DOCSLIB.ORG

Computed Tomographic Anatomy of the Head of the Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta Caretta)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Computed Tomographic Anatomy of the Head of the Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta Caretta) Research in Veterinary Science 81 (2006) 165–169 www.elsevier.com/locate/rvsc Computed tomographic anatomy of the head of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) A. Arencibia a,*, M.A. Rivero a, I. De Miguel a, S. Contreras a, A. Cabrero b, J. Oro´s a a Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University, Trasmontan˜a 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain b Radiodiagnostic Service, Santa Catalina Clinic, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain Accepted 3 December 2005 Abstract The heads of three loggerhead sea turtles were disarticulated and imaged immediately to minimize postmortem changes and then fro- zen and sectioned. For computed tomography (CT) imaging, the heads were positioned in ventral recumbency. Transverse CT images with soft-tissue window were obtained from the olfactory sac region to the temporomandibular joint region. After CT imaging, the heads were sectioned and the gross sections were compared to CT images, to assist in the accurate identification of the anatomic structures. Different clinically relevant anatomic structures were identified and labelled in two series of photographs (CT images and anatomic cross-sections). CT images provided good differentiation between the bones and the soft tissues of the head. The information presented in this paper should serve as an initial reference to evaluate CT images of the head of the loggerhead sea turtle and to assist in the inter- pretation of lesions of this region. Ó 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Computed tomography; Anatomy; Head; Sea turtle 1. Introduction lesions in the head due to boat strikes have been reported (Oro´s et al., 2005). Exudative salt gland adenitis is also fre- Two families and seven species of sea turtles are currently quently observed (Glazebrook and Campbell, 1990). recognized (Pritchard, 1997). All species of sea turtles are Esophageal lesions associated with ingestion of fishing included in the Red List of the World Conservation Union hooks (George, 1997; Oro´s et al., 2005) and crude oil are (IUCN/SSC, 2002). The IUCN emphasizes in its document also observed (Lutcavage et al., 1997). Ocular fibropapilo- entitled A Global Strategy for the Conservation of Marine mas (Brooks et al., 1994) and oral and esophageal fibromas Turtles (IUCN/SSC, 1995) the research on diseases of sea are common in several populations of sea turtles (Oro´s turtles from a multidisciplinary approach as a priority issue. et al., 1999). Many veterinary surgeons are involved in sea turtle conser- The introduction of X-ray computed tomography (CT) vation in wildlife rehabilitation hospitals around the world, has revolutionized the practice of diagnostic imaging. CT thereby contributing to improve the reptile’s medical man- has advanced significantly in veterinary medicine. In tur- agement. Several diseases involving the head of sea turtles tles, CT has been used in the diagnostics of metabolic bone have been described. Meningeal hemorrhages, meningitis, diseases (Raiti and Haramati, 1997), aural abscesses and spinal cord compression, associated with traumatic (McKlveen et al., 2000), and a nodal mass in the chest (Garland et al., 2002). However, there is no published material describing the cross-sectional anatomy of the log- * Corresponding author. Fax: +34 928451141. gerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) in terms of CT and E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Arencibia). macroscopic sections. 