 15. 16. 17. 18. 2. 1. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 11. 20. 10. A = agro-ecosystem; D = dipterocarp forest; M = montane forest; Mo = mossy forest, M-P mossy-pygmy forest A = agro-ecosystem; D dipterocarp forest; M montane Table 10 Volume 10: Protected Areas and Sustainable Tourism 17

Conclusions

The Mt Hamiguitan Range is the habitat location for one new record of occurrence of a plant species in the Philippines, eight new records for Mindanao and it harbours some endemic, threatened, rare and economically important species of plants with a high priority for protection and conservation.

The density of threatened species was highest in the dipterocarp forest and decreased at higher elevations. Species richness was highest in the montane forest and lowest in the typical mossy forest. Endemism increased from the dipterocarp to the montane forest but was lower in the mossy forest.

Wildlings of Medinilla cumingii showed a higher percentage survival when planted in garden soil than stem cuttings, while Hoya species in various potting media exhibited 100% survival. Furthermore, Murashige and Skoog media was appropriate for the in vitro-culture of Medinilla and Hoya.

Acknowledgements

The authors express their sincere thanks and gratitude to the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) for funding this research. They also wish to thank: Central Mindanao University (CMU; Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology (DOSCST); Mayor Apolinar Q. Ruelo; Barangay Officials; “Bantay Gubat” of the Municipalities of San Isidro and Mati; and Governor Generoso for their assistance and support and also PAWD, DENR XI for the Gratuitous Permit.

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