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Expansion of the <I>Nepenthes Alata</I> Group (<I>Nepenthaceae</I>), Philippines, and Descriptions of Th

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Expansion of the <I>Nepenthes Alata</I> Group (<I>Nepenthaceae</I>), Philippines, and Descriptions of Th Blumea 59, 2014: 144–154 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/000651914X685861 Expansion of the Nepenthes alata group (Nepenthaceae), Philippines, and descriptions of three new species M. Cheek¹, M. Jebb² Key words Abstract Three new species in the Nepenthes alata group from the Philippines, Nepenthes armin, N. tboli and N. zygon, are described and assessed as threatened using the IUCN 2012 standard. The group is expanded by conservation the inclusion of N. truncata and N. robcantleyi, previously included in the N. regiae group. A key to the nineteen IUCN species of the group is presented. mining Nepenthes Published on 11 December 2014 Philippines taxonomy ultramafic INTRODUCTION of Samar, northwest Panay Peninsula and Mindoro. Moderate forest disturbance can favour the growth of some Nepenthes This paper is part of the research towards a World Monograph species, particularly a small number of widespread lowland SE of Nepenthes L., building on a Skeletal Revision of Nepenthes Asian species such as N. gracilis Korth. which can colonise (Jebb & Cheek 1997) and the Flora Malesiana account (Cheek secondary habitats. However, this is not true of the majority & Jebb 2001). of Nepenthes species, which are both more localized and Nepenthes is the only genus of Nepenthaceae and includes which require primary habitat. It also appears to be the case taxa mainly distributed in Malesia (c. 128 species), while c. 12 that primary habitat is not just degraded to secondary habitat species occur in Madagascar, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, NE India, in the Philippines, but converted to other land uses, such as Indochina, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia and Australia. rice-fields, open cast mines, or pineapple plantations, offering Cheek & Jebb (2001) recorded 87 species of Nepenthes, but little chance for survival for even those species that can survive since 2001, 60 new specific names have been published in secondary habitats. the genus (see IPNI 2013 continuously updated, acc. 17 Dec. Many species of Nepenthes in the Philippines appear to be 2013) and others have been resurrected from synonymy. The confined to submontane forest (above c. 500 m asl) and are number of species currently accepted is estimated as 140 and confined to individual mountain groups or mountains of one is set to rise further. island. Compared with lowland forest, a higher proportion of Cheek & Jebb (2001) recorded 12 species in the Philippines. submontane forest survives, since it is often less suitable for New field surveys and herbaria examinations resulted in the agriculture. While N. alzapan may yet survive since some discovery of 26 additional species that have been published submontane forest habitat in the Sierra Madre Mts can still be in the last twelve years (see IPNI 2013 continuously updated, found (e.g. viewing with Google Earth), the hopes for N. extincta e.g. Heinrich et al. 2009, Cheek 2011), of which 12 were surviving are extremely small, since recent groundtruthing has published in 2013 (Cheek & Jebb 2013a–h). Some taxa e.g. shown that virtually all vegetation has been removed from its Nepenthes alzapan Jebb & Cheek (Cheek & Jebb 2013b: 59) single location to facilitate extraction of nickel ore (Cheek & and Nepenthes extincta Jebb & Cheek (Cheek & Jebb 2013h) Jebb 2013h). Since habitat destruction for open cast mining, were considered possibly extinct since the destruction of timber extraction, small-holder, swidden and plantation agri- original habitat in the Philippines over the last 100 years has culture continues in the Philippines, it is a race against time to been so extensive. Although the Philippines is thought to have discover, publish, assess and draw attention to the conservation remained two-thirds forested as recently as 1925 according needs of species before they become extinct, if they have not to Sohmer & Davis (2007), 75 years after that date Myers et already been lost. al. (2000) estimated that remaining primary vegetation in the The Nepenthes alata group of species was first circumscribed Philippines amounted to only 3 %. Lowland primary forest is in Cheek & Jebb (2013d) and additional taxa were added by very fragmentary or has now all but gone from the Philippines Cheek & Jebb (2013c, f). The group was redelimited with the (Sohmer & Davis 2007). They define lowland forest as occur- addition of four species in Cheek & Jebb 2013h. With the addi- ring below 500 m asl. Sohmer & Davis (2007) estimate species tion of three new species described here as well as two species extinction levels due to habitat destruction as 9–28 % in one previously placed in the N. regiae group, N. truncata and N. rob- representative, mainly forest genus, Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae). However, some good lowland forests are reported to survive cantleyi, we now characterise the N. alata group as follows: in the provinces of Aurora, Cagayan, Isabela in Luzon, parts 1. possessing a convex appendage on the basal ridge of the lid (except in N. armin) but lacking an apical appendage; 1 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK; corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]. 