0034-5288/$ - see front matter Ó 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.12.009 166 A. Arencibia et al. / Research in Veterinary Science 81 (2006) 165–169 The objective of this study was to describe the post-mor- section were compared to the corresponding gross ana- tem CT anatomy of the head of the normal loggerhead sea tomic sections. In addition, literature of sea turtle anatomy turtle (Caretta caretta) to optimize the diagnosis of head (Gaffney, 1972; Frick, 1996; Wyneken, 2001) and Nomina diseases. Anatomica Veterinaria (Schaller, 1992) were used to iden- tify the normal anatomy of the structures of the head. 2. Materials and methods 3. Results CT images of three normal subadult loggerhead sea tur- tles heads were selected. The turtles were euthanatized for Clinically relevant anatomic structures were identified medical reasons unrelated to diseases of the head. The and labeled in the two photographs presented in Figs. 1–6 heads were disarticulated at the level of atlanto-occipital (CT soft-tissue window and anatomic section). Detailed joint and were imaged immediately to minimize postmor- anatomy of the head was acquired with a CT soft-tissue win- tem changes. CT imaging was performed at the Radiodiag- dow. Thus, the bones of the skull (prefrontal, frontal, pari- nostic Service of the Santa Catalina Clinic of Las Palmas etal, postorbital, supraoccipital, squamosal, quadratojugal, de Gran Canaria using a third-generation CT equipment jugal, and maxilla), mandible (dentary, angular, surangular, (Toshiba 600 HQ). The images were obtained in sagittal and transverse planes using the following parameters: exposure time, 1.8 s; 120 kVp; mAs. 220; with 1.0 cm slice thickness. A soft-tissue window (WL, 465; WW, 1880) was used. After CT exploration, the heads were frozen, and then sectioned using an electric saw to correspond with the CT images. All sections were cleaned and photo- graphed. CT images that most closely matched each gross Fig. 1. (A) Sagittal CT image and (B) gross section of the sea turtle head. 1 = prefrontal bone, 2 = olfactory tract and salt gland, 3 = frontal bone, 4 = cerebrum, 5 = parietal bone, 6 = optic lobe, 7 = supraoccipital bone, 8 = temporal muscle, 9 = cranial cavity, 10 = basioccipital bone, 11 = basi- Fig. 2. (A) Transverse CT and (B) gross section at the level of region of sphenoid bone, 12 = rectus ventralis and longus capitis muscles, 13 = naso- olfactory sac; cranial view. 1 = prefrontal bone, 2 = cartilage of nasal pharynx and oesophagus, 14 = trachea, 15 = pterygoid bone, 16 = glottis, septum, 3 = dorsal nasal concha sinus, 4 = ventral nasal concha sinus, 17 = soft palate, 18 = hard palate, 19 = tongue, 20 = dentary bone, 5 = vomer, 6 = oral cavity, 7 = meckelian groove, 8 = dentary bone, 21 = oral cavity, 22 = ramphotheca (maxilla), 23 = ramphotheca (premax- 9 = ramphotheca (dentary bone), 10 = ramphotheca (maxilla), 11 = pre- illar bone), 24 = premaxillar bone, 25 = maxilla, 26 = external nares, maxilla bone, 12 = ventral nasal concha, 13 = maxilla and 14 = dorsal 27 = olfactory sac and 28 = nasopharyngeal duct. nasal concha. A. Arencibia et al. / Research in Veterinary Science 81 (2006) 165–169 167 Fig. 3. (A) Transverse CT and (B) gross section at the level of Fig. 4. (A) Transverse CT and (B) gross section at the level of salt gland; nasopharyngeal duct; cranial view. 1 = cranial cavity, 2 = olfactory tract, cranial view. 1 = cranial cavity, 2 = salt gland, 3 = postorbital bone, 3 = frontal bone, 4 = prefrontal bone, 5 = orbit and left eye, 6 = eye 4 = left eye, 5 = orbit, 6 = soft palate, 7 = coronoid bone, 8 = nasophar- muscles, 7 = vomer, 8 = soft palate, 9 = left mandible, 10 = geniohyoi- ynx, 9 = angular bone, 10 = tongue, 11 = intermandibularis muscle, deus muscle, 11 = intermandibularis synchondrosis, 12 = tongue, 12 = geniohyoideus muscle, 13 = meckelian groove, 14 = prearticular 13 = nasopharyngeal duct, 14 = meckelian groove, 15 = oral cavity, bone, 15 = surangular bone, 16 = palatine bone, 17 = jugal bone, 16 = ramphotheca (maxilla), 17 = maxilla, 18 = inferior eyelid, 18 = vomer, 19 = interorbital septum, 20 = cerebrum and 21 = parietal 19 = scleral ossicles, 20 = superior eyelid, 21 = right eye, 22 = interorbital bone. septum and 23 = salt gland. 4. Discussion prearticular, splenial, and articular bones) and hyoid bones were easily identifiable because of the high CT density in CT imaging is a noninvasive cross-sectional diagnostic cortical bone appearing white and the intermediate CT den- technique that offers considerable advantages over tradi- sity in their medullary cavities. Cartilages of many bones tional radiography: a lack of superimposition of the tissues and articular sutures were clearly detected and appeared and a higher differentiation of tissue densities. The use of grey. Air-filled structures of the respiratory (nasal cavity, CT imaging in exotic animals medicine is currently limited glottis, and trachea) and digestive (oral cavity and esopha- because of the