SAUVIE ISLAND & MULTNOMAH CHANNEL BOTTOMLANDS CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES: A Resource for Landowners & Land Managers

Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 1 SAUVIE ISLAND & MULTNOMAH CHANNEL BOTTOMLANDS CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES: A Resource for Landowners & Land Managers

of Acknowledgements Table Contents

FUNDING PHOTOS INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE 4 CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES 30 West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District Jane Hartline, Sauvie Island Habitat Partnership Native Vegetation 31 The Wetlands Conservancy Pat Welle, Scappoose Bay Watershed Council SAUVIE ISLAND AND MULTNOMAH Invasive Species 32 CHANNEL BOTTOMLANDS 5 US Fish and Wildlife National Digital Library Oak Savannah and Woodland 35 West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District AUTHORS SAUVIE ISLAND’S PAST – HOW IT Riparian Buffers and Canals 36 Jane Hartline, Sauvie Island Habitat Partnership SHAPES THE PRESENT 5 Hedgerows 38 Pat Welle, Scappoose Bay Watershed Council GRAPHIC DESIGN Island Formation and Historic Flooding 5 Grasslands 39 Elena Cronin, Elena Cronin Design Native-American and Early Pollinator Habitat 40 EDITORS Euro-American Settlers 8 Wetland and Aquatic Habitat 41 Kammy Kern-Korot, West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District Carolyn Lindberg, West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District RECOMMENDED CITATION HISTORIC AND CURRENT CONDITIONS; Water Quality 43 WMSWCD, 2018. Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel SIGNIFICANT CHANGES 10 Soil Health and Diversity 44 Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities: A Resource MAPS/GIS WORK Ownership and Land Use Patterns 10 Community Science 46 for Landowners and Land Managers Jane Rombouts, The Wetlands Conservancy Private Land Ownership 11 Sauvie Island Habitat Partnership Land Use Planning 47 Pat Welle, Scappoose Bay Watershed Council Sauvie Island Wildlife Area 11 Scappoose Bay Watershed Council Sturgeon Lake Restoration 50 Other Public Lands 11 West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District CONTRIBUTORS The Wetlands Conservancy Soils and Geology 13 APPENDIX 1: WILDLIFE 53 Susan Barnes, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Soil Types Within the Plan Area 13 APPENDIX 2: PLANT SPECIES 59 John Christy, Wetlands Ecologist COPYRIGHT Hydrology and Water Quality 14 Michelle Delepine, West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District Hydrology on Sauvie Island 14 This open source publication may be reproduced and used APPENDIX 3: SPECIES OF CONCERN 76 Scott Gall, West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District with attribution and permission by contacting Jane Hartline, Sauvie Island Drainage and Irrigation District Mark Greenfield, Audubon Society of Portland sauviehabitats (at) gmail.com. (SIDIC) 17 APPENDIX 4: INVASIVE SPECIES 90 Chris Hein, Bat Conservation International Hydrology on the Western Lowlands 17 Tom Josephson, Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce COVER PHOTO Water Quality on Sauvie Island 18 APPENDIX 5: PLANT COMMUNITIES 97 Esther Lev, The Wetlands Conservancy Camas, the Western meadowlark – our state bird, and Water Quality in Scappoose Bay, the APPENDIX 6: CONSERVATION Mark Nebeker, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Oregon white oaks are all iconic species for Sauvie Island Bottomlands and along Multnomah Channel 18 and the Multnomah Channel Bottomlands. PROJECTS 103 Jennifer Ringo, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Plant Communities (Land Cover) 20 Liz Ruther, formerly of Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Plant Community Descriptions 21 REFERENCES 108 Wildlife 24 Conservation Projects 25 RESOURCES 108

Sauvie Island Rural Area Plan ACRONYMS USED IN THIS and Zoning 29 DOCUMENT 109 First printing, September 2018 INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE Goals of this document are to:

auvie Island and the surrounding bottomlands are home Inform to a vibrant farming and residential community, plus S Provide detailed information on the unique ecological features large public wildlife and recreation areas, that all benefit of the area, its landscape history, current land uses, ongoing from rich natural resources. The area was once a vast conservation efforts and those involved in them; catalog its complex of wetlands and prairies with pockets of mostly natural assets and assemble information useful to agencies, deciduous forests and savannahs. Although the hydrology and organizations and landowners involved in conservation efforts; geographical features have been greatly altered by dams, dikes, identify potential threats and promote understanding of the agriculture and invasive species, the area still provides habitat ecological importance of conservation efforts. to an amazing diversity of waterfowl, songbirds and other wildlife. These wild lands provide beauty and a place of respite for residents as well as urban visitors. Identify Opportunity Wetlands cover a large part of Sauvie Island. Describe and prioritize conservation opportunities in terms Recognizing this area as the treasure it is, and realizing the of ecological importance, landscape location (including resource conditions but has not been well represented in importance of maintaining and improving its natural assets, proximity to related habitats), likelihood for success and SAUVIE ISLAND AND other watershed plans. The adjoining sub-watersheds of multiple agencies as well as many private landowners have other relevant conservation actions. Scappoose Creek and Milton Creek are addressed in the engaged in conservation and restoration practices. MULTNOMAH CHANNEL Scappoose Bay Watershed Strategic Action Plan, which was BOTTOMLANDS completed in June, 2018. This Conservation Opportunities document shares Inspire information pulled together from the combined knowledge Outline conservation opportunities to enlist landowners, of many scientists and ecology professionals as well as the agency land managers, conservation organizations and The conservation opportunities laid out in this document knowledge of residents working the land. It catalogs the others to continue to provide stewardship and enhance the encompass all of Sauvie Island, plus the low-lying mainland SAUVIE ISLAND’S natural assets of the area and most importantly, intends to conservation values of the area; promote cooperation on areas that run the length of Sauvie Island, between Highway 30 PAST – HOW IT inform and inspire future conservation and restoration efforts. these efforts and sharing of information. and Multnomah Channel. For the purposes of this document, this area will be called the Plan Area. The Plan Area includes SHAPES THE PRESENT The document was authored by Sauvie Island Habitat portions of land west of Scappoose Bay, north to St. Helens Implement Partnership, Scappoose Bay Watershed Council, West and south to Miller Creek near Harborton Road (Figure 1 – Lay out a blueprint for conservation projects to be Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District and The Plan Area Map), the base of the Tualatin Mountains on the east accomplished by multiple agencies, organizations and Island Formation and Historic Wetlands Conservancy. Other partners include Oregon side, and the Scappoose Bay Bottomlands. landowners, along with monitoring actions to objectively Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sauvie Island Drainage Flooding measure environmental changes. Improvement Company, Natural Resources Conservation The Plan Area was selected due to the unique qualities of Service and Metro. Sauvie Island and the physical, biological and hydrologic Sauvie Island is located northwest of Portland and is similarity of the included lowlands on the mainland. The approximately 21,000 acres – running 17 miles long and Plan Area boundary nearly follows the Oregon side of the almost 5 miles wide. Multnomah Channel borders the island floodplain area of Hydrogeomorphic Reach F, as defined in on the west, the Columbia River on the north and east, and Columbia River Ecosystem Classification – Concept and the Willamette River on the south (Figure 1). Application (Simenstad, 2011). This “Middle Tidal Floodplain The island was formed in the Pleistocene era through Basin” of the Columbia River Estuary (CRE) is the widest sediment accumulation behind a ledge of large rocks, now floodplain reach of the upper CRE and is characterized by known as Warrior Rock, on the island’s north end (Sauvie wetlands, circuitous sloughs and seasonal ponds within bar- Island Community Association). Historically, the island was and-swale deposits, terraces and rocky outcroppings. influenced by seasonal flooding events from Columbia and Sauvie Island takes up the largest portion of the Plan Area. Willamette River freshets as well as daily tidal patterns. It holds significance in terms of history, culture, and natural Construction of dams along the rivers and flow regulation 4 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 5 have significantly reduced spring flooding and altered Hudson Bay Company established dairies on the island to hydrologic patterns (greater detail on geology and hydrology support its Fort Vancouver property just across the river. is provided in the following sections). These were managed by Laurent Sauvé, for whom the island was renamed. Additional settlers of European descent arrived in the late-1840s via the Oregon Trail. Native-American and Early European-American settlers had staked out most of Sauvie Euro-American Settlers Island by the mid-1850s and farmed the island’s fertile soil. The following information is compiled from several sources, Beginning in the 1920s, dikes were built to protect houses primarily the Sauvie Island Community Association. and farms from annual flooding by Columbia River freshets, and to increase the amount of tillable land. The Gilbert Members of the Multnomah tribe of the Chinook Indians River and other streams and sloughs on the island were were the original inhabitants of the island. Estimates of their straightened with dynamite. To further increase tillable lands, population size on the island range from 2000-6000. They lived pumps were installed on the north end of the island to pull in cedar log houses 30 yards long and a dozen yards wide, and transport water out of the island’s wetlands and into in 15 villages. Salmon, wapato (a wild tuber with a distinct the canals leading to the Multnomah Channel. Most of the arrowhead leaf that grows in wetlands) and Oregon white oak island’s native grasses and other prairie plants were plowed acorns were major food sources, and the human population under and displaced by non-native pasture grasses and crops, of the island increased during salmon and wapato harvesting as island farmers tilled the soil and worked to produce milk, seasons. The acorns were harvested and placed in deep pits meat, vegetables and fruits to feed the increasing population lined with hemlock boughs in areas of underground springs. of urban residents from Portland and surrounding areas. Water moving through the pits leached away the toxic tannins over winter, making the acorns edible by spring. Around 1830 Grass carp and non-native Eastern US species such as bass and disease swept through the local population of Chinook Indians pan fish were introduced to the island’s lakes and waterways. and, by most accounts, nearly wiped out the community in a The effect, especially of the carp, was devastating to wetland few years. plant communities and wildlife, since they churned up the bottoms of the lakes, rooted out wapato and other emergent In 1792 Captain George Vancouver sent Lieutenant William species, and displaced native fish. Other invasive plant and animal species moved into the area, aided by human activities. Broughton to survey the Columbia River for the British FIGURE 2 1850s map showing natural features in Township3, Range 1, Admiralty. He landed on the island’s north end, near what on the north end of Sauvie Island. is now known as Warrior Rock. The Lewis and Clark The island first received electricity in 1936 and telephone expedition landed on the island on November 4, 1805 and service in 1948. A small bridge connecting the island to the subsequently named it ‘Wapato Island’. In the 1830s the mainland was built in 1950, and on December 30, 1950, the Sauvie Island Ferry closed. The Oregon Game Commission FIGURE 3 1850s map showing natural features in Township 2, Range 1, on the south end of Sauvie Island and on the adjoining mainland. (now Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission), established the Sauvie Island Wildlife Area (SIWA) on the northern portion of the island in 1947 to protect and restore critical wetland habitats. The SIWA is discussed in greater detail elsewhere in this document.

The island has seen continual pressure on natural resources from the 1950s to present, while Islanders work to maintain its rural character. The growth of the greater Portland metro area brings a growing number of daily visitors to enjoy the island’s farm products and participate in recreation activities. FIGURE 4 1850s map showing landownership in Township 2, Range While this activity supports the farm economy on the island, it 1, on the south end of Sauvie Island and on the adjoining mainland. Wapato tubers from Sauvie Island lakes were a staple food of early inhabitants and are also challenges the serenity of the rural surroundings for both still prized today as a “first food.” humans and wildlife.

8 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities In more recent decades, some of the island’s larger population of geese, developing new wetlands, and restoring landholdings have been divided into smaller plots, which, in other habitat types” (ODFW, 2010). SIWA plan goals include many cases, have been purchased by former urban residents “protect, enhance and manage” both wetland and upland aspiring to enjoy a more rural existence. This has provided habitats for a variety of species, as well as maintain waterfowl both challenges and opportunities from a conservation hunting programs and control other public use to minimize standpoint. New residents often lack the knowledge and impacts on fish and wildlife. The plan can be downloaded from focused attention to combat encroaching invasive species ODFW’s web site. and to recognize and focus on native species. As many of these residents don’t need to make a living from farming, an The SIWA contains significant acres of wet prairie and other opportunity exists to encourage them to enhance habitat for valuable habitats including over 4,400 acres of seasonal and birds and other wildlife species on their property. Wapato Greenway Access Area on Sauvie Island, owned by Oregon State Parks and permanent wetlands (ODFW, 2010). Recreation Department is regularly visited by hikers, boaters, birders, equestrians and anglers. Many of the newer, smaller farms on the island engage in OTHER PUBLIC LANDS organic low-impact farming practices, which typically make water mark (as is the case around the state). ODFW/SIWA them more wildlife- and pollinator-friendly. manages DSL lands and water adjacent to the wildlife area ODFW owns and manages several other parcels on Sauvie and to mean low-water mark (See Source page for more Island and in the western lowlands of the project site Early settlements in the Bottomlands followed similar information on state-owned waterways). (see Figure 5). Oregon Parks and Recreation Department patterns as that of Sauvie Island. Beginning as early as manages Wapato Greenway Access Area (Wapato 1810 with fur traders, the number of settlers gradually Greenway) on Sauvie Island and a few smaller parcels increased as timber (in the upper watershed) and farming PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP on the island, as well as the east side of Scappoose Bay. activities accelerated. The cities of Scappoose and St. Helens Rural residential and agriculture are the primary uses of Wapato Greenway is approximately 150 acres, and is the have experienced significant growth in population and private property in the Plan Area, with some small sections only OPRD property in the area that allows public access development in recent decades. Gravel and other mining of industrial use near the City of Scappoose. There are three for hiking, fishing, boating and wildlife viewing. Historical operations are an important industry in this lower portion irrigation districts in the Plan Area – the Scappoose Drainage vegetation types here include marshland, open water, of the Scappoose Watershed. Improvement Company (SDIC) and Columbia County riparian hardwood forest, Oregon white oak-Douglas fir Drainage District #1 in the Bottomlands, and the Sauvie forest, upland prairie, riparian, scrub-shrub wet shrubland, Island Drainage Improvement Company (SIDIC) on the and wet prairie. Today the area’s vegetation also includes HISTORIC AND island. The SDIC manages irrigation on approximately 5,000 emergent wetlands, weedy shrublands, reed canarygrass CURRENT CONDITIONS; acres in the Bottomlands, and SIDIC manages irrigation on meadows, non-native grasslands and submerged and aquatic approximately 11,000 acres on Sauvie Island. Each district plant communites. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES manages water levels to support agriculture through a series of canals and pumps. More details on these operations are The Wapato Greenway 2013 Draft Park Plan identified discussed in the Hydrology section. five Primary Strategies that emphasize preserving natural undeveloped experiences, restoring and protecting the Ownership and Land Use wetlands and native plant communities, and updating and Patterns SAUVIE ISLAND WILDLIFE AREA enhancing visitor experiences. The largest publicly-owned parcel within the Plan Area is Figure 5 shows the land management patterns within the Metro owns several properties within the Plan Area, the Sauvie Island Wildlife Area (SIWA), encompassing 11,643 Plan Area. About one-third of the property is privately- including Howell Territorial Park on the island and acres on the northern portion of Sauvie Island. It is managed owned, with the remainder owned by a mix of federal, Multnomah Channel Marsh on the mainland. Most of by ODFW, and was established in 1947 with the primary state, county and local jurisdictions, such as Metro and Port Metro’s properties have limited public access, with the purpose of “protecting and improving waterfowl habitat and Districts. Most of the state lands in the Plan Area are owned exception of Howell Territorial Park, which abuts the providing a public hunting area.” by Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW), Gilbert River and includes wetlands, restored prairies, a with some smaller parcels owned by Oregon Parks and wooded pond and Oregon white oaks in open areas that An updated Wildlife Area Management Plan was completed in Recreation Department (OPRD). The Oregon Department are undergoing habitat restoration. 2010. It discusses current challenges facing the SIWA, including of State Lands (DSL) owns the rivers, lakes, and other a “dramatic increase in public use, an ever-increasing wintering navigable waterways on the island up to the ordinary high FIGURE 5 Map shows all publically-owned land in the Plan Area.

10 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 11 Soils and Geology Rafton soils are part of the soil order known as “Entisols.” Some refer to them as young soils since they are typically Tranquil pastures and quiet farms belie the cataclysmic “only” a few hundred to a few thousand years old. Entisols birth and often changing character of Sauvie Island and the are defined by their lack of any subsurface horizons. Typical surrounding area. Formed mostly from a series of flood events soils have multiple horizons (layers) above whatever material on the Columbia and Willamette rivers, parts of the island can the soils were formed upon, while Entisols only have a single trace its history back one million years to glacial deposits that horizon on top of parent material. In this case the soil sits on also formed the Alameda Ridge in northeast Portland. top of silts that have settled out of lake water or Columbia and Willamette River flood waters. The more recent Missoula Floods (15,000-20,000 years ago) originated in glacial lakes which covered much of Idaho and Rafton soils can be found in their natural state while walking Montana. These floods carried the soils and rocks of eastern around Sturgeon Lake and other natural lakes on Sauvie Washington into the Portland Basin. Volcanic basalt formations Island, and along the lower areas of the Bottomlands. These around St. Helens caused water to back up across the entire very poorly-drained soils typically make up the “wetland Willamette Valley, depositing sand and gravel in the area we fringe” around more permanent Columbia River and know today as Sauvie Island. At times, portions of Portland Multnomah Channel floodplain lakes. They are flooded yearly were under as much as 400 feet of water with approximately and often for long periods of time between December and 100 to 200 feet of sediment left in the area of the island. June. Due to this yearly flooding and high water table, Rafton soils mostly support wetland plants with very few woody As the Columbia and Willamette rivers cut their way through trees and shrubs. these new deposits, and the Ice Age receded, something akin to the Sauvie Island we know today was formed. However, Despite their hydric nature, Rafton soils support a large regular and often major flooding events on both the Columbia variety of crops in the agricultural areas on the southern half and Willamette Rivers moved their channels significantly as of Sauvie Island. There, levees prevent the yearly floods and they swept away the old Missoula Flood deposits and left new the SIDIC’s irrigation management efforts allow farmers to sediment from further up in the basin. access fields with Rafton soils much earlier in the year than they could otherwise. Through time, secondary channels, lakes and sloughs formed on the island and were then covered up. Plants, animals and Rafton soils are present in many of the areas used by island people of the area evolved and thrived with the roughly- duck clubs. Since Rafton soils tend to be on the lowest point annual flooding and resulting changes in soil composition. of the landscape and easily form ponds, these farm fields attract waterfowl, allowing them to double as hunting sites.

SOIL TYPES WITHIN THE PLAN AREA Burlington Over 85% of all soils on Sauvie Island can be grouped into three soil series – Rafton, Burlington, and Sauvie, while soils There were once sand dunes on Sauvie Island. Over the last in Scappoose Bay Bottomlands are primarily made up of few millennia they have evolved into a class of soils known Rafton, Sauvie, and Sifton. Most of these soils are derived as the Burlington series, named after the small township on from alluvium, or river-deposited materials. Below are Highway 30 just south of Cornelius Pass Road. Mostly located descriptions of some of the more dominant and unique soils in the southwestern portion of Sauvie Island, these soils and how they may affect land use and habitat types. formed thousands or even tens of thousands of years ago. As noted earlier, ancient floods deposited material that was then formed into dunes as the wind whipped up and down the Rafton Columbia River. Today they are visible as the highest parts of Sauvie Island including the area around Wapato Greenway. The Rafton soils are one of the youngest soils in the area. Formed as lake beds, these soils were created from the periodic While Burlington is not the most abundant soil series on FIGURE 6 Major soil types within the Plan area. flooding of Sauvie Island and surrounding bottomlands. the island, it may be one of our most important agricultural 12 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 13 resources. Due to their sandy heritage, Burlington soils nursery crops. While likely never used as a site of permanent are very well drained so farmers are able to work on residence, evidence has shown that many Native-American them much earlier in the year than most other soils, with encampments were set up on Sauvie soils during the drier little worry of compaction. With irrigation, these soils can months while people gathered wapato, acorns, and fish. produce almost any crop that the western Oregon climate will allow. Sifton

It is not just their sandy nature that makes them so Sifton soils make up a large portion of the central area of productive. For most of their history, Burlington soils the Scappoose Bay Bottomlands. They are on low terraces, were host to abundant grasslands. The life and death of as well as in deep, well-drained areas. They have a black- these grasses, with their deep roots and thick above- loam surface layer and a dark brown, gravelly sand subsoil. ground vegetation, pumped organic matter and nutrients The only place on the island where the Sifton series can be into the depths of the soil creating what is known as a found is Oak Island, which sits in the middle of Sturgeon mollisol. Mollisols, also known as prairie soils, formed under Lake. It is unique among Sauvie Island soils for its high gravel grasslands all over the planet. The most well-known mollisols and cobble content – most Sauvie Island soils have virtually are found in the Great Plains and have created the “bread no rocks or pebbles. Historically, these soils proved poor basket” that is the central United States. On Sauvie Island, for most agricultural activities due to the large cobbles, and Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) trees are often found Oak Island was mostly used for cattle prior to its purchase on Burlington soils. Historically, these oak woodlands and by the State of Oregon. The relatively high elevation and savannas provided diverse habitat for wildlife and the acorns well-drained soils have provided the perfect habitat for its were an important resource to the Native American tribes namesake, Oregon white oak, despite occasional flooding. in the region. Today, many different crops are grown on Burlington Hydrology and Water Quality soils including nursery stock, tree fruits, berries, corn and other row crops. Areas not in agricultural production are dominated by Douglas fir, Oregon white oak forests, and HYDROLOGY ON SAUVIE ISLAND white oak prairie. Historically the soil nutrients of Sauvie Island and the Multnomah Channel Bottomlands were seasonally Sauvie “refreshed” by heavy upstream rain and snowmelt referred to as “freshets.” The Sauvie series is considered a floodplain soil and can be found surrounding areas containing Rafton soils. These Hydrologic patterns on and around the island have been poorly drained soils formed as floodwaters receded, leaving altered at the landscape scale with significant flood control sediment high in silt. Sauvie soils are aptly named as they measures within the Columbia and Willamette River systems, make up nearly 50% of all soil types found on the Island and and at the local scale on the island through dikes, levees, a large proportion of soils in the Bottomlands. road grades and drainage ditches. The frequency, timing, and magnitude of spring freshets have been altered by dam Historic habitats would have been almost exclusively wet construction and flow controls within the Columbia Basin. prairie and meadow – dominated by forbs and grasses accustomed to the yearly floods. The Sauvie soils would also Historically, large portions of Sauvie Island flooded have been present where grasses and herbaceous wetland throughout the year, with frequent inundation in the plants gave way to hydrophilic woody vegetation like willows, low-lying areas. Figure 7 shows the changes in the annual spirea, and Oregon ash. flow patterns in the Columbia River, illustrating the significant decrease in the spring floods from the late 1800s When drained for agriculture, farmers use Sauvie soils to to present day, after construction of the mainstem dams. The grow a variety of grasses, grains, vegetables, and orchards and current hydrosystem is managed so there are fewer spring FIGURE 7 Rafton Soils are considered the youngest soils in the Plan Area.

14 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 15 of its historic sinuosity, with a highly-developed vegetation corridor along its banks (SIDIC and WMSWCD, 2013, SI Hydrologic Study).

HYDROLOGY ON THE WESTERN LOWLANDS

Although outside the Plan Area, the Tualatin Mountains

FIGURE 9 Changes in the annual flow cycle of the Columbia River at the Beaver Army strongly influence lowland hydrology since they are home to Terminal (RM 50) 1878-1903, compared to 1970-1999 (Bottoms, 2005). the headwaters of the Multnomah Channel. Numerous small streams drain multiple sub-basins, where slopes decrease freshet “peaks” holding back water for higher river levels from greater than 15% in the upper drainages, to less than throughout the summer. 1% at their base on the Bottomlands. Multnomah Channel’s tributary streams have been re-routed and, in some cases, The map shown in Figure 8 represents the extent of hydrologically disconnected by culverts resulting from the seasonally-inundated areas on the island before larger construction of Highway 30, the parallel railroad, agriculture watershed changes (dams, dikes, drainage), showing the and development. All have altered historic flow patterns. extent of surface flow even during the low-water portion of the year. This is in contrast to the map in Figure 9 which Several restoration projects are in various stages of shows the current extent of seasonally-inundated areas in development or implementation in the area between Highway the plan area. 30 and Multnomah Channel, primarily to reconnect the channel to lowland wetlands and waterways as off-channel Much of the area’s current hydrology is greatly controlled habitat for salmonids, and for turtles and other wildlife. via drainage systems, including the southern half of Sauvie Island and much of the area known as the Scappoose Bay Bottomlands in the north-central portion of the Plan Area.

SAUVIE ISLAND DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION DISTRICT (SIDIC)

On Sauvie Island, the SIDIC manages water flow in close coordination with the Portland District of the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Water level is controlled through a series of levees, straightened slough channels and an array of pumping stations, including a number of small “lift stations” to facilitate sub-area drainage, and an inlet station bringing water from Multnomah Channel for seasonal irrigation. Farmers have installed an extensive tile network on the south end, connected to the drainage channels, to control water tables for their crops and facilitate spring planting when farm fields would otherwise still be flooded. This network of drainage channels is tied to flow controls and pumps, which carry the water over the dike system and discharge it into Multnomah Channel on the north end during the wet season. All of the drainage channels flow generally north and connect to two primary channels, 1938 Sauvie Island newspaper addresses floods vs. freshets FIGURE 8 Sauvie Soils make up nearly 50% of all soils in the Plan Area. Gilbert and A-1 Channel. The Gilbert River maintains some

16 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 17 East of Highway 30 and north of Scappoose, much of the hydrology has also been controlled through construction of dikes and levees. An east-to-west oriented dike was constructed by the USACE in the 1930s at the south end of Columbia County between Highway 30 and Multnomah Channel. Originally Jackson Creek and Joy Creek both flowed into a floodplain lake north of this dike. Jackson Creek now flows south through the east side of the City of Scappoose and drains through a culvert under the USACE dike. It then turns east and flows into Multnomah Channel.

