Unicode Request for Phonetic Punctuation & Diacritics Combining Diacritics Punctuation Marks Spacing Diacritics
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BIBLIOGRAPHY N Most Diacritic Letters ( C, I, Ö, ˙ S, Etc.) Are
BIBLIOGRAPHY Notes Most diacritic letters (ˇc,ı, ö, s, etc.) are alphabetized as separate letters after ˙ the base letter. The abbreviation “ms. NAN KR” stands for “manuscript in the Archives of the National Center for Manasology and Artistic Culture of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic,” followed by the archival shelf number. In the Commentary and footnotes, the form of some of the bibliographic citations of mid-nineteenth century Kirghiz epics (recorded by Radlof from anonymous bards, published under separate headings in his Obraztsy/ Proben [1885], and re-edited by Hatto in The Manas of Wilhelm Radlof [1990]) is nearly identical to the citations of analytical articles on the texts that Hatto published in various journals. These are the references to the Radlovian epic texts, which were coincidentally published by Hatto in his re-edition: “Almambet, Er Kökˇcöand Ak-Erkeˇc”;“Birth of Manas”; “Birth of Semetey”; “Bok-Murun”; “Köz-Kaman”; and “Semetey.” Hatto’s articles are cited as: Hatto, “Almambet, Er Kökˇcöand Ak Erkeˇc”;Hatto, “Birth of Manas”; Hatto, “Köz-Kaman”; Hatto, “Semetey.” Listed below by language are references to the main bibliographic entries of the dictionaries, grammars, and other aids used, sometimes without citation, in the preparation of this edition: Arabic Baranov, Arabsko–russkii slovar’ Steingass, A Learner’s Arabic–English Dictionary Baˇskir Akhmerov, Bashkirsko–russkii slovar’ Chaghatay Budagov, Sravnitel’nyi slovar’ turetsko–tatarskikh narechii Shcherbak, Grammatika starouzbekskogo iazyka Radlov, Opyt/Versuch Eastern Turki Jarring, An Eastern Turki–English Dialect Dictionary (Uyghur) Nadzhip, Uigursko–russkii slovar’ Kalmyk Ramstedt, Kalmückisches Wörterbuch Kirghiz Batmanov, Sovremennyi kirgizskii iazyk Hu and Imart, A Kirghiz Reader Imart, Le kirghiz Iudakhin, Kirgizsko–russkii slovar’ ———, Russko–kirgizskii slovar’ 374 bibliography Kirghiz (cont.) Muqambaev, Qır ˙gıztilinin dialektologiyalıq sözdügü, vol. -
PROC SORT (Then And) NOW Derek Morgan, PAREXEL International
Paper 143-2019 PROC SORT (then and) NOW Derek Morgan, PAREXEL International ABSTRACT The SORT procedure has been an integral part of SAS® since its creation. The sort-in-place paradigm made the most of the limited resources at the time, and almost every SAS program had at least one PROC SORT in it. The biggest options at the time were to use something other than the IBM procedure SYNCSORT as the sorting algorithm, or whether you were sorting ASCII data versus EBCDIC data. These days, PROC SORT has fallen out of favor; after all, PROC SQL enables merging without using PROC SORT first, while the performance advantages of HASH sorting cannot be overstated. This leads to the question: Is the SORT procedure still relevant to any other than the SAS novice or the terminally stubborn who refuse to HASH? The answer is a surprisingly clear “yes". PROC SORT has been enhanced to accommodate twenty-first century needs, and this paper discusses those enhancements. INTRODUCTION The largest enhancement to the SORT procedure is the addition of collating sequence options. This is first and foremost recognition that SAS is an international software package, and SAS users no longer work exclusively with English-language data. This capability is part of National Language Support (NLS) and doesn’t require any additional modules. You may use standard collations, SAS-provided translation tables, custom translation tables, standard encodings, or rules to produce your sorted dataset. However, you may only use one collation method at a time. USING STANDARD COLLATIONS, TRANSLATION TABLES AND ENCODINGS A long time ago, SAS would allow you to sort data using ASCII rules on an EBCDIC system, and vice versa. -
Unicode Request for Cyrillic Modifier Letters Superscript Modifiers
Unicode request for Cyrillic modifier letters L2/21-107 Kirk Miller, [email protected] 2021 June 07 This is a request for spacing superscript and subscript Cyrillic characters. It has been favorably reviewed by Sebastian Kempgen (University of Bamberg) and others at the Commission for Computer Supported Processing of Medieval Slavonic Manuscripts and Early Printed Books. Cyrillic-based phonetic transcription uses superscript modifier letters in a manner analogous to the IPA. This convention is widespread, found in both academic publication and standard dictionaries. Transcription of pronunciations into Cyrillic is the norm for monolingual dictionaries, and Cyrillic rather than IPA is often found in linguistic descriptions as well, as seen in the illustrations below for