expense, availability, and logistic problems gus) systems gave negligible CT-tissue density and appeared of acquiring CT images in these animals (Raiti and Hara- black. Muscles, salt glands, eyes and associated structures mati, 1997; McKlveen et al., 2000; Garland et al., 2002). gave an intermediate CT density and appeared grey. The Diagnostics of diseases, such as traumas, neoplasms, nervous structures (myelencephalon, cerebellum, optic infections, inflammations and others involving the head lobes, olfactory bulb, and nerves) were clearly appreciated of loggerhead sea turtles can be improved using CT imag- in this modality CT window (Figs. 1, 3–6). ing. CT provided excellent details of clinically relevant 168 A. Arencibia et al. / Research in Veterinary Science 81 (2006) 165–169 Fig. 5. (A) Transverse CT and (B) gross section at the level of glottis; cranial view. 1 = parietal bone, 2 = cranial cavity, 3 = opisthotic bone, Fig. 6. (A) Transverse CT and (B) gross section at the level of 4 = postorbital bone, 5 = jugal bone, 6 = basisphenoid bone, 7 = meck- temporomandibular
Load more

Recommended publications
  • D Inosaur Paleobiology
    Topics in Paleobiology The study of dinosaurs has been experiencing a remarkable renaissance over the past few decades. Scientifi c understanding of dinosaur anatomy, biology, and evolution has advanced to such a degree that paleontologists often know more about 100-million-year-old dinosaurs than many species of living organisms. This book provides a contemporary review of dinosaur science intended for students, researchers, and dinosaur enthusiasts. It reviews the latest knowledge on dinosaur anatomy and phylogeny, Brusatte how dinosaurs functioned as living animals, and the grand narrative of dinosaur evolution across the Mesozoic. A particular focus is on the fossil evidence and explicit methods that allow paleontologists to study dinosaurs in rigorous detail. Scientifi c knowledge of dinosaur biology and evolution is shifting fast, Dinosaur and this book aims to summarize current understanding of dinosaur science in a technical, but accessible, style, supplemented with vivid photographs and illustrations. Paleobiology Dinosaur The Topics in Paleobiology Series is published in collaboration with the Palaeontological Association, Paleobiology and is edited by Professor Mike Benton, University of Bristol. Stephen Brusatte is a vertebrate paleontologist and PhD student at Columbia University and the American Museum of Natural History. His research focuses on the anatomy, systematics, and evolution of fossil vertebrates, especially theropod dinosaurs. He is particularly interested in the origin of major groups such Stephen L. Brusatte as dinosaurs, birds, and mammals. Steve is the author of over 40 research papers and three books, and his work has been profi led in The New York Times, on BBC Television and NPR, and in many other press outlets.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology of the Rabbit
    Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Vol 45, No 1 Copyright 2006 January 2006 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Pages 8–24 Historical Special Topic Overview on Rabbit Comparative Biology Biology of the Rabbit Nathan R. Brewer Editor’s note: In recognition of Dr. Nathan Brewer’s many years of dedicated service to AALAS and the community of research animal care specialists, the premier issue of JAALAS includes the following compilation of Dr. Brewer’s essays on rabbit anatomy and physiology. These essays were originally published in the ASLAP newsletter (formerly called Synapse), and are reprinted here with the permission and endorsement of that organization. I would like to thank Nina Hahn, Jane Lacher, and Nancy Austin for assistance in compiling these essays. Publishing this information in JAALAS allows Dr. Brewer’s work to become part of the searchable literature for laboratory animal science and medicine and also assures that the literature references and information he compiled will not be lost to posterity. However, readers should note that this material has undergone only minor editing for style, has not been edited for content, and, most importantly, has not undergone peer review. With the agreement of the associate editors and the AALAS leadership, I elected to forego peer review of this work, in contradiction to standard JAALAS policy, based on the status of this material as pre-published information from an affiliate organization that holds the copyright and on the esteem in which we hold for Dr. Brewer as a founding father of our organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the Iguanine Lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) As Determined by Osteological and Myological Characters David F
    Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series Volume 12 | Number 3 Article 1 1-1971 Evolution of the iguanine lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) as determined by osteological and myological characters David F. Avery Department of Biology, Southern Connecticut State College, New Haven, Connecticut Wilmer W. Tanner Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib Part of the Anatomy Commons, Botany Commons, Physiology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Avery, David F. and Tanner, Wilmer W. (1971) "Evolution of the iguanine lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) as determined by osteological and myological characters," Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series: Vol. 12 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib/vol12/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. S-^' Brigham Young University f?!AR12j97d Science Bulletin \ EVOLUTION OF THE IGUANINE LIZARDS (SAURIA, IGUANIDAE) AS DETERMINED BY OSTEOLOGICAL AND MYOLOGICAL CHARACTERS by David F. Avery and Wilmer W. Tanner BIOLOGICAL SERIES — VOLUME Xil, NUMBER 3 JANUARY 1971 Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
    [Show full text]
  • Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Part VIII. the Order Theropoda
    328 Scientific Intelligence. selves in the first spiral coil of 0. tenuissima are what constitute the essential difference between the spire of Cornuspira and that of Spirolocidina; marking an imperfect septal division of the spire into chambers, which cannot be conceived to affect in any way the physiological condition of. the contained animal, but which foreshadows the complete septal division that marks the assumption of the Peneropline stage. Again, the incipient widen- ing-out of the body, previously to the formation of the first complete septum, prepares the way for that great lateral exten­ sion which characterizes the next or Orbiculine stage ; this exten­ sion being obviously related, on the one hand, to the division of the chamber-segments of the body into chamberletted sub-seg­ ments, and, on the other, to the extension of the zonal chambers round the ' nucleus,' so as to complete them into aunuli, from APPENDIX. which all subsequent increase shall take place on the cyclical plan. "In 0. marginalia, the first spiral stage is abbreviated by the drawing-together (as it were) of the ' spiroloculine' coil into a single Milioline turn of greater thickness ; but the Orbiculine or second spiral stage is fully retained. In Q. duplex, the abbreviated. Milioline center is still retained, but the succeeding Orbiculine ART. X X X VI-I I. — Prmcvpal Characters of American spiral is almost entirely dropped out, quickly giving place to the Jurassic Dinosaurs ', by Professor 0. 0. MAESH. Part cyclical plan. And in the typical 0. complanctta the Milioline center is immediately surrounded by a complete annulus, so YIII.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Ontogeny of the Cranial Bones of the Giant Amazon River
    Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences ISSN: 1679-9283 [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brasil Gonçalves Vieira, Lucélia; Quagliatto Santos, André Luiz; Campos Lima, Fabiano Ontogeny of the cranial bones of the giant amazon river turtle Podocnemis expansa Schweigger, 1812 (Testudines, Podocnemididae) Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, vol. 32, núm. 2, 2010, pp. 181-188 Universidade Estadual de Maringá .png, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=187114387012 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v32i2.5777 Ontogeny of the cranial bones of the giant amazon river turtle Podocnemis expansa Schweigger, 1812 (Testudines, Podocnemididae) Lucélia Gonçalves Vieira*, André Luiz Quagliatto Santos and Fabiano Campos Lima Laboratório de Pesquisas em Animais Silvestres, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves De Avila, 2121, 38408-100, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. In order to determine the normal stages of formation in the sequence of ossification of the cranium of Podocnemis expansa in its various stages of development, embryos were collected starting on the 18th day of natural incubation and were subjected to bone diaphanization and staining. In the neurocranium, the basisphenoid and basioccipital bones present ossification centers in stage 19, the supraoccipital and opisthotic in stage 20, the exoccipital in stage 21, and lastly the prooptic in stage 24. Dermatocranium: the squamosal, pterygoid and maxilla are the first elements to begin the ossification process, which occurs in stage 16.