Other significant waterways along the western lowlands include McCarthy Creek, Crabapple Creek, Jones Creek, and several sloughs in the Scappoose Bay Bottomlands. The waterways around Scappoose Bay, including Scappoose Creek, remain relatively uncontrolled, but grazing and agriculture pressures have altered historical flow patterns. Water quality in Multnomah Channel is of importance to residents of floating homes and anglers, as well as to fish and wildlife. WATER QUALITY ON SAUVIE ISLAND the lake are algae blooms, high levels of bacteria (Johnson Stream bank erosion along the canals and siltation and 1985) and elevated temperatures. high turbidity in Sturgeon Lake are notable water quality concerns on Sauvie Island. WATER QUALITY IN SCAPPOOSE BAY, Stream bank stability is influenced to some extent by THE BOTTOMLANDS AND ALONG canal flow regime and maintenance. Lowering canal MULTNOMAH CHANNEL water levels via pumping and maintenance dredging may Water quality data in Scappoose Bay was collected by the destabilize adjacent soils, which are generally made up of Scappoose Bay Watershed Council during June-September fine particles. The effect of operating dredging equipment in both 2015 and 2016. The data includes temperature, and the placement of dredged soil materials (spoils) can pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and bacteria. destroy established trees and other vegetation, increasing Continuous temperature loggers provided 30-minute- the potential of future bank erosion. Spoils are often placed interval data from early June to late September in both years. alongside the canal (usually without seeding), which causes Additional water quality data was collected in the mainstems additional bank sloughing. WMSWCD is working with and major tributaries of the Scappoose Bay Watershed from SIDIC to establish practices that benefit canal function by 2008-2010; two of the lowest of these sites (Scappoose Creek improving vegetation management, optimizing pumping and Milton Creek) are within or at the edge of the Plan Area. regimes and evaluating dredging operations. Non-vegetated farm fields can also be a source of “sheet erosion” after Elevated temperatures are a consistent problem throughout prolonged heavy rains. the bay and lowlands. Warm temperatures limit the growth and development of salmon populations. DEQ Sturgeon Lake’s upriver flow was cut off from the Columbia regulatory standards for general salmon rearing habitat River when island levees were constructed in 1941, limiting state that temperatures exceeding 18°C, measured as the flushing action historically present in the lake. Suspended an average maximum daily temperature over a 7-day sediments are deposited onto the shallow lake bottom period, are considered poor salmon habitat.In 2015 and through the Gilbert River. These sediments are re-suspended 2016, temperatures at the mouth of Scappoose Creek by the movement of wind and carp, increasing already high were generally above 18°C during the summer months. concentrations in the water column. Additional concerns in FIGURES 10 & 11 Historic and current water conditions in the Plan Area. Temperatures at the mouth of Milton Creek were

18 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 19 To begin the progress of collecting water quality data for PLANT COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS Multnomah Channel, WMSWCD and SBWC are working with several residents of floating homes along the channel to measure the surface and bottom water temperatures, Oak take clarity readings on a weekly basis and collect monthly The Oak class designates areas where Oregon white oaks samples, which are analyzed for turbidity and bacteria. Six are a key component of the landscape. This class includes sites along the channel, from just downstream of the Sauvie oak woodlands, oak prairies and oak savannahs. The Island Bridge to Scappoose Bay, are included in the study. understory and open areas typically consist of herbs and forbs, or an understory of shrubs – mostly snowberry and Two thirds of Sauvie Island was once wet prairie, but nearly all of these areas WMSWCD has monitored temperature and bacteria levels were converted to pasture or croplands after the dikes and dams were built. A more recently, non-native blackberry. While white oaks are few remnants of this habitat remain in Columbia county. in Miller, McCarthy, and Crabapple Creeks in the Tualatin often associated with higher elevations, they can tolerate Mountains since 2009. Data show that Miller Creek has occasional flooding and are also found in the lower areas that are inundated in early spring and usually dry out by the least degraded water quality of those tested along the that were seasonally flooded in pre-settlement conditions. late-spring or early-summer. Before intensive water control Tualatin Mountains, while elevated temperatures are a efforts, wet prairies covered large portions of Sauvie Island, concern in the lower reaches of McCarthy Creek and at the Historically, these areas supported a diverse understory of but almost none exist at present. These areas were flooded single monitoring site at the base of Crabapple Creek. native forbs. Additional information on oaks can be found on for one or two months every year during the annual “spring page 35 and on the Resource page. freshets” that were fueled by a seasonal surge of water from Plant Communities snowmelt throughout the Columbia Basin. Wet prairies are dominated by herbaceous wild flowers and grasses such (Land Cover) as tufted hair grass and Columbia sedge. Invasion by non- FIGURE 12 Current water in the north half of the Plan Area. native reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) is an extensive Extensive information exists from herbarium records problem in these habitats. These areas are important for regarding what plants were found in the Plan Area from the somewhat lower but also had a significant number of days migrating and over-wintering waterfowl. with maximum temperatures above 18°C. Data at four late 1800s to present day (These records are included in other sites throughout the bay, but particularly the upper the Appendix). However, how and in what percentages end, show elevated temperatures of significant concern. those plants were distributed among various habitats is not Emergent Wetland Temperatures were somewhat lower in 2016 than in 2015. well documented. Emergent Wetlands are continually or frequently inundated by water. They are dominated by herbaceous plants, typically Turbidity and bacteria levels are also an issue in Scappoose Historical vegetation in the Willamette Valley is documented rooted underwater with vegetation that emerges above the Bay, and are spatially greater at the upper end of the bay by Christy, et al (2011) from several sources, including water. These are typically around the edges of the island’s than the lower end where Multnomah Channel and the General Land Office (GLO) surveys from 1851-1955. The numerous large and small lakes where the water draws Columbia River have a larger influence. These are likely due Plan Area land is included in the Christy study, but not in a down by mid- to late-summer. Emergent wetland can also be to upstream inputs, cattle grazing up to and in the tidal areas, well-defined way. Major classes of vegetation identified on found along the shallow margins of ponds. Perennial plants and poor vegetation cover around the bay itself. Sauvie Island include prairie, riparian forest, marsh/shrub swamp and upland forest. such as rushes, sedges, beggars tick and sneezeweed are Water quality in Multnomah Channel has not been well typically found in these areas. documented. The channel is a distributary (outflowing Major plant communities and land cover classes identified branch) of the Willamette River and directly downstream for the Plan Area are shown on Figure 13. Oregon white oak The many large oaks in the area, some over 300 years old, still remain because Wetland Shrub-Scrub from the Portland Harbor Superfund Site, a 10-mile stretch concentrations and plant communities are distinguished as a generations of landowners appreciated and protected them. separate class due to the significant loss, current importance of the Lower Willamette River heavily polluted by industrial These are low-lying, poorly drained areas and lake shores, and regional interest in protecting and preserving these use. In January 2017, the EPA announced a Record of dominated by woody vegetation less than 20 feet tall. These habitats. Additional land cover classes are derived from Wet Prairie Decision presenting a final cleanup plan for this stretch of areas may flood occasionally, but standing water is generally multiple sources, including the Institute for Natural the river. The selected remedy for treating contaminated infrequent. Vegetation consists of true shrub species such Resources, Christy (2017), and the working knowledge of Wet Prairie is a designated wetland class that occurs at soils at the river bottom uses a combination of technologies, as Douglas spirea, red elderberry, red-osier dogwood, local residents. lower elevations where clay soils create a seasonally perched including capping, dredging or excavation, in-situ and ex-situ snowberry and various willow species. water table. Clay soils are predominant in this land cover treatment, as well as natural recovery (EPA, 2017). class on the island. This produces minimally flooded plains

20 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 21

Wetland/Bottomland Forest only occasional shrubs or trees. As these lands were habitats. The lists include 10 amphibians, 15 reptiles, and over increase or stabilize their populations is found managed for pasture in the last decades, they are currently 200 bird species. in Appendix 3. These forests are in low-lying areas exposed to frequent dominated by a mix of non-native pasture grasses and flooding and with a high water table, dominated by mature invasive weeds. Conservation management practices in The SIWA, including the 3,000-acre Sturgeon Lake, is an trees 20 feet or taller. There is generally an overstory of these areas encourage native species. Although these mostly important stop-over for migrating waterfowl and is habitat Conservation Projects trees with an understory of shrubs and herbs. These areas non-native areas offer some habitat benefits, they support for wintering waterfowl, swans, herons, sandhill cranes, bald Many entities are involved in conservation projects through are sometimes referred to as lowland forests. The dominate a wider range of species after native grasses and forbs are eagles and several warbler species and other songbirds. the Sauvie Island and western lowlands area, including major tree species are deciduous, including Oregon ash, black reintroduced. Areas of native tufted hair grass can still be Waterfowl numbers reach 200,000 and shorebird numbers public land managers, WMSWCD and private landowners. cottonwood, Pacific willow and Sitka willow. Understory found on the north part of the island. reach 30,000. Other lakes, wetlands and tidal properties trees and shrubs can include Suksdorf hawthorn, Douglas within the document area also provide a large number It is helpful for individuals working on these projects to be spiraea, red-osier dogwood and snowberry. Appendix 5 has much more detailed information about of acres of habitat for listed fish species, and waterfowl aware of other projects occurring in the area, and to share plant communities, including plant and wildlife species found and other birds (See Appendix 1 for a complete list of information, expertise, strategies, and resources that can in each community and non-native plants that invade them. mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians in the Plan Area). support multiple concerns. Shrub-Scrub There are multiple wildlife viewing opportunities in the A comprehensive list of conservation projects that have Shrub-Scrub communities are dominated by shrubs, grasses Oak Habitat in the Plan Area; Historical and document area – Wapato Greenway, Oak Island and SIWA been completed or are in progress, is shown in Appendix and herbaceous plants found at elevations not prone to Present Day on Sauvie Island; in the channels of Scappoose Bay, and at 6 and mapped in Figure 14. The list includes project lead, flooding. It may be a mature vegetation type that remains Chapman’s Landing or along the Crown Zellerbach Trail east major and minor goals, and project location. Major project Oregon white oak habitats have experienced a dramatic stable over time or a transitional community that occurs of Scappoose. types include fish passage correction, wetlands and riparian temporarily as the result of a disturbance, such as fire. decline since settlement began in the 1800s. The moist, restoration, wildlife monitoring, invasive species control and This plant community is not considered historically native fertile soils of the flat land where oaks grow has led to Numerous species of concern use habitats in the document oak woodland enhancements. to Sauvie Island. However, in present day hydrological significant clearing of oaks over the years. Fast-growing area. A detailed list of these as well as action steps to conditions, some areas that were historically Wet Prairie conifers have also increased due to a reduction in regular now function as Shrub-Scrub. Managing these areas to burning by Native-Americans (Thompson, 2007). Figures 15 encourage appropriate native flora can provide food, shelter and 16 show the original extent of oaks, based on historical and resting areas for many birds and animals, and make maps and references, and the current extent of oaks, as these a valuable part of the current ecosystem. Appropriate mapped through regional efforts. species for planting could include Nootka rose, red-osier dogwood, Douglas spirea, Pacific ninebark and Oregon grape. Wildlife

Mixed Forest Sauvie Island has been designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by the National Audubon Society, as well as a Priority Mixed Forest denotes wooded areas found in the higher Turtle Conservation area by the Oregon Native Turtle elevations of Sauvie Island that have a mix of both deciduous Working Group. It is home to the 11,643 acre Sauvie Island and coniferous tree species. Large tree species include Wildlife Area (SIWA), which occupies most of the northern Douglas fir, western red cedar, grand fir, Oregon white oak, part of the island. The island’s wetlands and oak-lands all Pacific yew and big leaf maple. Understory trees include provide important wildlife habitat. Many of the wetlands cascara, Indian plum and Pacific dogwood. A rich mix of in the document area are important to threatened and forbs blankets the understory in a healthy mixed forest. A endangered salmonids. Columbia white-tailed deer, also a small portion of these areas are primarily coniferous forests species of concern, use the area. extending from adjoining Forest Park. The Scappoose Bay Bottomlands Conservation and Grassland Restoration Plan (2004, TWC) details important wildlife and fish species in the northern part of the Plan Area. The report These are large expanses of land dominated by native includes lists of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals grasses, mixed with some low-lying herbs and forbs, with that are tracked, known to exist, or expected to be present on Sauvie Island and in the Scappoose Bay Bottomland High value farmlands are protected from development by state and county land use laws.

24 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 25

Here is a summary of the number of projects by type: Chapter 3 of the SIMC Plan describes natural resource and cultural resource concerns and sites. The Natural & Cultural Project Type Number of Projects Resources Policy Framework details policies to address Fish Passage/Habitat 19 identified concerns (See sidebar listing of natural resource Grassland 4 policies in the SIMC Plan). Mixed Forest 4 Oak Woodlands/Savannah 7 The complete plan can be accessed on Multnomah Riparian 13 County’s website. Shorebird Habitat 1 Shrub-Scrub Upland 4 More recently, policies from the SIMC Plan were Wetland 31 incorporated into the Multnomah County Comprehensive Total 83 Plan, which covers all unincorporated areas of the county. Almost all of the private land on the island is zoned either It is the goal of this document to maintain and update Exclusive Farm Use (EFU), with a minimum lot size of 80 the project list as much as possible and to increase acres, or Mixed Use Agriculture (MUA), with a minimum communication among those working on the varied lot size of 20 acres. EFU lands are devoted exclusively conservation projects. Figure 14 is a map of many of the to farming and contribute in a substantial way to the known restoration projects. commercial agricultural enterprises of the area (nursery crops, food crops and livestock). MUA designates rural residential lands capable of supporting agriculture at a much Sauvie Island Rural Area Plan smaller (hobby farm) scale. To encourage small scale farming on MUA lands, Multnomah County and Columbia County and Zoning offer a farm tax deferral for the acreage that is in farm use.

Sauvie Island Rural Area Plan Wildlife Habitat Conservation and Habitat The Sauvie Island/Multnomah Channel Rural Area Plan (SIMC Management Deferrals Plan) includes those portions of Sauvie Island and along Wildlife Habitat Conservation and Management deferrals, with Multnomah Channel east of Highway 30 that are within the same tax benefits as farm deferrals, are offered on EFU land. Multnomah County (2015, Multnomah County). Agriculture is the To qualify, a plan detailing what will be done and how wildlife dominant land use, but the ODFW Wildlife Management Area is will benefit must be approved by ODFW and filed with the included, as are multiple water uses from secluded wetlands to county (See Resource page for a link to further information on marinas along the channel. The rural area includes approximately ODFW and Multnomah County deferral programs). 15,400 acres of land and several thousand acres of water. There are ample opportunities for habitat conservation and The SIMC Plan was updated from 2013-2015 by Multnomah enhancement, even on land that is in farm deferral. WMSWCD County planning staff, with support and input from multiple has worked with landowners on the island to plant pollinator- landowners, land managers, and county administrators. friendly hedgerows, control weeds in remnant woodlands The updated plan informs policies, zoning codes, and and wetlands, plant native plants along canals as part of the transportation improvements for the area over the next 20 Healthy Streams Program, and develop conservation plans years. The updated plan consists of six chapters: Agriculture that detail ways to provide habitat for birds and other wildlife. and Agro-Tourism, Multnomah Channel-Marinas and Floating Other opportunities for assistance are available and described Homes, Natural and Cultural Resources, Public and Semi- in multiple places in the Conservation Opportunities Public Facilities, Transportation, and Policy Tasks. There are six section below. supporting background appendices.

FIGURES 15 & 16

28 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 29 auvie Island and the Multnomah Channel S Bottomlands are home to a diverse set of habitat types supporting multiple plant, wildlife and fish species. All of these habitats provide opportunities to restore and enhance native environments on both public and private lands.

The following sections describe key concerns, their importance, past and current accomplishments, and actions steps for future improvements.

NATIVE VEGETATION

Background

Species of native plants on Sauvie Island and the Multnomah Channel are relatively well-documented, starting with the early days of settlement. The author of the first Flora of CONSERVATION the Pacific Northwest, Thomas Howell, was a Sauvie Island resident, and with his brother Joseph, thoroughly botanized OPPORTUNITIES this area in the late 1800s. We know what plants are native to the Sauvie Island, in large part, due to the efforts of Island residents Thomas and Joseph Howell, who thoroughly documented the The undeveloped wetlands, swales and wet prairies of island’s flora in the late 1800s. Thomas Howell authored the “Flora of the Pacific Northwest” which was the first accounting of all northwest plant species. the area were, and in some cases, continue to be, places where rare species can be found. Ecologically and culturally or work with landowners on the island. To date, many significant species such as Oregon white oak continue to restoration efforts have focused on planting shrubs and have a meaningful presence on Sauvie Island and throughout trees and managing invasive weeds, allowing for the survival the Plan Area, despite challenges. Some landowners of new native woody plants and the passive restoration and managers are actively planting and protecting these of herbaceous vegetation. Manipulation of ground surface increasingly rare trees and their associated ecosystems. elevations and disturbance regimes such as flooding have Historically, both Oregon white oak acorns, camas and also been used in a few cases to shift conditions so they are wapato (which grows in the area’s wetlands) were harvested more favorable to native species. locally by Native-Americans as an important food source. There is renewed interest on the part of native communities Once competing invasive species are significantly controlled to continue some of these practices. at a given site (often a multi-year effort), attention can turn to active restoration of native herbaceous plants. Ideally, Before the construction of dikes and drainage tiling to allow efforts to restore native herbaceous plants are an integral for farming and habitation on the island, much of Sauvie component of most restoration projects and include Island was seasonally-flooded wet meadow or emergent attention to grassland, understory, and wetland plants such wetland, with associated native vegetation. as wildflowers, grasses, sedges and rushes. Protection, restoration and enhancement of native plant communities is extremely important because of their GOAL: value to wildlife and to our shared cultural heritage, and is Restore and enhance native plant and wildlife communities. a priority of all conservation agencies that own property

30 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 31 Current Status and Recent Work Priority Actions create monocultures that greatly diminish the ecosystem’s ability to support diverse plant and wildlife species and to Sauvie Island Habitat Partnership’s education and plant Education, combined with on-the-ground action, is support and maintain healthy soils. They pose economic identification projects collaborate with the Oregon necessary to increase the pace of native species costs to landowners and managers and agencies. Early Flora project and the Native Plant Society of Oregon to restoration. Specifically: detection and control of aggressive weeds is critical. consolidate native plant records and conduct additional plant surveys. Educational efforts also occur through the • Increase education and outreach efforts to landowners Waterways are especially susceptible to plant invasion because SBWC’s Native Plant Nursery in Scappoose, which conducts and visitors to encourage appreciation of existing native many weed species spread via floating plant material, such outreach and sells low-cost native plants. plants and understanding of their benefits. as seeds and root fragments. Invasive false indigo bush, for example, has spread along the shoreline of Sturgeon Lake and WMSWCD provides funding for restoration efforts focused • Widely distribute the comprehensive plant list produced Dairy Creek. Purple loosestrife has invaded a section of the on riparian areas through its Healthy Streams Program, as part of this plan. Willamette River shoreline on southern Sauvie Island, as well The Tuesday Morning Weed Warriors have been at it for four years, battling ivy and as well as numerous plantings of trees, shrubs and native as other locations. Invasive animals such as the New Zealand other invasive plants on Sauvie Island and along Highway 30. Here, they gloat over a Develop information on the percentages of various pile of newly-pulled ivy at Wapato Greenway Access Area. grasses along hedgerows, in upland forests and wetlands, and • mud snail, Zebra and Quagga mussels and the red swamp types of plants that should be present in diverse habitats. along Dairy and McCarthy Creeks. crayfish, native to the Gulf Coast, also spread via water. • Test effectiveness of controlling water elevations to • Seek additional funding sources for native plant projects lessen reed canary grass. Additional active projects include: See Appendix 4 for a detailed list of invasive species on both public and private lands, and recruit additional known to occur on Sauvie Island. These species are likely landowners willing to participate in projects to increase • Educate and inform landowners and land managers of • Metro has restored native plants to many of its representative of species that also occur throughout the and enhance native species on their property. specific techniques to reduce invasive species. properties on Sauvie Island and the Multnomah Scappoose Bay Bottomlands. Channel Bottomlands. Encourage landowners to use existing resources to • Implement wetland restoration projects that reduce • GOAL: integrate native plants into landscapes whenever possible. ground surface elevation. • OPRD has conducted plant surveys at Wapato Significantly reduce the number of sites with predominant Greenway, and removes invasive plants to allow invasive vegetation and decrease invasive species (vegetation • Control efforts for Japanese knotweed, blackberry, native species to thrive (with assistance from INVASIVE SPECIES and wildlife) over the entire Plan Area through targeted thistle and other invasive weeds in the Sauvie Island SIHAB volunteers). treatment and landowner encouragement and education. Wildlife Management Area. Focus on areas with the greatest ecological significance while SIHAB plants native species at Wapato Greenway, on • Background also capturing enthusiasm and honoring the priorities of WMSWCD’s Healthy Streams program specifically supports the SIWA and at Sauvie Island School. interested landowners. Where possible, replace non-native efforts along Sauvie Island canals, a remnant slough and a As settlers moved to the area, starting in the late 1800s, they large pond for intensive control of invasive weeds and native Educational efforts by WMSWCD include Oak Quest species with native ones. • brought with them many non-native plants. Some, brought vegetation restoration along waterbodies. mapping, school field trips to Sauvie Island Center, and unintentionally, were the same agricultural weeds battled planting a native habitat garden at Sauvie Island School. east of the Rockies. Some arrived on ships’ ballast. Others, Current Status and Recent Work Priority Actions like Armenian (previously known as Himalayan) blackberry Significant progress has been made to reduce invasive and English and Irish ivy, were brought intentionally. In vegetation in the Plan Area over the past decade. Major efforts • Control of invasive species will continue to be an addition, humans introduced bullfrogs, nutria, starlings, carp, by WMSWCD, SIHAB, SBWC, ODFW, OPRD, CREST and ongoing effort on many fronts. A combination of red-eared slider turtles and other animal species that can Metro have established programs and projects that work to: identification, increased knowledge of specific invasive out-compete native wildlife species for habitat and food. species and control methods, and targeted treatment New invasive species continue to appear. Some new plant • Eradicate EDRR species (Early Detection-Rapid- are all important elements to address invasive species. invaders, like Italian arum and lesser celandine, come in Response program of the ODA Noxious Weed Control Specific suggested actions include: through the nursery industry’s quest for attractive new Program) and other priority weeds. garden plants. Others move in from other geographic areas, • Control infestations of all EDRR target species in the such as insects that hitchhike on firewood or snails on • Reduce ivy infestations, particularly along forested areas. Plan Area by educating landowners and land managers recreational boats. on how to identify them (through the web, EDRR • Use biocontrol methods to control invasive populations targeted events, mailings, etc.). Invasive weeds create headaches for home gardeners and along waterways; an example is the control of purple lost productivity for farmers, displace native plants and loosestrife in Scappoose Bay. • Expand identification and reporting efforts to locate Students from Sauvie Island School planted native wildflowers on Oak Island. degrade natural habitats. They spread aggressively and often key invasive species infestations, particularly in priority

32 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 33 and are still standing, in many cases, because they have been respected by generations of farmers and landowners. Native- TARGETED INVASIVE SPECIES Americans harvested the acorns, and the camas bulbs, seeds and berries found in adjacent open areas.

Some of the aggressive weeds found on Sauvie Island and the Scappoose Bay Bottomlands In the Plan Area, as well as in all parts of our region, these old are considered “Early Detection, Rapid Response” (EDRR) species targeted for immediate oaks are being removed at an alarming rate for agricultural eradication by WMSWCD. All EDRR weeds are priorities for control because they pose expansion, development and firewood. Our native oaks are ecological and/or economic risk to our region and are still limited enough in extent that one of the most important trees for birds and other wildlife, and several oak-dependent species, including slender-billed they are more cost-effective to control. These include common reed, water primrose, nuthatches and acorn woodpeckers are now on the state’s pokeweed and milk thistle. For a full list of EDRR species, see the Resource page. sensitive species list. They remain culturally significant, as well. Other more common invasive weeds are managed by landowners as part of a larger restoration or farm GOAL: conservation planning project with assistance from partner agencies such as WMSWCD. Maintain and increase the number of oak trees and the Common weeds like English/Irish ivy and Old acreage of native oak stands and associated plants through Japanese Knotweed • Man’s Beard can climb important native tree preservation of existing stands, additional planting and species, robbing them of water and sunlight and increased landowner education. causing them to fall and die. Armenian blackberry, Japanese knotweed, reed canary grass, purple The largest old-growth ivy vine on the island, found in this stand, was almost 7 inches Current Status and Recent Work loosestrife, false indigo bush, and yellow flag iris in diameter. are other invasive weeds found along shorelines, Individual oaks on the island and the Bottomlands were mapped creek banks and ditches. These weeds are typically habitats such as oak woodlands, riparian and wetland as part of the regional Oak Quest project spearheaded by the found as monotypic patches and are less able to areas, and especially where infestations threaten the Intertwine Alliance. Multiple agencies have collaborated on an nourish and hold soils in place as compared to a health of priority trees or sensitive species. Oak and Prairie working group, and have recently completed a matrix of diverse native plants and roots. The result Strategic Plan. The plan outlines action steps that can be taken Purple Loosestrife Provide cost-share and technical assistance programs for is a greater risk of erosion, particularly along canals, • in our Plan Area as well as elsewhere in the region. private landowners, targeting invasive species removal, where vertical banks are prone to sloughing. followed by native or appropriate non-native planting SIHAB, WMSWCD and Metro are involved in several • Certain aquatic weeds, such as South American and management. projects around oak and oak habitat: waterweed and Eurasian watermilfoil can choke Work with land management agencies to develop and waterways, which has been documented in a slough • Ivy and blackberry removal from hundreds of oak trees implement increased invasive species control plans. Focus on the island and in small amounts throughout and oak stand understories. efforts on imperiled ecosystems and the restoration of Multnomah Channel. ecosystem services, such as plants for pollinators. • Providing oak seedlings to landowners. • Other invasive weeds include herb Robert, • Outreach to landowners, including a community Herb Robert shiny geranium, garlic mustard, and spurge presentation, articles, and information on farming and laurel which are invaders of woodlands, including OAK SAVANNAH AND those containing critically important Oregon WOODLAND landscaping around native oaks. white oak. Invasive trees, such as English holly, • Planting new oaks on multiple projects in the vicinity of hawthorn laurel and Tree of Heaven spread canals and remnant channels on the island, and planting quickly and compete with native species for Background new oaks in the upland areas, including on the mainland space and resources. Sauvie Island and the Multnomah Channel Bottomlands are near Multnomah Channel. some of the remaining bastions of mature native oak trees See Appendix 4 for a matrix of invasive species in the north Willamette Valley. The Oregon white oak trees, • Development and printing of booklet, Conserving found in our area. many of which are more than 300 years old, were highly Oregon White Oak in Urban and Suburban Landscapes valued by Native-American tribes who lived in the area, (See Resource page for a link to download).

34 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 35 The canals also provide a corridor for movement of otters, 16 improved rafts in 2018.In 2014, 15 turtle basking rafts beavers and other species, and are used by several species of were placed around the island and an additional 12 rafts ducks, great blue herons and egrets. were placed the following year. Funding for repair and replacement of several of these rafts was provided by Conserving Native trees, shrubs, and other plants along the edges of the WMSWCD in summer 2015. Oregon White Oak canals and streams provide shelter, food, nesting places, and a in Urban and movement corridor for many other species of wildlife and birds. • Sauvie Island has been designated as an Important Turtle Suburban Landscapes They also serve a critical role in minimizing bank erosion. Area by the Oregon Native Turtle Working Group.

By Mark Griswold Wilson & Ted Labbe | June 2017 GOAL: • WMSWCD and SBWC are updating the Operations and Improve habitat and movement corridors for birds, Maintenance Plan for the SIDIC, which will identify canal amphibians, turtles and other wildlife species and reduce management options that can potentially improve riparian Although written for a more urban audience, this book funded by West Multnomah, soil erosion along the Gilbert River and other sloughs and conditions along the canals. Clackamas and Tualatin SWCDs is useful for rural residents as well. Oaks can live for several hundred years, but not forever. As older oaks die off, new drainage canals within the entire Plan Area. Photo credit: Ed Alverson ones can be planted, or just encouraged when they sprout. Priority Actions OPRD and ODFW are working to remove blackberry • weeds in the understory to protect the long-term Current Status and Recent Work from around young oak trees and oak understories at survival and productivity of threatened oak trees. • Continue riparian plantings for habitat, erosion control several island locations. ODFW has especially targeted Enhance the habitat value of existing and new or There have been some significant efforts along the canals on and water quality benefits, while leaving ample sunny Oak Island for restoration efforts. expanded tree stands, or the area around individual Sauvie Island to improve turtle and riparian habitat: areas for basking and nesting turtles. trees, by adding associated native plants, such as shrubs, WMSWCD also provides technical and financial • small trees, native grasses and wildflowers. • WMSWCD has made the Gilbert River a priority for its • Build additional basking rafts for turtles that can be assistance to maintain and enhance oak habitat, such Healthy Streams Program and has added riparian plantings placed at intervals in the canals, but can be temporarily as controlling invasive weeds, thinning competing trees, • Distribute and encourage the use of the Conserving at 8 projects along the river, at remnant Dairy Creek and removed for dredging or other required canal work. adding new oaks, and seeding native grasses. The District Oregon White Oak guide, WMSWCD/SIHP native oak around a large pond. secured Conservation Implementation Strategy funds habitat fact sheets, and other oak-related resources.. Create nesting habitat for turtles using methods prescribed (from NRCS) for oak restoration projects in 2018-2020. • WMSWCD has been removing invasive plant species along by the Oregon Native Turtle Working Group in Guidance of Dairy Creek as part of Sturgeon Lake Restoration and is Conserving Oregon’s Native Turtles Including Best Management • WMSWCD and SIHP produced 2 oak related factsheets, RIPARIAN BUFFERS AND restoring native plants. Practices (See Resource page for link to download). Farming around Native Oaks and Native Oaks in your Landscape (see Resources page). CANALS • In 2014, 15 turtle basking rafts were placed around the • Modify steep banks of canals in areas where there is island and an additional 12 rafts were placed the following good upland habitat for wildlife. Priority Actions Background year. Funding for repair and replacement of several of these rafts was provided by WMSWCD in summer 2015. • Inspect and maintain habitat and wildlife structures every 2-3 years and repair and replace as needed. • Continue progress made working with landowners that In addition to providing drainage and irrigation, the canals on WMSWCD also funded construction and installation of have native oak stands, and expand outreach efforts Sauvie Island and in the Scappoose Bay Bottomlands serve as • Explore “beaver deceivers” and other strategies to allow to additional landowners to encourage preservation, habitat and wildlife corridors for multiple species. Perhaps of beavers to remain in a few places where they are causing protection and enhancement of oak habitat. most concern are turtles, since both of our native species of blockages. turtles are designated as sensitive/critical. Turtles have fairly Seek additional funding sources and develop additional simple needs that are easy to provide: • • Improve riparian conditions throughout the area via preservation and oak-focused restoration projects. control of invasive weeds, planting of diverse native • Logs or human-created rafts on which to bask in the sun. species, and restoration of hydrologic connection of • Work with regional partners to expand education Heat is essential for turtle health and egg development. sloughs and floodplains. efforts, and increase management knowledge of best available methods for both preservation and • Sunny, sparsely vegetated upland areas adjacent to or enhancement of oak habitat. near their aquatic habitat in which to lay their eggs.