Slavic dialectology, Yugur (Yellow Uyghur) and Evenki. The Great Russian Encyclopedia states that Cyrillic notation is more common in Russian studies than is IPA (‘Transkripcija’, Bol’šaja rossijskaja ènciplopedija, Russian Ministry of Culture, 2005–2019). Unicode currently encodes only three modifier Cyrillic letters: U+A69C ⟨ꚜ⟩ and U+A69D ⟨ꚝ⟩, intended for descriptions of Baltic languages in Latin script but ubiquitous for Slavic languages in Cyrillic script, and U+1D78 ⟨ᵸ⟩, used for nasalized vowels, for example in descriptions of Chechen. The requested spacing modifier letters cannot be substituted by the encoded combining diacritics because (a) some authors contrast them, and (b) they themselves need to be able to take combining diacritics, including diacritics that go under the modifier letter, as in ⟨ᶟ̭̈⟩BA . (See next section and e.g. Figure 18. ) In addition, some linguists make a distinction between spacing superscript letters, used for phonetic detail as in the IPA tradition, and spacing subscript letters, used to denote phonological concepts such as archiphonemes. -
Sig Process Book
A Æ B C D E F G H I J IJ K L M N O Ø Œ P Þ Q R S T U V W X Ethan Cohen Type & Media 2018–19 SigY Z А Б В Г Ґ Д Е Ж З И К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ч Ц Ш Щ Џ Ь Ъ Ы Љ Њ Ѕ Є Э І Ј Ћ Ю Я Ђ Α Β Γ Δ SIG: A Revival of Rudolf Koch’s Wallau Type & Media 2018–19 ЯREthan Cohen ‡ Submitted as part of Paul van der Laan’s Revival class for the Master of Arts in Type & Media course at Koninklijke Academie von Beeldende Kunsten (Royal Academy of Art, The Hague) INTRODUCTION “I feel such a closeness to William Project Overview Morris that I always have the feeling Sig is a revival of Rudolf Koch’s Wallau Halbfette. My primary source that he cannot be an Englishman, material was the Klingspor Kalender für das Jahr 1933 (Klingspor Calen- dar for the Year 1933), a 17.5 × 9.6 cm book set in various cuts of Wallau. he must be a German.” The Klingspor Kalender was an annual promotional keepsake printed by the Klingspor Type Foundry in Offenbach am Main that featured different Klingspor typefaces every year. This edition has a daily cal- endar set in Magere Wallau (Wallau Light) and an 18-page collection RUDOLF KOCH of fables set in 9 pt Wallau Halbfette (Wallau Semibold) with woodcut illustrations by Willi Harwerth, who worked as a draftsman at the Klingspor Type Foundry. -
Package Mathfont V. 1.6 User Guide Conrad Kosowsky December 2019 [email protected]
Package mathfont v. 1.6 User Guide Conrad Kosowsky December 2019 [email protected] For easy, off-the-shelf use, type the following in your docu- ment preamble and compile using X LE ATEX or LuaLATEX: \usepackage[hfont namei]{mathfont} Abstract The mathfont package provides a flexible interface for changing the font of math- mode characters. The package allows the user to specify a default unicode font for each of six basic classes of Latin and Greek characters, and it provides additional support for unicode math and alphanumeric symbols, including punctuation. Crucially, mathfont is compatible with both X LE ATEX and LuaLATEX, and it provides several font-loading commands that allow the user to change fonts locally or for individual characters within math mode. Handling fonts in TEX and LATEX is a notoriously difficult task. Donald Knuth origi- nally designed TEX to support fonts created with Metafont, and while subsequent versions of TEX extended this functionality to postscript fonts, Plain TEX's font-loading capabilities remain limited. Many, if not most, LATEX users are unfamiliar with the fd files that must be used in font declaration, and the minutiae of TEX's \font primitive can be esoteric and confusing. LATEX 2"'s New Font Selection System (nfss) implemented a straightforward syn- tax for loading and managing fonts, but LATEX macros overlaying a TEX core face the same versatility issues as Plain TEX itself. Fonts in math mode present a double challenge: after loading a font either in Plain TEX or through the nfss, defining math symbols can be unin- tuitive for users who are unfamiliar with TEX's \mathcode primitive. -
The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing Writing Systems Using Orthography Profiles