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences ISSN: 2348-8069 Research Article
    Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2(9): (2015): 149–162 International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences ISSN: 2348-8069 www.ijarbs.com Research Article Morphological and Radiological Studies on the Skull of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) Nora A. Shaker, Samah H. El-Bably Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The present study was conducted on six heads of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). The heads were removed from their bodies and prepared by hot water maceration technique. The bones of the skull were studied separately and identified by using a specific acrylic color for each bone. The cranium of the crocodile composed of the cranial bones and the facial bones. The crocodile had four paired paranasal sinuses; the antorbital, the vomerine bullar, the pterygopalatine bullar and the pterygoid sinuses. The mandible of crocodile formed from six fused bones (articular, angular, suprangular, coronoid, splenial and dentary). The X ray images were applied for identifying the paranasal sinuses which their contribution to the morphological organization of the head. Keywords: Anatomy, Radiology, Cranium, Para-nasal sinuses, mandible, Nile crocodile. Introduction The development of the vertebrate animals varies with bones are pneumatised and have gas-filled cavities the type of living and their feeding habits. The Nile (fenestrae) connected to Eustachian tubes of the crocodiles are found in a wide variety of habitat types, middle ear and the nasal passages. These may equalize including large lakes, rivers, and freshwater swamps. pressure in the inner ear and it helps in lightening the In some areas they extend into brackish or even weight of the skull and played an important saltwater environments (Pooley 1982 and Pauwels consideration in the cooling system of the brain, et al., 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • A New Origin for the Maxillary Jaw
    Developmental Biology 276 (2004) 207–224 www.elsevier.com/locate/ydbio A new origin for the maxillary jaw Sang-Hwy Leea, Olivier Be´dardb,1, Marcela Buchtova´b, Katherine Fub, Joy M. Richmanb,* aDepartment of Oral, Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Science Research Center, Medical Science and Engineering Research Center, BK 21 Project for Medical Science, College of Dentistry Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea bDepartment of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3 Received for publication 7 April 2004, revised 5 August 2004, accepted 31 August 2004 Available online 5 October 2004 Abstract One conserved feature of craniofacial development is that the first pharyngeal arch has two components, the maxillary and mandibular, which then form the upper and lower jaws, respectively. However, until now, there have been no tests of whether the maxillary cells originate entirely within the first pharyngeal arch or whether they originate in a separate condensation, cranial to the first arch. We therefore constructed a fate map of the pharyngeal arches and environs with a series of dye injections into stage 13–17 chicken embryos. We found that from the earliest stage examined, the major contribution to the maxillary bud is from post-optic mesenchyme with a relatively minor contribution from the maxillo-mandibular cleft. Cells labeled within the first pharyngeal arch contributed exclusively to the mandibular prominence. Gene expression data showed that there were different molecular codes for the cranial and caudal maxillary prominence. Two of the genes examined, Rarb (retinoic acid receptor b) and Bmp4 (bone morphogenetic protein) were expressed in the post-optic mesenchyme and epithelium prior to formation of the maxillary prominence and then were restricted to the cranial half of the maxillary prominence.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Skull Morphology in Two Species of Genus Liua (Amphibia: Urodela: Hynobiidae), L