Still or slow-moving water (which canals, sloughs, and • Encourage removal of competing trees, such as Douglas • Native vegetation has been planted along several sections of Sauvie Island’s Gilbert farm ponds provide). River, under the Healthy Streams Program of West Multnomah Soil & Water fir, via “oak release,” or thinning, and remove invasive Conservation District.

36 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 37 • A 2012-13 SIHAB/WMSWCD project with 13 • Secure additional project support, including funding, for landowners to plant hedgerows on their Sauvie Island establishing these habitats, delivering technical assistance properties. to public and private landowners and land managers, and increasing and expanding monitoring efforts to include • WMSWCD is creating extensive native hedgerows in the Multnomah Channel Bottomlands. the uplands at a large wetland / riparian restoration project along lower McCarthy Creek on the mainland. GRASSLANDS • Metro planted hedgerows on its Howell Territorial Park property a decade ago. These mature hedgerows have been used for educational purposes by Sauvie Island Background

Organics and the Xerces Society. Native grasslands once covered much of Sauvie Island and the Bottomlands, but as Prior to settlement, approximately two-thirds of Sauvie settlers moved in, almost all of these areas were converted to cropland or pasture. Since grasslands evolved with grazing herbivores, cattle can be useful in restoring • In 2015, Multnomah County recognized the importance Island was wet prairie/grassland habitat. Once diked and healthy grassland habitats. of native hedgerows by noting them in their SIMC Plan. drained, these areas were converted to crop and pastureland County road maintenance crews have pledged, among to the extent that there are no intact remnants of these Plantings are intended to decrease erosion, lower the water temperature by creating The streaked horned lark, another grassland dependent shade and serve as a wildlife corridor that allows safe passage and provides food and other things, to not mow these areas during baby bird habitats. There are, however, some larger expanses of shelter to many species. bird, has been federally listed as a threatened species. A season except when there is a safety hazard. grassland on the Sauvie Island Wildlife Management Area that tiny population remains in the industrial area across the have a few remaining native plants among the non-natives. Willamette River from the island, and wildlife managers as HEDGEROWS Priority Actions Breeding grassland birds require large expanses (200 acres well as developers would like to see these birds move across or more) of open habitat. Meadowlarks, our state bird, the river to better habitat on the island. • Identify additional areas on both Sauvie Island and the were once very common in the Portland area and nested Background Other species that will benefit from grassland restoration mainland side of Multnomah Channel where hedgerows on Sauvie Island. They are now seldom seen and no longer and native shrub thickets can be planted, or where are northern harriers, killdeer and savannah sparrows. Hedgerows provide valuable habitat for a variety of bird and breed on the island, hence the state designation as sensitive- existing hedgerows in poor condition can be enhanced. critical (see link to ODFW Sensitive Species designations in wildlife species. They can be attractive, provide privacy and GOAL: be a wind barrier to shelter an area for the establishment of Appendix 3). Very little is left in the Willamette Valley of • Additional surveys, research and education are needed Increase the population of grassland-dependent species bees, which are important for crop pollination. the large expanses of grassy habitat meadowlarks require. to increase knowledge about native pollinator species within the Plan Area by increasing the amount of quality Small flocks are occasionally seen on Sauvie Island in the and the native plants that sustain them. habitat, primarily in larger parcels. Sauvie Island already has some excellent mature native non-breeding season, but no nesting has been observed. shrub/small tree thickets along island roads. Red-osier • Education efforts with landowners and land managers to Other grassland birds, including short-eared owls and dogwood, Nootka rose, common snowberry, cascara, Current Status and Recent Work identify pollinators and native plants that support them. nighthawks, were formerly common on the island as well and Suksdorff’s hawthorn and Douglas spirea are the dominant are almost never seen presently. native shrub species in these areas. ODFW has designated four areas on Sauvie Island as habitat to be developed for grassland birds – two on Oak Island, A major issue limiting hedgerow benefits is the continual one at Grandma’s Kitchen at the end of Rentenaar Road, and encroachment of non-native blackberry that crowds out one at the end of Reeder Road, just south of the trailhead native thicket plants. to Warrior Point. Volunteers from the Portland Audubon Society have been conducting grassland bird counts in these GOAL: areas since 2014 to get baseline information on grassland Increase the amount of high quality habitat for songbirds, bird use. However, much habitat work is required to increase pollinating insects and other wildlife by planting and the attractiveness of these areas to birds. enhancing existing hedgerows. Native bees and some bird species can benefit from even small patches of native prairie wildflowers, and efforts are Current Status and Recent Work underway to increase these (see Pollinator section). A grant from West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District to the Sauvie Projects dedicated to hedgerow enhancements within the Island Habitat Partnership created hedgerows of native shrubs. They provide food and Oregon’s state bird, the Western meadowlark, was once common and nested on shelter for birds and other wildlife and harbor native bees and other species that are Sauvie Island. ODFW is managing several areas on the wildlife area to help bring Plan Area include: beneficial in pollinating farm crops and gardens. them back.

38 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 39 Priority Actions • Keep abreast of a growing body of information being bee species. This habitat also hosted butterflies, hummingbirds, The Xerces Society has trained staff at Sauvie Island generated by multiple agencies and NGOs on methods bats and other pollinators. Many of those are still present, and Organics to incorporate pollinator plantings into commercial • Increase research, education and monitoring efforts that for prairie restoration. are essential for the pollinating food crops of the plan area, but vegetable production. In summer, 2016, the Xerces Society focus on grasslands, through groups such as the Streaked numbers of many species are in steep decline. and WMSWCD trained volunteers to monitor bee species Horned Lark Working Group, The Intertwine Alliance • Continue to refine the “prescription” for how these on Sauvie Island and other areas of the district. Oak and Prairie Working Group and the Cascade Prairie areas can best be restored specifically in our area by Planting pollinator habitat is useful on a small scale as well Oak Partnership. generating species lists and other information. as large, so even residential property owners can help with this opportunity. Priority Actions • Identify grassland areas and manage for native species by: • Continue to support small patches of prairie on private landowner sites. GOAL: • Plant more native plants for pollinators. • Clearing or thinning some trees and shrubs on grassland Increase the numbers of various species of native bees • Additional surveys, research and education is needed to areas to create more contiguous open habitat. and other pollinators by planting native wildflowers, increase knowledge about native pollinator species and POLLINATOR HABITAT and encouraging farmers to use pesticides in a pollinator- the native plants that sustain them. • Removing invasive grasses and forbs and planting native safe manner. prairie grasses and wildflowers. Background • Education efforts with landowners and land managers • Limiting human and canine disruptions during grassland Current Status and Recent Work should focus on identifying pollinators and native plants bird breeding season. Pollinators are essential to agriculture as well as to the that support them. maintenance of diverse wildlife habitats. In pre-settlement Pollinator plantings are a high priority when WMSWCD • Using controlled grazing and/or mowing to manage grass times, the wildflower-covered prairies of Sauvie Island and assists landowners with conservation on their property. The • Secure additional project support, including funding, for height, especially prior to the time when grassland birds the Bottomlands were perfect habitat to support many district began planting pollinator hedgerows on the island establishing these habitats, delivering technical assistance are scouting for nest sites. species of mason bees, carpenter bees and dozens of other in 2012 when it funded a grant for SIHAB to plant native to public and private landowners and land managers, and hedgerows on the properties of 12 private landowners. The increasing and expanding monitoring efforts to include district also funded a pollinator planting at the Sauvie Island the Multnomah Channel Bottomlands. PLANTING FOR POLLINATORS Grange Hall. WMSWCD’s updated Pollinator Bloom Chart, available at www.wmswcd.org, is a great guide for selecting To provide nectar for butterflies, bees and other pollinators throughout the season, native plants for pollinators. WETLAND AND AQUATIC consider planting the following natives, listed below with their bloom times. HABITAT

Early Spring Late Summer Native nectar plants for Background • Tall Oregon grape • Oceanspray hummingbird in our area: • Osoberry (Indian plum) • Lance selfheal • Red-flowering currant Aquatic habitat in the Plan Area includes Multnomah • Red-flowering currant • Yarrow • Black twinberry • Native willows (Sitka, Scouler, Pacific) • Oregon bee’s friend • Orange honeysuckle Channel, streams in the Tualatin Mountains draining into • Western red columbine the Channel, ponds and wetlands on Sauvie Island and Late Spring Early Fall Multnomah Channel lowlands, and Sauvie Island lakes, • Large-leaf lupine • Douglas aster including Sturgeon, Steelman, McNary, and Crane. This Western tiger swallowtail • Common camas • Giant goldenrod on oceanspray habitat is critical for out-migrating juvenile salmonids, • Fringe cup • Snowberry waterfowl, and other species including frogs, other • Woodland strawberry amphibians and turtles. Important host plants for our Early Summer local butterflies: As noted in the hydrology section above, the presence • Cascara • Native willows for Western tiger of dams and flood control on the Columbia River has • Mock orange swallowtails attenuated the impact of spring freshets and flooding, • Pacific ninebark • Stinging nettles (yes, they are native!) resulting in a smaller mass of wetlands in the Plan Area. The • Western columbine for red admirals lack of flushing flows has increased sedimentation in aquatic • Red-osier dogwoods for Spring azures habitats such as Sturgeon Lake, and the reduced water levels

For more detailed information, see wmswcd.org/library/pollinator-plants-and-bloom-periods-for-portland-metro-area West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District and the Xerces Society have have helped increased water temperature and facilitated the trained volunteers to monitor native bees on district plantings. spread of invasive weeds like reed canary grass. In addition,

40 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 41 many of the historic side channels are now disconnected, multiple species. A reconnection plan was developed for • Encourage and assist landowners to control invasive the soils on Sauvie Island are susceptible to erosion, they do limiting off-channel, slower-flowing water once available as Virginia Lake in Wapato Greenway on the east side of weeds around their ponds and plant native sedges, not qualify for highly erodible land designation because there is refugia for juvenile fish needing space to feed and grow. Multnomah Channel, but has not been implemented. rushes, willows and other herbaceous and woody no slope. Thus, infiltration can occur, but field erosion is limited. wetland vegetation. Also encourage them to leave or In addition, Sauvie Island lakes are critical for overwintering WMSWCD, with support from SIDIC and SIHP, has provided place woody debris as places for wildlife to perch, bask Erosion can be a concern on canal slopes or steep stream waterfowl, including many species of ducks and geese, plus funding multiple times to build, install and maintain as many or burrow under and as places to search for insects. banks, where a lack of vegetation creates potential for tundra and trumpeter swans and sandhill cranes. In summer, as 16 small floating structures in Sauvie Island canals for sloughing and erosion. The pumping system managed by osprey and a growing population of white pelicans feed in turtle basking habitat. • Continue supporting efforts to place turtle basking rafts SIDIC can affect the stability of saturated soils along canal the larger lakes. in Sauvie canals and elsewhere. banks. Maintenance dredging can also cause bank damage Additional work has been done on the north end of the and sedimentation, as well as vegetation removal activities. GOAL: island at the SIWA North Unit Management Area, sites near • Remove invasive plants and plant native species on the Measurable habitat improvement is the long-term goal, including Crane Lake, and the main stem Columbia River at Willow edges of and in waterbodies to improve habitat. A growing concern is E. coli levels in irrigation water, an increase in the amount of off-channel habitat and a reduction Bar, as well as along Scappoose Creek where it enters particularly for smaller farms and u-pick stands. of water temperatures and sediment levels. Shorter-term Scappoose Bay in the Bottomlands. goals include expanding water quality monitoring efforts to WATER QUALITY The above factors contribute to water quality concerns, but determine current conditions, and projects to expand off- WMSWCD manages a wetland reserve enhancement much is unknown due to a lack of monitoring. channel areas and enhance wetland habitats. project at the mouth of McCarthy Creek at the base of the Tualatin Mountains. The project has restored fish passage Background GOAL: to 4.5 miles upstream through removal of a failing culvert. Develop an understanding of water quality conditions Water quality on Sauvie Island and the western portion of the Current Status and Recent Work The Conservation District is controlling invasive weeds and within the Plan Area, and identify management practices that Plan Area has not been well studied or documented, although planting native trees and shrubs on 5 riparian acres, along address water quality concerns. WMSWCD currently monitors temperature (and surface water sampling has been done in Scappoose Bay, with other enhancement elements. occasionally aquatic insects as indicators of sediment levels) Multnomah Channel, and a few locations at the base of the to help understand aquatic habitat conditions in streams and Tualatin Mountains. Known issues are temperature, sediment, Current Status and Recent Work other flowing waters. This information helps guide where Priority Actions and bacteria levels (in parts of Scappoose Bay). Temperature Basic water quality monitoring is underway at six locations the organization conducts riparian habitat enhancement. data is available for non-summer months at a couple of along Multnomah Channel. This includes weekly temperature For example, WMSWCD monitors streams in the Tualatin • Reduce sediment transport into the streams of the locations along the canals on Sauvie Island. and clarity samples, and monthly monitoring of turbidity and Mountains and supports volunteer monitoring in Multnomah Tualatin Mountains through landowner education and E. coli bacteria. Additional monitoring at one or two canal Channel. Monitoring in three West Hills streams – Miller, riparian planting efforts along the creeks. Groundwater sampling information is limited. A review of locations on Sauvie Island will be conducted in 2018. McCarthy and Crabapple – began in 2009; efforts include the available DEQ data indicates a few locations where Engage landowners through workshops on wildlife continuous temperature sensors (spring through fall), and • groundwater data has been collected, but there are no benefits of pond and wetland habitats. As noted in the previous section, WMSWCD is monitoring benthic sampling on a 5-year rotation. sampling requirements or regular collection programs. A large portion of the Plan Area is within the 100-year floodplain with water quality in three streams of the west Tualatin Mountains. Seek additional landowner interest and identify funding Monitoring in Miller, McCarthy and Crabapple Creeks began Efforts to restore Sturgeon Lake have occurred for over a • significant groundwater resources identified in multiple areas for wetland enhancements on remaining parcels along decade, with recent funding obtained from multiple public (SIMC Plan). the channel, and in parcels throughout the Scappoose and private entities. Construction began in 2018. Bay Bottomlands. Both surface and groundwater in the Plan Area is used to A Sauvie Island Pond project began in 2012, working with irrigate crops, which are grown in multiple soil types (see nine landowners to review and identify wildlife improvement Section 3). Of the four major soil types found in the area, efforts on individual ponds. A link to more information is two are generally well-draining (Burlington and Sifton), while available on our Resource page. two are very poorly, or poorly-draining (Rafton and Sauvie). Agriculture activities occur over all of these soils, so the Pond Projects to improve off-channel areas are in various potential for groundwater infiltration from surface inputs varies stages of development or implementation. The J.R. Palensky depending on application methods, soil type, irrigation and Wildlife Mitigation Area (sometimes known as Burlington other factors. Bottoms) is a 417-acre site on the west side of Multnomah Most types of irrigation on Sauvie Island involve hand lines Channel that was purchased by BPA in 1991, and is managed Floating home residents along the Multnomah Channel have been monitoring by ODFW. It contains high-quality fish and wildlife species Wapato was a major food for the early dwellers of Sauvie Island, and in fact, Lewis and containing impact sprinkler heads. Other types are drip systems water quality along from their dock, under a program set up by the Scappoose Clark named the island for this plant. Above, Volunteers collect wapato seeds at the Bay Watershed Council, funded by the West Multnomah Soil & Water and is preserved primarily for protection of habitat for edge of Ruby Lake. or those using sprinkler “guns” to irrigate large fields. Although Conservation District.

42 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 43 in 2009 and has increased understanding of soil erosion impacts along the steeper tributaries to Multnomah Channel. Sampling of temperature, clarity, bacteria and turbidity in GIVE COVER CROPS A TRY Multnomah Channel began in fall 2016. For those eager to start cover cropping on their own, from compaction and is ready to grow vigorously come WMSWCD worked with the SBWC to research and publish most online retailers and local farm and garden stores spring. Mow or crimp the cover crop 4-6 weeks before and distribute a comprehensive guide for owners of floating carry cover crop seeds. Seed mixes are best chosen based planting a cash / food crop. Incorporation into the soil homes and marina managers surrounding Sauvie Island on soil type and individual objectives, such as increasing can reduce the lag time between cutting cover crops and and along Multnomah Channel. The guide, called Living on organic matter, weed suppression, nitrogen accumulation planting cash crops, but especially tall cover crops can the Water, covers a wide variety of topics affecting water or scavenging, soil protection, etc. In general, cereals and bind tillage equipment. All field work should wait for dry Healthy soils tend to have lots of organic matter and diverse ecosystems of quality, including moorage facility management, floating soil biota. grasses build organic matter or scavenge nutrients while spells of at least three days and never when the field is home operations and upkeep, vegetation and animals, and legumes (vetches, clovers, etc.) accumulate nitrogen. Using saturated -- to reduce damage to soil from equipment. recreational water use. a combination of these increases the chance of successful • Continue outreach to moorage owners and residents cover crop establishment and vigorous stands that If you want to supplement your nutrient management The SIDIC currently operates without a management on best management practices for living on the water” outcompete weeds; a typical commercial mix has a 3:1 with cover crops, try the OSU Cover Crop Calculator. It practices plan that could address erosion prevention and calculates the nutrients made available by specific cover • Continue work with farmers to increase use of cover ratio of non-legumes to legumes. Mixes should be varied control measures along the drainage canals. A funded crops. Combined with regular soil tests and plant tissue crops and refine fertilizer application and timing to avoid and adjusted year-to-year based on personal observations project to complete an Operations and Maintenance Plan is analysis of the cover crops, it provides farmers with run-off of excess nutrients. and results. underway, with expected completion by summer 2018. specific nutrient rates (in pounds per acre) and is used to In western Oregon, cover crops are commonly planted set up a fertilizer plan for a given crop and year. Priority Actions SOIL HEALTH & in the fall, from September 15 to October 15. A fall cover crop provides winter cover for the soil and protection For more information on soil health and to learn more • Continue and/or expand current water quality monitoring BIODIVERSITY about cover crops, see our Resource page. on the island, in the Tualatin Mountains, and the Scappoose Bay Bottomlands. Do additional testing for nitrate levels Background and other potentially harmful pollutants. resilient to drought and has fewer crop diseases and pests. provide all these benefits at a time when most fields would Soil is a living organism that needs food and energy; healthy Soil with good structure absorbs and holds water better, otherwise be fallow. And, broadleaf cover crops such as • Use monitoring data and additional research to soil tends to have lots of organic matter and diverse and soil rich in organic matter need fewer nutrient inputs. clover and vetch are food sources for pollinators and other identify sources impacting sediment runoff, elevated ecosystems of soil biota. Loss of organic matter is just as The healthier and more diverse a soil, the better able it is to beneficial insects. temperatures and other concerns; develop and much of a threat to the long-term productivity of the soil produce food and fiber. implement action projects to address these. as wind and erosion. Healthy soil has many benefits to farm GOAL: operations and to their bottom line. Healthy soil is more The four basic principles of soil health are: Increase the health of soils — in farm fields and beyond — by • Implement appropriate actions to improve water quality limiting disturbance, cover cropping/keeping soils covered, and on a long-term basis. 1. Keep it covered otherwise creating conditions that maintain soil structure and diversify beneficial microorganisms. Increase the awareness of Complete SIDIC Operations and Maintenance Plan 2. Limit disturbance • the importance and principles of soil health. for canal operations, including methods to increase vegetation along steeper canal banks. 3. Keep a living root in the soil AND Current Status and Recent Work • Identify reaches along canals with highest potential of 4. Diversify to benefit microorganisms erosion and implement a pilot project to demonstrate WMSWCD engaged and funded OSU Extension work with alternative canal maintenance and native vegetation In practice, this means farmers should reduce tillage, either Sauvie Island farmers to introduce cover crops to improve planting; expand as funds and interest allow. through no-till systems or crop residue management. soil health and reduce fertilizer inputs and costs. It means planting cover crops to feed the soil and the • Increase funding for technical resources and ecosystems within it. Sowing diverse cover crops can WMSWCD’s Soil Health program encourages farmers education, and encourage implementation of improved improve drainage, increase organic matter, increase nitrogen to adopt cover cropping as a farm practice by paying for management practices. levels, improve soil structure, suppress weeds and increase cover crop seed for up to three years, while the landowner Cover crops are a way to implement one of the principals of soil health: Keep it covered. overall yield of cash crops. Overwintering cover crops provides the labor and equipment to plant it. Seed mixes

44 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 45 are fully tailored to the situation of the particular farmer. As Priority Actions of 2018, 15 farms on Sauvie Island have participated in the program, covering more than 133 acres. • Continue and expand current efforts to collect data on birds and other species, measure water quality and map Priority Actions native trees and plant species in the Plan Area.

• WMSWCD will continue cost-share cover cropping • Look into the feasibility of conducting bat surveys. programs for farmers. • Consider conducting a bioblitz (an intense period of • WMSWCD will continue efforts to encourage biological surveying) in the area. farmers and other landowners to follow the principles of soil health. • Using the list in this document, collect species and

submit herbarium vouchers on plants that have not been Sauvie Island’s designation as a “rural reserve” by Multnomah County protects farmlands and natural resources by prohibiting development at intensities greater than documented in many years. what is currently permitted by zoning. COMMUNITY SCIENCE Purple martins on the island have been monitored for more than three decades using the protocols of the Purple Martin Multnomah Channel. MCCP policies impacting natural Conservation Association. LAND USE PLANNING Background resources are essentially identical to those developed for Osprey nests have been mapped using handheld GPS units the SIMC Rural Area Plan. MCCP contains strategies to Trained volunteers have been invaluable in assessing and and tracked on the island to determine nesting success and Background carry out the plan policies. monitoring species populations on Sauvie Island and the the interval between nests. Multnomah Channel Bottomlands, as well as water quality Land use issues on Sauvie Island and the Multnomah GOAL: in Multnomah Channel. The wealth of resulting data is Turtle surveys were conducted on Sauvie Island in 2013. Channel bottomlands have focused on maintaining the rural Provide full implementation of the natural resource policies very useful to ecologists, biologists and others working on character of the island and minimizing impacts from the in the SIMC Rural Area Plan and Multnomah County projects in the area. It has been a meaningful and satisfying Aquatic plant surveys were conducted on numerous water area’s role as a regional recreational and tourist destination. Comprehensive plans. way for community members to learn about and engage bodies on Sauvie Island by volunteer botanists from the in conservation. Native Plant Society of Oregon. To this end, the SIMC Rural Area Plan was originally adopted in 1997. The 2015 plan update includes a vision Current Status and Recent Work GOAL: Annual Christmas Bird Counts on Sauvie Island (the area of statement, background information, inventory and zoning Multnomah County planning staff are amending county Continue to add to the body of information on species which includes the Multnomah County Bottomlands) have maps, and land use and transportation policies, plus codes to reflect policies in the 2015 SIMC Rural Area Plan. presence and abundance and natural resource conditions in been conducted for more than half a century. seven background reports. The reports cover significant the Plan Area with the assistance of trained volunteers using agriculture and agritourism, natural and cultural resources, The SIMC Rural Area Plan was adopted by Multnomah specified protocols. eBird records posted by various birders have provided marinas and floating homes, public and semi-public County in 2015, strengthening policies that protect natural invaluable information on species presence and abundance. facilities, and transportation concerns. The updated plan resources. It contains specific strategies to implement natural was produced through a process that included multiple resource policies for Sauvie Island and Multnomah Channel. Current Status and Recent Work Oregon white oak trees were mapped in the Plan Area, outreach committees, planning briefings, open houses and using mobile technology, both for WMSWCD and for the other activities. The Scappoose Bay Watershed Council has worked with the Elite birder volunteers organized by the Audubon Society regional OakQuest project of the Intertwine Alliance Oak- of Portland have monitored bird populations at several City of Scappoose on restoration planning for Scappoose Prairie Workgroup. The plan contains policies to govern future land uses locations on Sauvie Island for more than a decade, using Creek, above the Bottomlands, and is establishing working within the Plan Area. Each of the six chapters identifies and transects and point counts. Water quality monitoring has been conducted by moorage relationships to address additional projects. addresses land use impacts. See the Resource Page for a residents along Multnomah Channel with support from link to the SIMC Rural Area Plan. Several restoration projects are in the early stages of work Sauvie Island Habitat Partnership has monitored amphibian SBWC and WMSWCD. egg masses in several ponds and wetlands on both Sauvie on the larger tidal properties in the northern portion of the The policies in the SIMC Rural Area Plan addressing natural Island and the Multnomah Channel Bottomlands. Metro has Bottomlands. The City of Scappoose is working on updates WMSWCD has trained and engaged volunteers to identify resources are shown on pages 48 and 49. also used volunteers for this pursuit. and monitor pollinating insects using woody and herbaceous to its comprehensive plan and addressing issues pertaining to parks, transportation, and industrial airparks. plants in WMSWCD-supported restoration projects. In 2016 the county updated the Multnomah County Comprehensive Plan (MCCP) for all of the county’s unincorporated areas, including Sauvie Island and

46 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 47 Sauvie Island and Multnomah Policy 3.6 – Multnomah County should work to remain open for 8-10 months of each year, and To implement this policy, the County Road Maintenance Channel Rural Area Plan – Natural collaboratively with the Sauvie Island Drainage contribute to the cost of replacing two failed culverts program will review the following recommendations: where Reeder Road crosses Dairy Creek. resource policies relevant to this plan. Improvement Company, state and federal agencies, and non-profit organizations to maintain the drainage a) Except in emergency situations, County road and flood-control functions provided by the Company Policy 3.14 – Direct the Multnomah County Vector mowing should be done between August 15 and Control staff to coordinate with Oregon Department March 15 to minimize impact to nesting birds, – Collaborate and partner with private, while restoring natural systems where appropriate. Policy 3.1 of Fish and Wildlife, using that agency’s map of sensitive and workers should avoid mowing at identified public and non-profit organizations and tribes to Policy 3.7 – Adopt a “dark sky” ordinance for the areas and their Vector Control Guidance for Sensitive turtle, frog and salamander crossings during adopt and maintain an inventory of natural systems planning area and work with the City of Portland, Areas to identify important habitat for sensitive species nesting season (May and September). in the planning area, document restoration projects, Port of Portland and other adjacent jurisdictions like red-legged frogs and native turtles where an altered and develop strategies to address natural resource and agencies towards reducing light pollution from protocol should be used. The county’s vector control b) Culverts under county roads should be surveyed, issues including but not limited to hydrology, climate sources beyond the plan area. staff is encouraged to act as a resource in efforts to then repaired and replaced as needed to limit change, changes in regional geography, wildlife and educate and collaborate with landowners about natural barriers to fish and wildlife passage. habitat conservation, restoration and enhancement, Policy 3.8 – Encourage educational programs means of mosquito control. and educational programs. regarding the maintenance and restoration of wildlife c) County staff should work with ODFW and the habitat in the planning area, including programs Policy 3.15 – Recommend that any fill generated as a Sauvie Island Habitat Partnership to identify and Policy 3.2 – Encourage voluntary conservation addressing: result of dredging activities be located on Sauvie Island mitigate in areas where concentrations of small efforts such as conservation easements and only under the following conditions: wildlife cross county roads. community-based restoration projects that a) Maintenance and restoration of wildlife complement Multnomah County’s Goal 5 (Natural corridors. a) To assist in flood control. d) Mowing equipment should be regularly cleaned and Cultural Resources) and Goal 15 (Willamette so that seeds of invasive plants are not spread River Greenway) regulatory programs and if possible, b) Restoration and enhancement of wetlands, b) Not on designated wetlands. into areas where they have not yet been extend the Wildlife Habitat tax deferral to MUA lands. riparian areas and grasslands. introduced. c) Not on high value farmland unless placement of Policy 3.3 – Coordinate with federal and state c) Planting of native vegetation hedgerows. such fill improves a farm’s soils or productivity. e) County staff should confer with the West agencies, including National Oceanic and Atmospheric Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District Administration Fisheries Division (NOAA Fisheries) d) Conserving Oregon white oak habitat and d) In areas where it will not negatively impact on best management practices before removing to develop design standards that protect salmon bottomland cottonwood/ash forests. wildlife habitat. invasive weeds along road right-of-way. habitat and fish passage within and along the Policy 3.16 – Review internal protocols related to Multnomah Channel and its tributaries and ensure e) Use of wildlife-friendly fencing. f) County staff should be trained to recognize road and right-of-way maintenance, including roadside compliance with the Endangered Species Act (ESA). invasive and desirable native plant species; Policy 3.12 – Recognize and celebrate the hedgerow trimming and weed eradication. Work with Multnomah County should prioritize plant Policy 3.4 – Update the inventory of surface water heritage value of the natural resources of Sauvie the West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation species for control. resources and associated riparian areas in compliance Island to Native American tribes, including historic District, ODFW and the Sauvie Island Habitat with Goal 5 requirements. Apply the Significant wetlands, riparian areas, water bodies and oak Partnership to protect wildlife and manage invasive g) County staff should inform property owners Environmental Concern overlay to significant wetlands uplands. Encourage and support the protection and plant species to ensure that habitat and water resource of the existing Owner Vegetation Maintenance (SEC-w) and streams (SEC-s) in the planning area. restoration of these resources. restoration projects are coordinated with county road Agreement, which allows abutting property maintenance and drainage control programs. owners to maintain right-of-way vegetation. Policy 3.5 – Where possible, streamline and Policy 3.13 – Continue to explore and encourage simplify the Multnomah County Code to provide and opportunities to conduct selected dredging to Ensure that non-profit organizations and property Policy 3.17 – Update the Willamette River Greenway encourage fish and wildlife habitat restoration and increase depth, flows, flushing, and circulation action owners are aware of county programs that may limit standards in the Multnomah County Code for clarity enhancement projects on public and private lands in Sturgeon Lake in coordination with partner wildlife habitat restoration projects, and that road consistent with implementing rules and statutes. conducted by natural resource public agencies such agencies and organizations. Support the dredging and county staff are aware of existing and completed habitat as Metro, Multnomah Soil and Water Conservation reconstruction of the Dairy Creek Channel between restoration projects when they conduct their operations. Districts and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. the Columbia River and Sturgeon Lake to allow it

48 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 49 Priority Actions to develop resources for establishing and monitoring habitat deferral plans on EFU and MUA-zoned lands. • Establish a process of communication and interaction among state and local government agencies, special districts • Encourage Multnomah County to designate significant and community members, and incorporate restoration oak stands as significant natural resources under Goal 5. actions and concerns into development planning.