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles Moran, Steven ; Cysouw, Michael DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.290662 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-135400 Monograph The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Originally published at: Moran, Steven; Cysouw, Michael (2017). The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles. CERN Data Centre: Zenodo. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.290662 The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists Managing writing systems using orthography profiles Steven Moran & Michael Cysouw Change dedication in localmetadata.tex Preface This text is meant as a practical guide for linguists, and programmers, whowork with data in multilingual computational environments. We introduce the basic concepts needed to understand how writing systems and character encodings function, and how they work together. The intersection of the Unicode Standard and the International Phonetic Al- phabet is often not met without frustration by users. Nevertheless, thetwo standards have provided language researchers with a consistent computational architecture needed to process, publish and analyze data from many different languages. We bring to light common, but not always transparent, pitfalls that researchers face when working with Unicode and IPA. Our research uses quantitative methods to compare languages and uncover and clarify their phylogenetic relations. However, the majority of lexical data available from the world’s languages is in author- or document-specific orthogra- phies. -
Computer Science II
Computer Science II Dr. Chris Bourke Department of Computer Science & Engineering University of Nebraska|Lincoln Lincoln, NE 68588, USA http://chrisbourke.unl.edu [email protected] 2019/08/15 13:02:17 Version 0.2.0 This book is a draft covering Computer Science II topics as presented in CSCE 156 (Computer Science II) at the University of Nebraska|Lincoln. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License i Contents 1 Introduction1 2 Object Oriented Programming3 2.1 Introduction.................................... 3 2.2 Objects....................................... 4 2.3 The Four Pillars.................................. 4 2.3.1 Abstraction................................. 4 2.3.2 Encapsulation................................ 4 2.3.3 Inheritance ................................. 4 2.3.4 Polymorphism................................ 4 2.4 SOLID Principles................................. 4 2.4.1 Inversion of Control............................. 4 3 Relational Databases5 3.1 Introduction.................................... 5 3.2 Tables ....................................... 9 3.2.1 Creating Tables...............................10 3.2.2 Primary Keys................................16 3.2.3 Foreign Keys & Relating Tables......................18 3.2.4 Many-To-Many Relations .........................22 3.2.5 Other Keys .................................24 3.3 Structured Query Language ...........................26 3.3.1 Creating Data................................28 3.3.2 Retrieving Data...............................30 -
Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only. -
Unicode Collators
Title stata.com unicode collator — Language-specific Unicode collators Description Syntax Remarks and examples Also see Description unicode collator list lists the subset of locales that have language-specific collators for the Unicode string comparison functions: ustrcompare(), ustrcompareex(), ustrsortkey(), and ustrsortkeyex(). Syntax unicode collator list pattern pattern is one of all, *, *name*, *name, or name*. If you specify nothing, all, or *, then all results will be listed. *name* lists all results containing name; *name lists all results ending with name; and name* lists all results starting with name. Remarks and examples stata.com Remarks are presented under the following headings: Overview of collation The role of locales in collation Further controlling collation Overview of collation Collation is the process of comparing and sorting Unicode character strings as a human might logically order them. We call this ordering strings in a language-sensitive manner. To do this, Stata uses a Unicode tool known as the Unicode collation algorithm, or UCA. To perform language-sensitive string sorts, you must combine ustrsortkey() or ustr- sortkeyex() with sort. It is a complicated process and there are several issues about which you need to be aware. For details, see [U] 12.4.2.5 Sorting strings containing Unicode characters. To perform language-sensitive string comparisons, you can use ustrcompare() or ustrcompareex(). For details about the UCA, see http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr10/. The role of locales in collation During collation, Stata can use the default collator or it can perform language-sensitive string comparisons or sorts that require knowledge of a locale. A locale identifies a community with a certain set of preferences for how their language should be written; see [U] 12.4.2.4 Locales in Unicode. -
Braille Decoding Device Employing Microcontroller