2. a wingless (except in N. saranganiensis), terete (rarely an- 2 National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland. gular) stem; © 2014 Naturalis Biodiversity Center You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. M. Cheek & M. Jebb: Expansion of the Nepenthes alata group 145 3. a distinct but winged petiole, the petiole wings wide, decur- Nepenthes locations. For the Philippines also, Google Earth rent from the blade, sometimes involute giving a cylindrical also has a large number of photographs embedded within the appearance to the petiole; imagery enabling an assessment to be made of the quality of 4. the peristome finely ridged, the outer edge not, or only vegetation on the ground. Searches on Google regarding the slightly lobed; locations can also provide additional data on threats on the 5. the inner surface lacking conspicuous teeth; ground, especially where local conservationists have observed 6. the mouth ovate, oblique, without a well-developed column malpractice by commercial land developers or where National (except N. kitanglad); hairs fine and soft, inconspicuous, not Parks have been compromised. bristle-like (except N. mindanaoensis). The three species described here possess all, or almost all, of KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE NEPENTHES ALATA these characters and we place them into an expanded definition GROUP of the N. alata group. They were discovered by examining (updated from Cheek & Jebb 2013h) specimens mainly from BRIT, E and L. 1. Lower surface of lid, including convex appendage (if devel- The Nepenthes alata group (19 species restricted to the Phil- oped), densely and evenly covered by uniformly minute, ippine islands excluding Palawan) and the N. regiae group cir cular nectar glands (0.15–0.2 mm diam) . 2 (14 species restricted to Borneo, Sulawesi and New Guinea) 1. Lower surface of lid with nectar glands either absent from are similar and appear closely related, as was discussed in the appendage (if developed), and/or sparse, large or Cheek & Jebb 2013h, where a key separating the two groups dimorphic, (larger glands 0.35–0.4 mm diam or larger). was presented. Application of this key to the two Philippine — Visayas and Mindanao . .5 species previously ascribed to the N. regiae group, namely N. truncata Macfarl. and N. robcantleyi Cheek places them also 2. Stems angular; convex basal appendage absent from lid; in the N. alata group, by reason of their winged petioles and male pedicels 3.5–4.5 mm long. — Sibuyan Island . ovoid-cylindrical pitchers. A key to the currently recognised taxa ......................................N. armin in the N. alata group is given below. We hypothesise that the 2. Stems terete; convex basal appendage conspicuous from lid; male pedicels > 10 mm long . 3 divergence of these two species groups from each other is con- nected with the geographical division between Borneo (centre 3. Stems glabrous, rarely glabrescent; upper pitcher lacking of species diversity of the N. regiae group) and Mindanao Island fringed wings; outer surface < 20 % covered with red stel- (centre of diversity of the N. alata group) of the Philippines. A late hairs or lacking them entirely ................. 4 molecular phylogenetic study of these two groups with high 3. Stems persistently pubescent; upper pitchers with fringed species sampling might help to test this hypothesis. However, wings in upper part; outer pitcher surface > 50 % covered it is also possible that further discoveries of additional species with grey stellate hairs. — Northern Luzon .....N. alata will provide evidence that the two groups are a continuum and 4. Upper pitchers subcylindrical, outer surface 10–15 % co- should be united. vered with minute red stellate hairs. — Lowland coastal ultramafic scrub of N and E Luzon . N. ultra 4. Upper pitchers with ellipsoid base constricted abruptly to Materials AND METHODS the narrow, cylindrical upper 2/3; outer pitcher surface Herbarium specimens (codes for herbaria are according to Thiers lacking stellate hairs. — Lowland to submontane forest or scrub of southern Luzon to Mindanao .... N. graciliflora 2011 continuously updated) and living plants were examined.
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