• Identify land-use changes that have, or will likely have, an STURGEON LAKE impact on watershed natural resources, and incorporate RESTORATION city and county planning and zoning changes into ongoing restoration prioritization. Background • Identify potential land management areas of concern with respect to natural resources that are not being Sturgeon Lake, managed as a wildlife refuge by ODFW, addressed in the existing planning documents. is one of the premier natural and biologically significant aquatic and wildlife habitats in the state. It was identified • Continue work with local governments through channels in the Oregon Conservation Strategy as a “conservation established with the SIMC Plan, and ongoing projects with opportunity area” for its importance to salmon and other the City of Scappoose and Columbia County. Provide fish and wildlife species. input and information about additional land management policies to protect and enhance resources. Levees built on Sauvie Island in 1941, and construction of Bonneville and Grand Coulee Dams, significantly altered • Educate landowners on the updated natural resources natural flows from the Columbia River through Sturgeon policies, and assist them in complying with those that Lake and the Gilbert River into Multnomah Channel. This impact their properties. resulted in increased lake sedimentation, and significantly reduced aquatic habitat function. Sturgeon Lake • WMSWCD and other SWCDs are working with ODFW Sturgeon Lake is an important link in the Pacific Flyway for Creek channel. Construction for the project is estimated at waterfowl and a wide variety of bird species, offering winter $3 million. The project is replacing two failing culverts with habitat to 200,000 geese alone. In addition, juvenile salmon a bridge over Dairy Creek at Reeder Road, removing the will leave the main river and seek refuge from high flows sediment plug at the creek’s confluence with the Columbia within the lake and sloughs. They use this time to increase in River and reconstruct Dairy Creek to allow fish passage in size and heartiness which in turn increases their likelihood and out of Sturgeon Lake through the summer. of survival when they reach the ocean. Restoring flushing flows to Sturgeon Lake for salmon habitat restoration is Priority Actions specifically named as a state strategy. • Remove the sediment plug at the mouth of Dairy Creek GOAL: and reconstruct the channel. Restore the functionality of Sturgeon Lake by reconnecting Remove invasive species along the lake shores and Dairy it to the Columbia River through Dairy Creek. • Creek and re-seed/re-plant with invasive species. Current Status and Recent Work • Replace the failed culvert over Dairy Creek with a WMSWCD, in partnership with BPA, Columbia River Estuary bridge that allows better hydrologic flushing from Study Taskforce (CREST), and multiple other supporters, Columbia River spring flows. began construction on restoring flow to Sturgeon Lake Continue to monitor the water quality, invasive species in the summer of 2018 by reestablishing the connection • introductions, wetland fringe habitat, and the hydrology Volunteers from the Native Plant Society of Oregon worked with Sauvie Island Habitat Partnership to survey aquatic plant species in Sauvie Island ponds and waterways. between the lake and the Columbia River through the Dairy of the lake with the Columbia River. 50 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 51 Appendix 1 Sauvie Island/Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Wildlife

BIRDS

S March –May U Uncommon + Non-native S June – August O Occasional Updated 6/8/18 F September – November R Rare W December – February * Breeds locally C Common # Species of concern WATERFOWL S S F W UPLAND GAME BIRDS S S F W Snow Goose U C C California Quail+ U U U U Ross’s Goose R Ruffed Grouse R R R R Greater White-fronted Goose U R U U LOONS AND GREBES S S F W Brant R Red-throated Loon U U Cackling Goose C C C Pacific Loon R R Canada Goose * (#-Dusky) C U C C Common Loon O O O subspecies) Trumpeter Swan R U U Pied-billed Grebe* C C C C Tundra Swan U C C Horned Grebe O O O Wood Duck* C C U U Eared Grebe R R Blue-wing Teal U O R R Red-necked Grebe O O Cinnamon Teal C U U U Western Grebe U O U U Northern Shoveler C O C C Clark’s Grebe O O O Gadwall* C O U C CORMORANTS S S F W Eurasian Wigeon U U U Double-crested Cormorant C U C C American Wigeon C U C C PELICANS S S F W Mallard* C C C C American White Pelican U C C U Northern Pintail* C U C C HERONS/EGRETS/ ALLIES S S F W Green-winged Teal C U C C American Bittern O O O O Canvasback U U C Great Blue Heron* C C C C AppendixAPPENDIX 1 1 Redhead O R R O Great Egret C C C C AppendixSAUVIE 1 ISLAND/MULTNOMAH CHANNEL BOTTOMLANDS WILDLIFE Sauvie Island/Multnomah Channel BottomlandsRing-necked Duck WildlifeC O U C Snowy Egret R R Sauvie Island/Multnomah Channel BottomlandsGreater Scaup WildlifeU U U Green Heron* U U U O Lesser Scaup C C C Appendix 1 VULTURES/EAGLES/HAWKS S S F W BIRDS Surf Scoter O R Turkey Vulture* C C U U Sauvie Island/Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Wildlife BIRDS White-winged Scoter R Osprey* C C C U S March –May U Uncommon + Non-native S June – August O Occasional Bufflehead Updated 6/8/18C R C C White-tailed Kite R R R FS SeptemberMarch –May – November RU RareUncommon Common Goldeneye + Non-nativeO O O S June – August O Occasional Updated 6/8/18 Golden Eagle R R BIRDSW December – February * Breeds locally CF CommonSeptember – November #R SpeciesRare of concern Barrow’s Goldeneye O O U Northern Harrier* C U C C APPENDICES W December – February * Breeds locally Hooded Merganser* U U O C S C WATERFOWLMarch Common –May S SU # Uncommon F SpeciesW of concern UPLAND GAME +BIRDS Non-native S S F W Sharp-shinned Hawk U U U U S June – August O Occasional Common Merganser Updated 6/8/18UUC SnowWATERFOWL Goose US S CF CW CaliforniaUPLAND Quail+ GAME BIRDS US US UF UW Cooper’s Hawk* U U U U F September – November R Rare Red-breasted Merganser R R W Ross’sSnowDecember Goose – February UCC* Breeds Rlocally RuffedCalifornia Grouse Quail+ RU RU RU RU Bald Eagle* C U C C Ruddy Duck C R C C C GreaterCommonRoss’s Goose White-fronted Goose U R# SpeciesU UR of concern LOONSRuffed Grouse AND GREBES SR SR FR WR Northern Goshawk R R APPENDIX 1: WILDLIFE 53 WATERFOWLBrantGreater White-fronted Goose S URUUS F WR UPLANDRed-throatedLOONS ANDGAME Loon GREBES BIRDS SUS S S F F WUW SnowCackling Goose Goose UC CC CC CaliforniaPacific Loon Quail+ U U UR UR APPENDIX 2: PLANT SPECIES 59 Brant R Red-throated Loon U U Ross’sCanadaCackling Goose Goose Goose * (#-Dusky) CCCCU C RC RuffedCommonPacific Grouse Loon Loon RRRRO OR OR Greatersubspecies) White-fronted Goose U R U U APPENDIX 3: SPECIES OF CONCERN 76 TrumpeterCanada Goose Swan * (#-Dusky) RCUCCU U LOONSPied-billedCommon AND LoonGrebe* GREBES SCO SC FCO WCO Brantsubspecies) R Red-throated Loon U U TundraTrumpeter Swan Swan UR CU CU HornedPied-billed Grebe Grebe* OC C OC OC APPENDIX 4: INVASIVE SPECIES 90 Cackling Goose C C C Pacific Loon RR WoodTundra Duck* Swan CUCCC U U EaredHorned Grebe Grebe O RO RO Canada Goose * (#-Dusky) C U C C Common Loon O O O APPENDIX 5: PLANT COMMUNITIES 97 Blue-wingWood Duck* Teal UC OC RU RU Red-neckedEared Grebe Grebe OR OR subspecies) Trumpeter Swan R U U Pied-billed Grebe* C C C C CinnamonBlue-wing Teal CUORRU U U WesternRed-necked Grebe Grebe U O UO UO APPENDIX 6: CONSERVATION PROJECTS 103 Tundra Swan U C C Horned Grebe OOO NorthernCinnamon Shoveler Teal CC OU CU CU Clark’sWestern Grebe Grebe U OO OU OU Wood Duck* C C U U Eared Grebe RR Gadwall*Northern Shoveler CC OO UC CC CORMORANTSClark’s Grebe S SO FO WO Blue-wingEurasian TealWigeon UU O RU RU Red-necked Grebe OO Gadwall* COUC Double-crestedCORMORANTS Cormorant CS US CF CW Cinnamon Teal C U U U AmericanEurasian Wigeon Wigeon CUUUU C C WesternPELICANSDouble-crested Grebe Cormorant USC OSU UFC UWC NorthernMallard* Shoveler CC OC CC CC Clark’s Grebe OOO American Wigeon CUCC AmericanPELICANS White Pelican US CS CF UW Gadwall* C O U C NorthernMallard* Pintail* CCCCCU C C CORMORANTSHERONS/EGRETS/American White Pelican ALLIES SSU SSC FFC WWU EurasianGreen-winged Wigeon Teal UC U UC UC Double-crested Cormorant C U C C Northern Pintail* C U C C AmericanHERONS/EGRETS/ Bittern ALLIES OS OS OF OW American Wigeon C U C C CanvasbackGreen-winged Teal UC U UC CC PELICANSGreatAmerican Blue Bittern Heron* SCO SCO FCO WCO Mallard* C C C C American White Pelican UCCU RedheadCanvasback OUUCR R O GreatGreat EgretBlue Heron* CC CC CC CC NorthernRing-necked Pintail* Duck CC UO CU CC HERONS/EGRETS/ ALLIES Redhead ORRO SnowyGreat EgretEgret S C S C FRC WRC Green-wingedGreater Scaup Teal CU U CU CU American Bittern OOOO Ring-necked Duck COUC GreenSnowy Heron*Egret U U UR OR CanvasbackLesser Scaup UC UC CC Great Blue Heron* CCCC Greater Scaup U U U VULTURES/EAGLES/HAWKSGreen Heron* SU SU FU WO RedheadSurfLesser Scoter Scaup OCCCR RO OR Great Egret C C C C TurkeyVULTURES/EAGLES/HAWKS Vulture* CS CS UF UW Ring-neckedWhite-winged Duck Scoter C O UR C Surf Scoter O R SnowyOsprey*Turkey Egret Vulture* CC CC RRCU UU GreaterBufflehead Scaup UC R UC UC Green Heron* UUUO White-winged Scoter R White-tailedOsprey* Kite RC C RC RU Lesser Scaup C C C CommonBufflehead Goldeneye OCRCCO O VULTURES/EAGLES/HAWKSGoldenWhite-tailed Eagle Kite SRR S F R WRR SurfBarrow’s Scoter Goldeneye O OO RU Turkey Vulture* CCUU Common Goldeneye O O O NorthernGolden Eagle Harrier* CR U C CR White-winged Scoter R HoodedBarrow’s Merganser* Goldeneye UOOUU O C Osprey*Sharp-shinnedNorthern Harrier* Hawk CUC CUU CUC UUC BuffleheadCommon Merganser CU R CU CC White-tailed Kite R R R Hooded Merganser* U U O C Cooper’sSharp-shinned Hawk* Hawk UU UU UU UU CommonRed-breasted Goldeneye Merganser OR O OR Golden Eagle R R Common Merganser U U C BaldCooper’s Eagle* Hawk* CU UU CU CU Barrow’sRuddy Duck Goldeneye OC R OC UC Northern Harrier* C U C C Red-breasted Merganser R R NorthernBald Eagle* Goshawk C U RC RC Hooded Merganser* U U O C Sharp-shinned Hawk U U U U 52 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Ruddy Duck CSauvieR IslandC &C Multnomah ChannelNorthern Bottomlands Goshawk Conservation OpportunitiesR R 53 Common Merganser U U C Cooper’s Hawk* U U U U Red-breasted Merganser R R Bald Eagle* C U C C Ruddy Duck C R C C Northern Goshawk R R Appendix 1 Sauvie Island/Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Wildlife Red-shouldered Hawk O O U U Herring Gull U U C Swainson’s Red-shoulderedHawk Hawk R OR O U U Iceland GullHerring Gull U UU U U C Red-tailed Hawk*Swainson’s Hawk C C RC C R Glaucous-wingedIceland Gull Gull U O UC C U U BIRDS Rough-leggedRed-tailed Hawk Hawk* O CO CO C C Glaucous GullGlaucous-winged Gull U OR C C Rough-legged Hawk O O O Glaucous Gull R S March –May U Uncommon + Non-native RAILS AND GALLINULES S S F W Caspian Tern# O O U S June – August O Occasional Updated 6/8/18 Virginia Rail*RAILS AND GALLINULESU U SU SU F W Common TernCaspian Tern# O OO O U Western Wood-Pewee* C C C Bewick’s Wren* C C C C F September – November R Rare Virginia Rail* U U U U Common Tern O O W December – February * Breeds locally Sora* U U U O Forster’s Tern R R Willow Flycatcher*# U C U KINGLETS S S F W Sora* U U U O Forster’s Tern R R C Common # Species of concern American Coot* C C C C PIGEONS AND DOVES S S F W Hammond’s Flycatcher O O O Golden-crowned Kinglet U O U C WATERFOWL S S F W UPLAND GAME BIRDS S S F W CRANESAmerican Coot* S S CF CW C C Rock Pigeon+PIGEONS AND DOVESC C SC SC F W Dusky Flycatcher R Ruby-crowned Kinglet U C C Snow Goose U C C California Quail+ U U U U Rock Pigeon+ C C C C Sandhill CraneCRANES C O SC SC F W Band-tailed Pigeon U U U R Pacific-slope Flycatcher* U U R THRUSHES S S F W Ross’s Goose R Ruffed Grouse R R R R SHOREBIRDSSandhill Crane S S CF OW C C Eurasian-collaredBand-tailed Dove*+ Pigeon C C UC UC U R Black Phoebe R O O R Western Bluebird# R R Greater White-fronted Goose U R U U LOONS AND GREBES S S F W American AvocetSHOREBIRDS R SO S F W Mourning Dove*Eurasian-collared Dove*+C C CC CC C C Say’s Phoebe O R O Swainson’s Thrush* U C U Brant R Red-throated Loon U U Black-belliedAmerican Plover Avocet U U U R O OWLS Mourning Dove* S S CF CW C C Western Kingbird R R Hermit Thrush U U O Cackling Goose C C C Pacific Loon R R Black-bellied Plover U U U American Golden Plover R Barn Owl*OWLS U U SU SU F W SHRIKES S S F W American Robin* C C C C Canada Goose * (#-Dusky) C U C C Common Loon O O O SemipalmatedAmerican Plover Golden Plover R O O R Western Screech-Owl*Barn Owl* U U UU UU U U Northern Shrike O O O Varied Thrush U U U subspecies) Trumpeter Swan R U U Pied-billed Grebe* C C C C Semipalmated Plover R O O Western Screech-Owl* U U U U Killdeer* C C C C Great Horned Owl* U U U U VIREOS S S F W STARLINGS S S F W Tundra Swan U C C Horned Grebe O O O Marbled GodwitKilldeer* CR C C C Northern Pygmy-OwlGreat Horned Owl* UR UR U U Hutton’s Vireo U U U U European Starling* + C C C C Wood Duck* C C U U Eared Grebe R R Marbled Godwit R Northern Pygmy-Owl R R Stilt Sandpiper R R Barred Owl O O O O Cassin’s Vireo O U PIPITS S S F W Blue-wing Teal U O R R Red-necked Grebe O O Sanderling Stilt Sandpiper O O R R Short-earedBarred Owl# Owl R OR OR O O Warbling Vireo* C C U American Pipit O C C Cinnamon Teal C U U U Sanderling O O Short-eared Owl# R R R Western Grebe U O U U Dunlin U O U U Long-eared Owl R R R R Red-eyed Vireo U WAXWINGS S S F W Northern Shoveler C O C C Dunlin U O U U Long-eared Owl R R R R Clark’s Grebe O O O Baird’s Sandpiper O O Northern Saw-whet Owl O O O O JAYS, CROWS AND RAVENS S S F W Cedar Waxwing* C C U U Gadwall* C O U C Baird’s Sandpiper O O Northern Saw-whet Owl O O O O CORMORANTS S S F W Least Sandpiper U C C O NIGHTJARS S S F W Steller’s Jay U U U C WOOD WARBLERS S S F W Eurasian Wigeon U U U Double-crested Cormorant C U C C Pectoral SandpiperLeast Sandpiper R O UO C C O Common Nighthawk#NIGHTJARS R SR S F W California Scrub Jay* C C C C Orange-crowned Warbler* C U U O American Wigeon C U C C PELICANS S S F W SemipalmatedPectoral Sandpiper Sandpiper O RO O O SWIFTS Common Nighthawk# S S F RW R American Crow* C C C C Nashville Warbler O Mallard* C C C C American White Pelican U C C U Western SandpiperSemipalmated Sandpiper C C C O O Vaux’s Swift*SWIFTS U C SU S F W Common Raven U U U U MacGillivray’s Warbler O O R Northern Pintail* C U C C Western Sandpiper C C C Vaux’s Swift* U C U HERONS/EGRETS/ ALLIES S S F W Short-billed Dowitcher U U U HUMMINGBIRDS S S F W LARKS S S F W Common Yellowthroat* C C C R Green-winged Teal C U C C American Bittern O O O O Long-billedShort-billed Dowitcher Dowitcher O C UC UO U Anna’s Hummingbird*HUMMINGBIRDS C C SC SC F W Horned Lark R U C Yellow Warbler* C C U Canvasback U U C Long-billed Dowitcher O C C O Anna’s Hummingbird* C C C C Great Blue Heron* C C C C Wilson’s Snipe* U O U U Rufous Hummingbird* C C O MARTINS AND SWALLOWS S S F W Yellow-rumped Warbler* C U C U Redhead O R R O Great Egret C C C C Wilson’s PhalaropeWilson’s Snipe* R R UR O U U KINGFISHERSRufous Hummingbird* S S CF CW O No. Rough-winged Swallow U U O Black-throated Gray Warbler* U O U Ring-necked Duck C O U C Snowy Egret R R Red-neckedWilson’s Phalarope Phalarope O O RO R R Belted Kingfisher*KINGFISHERS C C SC SC F W Purple Martin*# C C O Townsend’s Warbler U U U Greater Scaup U U U Belted Kingfisher* C C C C Green Heron* U U U O Whimbrel Red-necked Phalarope R O O O WOODPECKERS S S F W Tree Swallow* C C U U Hermit Warbler R Lesser Scaup C C C VULTURES/EAGLES/HAWKS S S F W Spotted Sandpiper*Whimbrel U U RU U Northern Flicker*WOODPECKERS C C SC SC F W Violet-green Swallow* C C U Wilson’s Warbler C C O Surf Scoter O R Spotted Sandpiper* U U U U Northern Flicker* C C C C Turkey Vulture* C C U U Solitary Sandpiper* R R R Pileated Woodpecker* U U U U Barn Swallow* C C C O NEW WORLD SPARROWS S S F W White-winged Scoter R Osprey* C C C U Greater YellowlegsSolitary Sandpiper* U C RC RO R Lewis’s WoodpeckerPileated Woodpecker* R R UR U U U Bank Swallow* O O Chipping Sparrow O O O Bufflehead C R C C White-tailed Kite R R R Lesser YellowlegsGreater Yellowlegs O C UC C C O Red-breastedLewis’s Sapsucker* Woodpecker U U RU RU R Cliff Swallow* U U U Clay-colored Sparrow R R R Common Goldeneye O O O Red-breasted Sapsucker* U U U U Golden Eagle R R GULLS ANDLesser TERNS Yellowlegs S S OF CW C Downy Woodpecker* C C C C CHICKADEES AND BUSHTITS S S F W Fox Sparrow C C C Barrow’s Goldeneye O O U Northern Harrier* CUCC Sabine’s GullGULLS AND TERNS OOS S F W Hairy Woodpecker*Downy Woodpecker* U U CU CU C C Black-capped Chickadee* CCCC Dark-eyed Junco U U C C Hairy Woodpecker* UUUU Hooded Merganser* U U O C Sharp-shinned Hawk UUUU Bonaparte’sSabine’s Gull Gull UOURO O FALCONS S S F W Chestnut-backed Chickadee* U U U U White-crowned Sparrow C U C C Common Merganser U U C Cooper’s Hawk* U U U U Franklin’s GullBonaparte’s Gull OOU O U R American Kestrel*FALCONS C C SC SC F W Bushtit* CCCC Golden-crowned Sparrow C C C Red-breasted Merganser R R American Kestrel* C C C C Bald Eagle* CUCC Mew Gull Franklin’s Gull C O C OC O Merlin O O O NUTHATCHES S S F W Harris’s Sparrow R R Ruddy Duck C R C C Northern Goshawk R R Ring-billed MewGull Gull C U CU OC C C Peregrine FalconMerlin U U OOOU U Red-breasted Nuthatch* O O C O White-throated Sparrow U U U Peregrine Falcon U U U U Red-shouldered Hawk O O U U HerringWestern Gull GullRing-billed Gull U U UCU C UU U C TYRANT FLYCATCHERS S S F W White-breasted Nuthatch*# C C C C Savannah Sparrow* C C U U Swainson’s Hawk R R IcelandCalifornia Gull GullWestern Gull U UCCCUU U U U Olive-sidedTYRANT Flycatcher# FLYCATCHERSO SO SO F W TREE CREEPERS S S F W Song Sparrow* C C C C Olive-sided Flycatcher# O O O Red-tailedRed-shouldered Hawk* Hawk CCCCO O U U Glaucous-wingedHerring GullCalifornia Gull Gull U U O CUU C C C C Brown Creeper* C C C C Lincoln’s sparrow U U U Western Wood-Pewee* C C C Bewick’s Wren* C C C C Rough-leggedSwainson’s Hawk OOOR R GlaucousIceland GullGull UUUR WRENS S S F W Swamp Sparrow O O O Willow Flycatcher*# U C U KINGLETS S S F W RAILSRed-tailed AND Hawk* GALLINULES S C S C F C WC CaspianGlaucous-winged Tern# Gull O UOCCO U House Wren* C C U Spotted Towhee* C C C C Hammond’s Flycatcher O O O Golden-crowned Kinglet U O U C VirginiaRough-legged Rail* Hawk UUUUO O O CommonGlaucous Tern Gull O O R Pacific Wren UUUU YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT S S F W Dusky Flycatcher R Ruby-crowned Kinglet U C C Sora*RAILS AND GALLINULES U S U S U F O W Forster’sCaspian Tern Tern# O R O R U Marsh Wren* C U U U Yellow-breasted Chat# O O Pacific-slope Flycatcher* UUR THRUSHES S S F W AmericanVirginia Coot* Rail* C U C U C U C U PIGEONSCommon ANDTern DOVES S S OOF W Western Wood-Pewee* C C C Bewick’s Wren* C C C C Black Phoebe ROOR Western Bluebird# R R CRANESSora* S U S U F U WO RockForster’s Pigeon+ Tern C C R C R C Willow Flycatcher*# U C U KINGLETS S S F W Say’s Phoebe O R O Swainson’s Thrush* U C U SandhillAmerican Crane Coot* COCCC C C C Band-tailedPIGEONS Pigeon AND DOVES U S U S U F R W Hammond’s Flycatcher O O O Golden-crowned Kinglet U O U C Western Kingbird R R Hermit Thrush U U O SHOREBIRDSCRANES S S S S F F WW Eurasian-collaredRock Pigeon+ Dove*+ C CCCCC C C Dusky Flycatcher R Ruby-crowned Kinglet UCC SHRIKES S S F W American Robin* C C C C AmericanSandhill Avocet Crane C R O O C C MourningBand-tailed Dove* Pigeon C U C U C U C R Pacific-slope Flycatcher* U U R THRUSHES S S F W Northern Shrike OOO Varied Thrush U U U Black-belliedSHOREBIRDS Plover UUUS S F W OWLSEurasian-collared Dove*+S CS CF CW C Black Phoebe R O O R Western Bluebird# RR VIREOS S S F W STARLINGS S S F W AmericanAmerican Golden Avocet Plover R R O BarnMourning Owl* Dove* U C U C U C U C Say’s Phoebe O R O Swainson’s Thrush* UCU Hutton’s Vireo U U U U European Starling* + C C C C SemipalmatedBlack-bellied Plover Plover ROOU U U WesternOWLS Screech-Owl* U S U S U F U W Western Kingbird R R Hermit Thrush U U O Cassin’s Vireo OU PIPITS S S F W Killdeer*American Golden Plover CCCCR GreatBarn Horned Owl* Owl* U UUUUU U U SHRIKES S S F W American Robin* CCCC Warbling Vireo* C C U American Pipit O C C MarbledSemipalmated Godwit Plover R O R O NorthernWestern Pygmy-Owl Screech-Owl* UUUUR R Northern Shrike O O O Varied Thrush U U U Red-eyed Vireo U WAXWINGS S S F W StiltKilldeer* Sandpiper C RRC C C BarredGreat Owl Horned Owl* O UUUUO O O VIREOS S S F W STARLINGS S S F W JAYS, CROWS AND RAVENS S S F W Cedar Waxwing* C C U U SanderlingMarbled Godwit O O R Short-earedNorthern Owl# Pygmy-Owl R R RRR Hutton’s Vireo U U U U European Starling* + C C C C Steller’s Jay UUUC WOOD WARBLERS S S F W DunlinStilt Sandpiper U O R U R U Long-earedBarred Owl Owl R O R O R O R O Cassin’s Vireo O U PIPITS S S F W California Scrub Jay* CCCC Orange-crowned Warbler* C U U O Baird’sSanderling Sandpiper O O O O NorthernShort-eared Saw-whet Owl# Owl O R O O R O R Warbling Vireo* C C U American Pipit OCC American Crow* C C C C Nashville Warbler O LeastDunlin Sandpiper U U C O C U O U NIGHTJARSLong-eared Owl S R S R F R WR Red-eyed Vireo U WAXWINGS S S F W Common Raven UUUU MacGillivray’s Warbler O O R PectoralBaird’s Sandpiper Sandpiper ROOO O CommonNorthern Nighthawk# Saw-whet Owl OR OR O O JAYS, CROWS AND RAVENS S S F W Cedar Waxwing* CCUU LARKS S S F W Common Yellowthroat* C C C R SemipalmatedLeast Sandpiper Sandpiper U OOC C O SWIFTSNIGHTJARS S S S S F F WW Steller’s Jay U U U C WOOD WARBLERS S S F W Horned Lark R U C Yellow Warbler* C C U WesternPectoral Sandpiper Sandpiper C R C O C O Vaux’sCommon Swift* Nighthawk# U C R U R California Scrub Jay* C C C C Orange-crowned Warbler* C U U O MARTINS AND SWALLOWS S S F W Yellow-rumped Warbler* C U C U Short-billedSemipalmated Dowitcher Sandpiper UUUO O HUMMINGBIRDSSWIFTS S S S S F F WW American Crow* C C C C Nashville Warbler O No. Rough-winged Swallow U U O Black-throated Gray Warbler* U O U Long-billedWestern Dowitcher Sandpiper OCCOC C C Anna’sVaux’s Hummingbird* Swift* C U C C C U C Common Raven U U U U MacGillivray’s Warbler OOR Purple Martin*# C C O Townsend’s Warbler U U U Wilson’sShort-billed Snipe* Dowitcher U U O U U U U RufousHUMMINGBIRDS Hummingbird* C S C S O F W LARKS S S F W Common Yellowthroat* C C C R Tree Swallow* CCU U Hermit Warbler R Wilson’sLong-billed Phalarope Dowitcher R O R C R C O KINGFISHERSAnna’s Hummingbird* S CCCCS F W Horned Lark R U C Yellow Warbler* CCU Violet-green Swallow* C C U Wilson’s Warbler C C O Red-neckedWilson’s Snipe*Phalarope OOOU O U U BeltedRufous Kingfisher* Hummingbird* C C C C C O C MARTINS AND SWALLOWS S S F W Yellow-rumped Warbler* C U C U Barn Swallow* C C C O NEW WORLD SPARROWS S S F W WhimbrelWilson’s Phalarope R R R R WOODPECKERSKINGFISHERS S S S S F F WW No. Rough-winged Swallow U U O Black-throated Gray Warbler* UOU Bank Swallow* OO Chipping Sparrow O O O SpottedRed-necked Sandpiper* Phalarope UUUUO O O NorthernBelted Kingfisher*Flicker* C C C C C C C C Purple Martin*# C C O Townsend’s Warbler U U U Cliff Swallow* U U U Clay-colored Sparrow R R R SolitaryWhimbrel Sandpiper* R R R R PileatedWOODPECKERS Woodpecker* U S U S U F U W Tree Swallow* C C U U Hermit Warbler R CHICKADEES AND BUSHTITS S S F W Fox Sparrow C C C GreaterSpotted Yellowlegs Sandpiper* U U C U C U O U Lewis’sNorthern Woodpecker Flicker* R C R C R C C Violet-green Swallow* C C U Wilson’s Warbler C C O Black-capped Chickadee* C C C C Dark-eyed Junco U U C C LesserSolitary Yellowlegs Sandpiper* O R C R C R Red-breastedPileated Woodpecker* Sapsucker* U U U U U U U U Barn Swallow* C C C O NEW WORLD SPARROWS S S F W Chestnut-backed Chickadee* U U U U White-crowned Sparrow C U C C Bank Swallow* O O Chipping Sparrow O O O GULLSGreater AND Yellowlegs TERNS S U S C F C WO DownyLewis’s Woodpecker* Woodpecker C RRRC C C Bushtit* C C C C Golden-crowned Sparrow C C C Sabine’sLesser Gull Yellowlegs O O C O C HairyRed-breasted Woodpecker* Sapsucker* U U U U U U U U Cliff Swallow* U U U Clay-colored Sparrow R R R Harris’s Sparrow R R NUTHATCHESCHICKADEES AND BUSHTITS S S F W Fox Sparrow C C C Bonaparte’sGULLS ANDGull TERNS U S O S U F R W FALCONSDowny Woodpecker* S C S C F C WC S S F W 54 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Red-breasted Nuthatch* O SauvieO IslandC O & MultnomahWhite-throated Channel Bottomlands Sparrow ConservationU OpportunitiesU U 55 Franklin’sSabine’s Gull Gull O O O O AmericanHairy Woodpecker* Kestrel* C U C U C U C U Black-capped Chickadee* C C C C Dark-eyed Junco U U C C White-breasted Nuthatch*# C C C C Savannah Sparrow* C C U U MewBonaparte’s Gull Gull C U O O C U C R MerlinFALCONS O S S O F O W Chestnut-backed Chickadee* U U U U White-crowned Sparrow C U C C TREE CREEPERS S S F W Song Sparrow* C C C C Ring-billedFranklin’s Gull Gull C U O U O C PeregrineAmerican Falcon Kestrel* U C U C U C U C Bushtit* C C C C Golden-crowned Sparrow C C C Brown Creeper* C C C C Lincoln’s sparrow U U U WesternMew Gull Gull U C O U C U C TYRANTMerlin FLYCATCHERS S O S F O WO NUTHATCHES S S F W Harris’s Sparrow R R WRENS S S F W Swamp Sparrow O O O CaliforniaRing-billed Gull Gull U C C U C U C C Olive-sidedPeregrine Flycatcher# Falcon O U U O U O U Red-breasted Nuthatch* O O C O White-throated Sparrow U U U House Wren* C C U Spotted Towhee* C C C C Western Gull U U U TYRANT FLYCATCHERS S S F W White-breasted Nuthatch*# C C C C Savannah Sparrow* C C U U Pacific Wren U U U U YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT S S F W California Gull U C C C Olive-sided Flycatcher# O O O TREE CREEPERS S S F W Song Sparrow* C C C C Marsh Wren* C U U U Yellow-breasted Chat# O O Brown Creeper* C C C C Lincoln’s sparrow U U U WRENS S S F W Swamp Sparrow O O O House Wren* C C U Spotted Towhee* C C C C Pacific Wren U U U U YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT S S F W Marsh Wren* C U U U Yellow-breasted Chat# O O Western Wood-Pewee* C C C Bewick’s Wren* C C C C Willow Flycatcher*# U C U KINGLETS S S F W Hammond’s Flycatcher O O O Golden-crowned Kinglet U O U C Dusky Flycatcher R Ruby-crowned Kinglet U C C Pacific-slope Flycatcher* U U R THRUSHES S S F W Black Phoebe R O O R Western Bluebird# R R Say’s Phoebe O R O Swainson’s Thrush* U C U Western Kingbird R R Hermit Thrush U U O SHRIKES S S F W American Robin* C C C C Northern Shrike O O O Varied Thrush U U U VIREOS S S F W STARLINGS S S F W MAMMALS Hutton’s Vireo U U U U European Starling* + C C C C Species in Italics are introduced non-native. Species in bold face are designated as federally or state sensitive, threatened or endangered (see Appendix 3 for details on these.) Cassin’s Vireo O U PIPITS S S F W Warbling Vireo* C C U American Pipit O C C Red-eyed Vireo U WAXWINGS S S F W Virginia Opossum Bushy-tailed Woodrat JAYS, CROWS AND RAVENS S S F W Cedar Waxwing* C C U U Vagrant Shrew Gray-tailed Vole Steller’s Jay U U U C WOOD WARBLERS S S F W Pacific Shrew Townsend’s Vole California Scrub Jay* C C C C Orange-crowned Warbler* C U U O American Crow* C C C C Nashville Warbler O Pacific Water Shrew Creeping Vole Common Raven U U U U MacGillivray’s Warbler O O R Trowbridge’s Shrew Porcupine American Tree Sparrow Vesper Sparrow Tri-colored Blackbird Common Yellowthroat* C C C R LARKS S S F W Brewer’s Sparrow LarkShrew Sparrow Mole Nutria

