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Interactions of Climate, Migration and Life History Traits in the Evolutionary History of Birds

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Interactions of Climate, Migration and Life History Traits in the Evolutionary History of Birds DE TTK 1949 Interactions of climate, migration and life history traits in the evolutionary history of birds A klíma, a vonulás és az életmenet-jellegek kölcsönhatása madarak evolúciójában Egyetemi doktori (PhD) értekezés Nagy Jen ő Témavezető: Prof. Dr. Varga Zoltán DEBRECENI EGYETEM Természettudományi és Informatikai Doktori Tanács Juhász-Nagy Pál Doktori Iskola Debrecen, 2019. Ezen értekezést a Debreceni Egyetem Természettudományi Doktori Tanács Juhász- Nagy Pál Doktori Iskola Biodiverzitás programja keretében készítettem a Debreceni Egyetem természettudományi doktori (PhD) fokozatának elnyerése céljából. Nyilatkozom arról, hogy a tézisekben leírt eredmények nem képezik más PhD disszertáció részét. Debrecen, 2019. Nagy Jen ő Tanúsítom, hogy Nagy Jen ő doktorjelölt 2013-2018 között a fent megnevezett Doktori Iskola Biodiverzitás programjának keretében irányításommal végezte munkáját. Az értekezésben foglalt eredményekhez a jelölt önálló alkotó tevékenységével meghatározóan hozzájárult. Nyilatkozom továbbá arról, hogy a tézisekben leírt eredmények nem képezik más PhD disszertáció részét. Az értekezés elfogadását javasolom. Debrecen, 2019. Prof. Dr. Varga Zoltán A doktori értekezés betétlapja Interactions of climate, migration and life history traits in the evolutionary history of birds A klíma, a vonulás és az életmenet-jellegek kölcsönhatása madarak evolúciójában Értekezés a doktori (PhD) fokozat megszerzése érdekében a biológia tudományágban Írta: Nagy Jen ő okleveles biológus Készült a Debreceni Egyetem Juhász-Nagy Pál Doktori Iskolája (Biodiverzitás programja) keretében Témavezet ő: Prof. Dr. Varga Zoltán A doktori szigorlati bizottság: elnök: Prof. Dr. Magura Tibor egyetemi tanár tagok: Prof. Dr. Liker András egyetemi tanár Dr. Rácz István egyetemi docens A doktori szigorlat id őpontja: 2018. június 19. Az értekezés bírálói: Dr. Németh Zoltán egyetemi adjunktus Dr. Rózsa Lajos tudományos tanácsadó A bírálóbizottság: elnök: Dr. ........................................ ..................................... tagok: Dr. ........................................ ..................................... Dr. ........................................ ..................................... Dr. ........................................ ..................................... Dr. ........................................ ..................................... Az értekezés védésének id őpontja: 2019. ……………… … . Interactions of climate, migration and life history traits in the evolutionary history of birds Content Content .......................................................................................................................... 4 Preface ........................................................................................................................... 6 El őszó ............................................................................................................................ 7 Table captions ............................................................................................................... 8 Figure legends ............................................................................................................... 9 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 10 1.1. Historical biogeography and its consequences in the evolution of birds ......... 11 1.1.1. Historical changes of the geo-biosphere ................................................... 11 1.1.2. Climatic consequences of geo-biospheric changes ................................... 14 1.1.3. Recent biogeographical regionalisation .................................................... 16 1.2. Phylogenetic histories in Neognathae birds ..................................................... 19 1.2.1. Major radiations of Neognathae ................................................................ 19 1.2.2. Phylogeny of Accipitriformes ................................................................... 21 1.2.3. Phylogeny of Turdidae .............................................................................. 22 1.3. Phylogeny, migration and biogeography ......................................................... 23 1.3.1. The origins of migration in birds .............................................................. 24 1.3.2. Migratory systems in birds ........................................................................ 25 1.3.3. Migration and other life history traits ....................................................... 26 1.4. Objectives and hypotheses ............................................................................... 28 2. Materials and methods ............................................................................................ 30 2.1. Estimation of phylogenetic relationships ......................................................... 30 2.2. Biogeographic models and analyses ................................................................ 32 2.3. Comparative phylogenetic methods ................................................................. 34 2.3.1. Ancestral state estimation of traits ............................................................ 36 2.3.2. Analyses of correlated evolution ............................................................... 37 2.3.3. Models and model selection ...................................................................... 37 2.4. Bioclimatic analyses ........................................................................................ 39 3. Results ..................................................................................................................... 41 3.1. Evolutionary origin of migration in birds of prey ............................................ 41 3.1.1. Phylogeny of accipitrid birds of prey ........................................................ 41 3.1.2. Historical biogeography and the origin of migration ................................ 43 3.1.3. Bioclimatic effects on migration in different migratory systems ............. 45 3.1.4. Migration and life history traits in raptors ................................................ 46 3.2. Phylogeny, migration and biogeography of Turdus Thrushes ......................... 49 3.2.1. Phylogeny of the Turdidae ........................................................................ 49 3.2.2. Biogeographic history of Turdus radiation ............................................... 51 3.2.3. The evolution of migration, life history traits and bioclimate .................. 52 4. Discussion ............................................................................................................... 56 4.1. Phylogeny, historical biogeography and migratory systems in raptors ........... 56 4.2. Phylogeny, migration and biogeography in the genus Turdus......................... 63 4.3. Synthesis .......................................................................................................... 67 5. Summary ................................................................................................................. 70 Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................... 74 Összefoglalás .............................................................................................................. 75 References ................................................................................................................... 84 Appendix ..................................................................................................................... 96 Preface When I was a child, I wanted to become computer scientist for a long time. Although I am interested in computer sciences, I managed to learn biology quickly, and further, due to my visual impairment, I finally choose to learn biology in secondary school. Later, as I progressed in my studies at the Univeristy of Debrecen, it soon became clear that my primary interest lies in animals, out of other fields of life sciences. This is not surprising, because my attention has always been directed to birds and mammals since we got our first dog when I was very young. As a result, I first became an ecologist, then a zoologist. Although I chose biology, as a consequence of the twist of fate, I got close to informatics during my researches. This motivated me to deepen my knowledge in mathematics to acquire a better understanding of the formulae behind the approaches I am using. Thus, after I qualified as a teacher of biology, I studied mathematics. Hence, I successfully became a teacher of mathematics, parallelly to my ongoing doctoral programme. Meanwhile, my interest focused on the evolution of life history and behaviour traits in birds, especially on historical biogeographic patterns and the origin of migration in several groups. The present dissertation is the result of the efforts I invested into research during the past eight years, since I have begun to prepare my first thesis at bachelor level at the Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology. My related findings in the studies on raptors and passerines indicate novel insights into the biogeography and evolution of these groups, and also regarding to migratory behaviour and its related factors with significant implications for conservation aspects. El őszó Amikor gyerek voltam, hosszú ideig informatikus szerettem volna lenni. Azóta is érdekl ődöm a számítástechnikai tudományok iránt, azonban a biológiát is nagyon könnyen tanultam, nem mellesleg
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