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8, Issue-2S11, September 2019 Braille Decoding Device Employing Microcontroller Kanika Jindal, Adittee Mattoo, Bhupendra Kumar Abstract—The Braille decoding method has been The proposed circuit has primary objective to recognize conventionally used by the visually challenged persons to read Braille character inputs from a visually challenged user and books etc. The designed system in the current paper has transmit them to another similar Braille device. This system implemented a method to interface the Braille characters and has been embedded onto a glove that can be worn by the blind English text characters. The system will help to communicate the Braille message from one visually challenged person to another as person. The first four fingers of the glove, starting from the well as help us to transform the Braille language to English text thumb will fitted with tactile micro switches and a vibration through a microcontroller and a PC in order to communicate with motor. This circuit is then connected with a microcontroller the visually challenged persons and PC via RS232C cable to interface the Braille words with the PC based text language. The switch pressed by any person Keyword: Universal synchronous/Asynchronous will create a Braille code that should be converted to ASCII receiver/transmitter, braille, PWM, Vibration Motor, Transistor, form by ASCII conversion program for microcontroller and Diode. these letters will be seen on computer screen. This is used in I. INTRODUCTION order to make the characters USART compatible. Similarly, the computer text word will be reverse programmed into Braille mechanism was founded by Louis Braille in 1821. -
Invisible-Punctuation.Pdf
... ' I •e •e •4 I •e •e •4 •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • ••••• • • •• • • • • • I •e •e •4 In/visible Punctuation • • • • •• • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • ' •• • • • • • John Lennard •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • I •e •e •4 I •e •e •4 I •e •e •4 I •e •e •4 I •e •e •4 I ••• • • 4 I.e• • • 4 I ••• • • 4 I ••• • • 4 I ••• • • 4 I ••• • • 4 • • •' .•. • . • .•. •. • ' .. ' • • •' .•. • . • .•. • . • ' . ' . UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES- LENNARD, 121-138- VISIBLE LANGUAGE 45.1/ 2 I •e •e' • • • • © VISIBLE LANGUAGE, 2011 -RHODE ISLAND SCHOOL OF DESIGN- PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND 02903 .. ' ABSTRACT The article offers two approaches to the question of 'invisible punctuation,' theoretical and critical. The first is a taxonomy of modes of punctuational invisibility, · identifying denial, repression, habituation, error and absence. Each is briefly discussed and some relations with technologies of reading are considered. The second considers the paragraphing, or lack of it, in Sir Philip Sidney's Apology for Poetry: one of the two early printed editions and at least one of the two MSS are mono paragraphic, a feature always silently eliminated by editors as a supposed carelessness. It is argued that this is improbable -
Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N4907 L2/17-359
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4907 L2/17-359 2017-10-20 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal to add six Latin Tironian letters to the UCS Source: Michael Everson and Andrew West Status: Individual Contribution Date: 2017-10-20 Replaces: N4841 (L2/17-300) 0. Summary. This proposal requests the encoding of three new casing letters used in medieval European texts. If this proposal is accepted, the following characters will exist: A7F0 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TIRONIAN ET A7F1 LATIN SMALL LETTER TIRONIAN ET • Old and Middle English, … → 204A tironian sign et ꟲ A7F2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TIRONIAN ET WITH HOOK ꟳ A7F3 LATIN SMALL LETTER TIRONIAN ET WITH HOOK • Middle English, Latin, … ꟴ A7F4 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TIRONIAN ET WITH HOOK AND STROKE Ꟶ A7F5 LATIN SMALL LETTER TIRONIAN ET WITH HOOK AND STROKE • Middle English, Latin, French, … 1. Background. A punctuation character chiefly for Irish use was added in Unicode 3.0 in 1999. Its current entry in the standard reads: ⁊ 204A TIRONIAN SIGN ET • Irish Gaelic, Old English, … → 0026 & ampersand → 1F670 script ligature et ornament A variety of medieval English manuscripts across a number of centuries treat the the Tironian sign as an actual letter of the alphabet, and case it when in sentence-initial position. Modern transcribers of documents containing these letters have distinguished them as casing, sometimes using the digit 7 as a font workaround. The original simple two-stroke shape of the character ⁊ as used in the Insular tradition (for Irish and Old English) was replaced by Carolingian character with a hooked base ꟳ, which had a range of glyph variants including a long extension of the top-bar descending to the left Page 1 and sometimes even encircling the glyph.