Horned Lark R U C Yellow Warbler* C C U BobolinkTownsend’s Mole Bobcat MARTINS AND SWALLOWS S S F W Yellow-rumped Warbler* C U C U RELEASED GAME-BIRDS Little Brown Myotis Cougar No. Rough-winged Swallow U U O Black-throated Gray Warbler* U O U CARDINALS/GROSBEAKS S S F W These released species sometimes appear in the area. Yuma Myotis Purple Martin*# C C O Townsend’s Warbler U U U Western Tanager U U O Coyote CARDINALS/GROSBEAKS S S F W Northern Bob-white ChukarLong-eared Myotis Tree Swallow* C C U Hermit Warbler R Black-headed Grosbeak* C C O Red Fox U Ring-necked Pheasant Wild Turkey Western Tanager U U O Violet-green Swallow* C C U Wilson’s Warbler C C O Lazuli Bunting O U O Fringed Myotis Black-headed Grosbeak* C C O Gray Fox Barn Swallow* C C C O ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS MAMMALS NEW WORLD SPARROWS S S F W BLACKBIRDS S S F W Long Legged Myotis Raccoon Lazuli Bunting O U O This list was prepared by Mark Greenfield, based on an earlier list prepared by Mark Nebeker of the Oregon Department of Fish and Bank Swallow* O O Chipping Sparrow OOO Yellow-headed Blackbird* OOO Species in Italics are introduced non-native. Species in bold face are designated as federally or state sensitive, threatened or Wildlife. Special thanks go to Andy Frank, Jeff Gilligan,California Wink Gross, Myotis Jane Hartline, Adrian Hinkle, DavidLong-tailed Irons, Mark Weasel Nebeker and Harry BLACKBIRDS S S F W endangered (see Appendix 3 for details on these.) Cliff Swallow* U U U Clay-colored Sparrow R R R Western Meadowlark*# U O U C Nehls for their significant contributions to the development of this list. For information on birding locations on Sauvie Island, check Yellow-headed Blackbird* O O O Silver Haired Bat Mink CHICKADEES AND BUSHTITS S S F W Fox Sparrow CCC Bullock’s Oriole* U C U out Willamette Valley Birding Trail at http://oregonbirdingtrails.org/willamettevalley.htm. For the latest information on rare bird Western Meadowlark*# U O U C Big Brown Bat Black-capped Chickadee* C C C C Dark-eyed Junco U U C C Red-winged Blackbird* C C C C sightings around the State of Oregon, or to report a rare bird sighting, go to http://audubonportland.org/local-birding/rare-bird-alertShort-tailed Weasel . Bullock’s Oriole* U C U VirginiaHoary Opossum Bat Bushy-tailed Woodrat Chestnut-backed Chickadee* U U U U White-crowned Sparrow CUCC Brown-headed Cowbird* C C U U Western Spotted Skunk Red-winged Blackbird* C C C C Vagrant Shrew Gray-tailed Vole Bushtit* C C C C Golden-crowned Sparrow C C C Rusty Blackbird RR Townsend’s Big-eared Bat Striped Skunk Brown-headed Cowbird* C C U U Pacific Shrew Townsend’s Vole NUTHATCHES S S F W Harris’s Sparrow R R Brewer’s Blackbird* C C C C MAMMALS Pallid Bat Rusty Blackbird R R MAMMALS River Otter Red-breasted Nuthatch* O O C O White-throated Sparrow UUU Species in Italics are introduced non-native. SpeciesPacificBrush inWater bold Rabbit Shrewface are designated as federally orCreeping state sensitive, Vole threatened or FINCHES S S F W Species in Italics are introduced non-native. Species in bold face are designated as federally or stateElk sensitive, threatened or Brewer’s Blackbird* C C C C endangered (see Appendix 3 for details on these.) White-breasted Nuthatch*# C C C C Savannah Sparrow* CCUU Evening Grosbeak O O O endangered (see for details onTrowbridge’s these.)Black-tailed Shrew Jack Rabbit Porcupine FINCHES S S F W Appendix 3 Black-tailed Deer TREE CREEPERS S S F W Song Sparrow* CCCC House Finch* CCCC Evening Grosbeak O O O ShrewDouglas’ Mole Squirrel Nutria Brown Creeper* C C C C Lincoln’s sparrow U U U Purple Finch* UUUU Columbia White-tailed Deer House Finch* C C C C Virginia Opossum Townsend’sBushy-tailedTownsend’s Mole Woodrat Chipmunk Bobcat WRENS S S F W Swamp Sparrow O O O Red Crossbill O O Virginia Opossum Bushy-tailed Woodrat California Sea Lion Purple Finch* U U U U Vagrant Shrew LittleGray-tailedCalifornia Brown Myotis VoleGround Squirrel Cougar House Wren* C C U Spotted Towhee* C C C C Pine Siskin OO U O Vagrant Shrew Gray-tailed Vole Red Crossbill O O Steller Sea Lion Pacific Shrew YumaTownsend’sEastern Myotis Fox Vole Squirrel Pacific Wren U U U U YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT S S F W Lesser Goldfinch C U C C Coyote Pine Siskin O O U O Pacific Shrew Townsend’s Vole Pacific Water Shrew Long-earedCreeping Myotis Vole Marsh Wren* C U U U Yellow-breasted Chat# OO American Goldfinch* CCUU Eastern Gray Squirrel Red Fox Lesser Goldfinch C U C C Pacific Water Shrew Creeping Vole OLD WORLD SPARROWS S S F W Trowbridge’s Shrew FringedPorcupineWestern Myotis Gray Squirrel CARDINALS/GROSBEAKSAmerican Goldfinch* SC SC FU WU Trowbridge’s Shrew Porcupine Gray Fox House Sparrow*+ UUUU Shrew Mole LongNutriaPacific Legged Jumping Myotis Mouse WesternOLD WORLD Tanager SPARROWS UUS S OF W Shrew Mole Nutria Raccoon Black-headed Grosbeak* C C O Townsend’s Mole CaliforniaBobcatCamas Pocket Myotis Gopher House Sparrow*+ U U U U Townsend’s Mole Bobcat Long-tailed Weasel Lazuli Bunting O U O Little Brown Myotis DEFINITIONS SilverCougarDouglas’ Haired Squirrel Bat Mink Little Brown Myotis Cougar BLACKBIRDS S S F W Yuma Myotis Big BrownMuskrat Bat YumaMAMMALS Myotis Coyote Short-tailed Weasel Yellow-headedDEFINITIONS Blackbird* O O O Common: Resident or seasonally abundant species that will be seen during most visits Long-earedSpecies in Italics Myotis are introduced non-native. SpeciesCoyote in bold face are designated as federally or state sensitive, threatened or Uncommon: Species regularly present in either low density or particular habitats, not likely to be seen during every visit HoaryRedAmerican Fox Bat Beaver Western Spotted Skunk Western Meadowlark*# U O U C Long-eared Myotis Common: Resident or seasonally abundant species that will be seen duringOccasional most visits: Species likely present in most years but might not be detected annuallyendangered (see Appendix 3 for details on these.)Red Fox Fringed Myotis Townsend’sGrayDeer Fox Mouse Big-eared Bat Striped Skunk Uncommon:Bullock’s Oriole* Species regularly presentU in eitherC lowU density or particular Rare:habitats, Species not likely found to lessbe seenthan duringannually, every fewer visit than 20 all-time records Fringed Myotis Gray Fox Occasional: Species likely present in most years but might not be detectedSpecies annually of Concern: Species identified by the State of Oregon as “endangered,” “threatened,”Long Legged “sensitive” Myotis or “sensitive critical” Pallidfor Dusky-footed Bat Woodrat Red-winged Blackbird* C C C C Long Legged Myotis Raccoon River Otter Rare: Species found less than annually, fewer than 20 all-time records the Willamette Valley, including Sauvie Island Raccoon Brown-headed Cowbird* C C U U CaliforniaVirginia Opossum Myotis BrushBushy-tailed Rabbit Woodrat Species of Concern: Species identified by the State of Oregon as “endangered,” “threatened,” “sensitive” or “sensitive critical” for California Myotis Long-tailed Weasel Elk the Willamette Valley, including Sauvie Island ACCIDENTAL OR VERY RARE SPECIES Black-tailedLong-tailed Jack Weasel Rabbit Rusty Blackbird R R SilverVagrant Haired Shrew Bat MinkGray-tailed Vole Black-tailed Deer Accidental species are outside their normal range and exceedingly rare, with fewer Silverthan five Haired all-time Batrecords. Mink Brewer’s Blackbird* C C C C BigPacific Brown Shrew Bat Douglas’Townsend’s Squirrel Vole ACCIDENTAL OR VERY RARE SPECIES Big Brown Bat Short-tailed Weasel Columbia White-tailed Deer AccidentalFINCHES species are outside their normalS SrangeF and exceedinglyW rare, with fewer than five all-time records. Townsend’sShort-tailed Chipmunk Weasel Emperor Goose Black Tern HoaryPacific Water BatTropical Shrew Kingbird WesternCreeping Spotted Vole Skunk Evening Grosbeak O O O Hoary Bat California Sea Lion Baikal Teal Arctic Tern Loggerhead Shrike CaliforniaWestern Ground Spotted Squirrel Skunk Townsend’sTrowbridge’s Shrew Big-eared Bat StripedPorcupine Skunk EmperorHouse Finch* Goose C C BlackC TernC Long-tailed Duck Tropical Kingbird Parasitic Jaeger Townsend’sBlue Big-eared Jay Bat Bobolink Striped Skunk Steller Sea Lion Baikal Teal Arctic Tern Cattle Egret Loggerhead Shrike Common Ground-Dove PallidShrew BatMoleGray Jay EasternNutria Fox Squirrel Purple Finch* U U U U Tropical Kingbird River Otter Long-tailed Duck Parasitic Jaeger Black-crowned NightBlue Heron Jay Yellow-billed Cuckoo Pallid BatBlack-billed Magpie River Otter Loggerhead Shrike Brush Rabbit Eastern Gray Squirrel CattleRed Crossbill Egret O CommonO Ground-Dove White-faced Ibis Gray Jay Snowy Owl Townsend’sMountain Mole Chickadee ElkBobcat Blue Jay Brush Rabbit Black-crowned Night Heron Yellow-billed Cuckoo Ferruginous Hawk Black-billed Magpie Burrowing Owl Townsend’s Solitaire Elk Pine Siskin O O U O Gray Jay Black-tailedLittle Brown Jack Myotis Rabbit Western Gray Squirrel White-faced Ibis Snowy Owl Red Knot Mountain Chickadee Northern Hawk-Owl Black-tailed VeeryJack Rabbit Black-tailedCougar Deer Black-billed Magpie Black-tailed Deer Ferruginous Hawk Burrowing Owl Ruff Townsend’s Solitaire Acorn Woodpecker Douglas’ SquirrelNorthern Mockingbird Pacific Jumping Mouse Lesser Goldfinch C U C C Mountain Chickadee Yuma Myotis Red Knot Northern Hawk-Owl Sharp-tailed SandpiperVeery Red-naped Sapsucker Douglas’ SquirrelLapland Longspur ColumbiaCoyote White-tailed Deer American Goldfinch* C C U U Townsend’s Solitaire Columbia White-tailed Deer Ruff Acorn Woodpecker Buff-breasted SandpiperNorthern Mockingbird Prairie Falcon Townsend’sLong-eared SnowChipmunk Myotis Bunting Camas Pocket Gopher Veery Townsend’s Chipmunk CaliforniaRed Fox Sea Lion Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Red-naped Sapsucker Red Phalarope Lapland Longspur Gyrfalcon Northern Parula OLD WORLD SPARROWS S S F W Northern Mockingbird California Ground Squirrel Douglas’California Squirrel Sea Lion Buff-breasted Sandpiper Prairie Falcon Long-billed Curlew Snow Bunting Least Flycatcher Fringed MyotisBlackpoll Warbler Lapland Longspur California Ground Squirrel Gray Fox RedHouse Phalarope Sparrow*+ U U GyrfalconU U Black-legged KittiwakeNorthern Parula Ash-throated Flycatcher Palm Warbler Steller Sea Lion Snow Bunting EasternLong FoxLegged Squirrel Myotis MuskratSteller Sea Lion Long-billed Curlew Least Flycatcher Slaty-backed Gull Blackpoll Warbler Eastern Kingbird Eastern Fox Squirrel Raccoon Northern Parula Black-legged Kittiwake Ash-throated Flycatcher Palm Warbler Eastern Gray Squirrel American Beaver Blackpoll Warbler California Myotis Long-tailed Weasel Slaty-backed Gull Eastern Kingbird Eastern Gray Squirrel DEFINITIONS Palm Warbler Deer Mouse American Tree Sparrow Vesper Sparrow Tri-colored Blackbird WesternSilver Haired Gray BatSquirrel Tri-colored Blackbird Western Gray Squirrel Mink Brewer’s Sparrow Lark Sparrow PacificBig Brown Jumping Bat Mouse Dusky-footed Woodrat Common: Resident or seasonally abundant speciesBobolink that will be seen during most visits Pacific Jumping Mouse Short-tailed Weasel Uncommon: Species regularly present in either low density or particular habitats, not likely to be seen during every visit CamasHoary Pocket Bat Gopher OccasionalRELEASED: Species GAME-BIRDS likely present in most years but might not be detected annually Camas Pocket Gopher Western Spotted Skunk 56 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Douglas’ Squirrel Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 57 Rare:These Speciesreleased found species less sometimes than annually, appear fewer in thanthe area. 20 all-time records Douglas’Townsend’s Squirrel Big-eared Bat Striped Skunk Species of Concern: Species identified by the State of Oregon as “endangered,” “threatened,” “sensitive” or “sensitive critical” for Muskrat Pallid Bat River Otter theNorthern Willamette Bob-white Valley, including Sauvie Island Chukar Muskrat American Beaver Ring-necked Pheasant Wild Turkey Brush Rabbit ACCIDENTAL OR VERY RARE SPECIES American Beaver Elk DeerBlack-tailed Mouse Jack Rabbit AccidentalACKNOWLEDGEMENTS species are outside their normal range and exceedingly rare, with fewer than five all-time records. Deer Mouse Black-tailed Deer Dusky-footedDouglas’ Squirrel Woodrat This list was prepared by Mark Greenfield, based on an earlier list prepared by Mark Nebeker of the Oregon Department of Fish and Dusky-footed Woodrat Columbia White-tailed Deer EmperorWildlife. SpecialGoose thanks go to Andy Frank, Jeff Gilligan,Black Tern Wink Gross, Jane Hartline, Adrian Hinkle, TropicalDavid Irons, Kingbird Mark Nebeker and Harry Townsend’s Chipmunk BaikalNehls Tealfor their significant contributions to the developmentArctic Tern of this list. For information on birdingLoggerhead locations Shrike on Sauvie Island, check California Sea Lion

Long-tailed Duck Parasitic Jaeger Blue Jay California Ground Squirrel out Willamette Valley Birding Trail at http://oregonbirdingtrails.org/willamettevalley.htm . For the latest information on rare bird Cattle Egret Common Ground-Dove Gray Jay Steller Sea Lion sightings around the State of Oregon, or to report a rare bird sighting, go to http://audubonportland.org/local-birding/rare-bird-alert . Eastern Fox Squirrel Black-crowned Night Heron Yellow-billed Cuckoo Black-billed Magpie

White-faced Ibis Snowy Owl Mountain Chickadee Eastern Gray Squirrel Ferruginous Hawk Burrowing Owl Townsend’s Solitaire

Red Knot Northern Hawk-Owl Veery Western Gray Squirrel Ruff Acorn Woodpecker Northern Mockingbird

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Red-naped Sapsucker Lapland Longspur Pacific Jumping Mouse

Buff-breasted Sandpiper Prairie Falcon Snow Bunting Camas Pocket Gopher Red Phalarope Gyrfalcon Northern Parula

Long-billed Curlew Least Flycatcher Blackpoll Warbler Douglas’ Squirrel Black-legged Kittiwake Ash-throated Flycatcher Palm Warbler

Slaty-backed Gull Eastern Kingbird Muskrat

American Beaver Deer Mouse Dusky-footed Woodrat REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS Species in Italics are non-native. Species in bold face designated federally or state sensitive, threatened or endangered (see AppendixAPPENDIX 2 2 for details.) Appendix 3 SauvieSAUVIE Island ISLAND/MULTNOMAH / Multnomah CHANNEL Channel BOTTOMLANDS Bottomlands PLANTS Plants

Northwestern Salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum Northwestern Pond Clemmys marmorata This list is based on botanical records dating back to 1874, and was compiled from the Oregon Flora Project's (OFP) database with additions Turtle Thisfrom list more is based recent on botanicalplant lists records by various dating botanists. back to 1874, It was and edited was compiled by wetlands from theecologist Oregon John Flora A. ChristyProject’s and (OFP) Jane database Hartline with of additions the Sauvie from Island more recentHabitat plant Partnership. lists by various Species botanists. names It washave edited been by updated wetlands to ecologist conform John with A. theChristy 2017 and OFP Jane checklist Hartline (Versionof the Sauvie 1-7). Island Plants Habitat noted Partnership. in bold face Species are Long-toed Salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum Northern Alligator Lizard Elgaria coerulea nameslocally have rare been or even updated extinct, to conform but are withincluded the 2017 because OFP ofchecklist the possibility (Version of1-7). re-introduction Plants noted in as bold habitats face are are locally restored. rare or Plants even inextinct, italics but are are exotic included to becausethis area. of theThe possibility much more of re-introduction detailed spreadsheet as habitats on are which restored. this version Plants in was italics based are exoticis available to this by area. contacting The much Jane more Hartline, detailed sauviehabitsspreadsheet on (at) which Ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzi Southern Alligator Lizard Elgaria multicarinata thisgmail.com. version was based is available by contacting Jane Hartline, sauviehabits (at) gmail.com. Dunn’s Salamander Plethodon dunni Western Fence Lizard Sceloporus occidentalis Western Red-backed Plethodon vehiculum Western Skink Eumeces skiltonianus N=Native NR= Native Rare E=Exotic (Non-native) Salamander FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME Roughskinned Newt Taricha granulosa Rubber Boa Charina bottae N Sapindaceae Acer circinatum Vine Maple Western Toad Bufo boreas Racer Coluber constrictor N Sapindaceae Acer macrophyllum Bigleaf maple Pacific Treefrog Hyla regilla Sharp-tailed Snake Contia tenuis E Sapindaceae Acer platanoides Norway maple Red-legged Frog Rana aurora Ring-necked Snake Diadophis punctatus N Asteraceae Achillea millefolium Yarrow Foothill Yellow-legged Frog Rana boylei Gopher Snake Pituophis melanoleucus NR Berberidaceae Achlys californica Deer's foot Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana W. Terrestrial Garter Snake Thamnophis elegans N Berberidaceae Achlys triphylla Vanillaleaf Spotted Frog Rana pretiosa Northwestern Garter Snake Thamnophis ordinoides N Fabaceae Acmispon americanus var. americanus Pursh's lotus Western Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta Common Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis N Fabaceae Acmispon parviflorus Field lotus, small-flowered lotus N Ranunculaceae Actaea rubra Western red baneberry N Asteraceae Adenocaulon bicolor Pathfinder FISH N Pteridaceae Adiantum aleuticum Maidenhair fern

Pacific Lamprey Lampetra tridentata Dace Rhinichthys spp. NR Asteraceae Agoseris apargioides var. maritima Seaside agoseris N Poaceae Agrostis exarata Spike bentgrass Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Bridgelip Sucker Catostomus columbianus NR Poaceae Agrostis pallens Thin bentgrass, Seashore bentgrass Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Longnose Sucker Catostomus catostomus E Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera Creeping bent grass Sockeye Salmon Onchorhynchus nerka Largescale Sucker Catostomus macrosheilus E Poaceae Aira caryophyllea var. caryophyllea Silver hairgrass Chum Salmon Onchorhynchus keta Oriental Weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicandatus NR Alismataceae Alisma gramineum Emergent water plantain Steelhead Onchorhynchus gairdneri American Shad Alosa sapidissima E Alismataceae Alisma lanceolatum Lanceleaf water plantain Cutthroat trout Onchorhynchus clarkii Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis N Alismataceae Alisma triviale Northern water plantain Black Crappie Pomoxis nigro-annularis Redside Shiner Richardsonius balteatus E Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa European alder White Crappie Pomoxis annularis Sculpin Cottus spp. N Betulaceae Alnus rubra Red alder, Oregon alder Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus Northern Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis N Poaceae Alopecurus aequalis var. aequalis Short-awn foxtail Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides Common Carp Cyprinus carpio N Poaceae Alopecurus geniculatus Water foxtail Warmmouth Bass Lepomis gulosus Yellow Bullhead Ictalurus natalis E Poaceae Alopecurus pratensis Meadow foxtail Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus Brown Bullhead Ictalurus nebulosus N Amaranthaceae Amaranthus powellii Powell's amaranth E Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common ragweed, annual ragweed N Rosaceae Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia Serviceberry

NR Boraginaceae Amsinckia lycopsoides Tarweed fiddleneck, bugloss fiddleneck Small-flowered fiddleneck, Menzies' 58 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities NR Boraginaceae AmsinckiaSauvie menziesii Island & Multnomah Channel fiddleneckBottomlands Conservation Opportunities 59 Small-flowered fiddleneck, Menzies' NR Boraginaceae Amsinckia menziesii var. menziesii fiddleneck NR Boraginaceae Amsinckia tessellata Tesselate fiddleneck, devil's lettuce E Primulaceae Anagalis minima (Centunculus minimus) Chaffweed N Asteraceae Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly everlasting N Ranunculaceae Anemone deltoidea Western white anemone, threeleaf anemone

NR Apiaceae Angelica arguta Shining angelica NR Apiaceae Angelica genuflexa Kneeling angelica N Asteraceae Anisocarpus madioides Woodland tarweed E Asteraceae Anthemis cotula Mayweed chamomile, dogfennel E Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernalgrass E Plantaginaceae Antirrhinum orontium Weasel's snout, lesser snapdragon E Rosaceae Aphanes australis Slender parsley-piert N Rosaceae Aphanes occidentalis Western lady's mantle