    Asian Herpetological Research 2016, 7(2): 112–121 ORIGINAL ARTICLE DOI: 10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.150055 Comparison of Skull Morphology in Two Species of Genus Liua (Amphibia: Urodela: Hynobiidae), L. shihi and L. tsinpaensis Jianli XIONG1, 2*, Xiuying LIU3 and Xiaomei ZHANG3 1 Animal Science and Technology College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China 2 Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China 3 School of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China Abstract Skull characteristics play an important role in the systematics of tailed salamanders. In this study, the skulls of Liua shihi and L. tsinpaensis were compared using a clearing and double-staining technique. The results showed that in L. tsinpaensis, the vomerine tooth rows are in a “ ” shape, the length of the inner vomerine tooth series is nearly equal to that of the outer series, the vomerine tooth rows do not extend beyond the choanae, an ossified articular bone is absent, the basibranchial is rod shaped, the radial loops exhibit a figure-eight shape, the cornua has two cylindrical branches, the urohyal is rod shaped, and the end of the ceratohyal is not ossified; these features differ considerably from those of L. shihi. The ossification of the posterior portion of the ceratohyal and the present or absent of ossified articular might represent ecological adaptation to feeding in different environments. Keywords Liua shihi, Liua tsinpaensis, morphology, adaptation, systematics 1. Introduction based on specimens from Hou-tseng-tze, Chouchih Hsien, and Shensi (Shanxi), China (Hu et al., 1966).
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of the CERATOPSIAN DINOSAUR TRICERATOPS in the Science Museum of Minnesota 1960 – Present by Bruce R
    HISTORY OF THE CERATOPSIAN DINOSAUR TRICERATOPS In The Science Museum of Minnesota 1960 – Present by Bruce R. Erickson MONOGRAPH VOLUME 12: PALEONTOLOGY Published by THE SCIENCE MUSEUM OF MINNESOTA SAINT PAUL, MINNESOTA 55102 HISTORY OF THE CERATOPSIAN DINOSAUR TRICERATOPS In The Science Museum of Minnesota 1960 – Present Bruce R. Erickson Fitzpatrick Chair of Paleontology MONOGRAPH VOLUME 12: PALEONTOLOGY The Science Museum of Minnesota 120 West Kellogg Blvd. Saint Paul, Minnesota 55102 USA. July 28, 2017 Frontispiece: First season at Triceratops quarry 1960. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............................................................5 COLLECTING TRICERATOPS 1960-1964 FIELD WORK ............................5 ABOUT THE MOUNTED SKELETON 1964-1965 ..................................18 ABOUT THE BRAIN OF TRICERATOPS. 19 EPILOGUE ..................................................................22 OTHER FINDS, NOTES, and VIEWS (Figs. 12-28) ..................................24 From the Triceratops Expeditions 1959-1964 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................34 REFERENCES ...............................................................34 APPENDIX I ................................................................36 APPENDIX II ................................................................36 MONOGRAPH VOLUME 12: PALEONTOLOGY International Standard Book Number: 911338-92-6 SCIENCE MUSEUM OF MINNESOTA MONOGRAPH VOL. 12 HISTORY OF THE CERATOPSIAN DINOSAUR TRICERATOPS In The Science Museum of Minnesota 1960
    [Show full text]
  • The Anatomy of the Head of Ctenosaura Pectinata (Iguanidae)
    MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, NO. 94 The Anatomy of the Head of Ctenosaura pectinata (Iguanidae) BY THOMAS M. OELRICH ANN ARBOR MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN March 21, 1956 LIST OF THE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Address inquiries to the Director of the Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan *On sale from the University Press, 311 Maynard St., Ann Arbor, Michigan. Bound in Paper No. 1. Directions for Collecting and Preserving Specimens of Dragonflies for Museum Purposes. By E. B. Williamson. (1916) Pp. 15, 3 figures . No. 2. An Annotated List of the Odonata of Indiana. By E. B. Williamson. (1917) Pp. 12, 1 map . No. 3. A Collecting Trip to Colombia, South America. By E. B. Williamson. (1918) Pp. 24 (Out of print) No. 4. Contributions to the Botany of Michigan. By C. K. Dodge. (1918) Pp. 14 No. 5. Contributions to the Botany of Michigan, 11. By C. K. Dodge. (1918) Pp. 44, 1 map No. 6. A Synopsis of the Classification of the Fresh-water Mollusca of North America, North of Mexico, and a Catalogue of the More Recently Described Species, with Notes. By Bryant Walker. (1918) Pp. 213, 1 plate, 233 figures No. 7. The Anculosae of the Alabama River Drainage. By Calvin Goodrich. (1922) Pp. 57, 3 plates . No. 8. The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. By Alexander G. Ruthven. (1922) Pp. 69, 13 plates, 2 figures, 1 map No. 9. Notes on American Species of Triacanthagyna and Gynacantha.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW DATA on the SKULL of PINACOSAURUS Grangerl (ANK YLOSAURIA)
    TER ESA MAR YANSKA NEW DATA ON THE SKULL OF PINACOSAURUS GRANGERl (ANK YLOSAURIA) (Plate s VI-VII) Abstract. - Th e skull of a young indiv idual of Pinacosaurus grangcri G ILMORE from the Upper Cretaceo us sandstone of Bayn Dz ak in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia, has been prelim inaril y described. Tabul ars, post front als, ossified conchae, septurn nasi and three pairs of nasal openings were found in the described skull. A postcrani al skeleton associated with the skull will be described in another pa per. INTRODUCTION Armoured dinosaurs were found by the Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expeditions in two regions of Gobi Desert : in the Nemegt Basin (MARYANSKA , 1970) in the Uppermost Cretaceous sandstone and at Bayn Dzak in the Upper Cretaceous sand ston e (recognized as Coniacian or Santonian by KIELA N-JAWOR OWSKA(1970) on the basis of mult ituberculate faun a). The present paper is a preliminary report on ankyl osaurid remains found by the Polish-Mon­ golian Expedition in 1964 at Bayn Dzak. The collection from this locality con sists of an almost complete skeleton with an excellently preserved skull (Z. Pal. No. MgD-f1/1), as well as several skeletal fragments of another specimen, including a pelvic girdle, hind limbs and a tail (Z.Pal. No. MgD-II/9). Those two specimens come from stratigra phic horizon, designated by GRA­ DZI NSKI et al. (1968/69, pp. 70-71 , Text-fig. 30) by number ,,2". Skulls of multituberculate and eutherian mammals, described by KIELAN-JAWOROWSKA (1968/69 and 1970) were also taken from this horizon.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthopedic Surgical Techniques
    umerous approaches have been used to re- pair fractures and luxations in avian spe- cies. Typically, these techniques have been CHAPTER N adapted from those used for small mam- mals and humans. Regardless of the specific tech- niques employed in fracture repair, it is important to: Treat contaminated and infected wounds. Preserve soft tissue structures. Appose, align and control rotation of fractures and reduce luxations. 42 Rigidly immobilize the fracture site. Maintain range of motion in all joints affected by the fracture or fixation technique. Return the affected limb to “normal function” as soon as possible. ORTHOPEDIC The presence of a fracture certainly suggests major SURGICAL trauma, and a thorough physical examination should TECHNIQUES be performed to determine other injuries. Subcutaneous emphysema may be noted in birds with ruptured air sacs or with fractures of the humerus, thoracic girdle or some ribs (the pneumatic bones). The emphysema will generally resolve within a few days. In many cases, birds may require several Howard Martin days of stabilization with fluids, steroids, antibiotics or supportive alimentation before anesthesia and Branson W. Ritchie surgery can be safely performed (see Chapter 40). 1138 SECTION SIX SURGERY It is common for subtle injuries to occur that are TABLE 42.1 Types of Fixation difficult to detect by physical examination. Survey radiographs of affected skeletal areas as well as the External coaptation - Sling, splint, bandage abdomen and thorax are needed to assess any bony Internal fixation - IM pins, cerclage wires, bone plates or soft tissue changes that may have occurred during External fixation - pins passed through bone from skin surface and a traumatic episode.
    [Show full text]