NR Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum Indian hemp, hemp dogbane N Ranunculaceae Aquilegia formosa Western red columbine

NR Brassicaceae Arabis eschscholtziana or A. pycnocarpa Hairy rockcress N Ericaceae Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone E Asteraceae Arctium minus Common burdock E Poaceae Arrhenatherum elatius ssp. bulbosum Tall oatgrass E Asteraceae Artemisia biennis Biennial wormwood N Asteraceae Artemisia douglasiana Douglas sagewort, dragon sagewort N Rosaceae Aruncus dioicus var. acuminatus Sylvan goatsbeard N Aristolochiaceae Asarum caudatum Western wild ginger N Athyriaceae Athyrium filix-femina Lady fern N Athyriaceae Athyrium filix-femina var. cyclosorum Lady fern E Poaceae Avena barbata Slender wild oats E Poaceae Avena fatua Wild oats E Poaceae Avena sativa Cultivated oats N Salviniaceae Azolla filiculoides Duckweed fern, Pacific mosquito fern N Salviniaceae Azolla microphylla Mexican water fern, western mosquito fern N Brassicaceae Barbarea orthoceras American watercress E Brassicaceae Barbarea vulgaris Bitter wintercress, yellow rocket E Orobanchaceae Bellardia viscosa Yellow parentucellia E Asteraceae Bellis perennis English daisy N Berberidaceae Berberis aquifolium Tall Oregon grape

N Berberidaceae Berberis nervosa Cascade Oregon grape, long-leaved Oregon grape

NR Elatinaceae Bergia texana Texas waterfire, Texas bergia NR Apiaceae Berula erecta Cutleaf water parsnip N Asteraceae Bidens cernua Nodding beggarstick N Asteraceae Bidens frondosa Leafy beggarstick N Asteraceae Bidens tripartita Three-lobed beggarstick E Asteraceae Bidens vulgata Tall beggarstick N Blechnaceae Blechnum spicant Deer fern N Amaranthaceae Blitum nuttallianum (syn. Monlepsis nuttaliana) Nutall's povertyweed

NR Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus fluviatilis River bulrush E Boraginaceae Borago officinalis Borage N Cabombaceae Brasenia schreberi Water-shield, water target E Brassicaceae Brassica rapa Field mustard, turnip

NR Asparagaceae Brodiaea coronaria California cluster-lily N Poaceae Bromus carinatus California brome E Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus Soft chess N Poaceae Bromus sitchensis Sitka brome Calamagrostis canadensis var. NR Poaceae canadensis Bluejoint reedgrass Calamagrostis canadensis var. NR Poaceae langsdorffii Bluejoint reedgrass NR Montiaceae Calandrinia ciliata Red maids, rock purslane N Plantaginaceae Callitriche fassettii Autumnal water-starwort N Plantaginaceae Callitriche heterophylla var. heterophylla Different leaved water-starwort E Plantaginaceae Callitriche stagnalis Pond water-starwort N Plantaginaceae Callitriche verna Spring water-starwort, vernal water-starwort

NR Orchidaceae Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis Calypso orchid, fairy slipper N Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium ssp. angulata Large bindweed, false hedge bindweed N Asparagaceae Camassia quamash Small camas N Asparagaceae Camassia quamash ssp. maxima Common camas E Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's purse N Brassicaceae Cardamine angulata Angled bittercress, seaside bittercress E Brassicaceae Cardamine hirsuta Hairy bittercress, European bittercress N Brassicaceae Cardamine nuttallii var. nuttallii Spring beauty, Nuttall's toothwort N Brassicaceae Cardamine occidentalis Western bittercress N Brassicaceae Cardamine oligosperma Little Western bittercress N Brassicaceae Cardamine parviflora Sand bittercress, small-flowered bittercress

NR Brassicaceae Cardamine pensylvanica Pensylvanica bittercress N Cyperaceae Carex angustata Narrow-leaved sedge N Cyperaceae Carex aperta Columbia sedge E Cyperaceae Carex arenaria Sand sedge

NR Cyperaceae Carex comosa Bristly sedge N Cyperaceae Carex exsiccata Western inflated sedge Appendix 2 - Plant Species 1 Appendix 2 Sauvie Island / Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Plants

This list is based on botanical records dating back to 1874, and was compiled from the Oregon Flora Project's (OFP) database with additions from more recent plant lists by various botanists. It was edited by wetlands ecologist John A. Christy and Jane Hartline of the Sauvie Island Habitat Partnership. Species names have been updated to conform with the 2017 OFP checklist (Version 1-7). Plants noted in bold face are locally rare or even extinct, but are included because of the possibility of re-introduction as habitats are restored. Plants in italics are exotic to this area. The much more detailed spreadsheet on which this version was based is available by contacting Jane Hartline, sauviehabits (at) gmail.com.

N=Native NR= Native Rare E=Exotic (Non-native)

FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME N Sapindaceae Acer circinatum Vine Maple N Sapindaceae Acer macrophyllum Bigleaf maple E Sapindaceae Acer platanoides Norway maple N Asteraceae Achillea millefolium Yarrow

NR Berberidaceae Achlys californica Deer's foot N Berberidaceae Achlys triphylla Vanillaleaf N Fabaceae Acmispon americanus var. americanus Pursh's lotus N Fabaceae Acmispon parviflorus Field lotus, small-flowered lotus N Ranunculaceae Actaea rubra Western red baneberry N Asteraceae Adenocaulon bicolor Pathfinder N Pteridaceae Adiantum aleuticum Maidenhair fern

NR Asteraceae Agoseris apargioides var. maritima Seaside agoseris N Poaceae Agrostis exarata Spike bentgrass

NR Poaceae Agrostis pallens Thin bentgrass, Seashore bentgrass E Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera Creeping bent grass E Poaceae Aira caryophyllea var. caryophyllea Silver hairgrass

NR Alismataceae Alisma gramineum Emergent water plantain E Alismataceae Alisma lanceolatum Lanceleaf water plantain N Alismataceae Alisma triviale Northern water plantain E Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa European alder N Betulaceae Alnus rubra Red alder, Oregon alder N Poaceae Alopecurus aequalis var. aequalis Short-awn foxtail N Poaceae Alopecurus geniculatus Water foxtail E Poaceae Alopecurus pratensis Meadow foxtail N Amaranthaceae Amaranthus powellii Powell's amaranth E Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common ragweed, annual ragweed N Rosaceae Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia Serviceberry

NR Boraginaceae Amsinckia lycopsoides Tarweed fiddleneck, bugloss fiddleneck Small-flowered fiddleneck, Menzies' Appendix 2 NR Boraginaceae Amsinckia menziesii fiddleneck Small-flowered fiddleneck, Menzies' Sauvie Island / Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Plants NR Boraginaceae Amsinckia menziesii var. menziesii fiddleneck

This list is based on botanical records dating back to 1874, and was compiled from the Oregon Flora Project's (OFP) database with additions NR Boraginaceae Amsinckia tessellata Tesselate fiddleneck, devil's lettuce from more recent plant lists by various botanists. It was edited by wetlands ecologist John A. Christy and Jane Hartline of the Sauvie Island E Primulaceae Anagalis minima (Centunculus minimus) Chaffweed Habitat Partnership. Species names have been updated to conform with the 2017 OFP checklist (Version 1-7). Plants noted in bold face are locally rare or even extinct, but are included because of the possibility of re-introduction as habitats are restored. Plants in italics are exotic to N Asteraceae Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly everlasting this area. The much more detailed spreadsheet on which this version was based is available by contacting Jane Hartline, sauviehabits (at) gmail.com. N Ranunculaceae Anemone deltoidea Western white anemone, threeleaf anemone NR Apiaceae Angelica arguta Shining angelica N=Native NR= Native Rare E=Exotic (Non-native) NR Apiaceae Angelica genuflexa Kneeling angelica FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME N Asteraceae Anisocarpus madioides Woodland tarweed N Sapindaceae Acer circinatum Vine Maple E Asteraceae Anthemis cotula Mayweed chamomile, dogfennel N Sapindaceae Acer macrophyllum Bigleaf maple E Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernalgrass E Sapindaceae Acer platanoides Norway maple E Plantaginaceae Antirrhinum orontium Weasel's snout, lesser snapdragon N Asteraceae Achillea millefolium Yarrow E Rosaceae Aphanes australis Slender parsley-piert

NR Berberidaceae Achlys californica Deer's foot N Rosaceae Aphanes occidentalis Western lady's mantle N Berberidaceae Achlys triphylla Vanillaleaf NR Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum Indian hemp, hemp dogbane N Fabaceae Acmispon americanus var. americanus Pursh's lotus N Ranunculaceae Aquilegia formosa Western red columbine

N Fabaceae Acmispon parviflorus Field lotus, small-flowered lotus NR Brassicaceae Arabis eschscholtziana or A. pycnocarpa Hairy rockcress N Ranunculaceae Actaea rubra Western red baneberry N Ericaceae Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone N Asteraceae Adenocaulon bicolor Pathfinder E Asteraceae Arctium minus Common burdock N Pteridaceae Adiantum aleuticum Maidenhair fern E Poaceae Arrhenatherum elatius ssp. bulbosum Tall oatgrass

NR Asteraceae Agoseris apargioides var. maritima Seaside agoseris E Asteraceae Artemisia biennis Biennial wormwood N Poaceae Agrostis exarata Spike bentgrass N Asteraceae Artemisia douglasiana Douglas sagewort, dragon sagewort

NR Poaceae Agrostis pallens Thin bentgrass, Seashore bentgrass N Rosaceae Aruncus dioicus var. acuminatus Sylvan goatsbeard E Poaceae Agrostis stolonifera Creeping bent grass N Aristolochiaceae Asarum caudatum Western wild ginger E Poaceae Aira caryophyllea var. caryophyllea Silver hairgrass N Athyriaceae Athyrium filix-femina Lady fern

NR Alismataceae Alisma gramineum Emergent water plantain N Athyriaceae Athyrium filix-femina var. cyclosorum Lady fern E Alismataceae Alisma lanceolatum Lanceleaf water plantain E Poaceae Avena barbata Slender wild oats N Alismataceae Alisma triviale Northern water plantain E Poaceae Avena fatua Wild oats E Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa European alder E Poaceae Avena sativa Cultivated oats N Betulaceae Alnus rubra Red alder, Oregon alder N Salviniaceae Azolla filiculoides Duckweed fern, Pacific mosquito fern N Poaceae Alopecurus aequalis var. aequalis Short-awn foxtail N Salviniaceae Azolla microphylla Mexican water fern, western mosquito fern N Poaceae Alopecurus geniculatus Water foxtail N Brassicaceae Barbarea orthoceras American watercress E Poaceae Alopecurus pratensis Meadow foxtail E Brassicaceae Barbarea vulgaris Bitter wintercress, yellow rocket N Amaranthaceae Amaranthus powellii Powell's amaranth E Orobanchaceae Bellardia viscosa Yellow parentucellia E Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common ragweed, annual ragweed E Asteraceae Bellis perennis English daisy N Rosaceae Amelanchier alnifolia var. semiintegrifolia Serviceberry N Berberidaceae Berberis aquifolium Tall Oregon grape

NR Boraginaceae Amsinckia lycopsoides Tarweed fiddleneck, bugloss fiddleneck N Berberidaceae Berberis nervosa Cascade Oregon grape, long-leaved Oregon grape Small-flowered fiddleneck, Menzies' NR Boraginaceae Amsinckia menziesii fiddleneck NR Elatinaceae Bergia texana Texas waterfire, Texas bergia Small-flowered fiddleneck, Menzies' NR Apiaceae Berula erecta Cutleaf water parsnip NR Boraginaceae Amsinckia menziesii var. menziesii fiddleneck N Asteraceae Bidens cernua Nodding beggarstick NR Boraginaceae Amsinckia tessellata Tesselate fiddleneck, devil's lettuce N Asteraceae Bidens frondosa Leafy beggarstick E Primulaceae Anagalis minima (Centunculus minimus) Chaffweed N Asteraceae Bidens tripartita Three-lobed beggarstick N Asteraceae Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly everlasting E Asteraceae Bidens vulgata Tall beggarstick N Ranunculaceae Anemone deltoidea Western white anemone, threeleaf anemone N Blechnaceae Blechnum spicant Deer fern NR Apiaceae Angelica arguta Shining angelica N Amaranthaceae Blitum nuttallianum (syn. Monlepsis nuttaliana) Nutall's povertyweed NR Apiaceae Angelica genuflexa Kneeling angelica NR Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus fluviatilis River bulrush N Asteraceae Anisocarpus madioides Woodland tarweed E Boraginaceae Borago officinalis Borage E Asteraceae Anthemis cotula Mayweed chamomile, dogfennel N Cabombaceae Brasenia schreberi Water-shield, water target E Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernalgrass E Brassicaceae Brassica rapa Field mustard, turnip E Plantaginaceae Antirrhinum orontium Weasel's snout, lesser snapdragon NR Asparagaceae Brodiaea coronaria California cluster-lily E Rosaceae Aphanes australis Slender parsley-piert N Poaceae Bromus carinatus California brome N Rosaceae Aphanes occidentalis Western lady's mantle E Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus Soft chess NR Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum Indian hemp, hemp dogbane N Poaceae Bromus sitchensis Sitka brome N Ranunculaceae Aquilegia formosa Western red columbine Calamagrostis canadensis var. NR Poaceae canadensis Bluejoint reedgrass NR Brassicaceae Arabis eschscholtziana or A. pycnocarpa Hairy rockcress Calamagrostis canadensis var. NR Poaceae langsdorffii Bluejoint reedgrass N Ericaceae Arbutus menziesii Pacific madrone NR Montiaceae Calandrinia ciliata Red maids, rock purslane E Asteraceae Arctium minus Common burdock N Plantaginaceae Callitriche fassettii Autumnal water-starwort E Poaceae Arrhenatherum elatius ssp. bulbosum Tall oatgrass N Plantaginaceae Callitriche heterophylla var. heterophylla Different leaved water-starwort E Asteraceae Artemisia biennis Biennial wormwood E Plantaginaceae Callitriche stagnalis Pond water-starwort N Asteraceae Artemisia douglasiana Douglas sagewort, dragon sagewort N Plantaginaceae Callitriche verna Spring water-starwort, vernal water-starwort N Rosaceae Aruncus dioicus var. acuminatus Sylvan goatsbeard NR Orchidaceae Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis Calypso orchid, fairy slipper N Aristolochiaceae Asarum caudatum Western wild ginger N Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium ssp. angulata Large bindweed, false hedge bindweed N Athyriaceae Athyrium filix-femina Lady fern N Asparagaceae Camassia quamash Small camas N Athyriaceae Athyrium filix-femina var. cyclosorum Lady fern N Asparagaceae Camassia quamash ssp. maxima Common camas E Poaceae Avena barbata Slender wild oats E Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's purse E Poaceae Avena fatua Wild oats N Brassicaceae Cardamine angulata Angled bittercress, seaside bittercress E Poaceae Avena sativa Cultivated oats E Brassicaceae Cardamine hirsuta Hairy bittercress, European bittercress N Salviniaceae Azolla filiculoides Duckweed fern, Pacific mosquito fern N Brassicaceae Cardamine nuttallii var. nuttallii Spring beauty, Nuttall's toothwort N Salviniaceae Azolla microphylla Mexican water fern, western mosquito fern N Brassicaceae Cardamine occidentalis Western bittercress N Brassicaceae Barbarea orthoceras American watercress N Brassicaceae Cardamine oligosperma Little Western bittercress E Brassicaceae Barbarea vulgaris Bitter wintercress, yellow rocket N Brassicaceae Cardamine parviflora Sand bittercress, small-flowered bittercress E Orobanchaceae Bellardia viscosa Yellow parentucellia NR Brassicaceae Cardamine pensylvanica Pensylvanica bittercress E Asteraceae Bellis perennis English daisy N Cyperaceae Carex angustata Narrow-leaved sedge N Berberidaceae Berberis aquifolium Tall Oregon grape N Cyperaceae Carex aperta Columbia sedge N Berberidaceae Berberis nervosa Cascade Oregon grape, long-leaved Oregon grape E Cyperaceae Carex arenaria Sand sedge NR Elatinaceae Bergia texana Texas waterfire, Texas bergia 60 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities NR Cyperaceae Carex comosaSauvie Island & Multnomah Channel BristlyBottomlands sedge Conservation Opportunities 61 NR Apiaceae Berula erecta Cutleaf water parsnip N Cyperaceae Carex exsiccata Western inflated sedge N Asteraceae Bidens cernua Nodding beggarstick N Asteraceae Bidens frondosa Leafy beggarstick N Asteraceae Bidens tripartita Three-lobed beggarstick Appendix 2 - Plant Species E Asteraceae Bidens vulgata Tall beggarstick 1 N Blechnaceae Blechnum spicant Deer fern N Amaranthaceae Blitum nuttallianum (syn. Monlepsis nuttaliana) Nutall's povertyweed

NR Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus fluviatilis River bulrush E Boraginaceae Borago officinalis Borage N Cabombaceae Brasenia schreberi Water-shield, water target E Brassicaceae Brassica rapa Field mustard, turnip

NR Asparagaceae Brodiaea coronaria California cluster-lily N Poaceae Bromus carinatus California brome E Poaceae Bromus hordeaceus Soft chess N Poaceae Bromus sitchensis Sitka brome Calamagrostis canadensis var. NR Poaceae canadensis Bluejoint reedgrass Calamagrostis canadensis var. NR Poaceae langsdorffii Bluejoint reedgrass NR Montiaceae Calandrinia ciliata Red maids, rock purslane N Plantaginaceae Callitriche fassettii Autumnal water-starwort N Plantaginaceae Callitriche heterophylla var. heterophylla Different leaved water-starwort E Plantaginaceae Callitriche stagnalis Pond water-starwort N Plantaginaceae Callitriche verna Spring water-starwort, vernal water-starwort

NR Orchidaceae Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis Calypso orchid, fairy slipper N Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium ssp. angulata Large bindweed, false hedge bindweed N Asparagaceae Camassia quamash Small camas N Asparagaceae Camassia quamash ssp. maxima Common camas E Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's purse N Brassicaceae Cardamine angulata Angled bittercress, seaside bittercress E Brassicaceae Cardamine hirsuta Hairy bittercress, European bittercress N Brassicaceae Cardamine nuttallii var. nuttallii Spring beauty, Nuttall's toothwort N Brassicaceae Cardamine occidentalis Western bittercress N Brassicaceae Cardamine oligosperma Little Western bittercress N Brassicaceae Cardamine parviflora Sand bittercress, small-flowered bittercress

NR Brassicaceae Cardamine pensylvanica Pensylvanica bittercress N Cyperaceae Carex angustata Narrow-leaved sedge N Cyperaceae Carex aperta Columbia sedge E Cyperaceae Carex arenaria Sand sedge

NR Cyperaceae Carex comosa Bristly sedge N Cyperaceae Carex exsiccata Western inflated sedge Appendix 2 - Plant Species 1 N Cyperaceae Carex feta Green-sheath sedge N Cyperaceae Carex hendersonii Timber sedge

NR Cyperaceae Carex interrupta Greenfruit sedge N Cyperaceae Carex kelloggii var. kelloggii Kellogg's sedge, lakeshore sedge

NR Cyperaceae Carex laeviculmis Smoothstem sedge N Cyperaceae Carex leptopoda Slender-foot sedge N Cyperaceae Carex obnupta Slough sedge N Cyperaceae Carex pachystachya Many-rib sedge

NR Cyperaceae Carex pellita Woolly sedge NR Cyperaceae Carex retrorsa Retrorse sedge NR Cyperaceae Carex rossii Ross' sedge NR Cyperaceae Carex scoparia Pointed broom sedge E Cyperaceae Carex tribuloides var. tribuloides Tribulation sedge, blunt broom sedge N Cyperaceae Carex unilateralis One-sided sedge, lateral sedge

NR Cyperaceae Carex utriculata Southern beaked sedge, inflated sedge E Asteraceae Centaurea melitensis Tocalote, Maltese starthistle N Caryophyllaceae Cerastium arvense ssp. strictum Field chickweed, field mouse-ear chickweed E Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare Common mouse-ear chickweed E Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Sticky mouse-ear chickweed N Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum Coontail N Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Port Orford cedar Thyme-leaved spurge, thymeleaf NR Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce serpyllifolia sandmat N Onagraceae Chamerion angustifolium var. canescens Fireweed E Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album Lamb's quarter

NR Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium glechomifolium Western golden carpet, golden saxifrage E Asteraceae Cichorium intybus Common chicory N Apiaceae Cicuta douglasii Douglas (Western) water hemlock NR Ranunculaceae Cimicifuga elata Tall bugbane N Onagraceae Circaea alpina ssp. pacifica Enchanter's nightshade E Asteraceae Cirsium arvense Canada thistle E Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle NR Onagraceae Clarkia amoena ssp. lindleyi Lindley's clarkia NR Onagraceae Clarkia pulchella Ragged robin NR Onagraceae Clarkia purpurea ssp. quadrivulnera Small-flowered godetia N Montiaceae Claytonia parviflora ssp. parviflora Linear-leaved springbeauty N Montiaceae Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata Miner's lettuce N Montiaceae Claytonia rubra ssp. depressa Redstem springbeauty N Montiaceae Claytonia sibirica Candyflower

N Cyperaceae Carex feta Green-sheath sedge NR Ranunculaceae Clematis ligusticifolia Western clematis, Wester virgin's bower N Cyperaceae Carex hendersonii Timber sedge NR Poaceae Coleanthus subtilis Mudgrass NR Cyperaceae Carex interrupta Greenfruit sedge N Plantaginaceae Collinsia parviflora Small-flowered blue-eyed Mary N Cyperaceae Carex kelloggii var. kelloggii Kellogg's sedge, lakeshore sedge NR Polemoniaceae Collomia grandiflora Large-flowered collomia NR Cyperaceae Carex laeviculmis Smoothstem sedge N Polemoniaceae Collomia linearis Narrow-leaved collomia N Cyperaceae Carex leptopoda Slender-foot sedge NR Rosaceae Comarum palustre Marsh cinquefoil, purple cinquefoil N Cyperaceae Carex obnupta Slough sedge E Apiaceae Conium maculatum Poison hemlock N Cyperaceae Carex pachystachya Many-rib sedge E Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis Field bindweed, field morning-glory

NR Cyperaceae Carex pellita Woolly sedge N Asteraceae Conyza canadensis Horseweed NR Cyperaceae Carex retrorsa Retrorse sedge N Orchidaceae Corallorhiza striata Striped coralroot NR Cyperaceae Carex rossii Ross' sedge N Orchidaceae Corallorhiza striata var. striata Striped coralroot NR Cyperaceae Carex scoparia Pointed broom sedge E Asteraceae Coreopsis rosea Ink tickseed E Cyperaceae Carex tribuloides var. tribuloides Tribulation sedge, blunt broom sedge N Asteraceae Coreopsis tinctoria Columbia coreopsis N Cyperaceae Carex unilateralis One-sided sedge, lateral sedge N Asteraceae Coreopsis tinctoria var. atkinsoniana Columbia coreopsis

NR Cyperaceae Carex utriculata Southern beaked sedge, inflated sedge NR Amaranthaceae Corispermum americanum American bugseed E Asteraceae Centaurea melitensis Tocalote, Maltese starthistle N Amaranthaceae Corispermum pacificum Pacific bugseed N Caryophyllaceae Cerastium arvense ssp. strictum Field chickweed, field mouse-ear chickweed N Cornaceae Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood E Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare Common mouse-ear chickweed N Cornaceae Cornus sericea Red-osier dogwood, red-twig dogwood E Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Sticky mouse-ear chickweed NR Papaveraceae Corydalis scouleri Scouler's corydalis, Western corydalis N Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum Coontail E Betulaceae Corylus avellana Filbert, hazelnut N Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Port Orford cedar N Betulaceae Corylus cornuta ssp. Californica Beaked hazelnut, California hazelnut Thyme-leaved spurge, thymeleaf NR Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce serpyllifolia sandmat N Crassulaceae Crassula aquatica Water pygmyweed N Onagraceae Chamerion angustifolium var. canescens Fireweed N Rosaceae Crataegus douglasii Douglas hawthorn, black hawthorn E Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album Lamb's quarter N Rosaceae Crataegus gaylussacia Suksdorf's hawthorn

NR Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium glechomifolium Western golden carpet, golden saxifrage N, E Rosaceae Crataegus gaylussacia × Crataegus monogyna English-Suksdorf's hawthorn hybid E Asteraceae Cichorium intybus Common chicory E Rosaceae Crataegus monogyna English hawthorn N Apiaceae Cicuta douglasii Douglas (Western) water hemlock E Asteraceae Crepis capillaris Smooth hawksbeard NR Ranunculaceae Cimicifuga elata Tall bugbane E Poaceae Crypsis alopecuroides Foxtail pricklegrass N Onagraceae Circaea alpina ssp. pacifica Enchanter's nightshade N Convolvulaceae Cuscuta pentagona var. pentagona Field dodder E Asteraceae Cirsium arvense Canada thistle E Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Bermuda grass E Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle E Poaceae Cynosurus echinatus Bristly dogtail NR Onagraceae Clarkia amoena ssp. lindleyi Lindley's clarkia N Cyperaceae Cyperus erythrorhizos Red-rooted flat sedge NR Onagraceae Clarkia pulchella Ragged robin E Cyperaceae Cyperus esculentus var. leptostachyus Yellow nutsedge NR Onagraceae Clarkia purpurea ssp. quadrivulnera Small-flowered godetia N Cyperaceae Cyperus squarrosus Awned flatsedge N Montiaceae Claytonia parviflora ssp. parviflora Linear-leaved springbeauty NR Cystopteridaceae Cystopteris fragilis Fragile fern, bitter fern N Montiaceae Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata Miner's lettuce E Fabaceae Cytisus scoparius Scots broom N Montiaceae Claytonia rubra ssp. depressa Redstem springbeauty E Poaceae Dactylis glomerata Orchard grass N Montiaceae Claytonia sibirica Candyflower E Solanaceae Datura stramonium Jimson weed 62NR SauvieRanunculaceae Island & MultnomahClematis Channel ligusticifolia Bottomlands Conservation OpportunitiesWestern clematis, Wester virgin's bower E Apiaceae Daucus carotaSauvie Island & Multnomah Channel QueenBottomlands Anne's lace, Conservation wild carrot Opportunities 63 NR Poaceae Coleanthus subtilis Mudgrass NR Apiaceae Daucus pusillus American carrot, rattlesnake weed N Plantaginaceae Collinsia parviflora Small-flowered blue-eyed Mary N Poaceae Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted hairgrass NR Polemoniaceae Collomia grandiflora Large-flowered collomia N Poaceae Deschampsia elongata Slender hairgrass N Polemoniaceae Collomia linearis Narrow-leaved collomia NR Brassicaceae Descurainia incisa Cutleaf tansymustard NR Rosaceae Comarum palustre Marsh cinquefoil, purple cinquefoil E Caryophyllaceae Dianthus armeria ssp. armeria Deptford pink, grass pink E Apiaceae Conium maculatum Poison hemlock N Poaceae Dichanthelium oligosanthes ssp. scribnerianum Few-flowered panic grass E Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis Field bindweed, field morning-glory N Asparagaceae Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum Ookow N Asteraceae Conyza canadensis Horseweed N Orchidaceae Corallorhiza striata Striped coralroot N Asparagaceae Dichelostemma congestum Ookow E Caryophyllaceae Dichodon viscidum Anomalous mouse-ear chickweed N Orchidaceae Corallorhiza striata var. striata Striped coralroot E Plantaginaceae Digitalis purpurea Foxglove E Asteraceae Coreopsis rosea Ink tickseed E Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis Hairy crabgrass N Asteraceae Coreopsis tinctoria Columbia coreopsis E Dipsacaceae Dipsacus fullonum Wild teasel, Fuller's teasel N Asteraceae Coreopsis tinctoria var. atkinsoniana Columbia coreopsis N Asparagaceae Dipterostemon capitatus ssp. capitatus Bluedicks NR Amaranthaceae Corispermum americanum American bugseed E Brassicaceae Draba verna Spring whitlow grass N Amaranthaceae Corispermum pacificum Pacific bugseed E Araceae Dracunculus vulgaris Voodoo lily, draon arum N Cornaceae Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood N Cornaceae Cornus sericea Red-osier dogwood, red-twig dogwood N Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris arguta Coastal wood fern N Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris expansa Spreading wood fern, Northern wood fern NR Papaveraceae Corydalis scouleri Scouler's corydalis, Western corydalis E Betulaceae Corylus avellana Filbert, hazelnut NR Cyperaceae Dulichium arundinaceum Three-way sedge E Amaranthaceae Dysphania ambrosioides Mexican tea N Betulaceae Corylus cornuta ssp. Californica Beaked hazelnut, California hazelnut E Amaranthaceae Dysphania botrys Jerusalem oak, feather geranium N Crassulaceae Crassula aquatica Water pygmyweed E Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard grass N Rosaceae Crataegus douglasii Douglas hawthorn, black hawthorn N Rosaceae Crataegus gaylussacia Suksdorf's hawthorn NR Poaceae Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya American barnyard grass E Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn olive N, E Rosaceae Crataegus gaylussacia × Crataegus monogyna English-Suksdorf's hawthorn hybid N Elatinaceae Elatine chilensis Chilean waterwort E Rosaceae Crataegus monogyna English hawthorn N Cyperaceae Eleocharis acicularis Needle spikerush E Asteraceae Crepis capillaris Smooth hawksbeard N Cyperaceae Eleocharis obtusa Blunt spikerush E Poaceae Crypsis alopecuroides Foxtail pricklegrass N Cyperaceae Eleocharis palustris Common spikerush, marsh spikerush N Convolvulaceae Cuscuta pentagona var. pentagona Field dodder N Hydrocharitaceae Elodea canadensis Canadian waterweed E Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Bermuda grass NR HydrocharitaceaeElodea nuttallii Nutall's waterweed, Western waterweed E Poaceae Cynosurus echinatus Bristly dogtail N Poaceae Elymus glaucus ssp. glaucus Blue wildrye N Cyperaceae Cyperus erythrorhizos Red-rooted flat sedge E Poaceae Elymus repens Quackgrass E Cyperaceae Cyperus esculentus var. leptostachyus Yellow nutsedge N Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum Purple-leaved willowherb N Cyperaceae Cyperus squarrosus Awned flatsedge E Orchidaceae Epipactus helleborine Broad-leaved helleborine NR Cystopteridaceae Cystopteris fragilis Fragile fern, bitter fern N Bryaceae Epipterygium tozeri Tozer's epiterygium moss E Fabaceae Cytisus scoparius Scots broom N Equisetaceae Equisetum ×ferrissii Ferriss' horsetail E Poaceae Dactylis glomerata Orchard grass N Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense Common horsetail E Solanaceae Datura stramonium Jimson weed N Equisetaceae Equisetum fluviatile River horsetail E Apiaceae Daucus carota Queen Anne's lace, wild carrot N Equisetaceae Equisetum hyemale var. affine Scouring rush NR Apiaceae Daucus pusillus American carrot, rattlesnake weed N Poaceae Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted hairgrass Appendix 2 - Plant Species N Poaceae Deschampsia elongata Slender hairgrass 2 NR Brassicaceae Descurainia incisa Cutleaf tansymustard E Caryophyllaceae Dianthus armeria ssp. armeria Deptford pink, grass pink

N Poaceae Dichanthelium oligosanthes ssp. scribnerianum Few-flowered panic grass N Asparagaceae Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum Ookow N Asparagaceae Dichelostemma congestum Ookow E Caryophyllaceae Dichodon viscidum Anomalous mouse-ear chickweed E Plantaginaceae Digitalis purpurea Foxglove E Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis Hairy crabgrass E Dipsacaceae Dipsacus fullonum Wild teasel, Fuller's teasel N Asparagaceae Dipterostemon capitatus ssp. capitatus Bluedicks E Brassicaceae Draba verna Spring whitlow grass E Araceae Dracunculus vulgaris Voodoo lily, draon arum N Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris arguta Coastal wood fern N Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris expansa Spreading wood fern, Northern wood fern

NR Cyperaceae Dulichium arundinaceum Three-way sedge E Amaranthaceae Dysphania ambrosioides Mexican tea E Amaranthaceae Dysphania botrys Jerusalem oak, feather geranium E Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard grass

NR Poaceae Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya American barnyard grass E Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn olive N Elatinaceae Elatine chilensis Chilean waterwort N Cyperaceae Eleocharis acicularis Needle spikerush N Cyperaceae Eleocharis obtusa Blunt spikerush N Cyperaceae Eleocharis palustris Common spikerush, marsh spikerush N Hydrocharitaceae Elodea canadensis Canadian waterweed NR HydrocharitaceaeElodea nuttallii Nutall's waterweed, Western waterweed N Poaceae Elymus glaucus ssp. glaucus Blue wildrye E Poaceae Elymus repens Quackgrass N Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum Purple-leaved willowherb E Orchidaceae Epipactus helleborine Broad-leaved helleborine N Bryaceae Epipterygium tozeri Tozer's epiterygium moss N Equisetaceae Equisetum ×ferrissii Ferriss' horsetail N Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense Common horsetail N Equisetaceae Equisetum fluviatile River horsetail N Equisetaceae Equisetum hyemale var. affine Scouring rush Appendix 2 - Plant Species 2 N Cyperaceae Carex feta Green-sheath sedge N Cyperaceae Carex hendersonii Timber sedge

NR Cyperaceae Carex interrupta Greenfruit sedge N Cyperaceae Carex kelloggii var. kelloggii Kellogg's sedge, lakeshore sedge

NR Cyperaceae Carex laeviculmis Smoothstem sedge N Cyperaceae Carex leptopoda Slender-foot sedge N Cyperaceae Carex obnupta Slough sedge N Cyperaceae Carex pachystachya Many-rib sedge

NR Cyperaceae Carex pellita Woolly sedge NR Cyperaceae Carex retrorsa Retrorse sedge NR Cyperaceae Carex rossii Ross' sedge NR Cyperaceae Carex scoparia Pointed broom sedge E Cyperaceae Carex tribuloides var. tribuloides Tribulation sedge, blunt broom sedge N Cyperaceae Carex unilateralis One-sided sedge, lateral sedge

NR Cyperaceae Carex utriculata Southern beaked sedge, inflated sedge E Asteraceae Centaurea melitensis Tocalote, Maltese starthistle N Caryophyllaceae Cerastium arvense ssp. strictum Field chickweed, field mouse-ear chickweed E Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare Common mouse-ear chickweed E Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Sticky mouse-ear chickweed N Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum Coontail N Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Port Orford cedar Thyme-leaved spurge, thymeleaf NR Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce serpyllifolia sandmat N Onagraceae Chamerion angustifolium var. canescens Fireweed E Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album Lamb's quarter

NR Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium glechomifolium Western golden carpet, golden saxifrage E Asteraceae Cichorium intybus Common chicory N Apiaceae Cicuta douglasii Douglas (Western) water hemlock NR Ranunculaceae Cimicifuga elata Tall bugbane N Onagraceae Circaea alpina ssp. pacifica Enchanter's nightshade E Asteraceae Cirsium arvense Canada thistle E Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle NR Onagraceae Clarkia amoena ssp. lindleyi Lindley's clarkia NR Onagraceae Clarkia pulchella Ragged robin NR Onagraceae Clarkia purpurea ssp. quadrivulnera Small-flowered godetia N Montiaceae Claytonia parviflora ssp. parviflora Linear-leaved springbeauty N Montiaceae Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata Miner's lettuce N Montiaceae Claytonia rubra ssp. depressa Redstem springbeauty N Montiaceae Claytonia sibirica Candyflower

NR Ranunculaceae Clematis ligusticifolia Western clematis, Wester virgin's bower N Cyperaceae Carex feta Green-sheath sedge NR Poaceae Coleanthus subtilis Mudgrass N Cyperaceae Carex hendersonii Timber sedge N Plantaginaceae Collinsia parviflora Small-flowered blue-eyed Mary NR Cyperaceae Carex interrupta Greenfruit sedge NR Polemoniaceae Collomia grandiflora Large-flowered collomia N Cyperaceae Carex kelloggii var. kelloggii Kellogg's sedge, lakeshore sedge N Polemoniaceae Collomia linearis Narrow-leaved collomia NR Cyperaceae Carex laeviculmis Smoothstem sedge NR Rosaceae Comarum palustre Marsh cinquefoil, purple cinquefoil N Cyperaceae Carex leptopoda Slender-foot sedge E Apiaceae Conium maculatum Poison hemlock N Cyperaceae Carex obnupta Slough sedge E Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis Field bindweed, field morning-glory N Cyperaceae Carex pachystachya Many-rib sedge N Asteraceae Conyza canadensis Horseweed NR Cyperaceae Carex pellita Woolly sedge N Orchidaceae Corallorhiza striata Striped coralroot NR Cyperaceae Carex retrorsa Retrorse sedge N Orchidaceae Corallorhiza striata var. striata Striped coralroot NR Cyperaceae Carex rossii Ross' sedge E Asteraceae Coreopsis rosea Ink tickseed NR Cyperaceae Carex scoparia Pointed broom sedge N Asteraceae Coreopsis tinctoria Columbia coreopsis E Cyperaceae Carex tribuloides var. tribuloides Tribulation sedge, blunt broom sedge N Asteraceae Coreopsis tinctoria var. atkinsoniana Columbia coreopsis N Cyperaceae Carex unilateralis One-sided sedge, lateral sedge NR Amaranthaceae Corispermum americanum American bugseed NR Cyperaceae Carex utriculata Southern beaked sedge, inflated sedge N Amaranthaceae Corispermum pacificum Pacific bugseed E Asteraceae Centaurea melitensis Tocalote, Maltese starthistle N Cornaceae Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood N Caryophyllaceae Cerastium arvense ssp. strictum Field chickweed, field mouse-ear chickweed N Cornaceae Cornus sericea Red-osier dogwood, red-twig dogwood E Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare Common mouse-ear chickweed NR Papaveraceae Corydalis scouleri Scouler's corydalis, Western corydalis E Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Sticky mouse-ear chickweed E Betulaceae Corylus avellana Filbert, hazelnut N Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum Coontail N Betulaceae Corylus cornuta ssp. Californica Beaked hazelnut, California hazelnut N Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Port Orford cedar Thyme-leaved spurge, thymeleaf N Crassulaceae Crassula aquatica Water pygmyweed NR Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce serpyllifolia sandmat N Rosaceae Crataegus douglasii Douglas hawthorn, black hawthorn N Onagraceae Chamerion angustifolium var. canescens Fireweed N Rosaceae Crataegus gaylussacia Suksdorf's hawthorn E Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album Lamb's quarter

NR Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium glechomifolium Western golden carpet, golden saxifrage N, E Rosaceae Crataegus gaylussacia × Crataegus monogyna English-Suksdorf's hawthorn hybid E Asteraceae Cichorium intybus Common chicory E Rosaceae Crataegus monogyna English hawthorn N Apiaceae Cicuta douglasii Douglas (Western) water hemlock E Asteraceae Crepis capillaris Smooth hawksbeard NR Ranunculaceae Cimicifuga elata Tall bugbane E Poaceae Crypsis alopecuroides Foxtail pricklegrass N Onagraceae Circaea alpina ssp. pacifica Enchanter's nightshade N Convolvulaceae Cuscuta pentagona var. pentagona Field dodder E Asteraceae Cirsium arvense Canada thistle E Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Bermuda grass E Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle E Poaceae Cynosurus echinatus Bristly dogtail NR Onagraceae Clarkia amoena ssp. lindleyi Lindley's clarkia N Cyperaceae Cyperus erythrorhizos Red-rooted flat sedge NR Onagraceae Clarkia pulchella Ragged robin E Cyperaceae Cyperus esculentus var. leptostachyus Yellow nutsedge NR Onagraceae Clarkia purpurea ssp. quadrivulnera Small-flowered godetia N Cyperaceae Cyperus squarrosus Awned flatsedge N Montiaceae Claytonia parviflora ssp. parviflora Linear-leaved springbeauty NR Cystopteridaceae Cystopteris fragilis Fragile fern, bitter fern N Montiaceae Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata Miner's lettuce E Fabaceae Cytisus scoparius Scots broom N Montiaceae Claytonia rubra ssp. depressa Redstem springbeauty E Poaceae Dactylis glomerata Orchard grass N Montiaceae Claytonia sibirica Candyflower E Solanaceae Datura stramonium Jimson weed

NR Ranunculaceae Clematis ligusticifolia Western clematis, Wester virgin's bower E Apiaceae Daucus carota Queen Anne's lace, wild carrot NR Poaceae Coleanthus subtilis Mudgrass NR Apiaceae Daucus pusillus American carrot, rattlesnake weed N Plantaginaceae Collinsia parviflora Small-flowered blue-eyed Mary N Poaceae Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted hairgrass

NR Polemoniaceae Collomia grandiflora Large-flowered collomia N Poaceae Deschampsia elongata Slender hairgrass N Polemoniaceae Collomia linearis Narrow-leaved collomia NR Brassicaceae Descurainia incisa Cutleaf tansymustard NR Rosaceae Comarum palustre Marsh cinquefoil, purple cinquefoil E Caryophyllaceae Dianthus armeria ssp. armeria Deptford pink, grass pink E Apiaceae Conium maculatum Poison hemlock N Poaceae Dichanthelium oligosanthes ssp. scribnerianum Few-flowered panic grass E Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis Field bindweed, field morning-glory N Asparagaceae Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum Ookow N Asteraceae Conyza canadensis Horseweed N Asparagaceae Dichelostemma congestum Ookow N Orchidaceae Corallorhiza striata Striped coralroot E Caryophyllaceae Dichodon viscidum Anomalous mouse-ear chickweed N Orchidaceae Corallorhiza striata var. striata Striped coralroot E Plantaginaceae Digitalis purpurea Foxglove E Asteraceae Coreopsis rosea Ink tickseed E Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis Hairy crabgrass N Asteraceae Coreopsis tinctoria Columbia coreopsis E Dipsacaceae Dipsacus fullonum Wild teasel, Fuller's teasel N Asteraceae Coreopsis tinctoria var. atkinsoniana Columbia coreopsis N Asparagaceae Dipterostemon capitatus ssp. capitatus Bluedicks NR Amaranthaceae Corispermum americanum American bugseed E Brassicaceae Draba verna Spring whitlow grass N Amaranthaceae Corispermum pacificum Pacific bugseed E Araceae Dracunculus vulgaris Voodoo lily, draon arum N Cornaceae Cornus nuttallii Pacific dogwood N Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris arguta Coastal wood fern N Cornaceae Cornus sericea Red-osier dogwood, red-twig dogwood N Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris expansa Spreading wood fern, Northern wood fern NR Papaveraceae Corydalis scouleri Scouler's corydalis, Western corydalis NR Cyperaceae Dulichium arundinaceum Three-way sedge E Betulaceae Corylus avellana Filbert, hazelnut E Amaranthaceae Dysphania ambrosioides Mexican tea N Betulaceae Corylus cornuta ssp. Californica Beaked hazelnut, California hazelnut E Amaranthaceae Dysphania botrys Jerusalem oak, feather geranium N Crassulaceae Crassula aquatica Water pygmyweed E Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard grass N Rosaceae Crataegus douglasii Douglas hawthorn, black hawthorn NR Poaceae Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya American barnyard grass N Rosaceae Crataegus gaylussacia Suksdorf's hawthorn E Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn olive N, E Rosaceae Crataegus gaylussacia × Crataegus monogyna English-Suksdorf's hawthorn hybid N Elatinaceae Elatine chilensis Chilean waterwort E Rosaceae Crataegus monogyna English hawthorn N Cyperaceae Eleocharis acicularis Needle spikerush E Asteraceae Crepis capillaris Smooth hawksbeard N Cyperaceae Eleocharis obtusa Blunt spikerush E Poaceae Crypsis alopecuroides Foxtail pricklegrass N Cyperaceae Eleocharis palustris Common spikerush, marsh spikerush N Convolvulaceae Cuscuta pentagona var. pentagona Field dodder N Hydrocharitaceae Elodea canadensis Canadian waterweed E Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Bermuda grass NR HydrocharitaceaeElodea nuttallii Nutall's waterweed, Western waterweed E Poaceae Cynosurus echinatus Bristly dogtail N Poaceae Elymus glaucus ssp. glaucus Blue wildrye N Cyperaceae Cyperus erythrorhizos Red-rooted flat sedge E Poaceae Elymus repens Quackgrass E Cyperaceae Cyperus esculentus var. leptostachyus Yellow nutsedge N Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum Purple-leaved willowherb N Cyperaceae Cyperus squarrosus Awned flatsedge E Orchidaceae Epipactus helleborine Broad-leaved helleborine

NR Cystopteridaceae Cystopteris fragilis Fragile fern, bitter fern N Bryaceae Epipterygium tozeri Tozer's epiterygium moss E Fabaceae Cytisus scoparius Scots broom N Equisetaceae Equisetum ×ferrissii Ferriss' horsetail E Poaceae Dactylis glomerata Orchard grass N Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense Common horsetail E Solanaceae Datura stramonium Jimson weed N Equisetaceae Equisetum fluviatile River horsetail E Apiaceae Daucus carota Queen Anne's lace, wild carrot N Equisetaceae Equisetum hyemale var. affine Scouring rush NR Apiaceae Daucus pusillus American carrot, rattlesnake weed Appendix 2 - Plant SpeciesN Poaceae Eragrostis hypnoides Teal lovegrass N Poaceae Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted hairgrass NR Asteraceae Erigeron divergens Spreading dogbane, diffuse daisy 2 N Poaceae Deschampsia elongata Slender hairgrass NR Asteraceae Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane, Philadelphia daisy

NR Brassicaceae Descurainia incisa Cutleaf tansymustard NR Asteraceae Erigeron speciosus Showy fleabane, showy daisy E Caryophyllaceae Dianthus armeria ssp. armeria Deptford pink, grass pink E Asteraceae Erigeron strigosus var. strigosus Daisy fleabane E Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium African filaree, red-stemmed filaree N Poaceae Dichanthelium oligosanthes ssp. scribnerianum Few-flowered panic grass E Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiranthoides Wormseed mustard, treacle mustard N Asparagaceae Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum Ookow N Phrymaceae Erythranthe alsinoides Chickweed monkeyflower N Asparagaceae Dichelostemma congestum Ookow NR Phrymaceae Erythranthe breviflora Short-flowered monkeyflower E Caryophyllaceae Dichodon viscidum Anomalous mouse-ear chickweed NR Phrymaceae Erythranthe floribunda Purple-stemmed monkeyflower E Plantaginaceae Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Conmon monkeyflower, seep N Phrymaceae Erythranthe guttata monkeyflower E Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis Hairy crabgrass N Phrymaceae Erythranthe microphylla Small-leaf monkeyflower E Dipsacaceae Dipsacus fullonum Wild teasel, Fuller's teasel NR Phrymaceae Erythranthe washingtoniensis Washington monkeyflower N Asparagaceae Dipterostemon capitatus ssp. capitatus Bluedicks N Liliaceae Erythronium oregonum Oregon fawn lily E Brassicaceae Draba verna Spring whitlow grass N Papaveraceae Eschscholzia californica California poppy E Araceae Dracunculus vulgaris Voodoo lily, draon arum N Asteraceae Euthamia occidentalis Western goldentop N Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris arguta Coastal wood fern E Polygonaceae Fallopia × bohemica Bohemian knotweed N Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris expansa Spreading wood fern, Northern wood fern E Polygonaceae Fallopia convolvulus Ivy bindweed, climbing knotweed NR Cyperaceae Dulichium arundinaceum Three-way sedge N Poaceae Festuca occidentalis Western fescue E Amaranthaceae Dysphania ambrosioides Mexican tea N Poaceae Festuca subulata Bearded fescue E Amaranthaceae Dysphania botrys Jerusalem oak, feather geranium N Limnanthaceae Floerkea proserpinacoides False mermaid E Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard grass N Rosaceae Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata Woodland strawberry NR Poaceae Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya American barnyard grass N Rosaceae Fragaria vesca ssp. californica California strawberry E Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn olive N Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana Broad-petal strawberry, wild strawberry N Elatinaceae Elatine chilensis Chilean waterwort N Oleaceae Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash N Cyperaceae Eleocharis acicularis Needle spikerush NR Liliaceae Fritillaria affinis Checker-lily, chocolate lily, mission bells N Cyperaceae Eleocharis obtusa Blunt spikerush N Rubiaceae Galium aparine Cleavers, bedstraw N Cyperaceae Eleocharis palustris Common spikerush, marsh spikerush N Rubiaceae Galium trifidum Small bedstraw N Hydrocharitaceae Elodea canadensis Canadian waterweed N Asteraceae Gamochaeta ustulata Purple cudweed NR HydrocharitaceaeElodea nuttallii Nutall's waterweed, Western waterweed N Onagraceae Gayophytum diffusum ssp. diffusum Spreadng groundsmoke N Poaceae Elymus glaucus ssp. glaucus Blue wildrye N Onagraceae Gayophytum diffusum ssp. parviflorum Nutalls' groundsmoke E Poaceae Elymus repens Quackgrass N Geraniaceae Geranium bicknellii Bicknell's geranium N Onagraceae Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum Purple-leaved willowherb N Geraniaceae Geranium carolinianum Carolina geranium E Orchidaceae Epipactus helleborine Broad-leaved helleborine E Geraniaceae Geranium dissectum Cutleaf geranium N Bryaceae Epipterygium tozeri Tozer's epiterygium moss E Geraniaceae Geranium lucidum Shiny geranium N Equisetaceae Equisetum ×ferrissii Ferriss' horsetail E Geraniaceae Geranium molle Dovefoot geranium N Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense Common horsetail E Geraniaceae Geranium pusillum Small-flowered cranesbill N Equisetaceae Equisetum fluviatile River horsetail E Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum Stinky Bob, herb Robert N Equisetaceae Equisetum hyemale var. affine Scouring rush 64 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities N Rosaceae Geum macrophyllumSauvie Island var. ¯ophyllum Multnomah Channel LargeleafBottomlands avens Conservation Opportunities 65 Appendix 2 - Plant Species E Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea Ground ivy, creeping charlie N, E Poaceae Glyceria ×occidentalis Western manna grass 2 N Poaceae Glyceria borealis Boreal mannagrass N Poaceae Glyceria leptostachya Narrow mannagrass N Asteraceae Gnaphalium palustre Lowland cudweed N Orchidaceae Goodyera oblongifolia Western rattlesnake plantain N Plantaginaceae Gratiola neglecta Common American hedge hyssop E Araliaceae Hedera helix English ivy E Araliaceae Hedera hibernica Atlantic ivy N Asteraceae Helenium autumnale Common sneezeweed

N Asteraceae Helenium autumnale var. grandiflorum Common sneezeweed, large-flowered sneezeweed N Apiaceae Heracleum maximum Cow parsnip

NR Pontederiaceae Heteranthera dubia Water stargrass N Saxifragaceae Heuchera micrantha var. micrantha Small-flowered alumroot, Pacific alumroot

NR Asteraceae Hieracium albiflorum White-flowered hawkweed NR Asteraceae Hieracium scouleri Scoulers' hawkweed NR Asteraceae Hieracium umbellatum Narrowleaf hawkweed NR Poaceae Hierochloë occidentalis California sweetgrass N Plantaginaceae Hippuris vulgaris Mare's tail E Poaceae Holcus lanatus Velvetgrass N Rosaceae Holodiscus discolor var. discolor Oceanspray N Poaceae Hordeum brachyantherum Meadow barley

NR Campanulaceae Howellia aquatilis Water howellia N Araliaceae Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Floating marsh pennywort N Hydrophyllaceae Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf E Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum Common St. John's wort E Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Rough cat's ear, hairy cat's ear E Aquifoliaceae Ilex aquifolium English holly E Asteraceae Inula helenium Inula, elecampane E Iridaceae Iris pseudacorus Yellow flag iris N Iridaceae Iris tenax var. tenax Oregon iris

NR Juncaceae Juncus acuminatus Tapered rush, sharp-footed rush N Juncaceae Juncus bufonius var. bufonius Toad rush E Juncaceae Juncus effusus ssp. effusus Common rush, soft rush N Juncaceae Juncus effusus ssp. pacificus Pacific rush

NR Juncaceae Juncus nevadensis var. nevadensis Sierra rush N Juncaceae Juncus occidentalis Prairie rush, Western rush N Juncaceae Juncus oxymeris Pointed rush

N Juncaceae Juncus patens Spreading rush N Juncaceae Juncus tenuis Path rush, slender rush, poverty rush

NR Juncaceae Juncus torreyi Torrey's rush NR Poaceae Koeleria macrantha Junegrass E Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum var. purpureum Red deadnettle E Asteraceae Lapsana communis Nipplewort E Asteraceae Lapsanastrum apogonoides Japanese lapsana E Fabaceae Lathyrus latifolius Perenniual peavine, everlasting pea N Fabaceae Lathyrus nevadensis var. nevadensis Sierra peavine N Fabaceae Lathyrus polyphyllus Leafy peavine N Poaceae Leersia oryzoides Rice cutgrass N Araceae Lemna minor Common duckweed N Araceae Lemna trisulca Star duckweed E Lamiaceae Leonurus cardiaca Motherwort Babyseed pepperweed, prairie NR Brassicaceae Lepidium densiflorum var. pubicarpum pepperweed NR Brassicaceae Lepidium virginicum ssp. menziesii Hairy pepperweed E Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye daisy

NR Poaceae Leymus triticoides Beardless wildrye NR Apiaceae Ligusticum apiifolium Celery-leaved licorice root NR Apiaceae Lilaeopsis occidentalis Western lilaeopsis, Western grasswort N Liliaceae Lilium columbianum Columbia lily N Scrophulariaceae Limosella aquatica Mudwort, northern mudwort E Plantaginaceae Linaria vulgaris Butter and eggs N Linderniaceae Lindernia dubia Yellowseed false pimpernel N Linnaeaceae Linnaea borealis var. longiflora Western twinflower

NR Saxifragaceae Lithophragma parviflorum Small-flowered fringe cup E Poaceae Lolium multiflorum Annual ryegrass E Poaceae Lolium perenne Perennial ryegrass E Poaceae Lolium temulentum ssp. temulentum Darnel N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera ciliosa Orange honeysuckle N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera involucrata Black twinberry N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera involucrata var. involucrata Black twinberry N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera involucrata var. ledebourii Coastal twinberry E Caprifoliaceae Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle E Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus Birdsfoot trefoil E Fabaceae Lotus uliginosus Greater birdsfoot trefoil N Onagraceae Ludwigia palustris Eastern false loosestrife E Brassicaceae Lunaria annua Money plant, honesty Appendix 2 - Plant Species 3 N Poaceae Eragrostis hypnoides Teal lovegrass

NR Asteraceae Erigeron divergens Spreading dogbane, diffuse daisy NR Asteraceae Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane, Philadelphia daisy NR Asteraceae Erigeron speciosus Showy fleabane, showy daisy E Asteraceae Erigeron strigosus var. strigosus Daisy fleabane E Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium African filaree, red-stemmed filaree E Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiranthoides Wormseed mustard, treacle mustard N Phrymaceae Erythranthe alsinoides Chickweed monkeyflower

NR Phrymaceae Erythranthe breviflora Short-flowered monkeyflower NR Phrymaceae Erythranthe floribunda Purple-stemmed monkeyflower Conmon monkeyflower, seep N Phrymaceae Erythranthe guttata monkeyflower N Phrymaceae Erythranthe microphylla Small-leaf monkeyflower

NR Phrymaceae Erythranthe washingtoniensis Washington monkeyflower N Liliaceae Erythronium oregonum Oregon fawn lily N Papaveraceae Eschscholzia californica California poppy N Asteraceae Euthamia occidentalis Western goldentop E Polygonaceae Fallopia × bohemica Bohemian knotweed E Polygonaceae Fallopia convolvulus Ivy bindweed, climbing knotweed N Poaceae Festuca occidentalis Western fescue N Poaceae Festuca subulata Bearded fescue N Limnanthaceae Floerkea proserpinacoides False mermaid N Rosaceae Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata Woodland strawberry N Rosaceae Fragaria vesca ssp. californica California strawberry N Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana Broad-petal strawberry, wild strawberry N Oleaceae Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash

NR Liliaceae Fritillaria affinis Checker-lily, chocolate lily, mission bells N Rubiaceae Galium aparine Cleavers, bedstraw N Rubiaceae Galium trifidum Small bedstraw N Asteraceae Gamochaeta ustulata Purple cudweed N Onagraceae Gayophytum diffusum ssp. diffusum Spreadng groundsmoke N Onagraceae Gayophytum diffusum ssp. parviflorum Nutalls' groundsmoke N Geraniaceae Geranium bicknellii Bicknell's geranium N Geraniaceae Geranium carolinianum Carolina geranium E Geraniaceae Geranium dissectum Cutleaf geranium E Geraniaceae Geranium lucidum Shiny geranium E Geraniaceae Geranium molle Dovefoot geranium E Geraniaceae Geranium pusillum Small-flowered cranesbill E Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum Stinky Bob, herb Robert N Poaceae Eragrostis hypnoides Teal lovegrass N Rosaceae Geum macrophyllum var. macrophyllum Largeleaf avens NR Asteraceae Erigeron divergens Spreading dogbane, diffuse daisy E Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea Ground ivy, creeping charlie NR Asteraceae Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane, Philadelphia daisy N, E Poaceae Glyceria ×occidentalis Western manna grass NR Asteraceae Erigeron speciosus Showy fleabane, showy daisy N Poaceae Glyceria borealis Boreal mannagrass E Asteraceae Erigeron strigosus var. strigosus Daisy fleabane N Poaceae Glyceria leptostachya Narrow mannagrass E Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium African filaree, red-stemmed filaree N Asteraceae Gnaphalium palustre Lowland cudweed E Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiranthoides Wormseed mustard, treacle mustard N Orchidaceae Goodyera oblongifolia Western rattlesnake plantain N Phrymaceae Erythranthe alsinoides Chickweed monkeyflower N Plantaginaceae Gratiola neglecta Common American hedge hyssop NR Phrymaceae Erythranthe breviflora Short-flowered monkeyflower E Araliaceae Hedera helix English ivy NR Phrymaceae Erythranthe floribunda Purple-stemmed monkeyflower Conmon monkeyflower, seep E Araliaceae Hedera hibernica Atlantic ivy N Phrymaceae Erythranthe guttata monkeyflower N Asteraceae Helenium autumnale Common sneezeweed N Phrymaceae Erythranthe microphylla Small-leaf monkeyflower

NR Phrymaceae Erythranthe washingtoniensis Washington monkeyflower N Asteraceae Helenium autumnale var. grandiflorum Common sneezeweed, large-flowered sneezeweed N Liliaceae Erythronium oregonum Oregon fawn lily N Apiaceae Heracleum maximum Cow parsnip N Papaveraceae Eschscholzia californica California poppy NR Pontederiaceae Heteranthera dubia Water stargrass N Asteraceae Euthamia occidentalis Western goldentop N Saxifragaceae Heuchera micrantha var. micrantha Small-flowered alumroot, Pacific alumroot E Polygonaceae Fallopia × bohemica Bohemian knotweed NR Asteraceae Hieracium albiflorum White-flowered hawkweed E Polygonaceae Fallopia convolvulus Ivy bindweed, climbing knotweed NR Asteraceae Hieracium scouleri Scoulers' hawkweed N Poaceae Festuca occidentalis Western fescue NR Asteraceae Hieracium umbellatum Narrowleaf hawkweed N Poaceae Festuca subulata Bearded fescue NR Poaceae Hierochloë occidentalis California sweetgrass N Limnanthaceae Floerkea proserpinacoides False mermaid N Plantaginaceae Hippuris vulgaris Mare's tail N Rosaceae Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata Woodland strawberry E Poaceae Holcus lanatus Velvetgrass N Rosaceae Fragaria vesca ssp. californica California strawberry N Rosaceae Holodiscus discolor var. discolor Oceanspray N Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana Broad-petal strawberry, wild strawberry N Poaceae Hordeum brachyantherum Meadow barley N Oleaceae Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash NR Campanulaceae Howellia aquatilis Water howellia

NR Liliaceae Fritillaria affinis Checker-lily, chocolate lily, mission bells N Araliaceae Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Floating marsh pennywort N Rubiaceae Galium aparine Cleavers, bedstraw N Hydrophyllaceae Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf N Rubiaceae Galium trifidum Small bedstraw E Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum Common St. John's wort N Asteraceae Gamochaeta ustulata Purple cudweed E Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Rough cat's ear, hairy cat's ear N Onagraceae Gayophytum diffusum ssp. diffusum Spreadng groundsmoke E Aquifoliaceae Ilex aquifolium English holly N Onagraceae Gayophytum diffusum ssp. parviflorum Nutalls' groundsmoke E Asteraceae Inula helenium Inula, elecampane N Geraniaceae Geranium bicknellii Bicknell's geranium E Iridaceae Iris pseudacorus Yellow flag iris N Geraniaceae Geranium carolinianum Carolina geranium N Iridaceae Iris tenax var. tenax Oregon iris E Geraniaceae Geranium dissectum Cutleaf geranium NR Juncaceae Juncus acuminatus Tapered rush, sharp-footed rush E Geraniaceae Geranium lucidum Shiny geranium N Juncaceae Juncus bufonius var. bufonius Toad rush E Geraniaceae Geranium molle Dovefoot geranium E Juncaceae Juncus effusus ssp. effusus Common rush, soft rush E Geraniaceae Geranium pusillum Small-flowered cranesbill N Juncaceae Juncus effusus ssp. pacificus Pacific rush E Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum Stinky Bob, herb Robert NR Juncaceae Juncus nevadensis var. nevadensis Sierra rush N Rosaceae Geum macrophyllum var. macrophyllum Largeleaf avens N Juncaceae Juncus occidentalis Prairie rush, Western rush E Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea Ground ivy, creeping charlie N Juncaceae Juncus oxymeris Pointed rush N, E Poaceae Glyceria ×occidentalis Western manna grass N Juncaceae Juncus patens Spreading rush N Poaceae Glyceria borealis Boreal mannagrass N Juncaceae Juncus tenuis Path rush, slender rush, poverty rush N Poaceae Glyceria leptostachya Narrow mannagrass NR Juncaceae Juncus torreyi Torrey's rush N Asteraceae Gnaphalium palustre Lowland cudweed NR Poaceae Koeleria macrantha Junegrass N Orchidaceae Goodyera oblongifolia Western rattlesnake plantain E Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum var. purpureum Red deadnettle N Plantaginaceae Gratiola neglecta Common American hedge hyssop E Asteraceae Lapsana communis Nipplewort E Araliaceae Hedera helix English ivy E Asteraceae Lapsanastrum apogonoides Japanese lapsana E Araliaceae Hedera hibernica Atlantic ivy E Fabaceae Lathyrus latifolius Perenniual peavine, everlasting pea N Asteraceae Helenium autumnale Common sneezeweed N Fabaceae Lathyrus nevadensis var. nevadensis Sierra peavine N Fabaceae Lathyrus polyphyllus Leafy peavine N Asteraceae Helenium autumnale var. grandiflorum Common sneezeweed, large-flowered sneezeweed N Poaceae Leersia oryzoides Rice cutgrass N Apiaceae Heracleum maximum Cow parsnip N Araceae Lemna minor Common duckweed NR Pontederiaceae Heteranthera dubia Water stargrass N Araceae Lemna trisulca Star duckweed N Saxifragaceae Heuchera micrantha var. micrantha Small-flowered alumroot, Pacific alumroot E Lamiaceae Leonurus cardiaca Motherwort NR Asteraceae Hieracium albiflorum White-flowered hawkweed Babyseed pepperweed, prairie NR Brassicaceae Lepidium densiflorum var. pubicarpum pepperweed NR Asteraceae Hieracium scouleri Scoulers' hawkweed NR Brassicaceae Lepidium virginicum ssp. menziesii Hairy pepperweed NR Asteraceae Hieracium umbellatum Narrowleaf hawkweed E Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye daisy NR Poaceae Hierochloë occidentalis California sweetgrass NR Poaceae Leymus triticoides Beardless wildrye N Plantaginaceae Hippuris vulgaris Mare's tail NR Apiaceae Ligusticum apiifolium Celery-leaved licorice root E Poaceae Holcus lanatus Velvetgrass NR Apiaceae Lilaeopsis occidentalis Western lilaeopsis, Western grasswort N Rosaceae Holodiscus discolor var. discolor Oceanspray N Liliaceae Lilium columbianum Columbia lily N Poaceae Hordeum brachyantherum Meadow barley N Scrophulariaceae Limosella aquatica Mudwort, northern mudwort NR Campanulaceae Howellia aquatilis Water howellia E Plantaginaceae Linaria vulgaris Butter and eggs N Araliaceae Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Floating marsh pennywort N Linderniaceae Lindernia dubia Yellowseed false pimpernel N Hydrophyllaceae Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf N Linnaeaceae Linnaea borealis var. longiflora Western twinflower E Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum Common St. John's wort NR Saxifragaceae Lithophragma parviflorum Small-flowered fringe cup E Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Rough cat's ear, hairy cat's ear E Poaceae Lolium multiflorum Annual ryegrass E Aquifoliaceae Ilex aquifolium English holly E Poaceae Lolium perenne Perennial ryegrass E Asteraceae Inula helenium Inula, elecampane E Poaceae Lolium temulentum ssp. temulentum Darnel E Iridaceae Iris pseudacorus Yellow flag iris N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera ciliosa Orange honeysuckle N Iridaceae Iris tenax var. tenax Oregon iris N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera involucrata Black twinberry NR Juncaceae Juncus acuminatus Tapered rush, sharp-footed rush N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera involucrata var. involucrata Black twinberry N Juncaceae Juncus bufonius var. bufonius Toad rush N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera involucrata var. ledebourii Coastal twinberry E Juncaceae Juncus effusus ssp. effusus Common rush, soft rush E Caprifoliaceae Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle N Juncaceae Juncus effusus ssp. pacificus Pacific rush E Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus Birdsfoot trefoil NR Juncaceae Juncus nevadensis var. nevadensis Sierra rush E Fabaceae Lotus uliginosus Greater birdsfoot trefoil N Juncaceae Juncus occidentalis Prairie rush, Western rush 66 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities N Onagraceae Ludwigia palustrisSauvie Island & Multnomah Channel EasternBottomlands false loosestrife Conservation Opportunities 67 N Juncaceae Juncus oxymeris Pointed rush E Brassicaceae Lunaria annua Money plant, honesty N Juncaceae Juncus patens Spreading rush N Juncaceae Juncus tenuis Path rush, slender rush, poverty rush Appendix 2 - Plant Species NR Juncaceae Juncus torreyi Torrey's rush 3 NR Poaceae Koeleria macrantha Junegrass E Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum var. purpureum Red deadnettle E Asteraceae Lapsana communis Nipplewort E Asteraceae Lapsanastrum apogonoides Japanese lapsana E Fabaceae Lathyrus latifolius Perenniual peavine, everlasting pea N Fabaceae Lathyrus nevadensis var. nevadensis Sierra peavine N Fabaceae Lathyrus polyphyllus Leafy peavine N Poaceae Leersia oryzoides Rice cutgrass N Araceae Lemna minor Common duckweed N Araceae Lemna trisulca Star duckweed E Lamiaceae Leonurus cardiaca Motherwort Babyseed pepperweed, prairie NR Brassicaceae Lepidium densiflorum var. pubicarpum pepperweed NR Brassicaceae Lepidium virginicum ssp. menziesii Hairy pepperweed E Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye daisy

NR Poaceae Leymus triticoides Beardless wildrye NR Apiaceae Ligusticum apiifolium Celery-leaved licorice root NR Apiaceae Lilaeopsis occidentalis Western lilaeopsis, Western grasswort N Liliaceae Lilium columbianum Columbia lily N Scrophulariaceae Limosella aquatica Mudwort, northern mudwort E Plantaginaceae Linaria vulgaris Butter and eggs N Linderniaceae Lindernia dubia Yellowseed false pimpernel N Linnaeaceae Linnaea borealis var. longiflora Western twinflower

NR Saxifragaceae Lithophragma parviflorum Small-flowered fringe cup E Poaceae Lolium multiflorum Annual ryegrass E Poaceae Lolium perenne Perennial ryegrass E Poaceae Lolium temulentum ssp. temulentum Darnel N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera ciliosa Orange honeysuckle N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera involucrata Black twinberry N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera involucrata var. involucrata Black twinberry N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera involucrata var. ledebourii Coastal twinberry E Caprifoliaceae Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle E Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus Birdsfoot trefoil E Fabaceae Lotus uliginosus Greater birdsfoot trefoil N Onagraceae Ludwigia palustris Eastern false loosestrife E Brassicaceae Lunaria annua Money plant, honesty Appendix 2 - Plant Species 3 N Poaceae Eragrostis hypnoides Teal lovegrass

NR Asteraceae Erigeron divergens Spreading dogbane, diffuse daisy NR Asteraceae Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane, Philadelphia daisy NR Asteraceae Erigeron speciosus Showy fleabane, showy daisy E Asteraceae Erigeron strigosus var. strigosus Daisy fleabane E Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium African filaree, red-stemmed filaree E Brassicaceae Erysimum cheiranthoides Wormseed mustard, treacle mustard N Phrymaceae Erythranthe alsinoides Chickweed monkeyflower

NR Phrymaceae Erythranthe breviflora Short-flowered monkeyflower NR Phrymaceae Erythranthe floribunda Purple-stemmed monkeyflower Conmon monkeyflower, seep N Phrymaceae Erythranthe guttata monkeyflower N Phrymaceae Erythranthe microphylla Small-leaf monkeyflower

NR Phrymaceae Erythranthe washingtoniensis Washington monkeyflower N Liliaceae Erythronium oregonum Oregon fawn lily N Papaveraceae Eschscholzia californica California poppy N Asteraceae Euthamia occidentalis Western goldentop E Polygonaceae Fallopia × bohemica Bohemian knotweed E Polygonaceae Fallopia convolvulus Ivy bindweed, climbing knotweed N Poaceae Festuca occidentalis Western fescue N Poaceae Festuca subulata Bearded fescue N Limnanthaceae Floerkea proserpinacoides False mermaid N Rosaceae Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata Woodland strawberry N Rosaceae Fragaria vesca ssp. californica California strawberry N Rosaceae Fragaria virginiana Broad-petal strawberry, wild strawberry N Oleaceae Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash

NR Liliaceae Fritillaria affinis Checker-lily, chocolate lily, mission bells N Rubiaceae Galium aparine Cleavers, bedstraw N Rubiaceae Galium trifidum Small bedstraw N Asteraceae Gamochaeta ustulata Purple cudweed N Onagraceae Gayophytum diffusum ssp. diffusum Spreadng groundsmoke N Onagraceae Gayophytum diffusum ssp. parviflorum Nutalls' groundsmoke N Geraniaceae Geranium bicknellii Bicknell's geranium N Geraniaceae Geranium carolinianum Carolina geranium E Geraniaceae Geranium dissectum Cutleaf geranium E Geraniaceae Geranium lucidum Shiny geranium E Geraniaceae Geranium molle Dovefoot geranium E Geraniaceae Geranium pusillum Small-flowered cranesbill E Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum Stinky Bob, herb Robert N Rosaceae Geum macrophyllum var. macrophyllum Largeleaf avens E Lamiaceae Glechoma hederacea Ground ivy, creeping charlie N, E Poaceae Glyceria ×occidentalis Western manna grass N Poaceae Glyceria borealis Boreal mannagrass N Poaceae Glyceria leptostachya Narrow mannagrass N Asteraceae Gnaphalium palustre Lowland cudweed N Orchidaceae Goodyera oblongifolia Western rattlesnake plantain N Plantaginaceae Gratiola neglecta Common American hedge hyssop E Araliaceae Hedera helix English ivy E Araliaceae Hedera hibernica Atlantic ivy N Asteraceae Helenium autumnale Common sneezeweed

N Asteraceae Helenium autumnale var. grandiflorum Common sneezeweed, large-flowered sneezeweed N Apiaceae Heracleum maximum Cow parsnip

NR Pontederiaceae Heteranthera dubia Water stargrass N Saxifragaceae Heuchera micrantha var. micrantha Small-flowered alumroot, Pacific alumroot

NR Asteraceae Hieracium albiflorum White-flowered hawkweed NR Asteraceae Hieracium scouleri Scoulers' hawkweed NR Asteraceae Hieracium umbellatum Narrowleaf hawkweed NR Poaceae Hierochloë occidentalis California sweetgrass N Plantaginaceae Hippuris vulgaris Mare's tail E Poaceae Holcus lanatus Velvetgrass N Rosaceae Holodiscus discolor var. discolor Oceanspray N Poaceae Hordeum brachyantherum Meadow barley

NR Campanulaceae Howellia aquatilis Water howellia N Araliaceae Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Floating marsh pennywort N Hydrophyllaceae Hydrophyllum tenuipes Pacific waterleaf E Hypericaceae Hypericum perforatum Common St. John's wort E Asteraceae Hypochaeris radicata Rough cat's ear, hairy cat's ear E Aquifoliaceae Ilex aquifolium English holly E Asteraceae Inula helenium Inula, elecampane E Iridaceae Iris pseudacorus Yellow flag iris N Iridaceae Iris tenax var. tenax Oregon iris

NR Juncaceae Juncus acuminatus Tapered rush, sharp-footed rush N Juncaceae Juncus bufonius var. bufonius Toad rush E Juncaceae Juncus effusus ssp. effusus Common rush, soft rush N Juncaceae Juncus effusus ssp. pacificus Pacific rush

NR Juncaceae Juncus nevadensis var. nevadensis Sierra rush N Juncaceae Juncus occidentalis Prairie rush, Western rush N Juncaceae Juncus oxymeris Pointed rush

N Juncaceae Juncus patens Spreading rush NR Fabaceae Lupinus albicaulis var. albicaulis Pine lupine, sickle keeled lupine N Juncaceae Juncus tenuis Path rush, slender rush, poverty rush NR Fabaceae Lupinus bicolor Two color lupine, miniature lupine NR Juncaceae Juncus torreyi Torrey's rush NR Fabaceae Lupinus polycarpus Field Lupine, small-flowered lupine NR Poaceae Koeleria macrantha Junegrass N Fabaceae Lupinus polyphyllus var. polyphyllus Bigleaf lupine E Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum var. purpureum Red deadnettle NR Juncaceae Luzula comosa var. laxa Pacific woodrush E Asteraceae Lapsana communis Nipplewort N Juncaceae Luzula hitchcockii Hitchcock's woodrush, smooth woodrush E Asteraceae Lapsanastrum apogonoides Japanese lapsana N Juncaceae Luzula parviflora Small-flowered woodrush E Fabaceae Lathyrus latifolius Perenniual peavine, everlasting pea N Lamiaceae Lycopus americanus Cutleaf water horehound N Fabaceae Lathyrus nevadensis var. nevadensis Sierra peavine NR Lamiaceae Lycopus uniflorus Northern bugleweed N Fabaceae Lathyrus polyphyllus Leafy peavine NR Primulaceae Lysimachia ciliata Fringed loosestrife N Poaceae Leersia oryzoides Rice cutgrass N Primulaceae Lysimachia latifolia (Trientalis latifolia) Western starflower N Araceae Lemna minor Common duckweed E Primulaceae Lysimachia nummularia Creeping Jenny N Araceae Lemna trisulca Star duckweed E Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife E Lamiaceae Leonurus cardiaca Motherwort NR Asteraceae Madia exigua Little tarweed, threadstem madia Babyseed pepperweed, prairie NR Brassicaceae Lepidium densiflorum var. pubicarpum pepperweed N Asteraceae Madia glomerata Cluster tarweed, mountain tarweed NR Brassicaceae Lepidium virginicum ssp. menziesii Hairy pepperweed N Asteraceae Madia sativa Coast tarweed E Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye daisy N Asparagaceae Maianthemum racemosum ssp. amplexicaule False Solomon's seal NR Poaceae Leymus triticoides Beardless wildrye N Asparagaceae Maianthemum stellatum Starry false Solomon's seal NR Apiaceae Ligusticum apiifolium Celery-leaved licorice root E Rosaceae Malus × domestica Domestic apple NR Apiaceae Lilaeopsis occidentalis Western lilaeopsis, Western grasswort N Rosaceae Malus fusca Western crabapple N Liliaceae Lilium columbianum Columbia lily E Malvaceae Malva parviflora Wrinkled cheeseweed, little mallow N Scrophulariaceae Limosella aquatica Mudwort, northern mudwort N Marsileaceae Marsilea vestita Western waterclover E Plantaginaceae Linaria vulgaris Butter and eggs N Asteraceae Matricaria discoidea Pineapple weed N Linderniaceae Lindernia dubia Yellowseed false pimpernel E Phrymaceae Mazus pumilus Japanese mazus N Linnaeaceae Linnaea borealis var. longiflora Western twinflower E Fabaceae Medicago lupulina Black medic, hop clover NR Saxifragaceae Lithophragma parviflorum Small-flowered fringe cup N Lamiaceae Mentha canadensis Field mint E Poaceae Lolium multiflorum Annual ryegrass E Lamiaceae Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal E Poaceae Lolium perenne Perennial ryegrass NR Buckbean, bogbean E Poaceae Lolium temulentum ssp. temulentum Darnel Menyanthaceae Menyanthes trifoliata N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera ciliosa Orange honeysuckle N Saxifragaceae Micranthes fragosa Brittle-leaved saxifrage, fleshy-leaved saxifrage Creeping mitrewort, star-shaped N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera involucrata Black twinberry NR Saxifragaceae Mitella caulescens mitrewort N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera involucrata var. involucrata Black twinberry NR Caryophyllaceae Moehringia lateriflora Blunt-leaved sandwort N Caprifoliaceae Lonicera involucrata var. ledebourii Coastal twinberry N Caryophyllaceae Moehringia macrophylla Big-leaved sandwort E Caprifoliaceae Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle E Molluginaceae Mollugo verticillata Carpetweed, Indian chickweed

E Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus Birdsfoot trefoil NR Montiaceae Montia diffusa Branching montia E Fabaceae Lotus uliginosus Greater birdsfoot trefoil N Montiaceae Montia fontana Spring water chickweed

N Onagraceae Ludwigia palustris Eastern false loosestrife NR Montiaceae Montia howellii Howell's montia E Brassicaceae Lunaria annua Money plant, honesty N Montiaceae Montia linearis Narrowleaf montia, lineleaf Indian lettuce NR Fabaceae Lupinus albicaulis var. albicaulis Pine lupine, sickle keeled lupine N Asteraceae Mulgedium oblongifolium Blue lettuce Appendix 2 - Plant SpeciesNR Fabaceae Lupinus bicolor Two color lupine, miniature lupine E Asteraceae Mycelis muralis Wall lettuce NR Fabaceae Lupinus polycarpus Field Lupine, small-flowered lupine N Boraginaceae Myosotis laxa Small-flowered forget-me-not 3 N Fabaceae Lupinus polyphyllus var. polyphyllus Bigleaf lupine NR Boraginaceae Myosotis verna Spring forget-me-not NR Juncaceae Luzula comosa var. laxa Pacific woodrush NR Ranunculaceae Myosurus minimus Least mousetail, tiny mousetail N Juncaceae Luzula hitchcockii Hitchcock's woodrush, smooth woodrush NR Haloragaceae Myriophyllum hippuroides Western water milfoil N Juncaceae Luzula parviflora Small-flowered woodrush E Haloragaceae Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian water milfoil Wavy water nymph, slender water N Lamiaceae Lycopus americanus Cutleaf water horehound NR HydrocharitaceaeNajas flexilis nymph NR Lamiaceae Lycopus uniflorus Northern bugleweed NR HydrocharitaceaeNajas guadalupensis var. guadalupensis Common water nymph NR Primulaceae Lysimachia ciliata Fringed loosestrife NR Polemoniaceae Navarretia intertexta Near navarretia N Primulaceae Lysimachia latifolia (Trientalis latifolia) Western starflower N Polemoniaceae Navarretia squarrosa Skunkweed E Primulaceae Lysimachia nummularia Creeping Jenny N Hydrophyllaceae Nemophila parviflora var. parviflora Small-flowered nemophilia E Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife N Hydrophyllaceae Nemophila pedunculata Meadow nemophilia, spreading nemophilia NR Asteraceae Madia exigua Little tarweed, threadstem madia E Lamiaceae Nepeta cataria Catnip N Asteraceae Madia glomerata Cluster tarweed, mountain tarweed E Solanaceae Nicotiana acuminata var. multiflora Flowered tobacco N Asteraceae Madia sativa Coast tarweed N Nymphaeaceae Nuphar polysepala Yellow pond lily N Rosaceae Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum, osoberry N Asparagaceae Maianthemum racemosum ssp. amplexicaule False Solomon's seal N Apiaceae Oenanthe sarmentosa Pacific water parsley N Asparagaceae Maianthemum stellatum Starry false Solomon's seal N Onagraceae Oenothera biennis Common evening primrose E Rosaceae Malus × domestica Domestic apple N Onagraceae Oenothera villosa ssp. strigosa Villous evening primrose N Rosaceae Malus fusca Western crabapple NR Araliaceae Oplopanax horridus Devil's club E Malvaceae Malva parviflora Wrinkled cheeseweed, little mallow E Orobanchaceae Orobanche minor Clover broomrape N Marsileaceae Marsilea vestita Western waterclover N Asteraceae Matricaria discoidea Pineapple weed NR Orobanchaceae Orobanche uniflora Broomrape N Apiaceae Osmorhiza berteroi Mountain sweet cicely E Phrymaceae Mazus pumilus Japanese mazus E Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Creeping yellow wood sorrel E Fabaceae Medicago lupulina Black medic, hop clover N Poaceae Panicum capillare ssp. capillare Witchgrass N Lamiaceae Mentha canadensis Field mint E Poaceae Panicum dichotomiflorum ssp. dichotomiflorum Fall panicum E Lamiaceae Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal E Poaceae Panicum miliaceum Proso millet, common millet NR Menyanthaceae Menyanthes trifoliata Buckbean, bogbean E Poaceae Paspalum dilatatum Dallisgrass N Saxifragaceae Micranthes fragosa Brittle-leaved saxifrage, fleshy-leaved saxifrage N Poaceae Paspalum distichum Knotgrass Creeping mitrewort, star-shaped NR Saxifragaceae Mitella caulescens mitrewort NR Plantaginaceae Penstemon ovatus Broad-leaved penstemon NR Caryophyllaceae Moehringia lateriflora Blunt-leaved sandwort Gairdner's yampah, Western false NR Apiaceae Perideridia gairdneri (syn. P. montana) caraway N Caryophyllaceae Moehringia macrophylla Big-leaved sandwort NR Apiaceae Perideridia oregana Oregon yampah E Molluginaceae Mollugo verticillata Carpetweed, Indian chickweed N Polygonaceae Persicaria amphibia Water smartweed NR Montiaceae Montia diffusa Branching montia E Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiper Smartweed, marshpepper smartweed N Montiaceae Montia fontana Spring water chickweed N Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiperoides Waterpepper 68NR SauvieMontiaceae Island & MultnomahMontia Channel howellii Bottomlands Conservation OpportunitiesHowell's montia N Polygonaceae Persicaria Sauvielapathifolia Island & Multnomah Channel CurltopBottomlands lady's thumb,Conservation willowweed Opportunities 69 N Montiaceae Montia linearis Narrowleaf montia, lineleaf Indian lettuce E Polygonaceae Persicaria maculosa Spotted lady's thumb, heartweed N Asteraceae Mulgedium oblongifolium Blue lettuce E Polygonaceae Persicaria pensylvanica Pinkweed E Asteraceae Mycelis muralis Wall lettuce N Polygonaceae Persicaria punctata Dotted smartweed, water smartweed N Boraginaceae Myosotis laxa Small-flowered forget-me-not N Asteraceae Petasites frigidus var. palmatus Western coltsfoot NR Boraginaceae Myosotis verna Spring forget-me-not N Hydrophyllaceae Phacelia nemoralis ssp. oregonensis Oregon phacelia NR Ranunculaceae Myosurus minimus Least mousetail, tiny mousetail E Poaceae Phalaris aquatica Bulbous canarygrass NR Haloragaceae Myriophyllum hippuroides Western water milfoil E Poaceae Phalaris arundinacea Reed canarygrass E Haloragaceae Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian water milfoil E Poaceae Phleum pratense Timothy Wavy water nymph, slender water NR HydrocharitaceaeNajas flexilis nymph E Poaceae Phragmites australis ssp. australis Old world common reed NR HydrocharitaceaeNajas guadalupensis var. guadalupensis Common water nymph NR Lamiaceae Physostegia parviflora Purple dragonhead NR Polemoniaceae Navarretia intertexta Near navarretia N Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys bracteatus Bracted plagiobothrys N Polemoniaceae Navarretia squarrosa Skunkweed N Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys hispidulus Eastside popcornflower N Hydrophyllaceae Nemophila parviflora var. parviflora Small-flowered nemophilia N Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys scouleri Scouler's popcornflower N Hydrophyllaceae Nemophila pedunculata Meadow nemophilia, spreading nemophilia E Plantaginaceae Plantago arenaria Sand plantain E Lamiaceae Nepeta cataria Catnip E Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata English plantain E Solanaceae Nicotiana acuminata var. multiflora Flowered tobacco E Plantaginaceae Plantago major Common plantain N Nymphaeaceae Nuphar polysepala Yellow pond lily E Plantaginaceae Plantago pusilla Dwarf plantain N Rosaceae Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum, osoberry NR Orchidaceae Platanthera unalascensis Alaska rein orchid, short-spurred piperia N Apiaceae Oenanthe sarmentosa Pacific water parsley NR Valerianaceae Plectritis brachystemon Shortspur white plectritis N Onagraceae Oenothera biennis Common evening primrose N Valerianaceae Plectritis congesta Rosy plectritis N Onagraceae Oenothera villosa ssp. strigosa Villous evening primrose N Valerianaceae Plectritis macrocera Longspur white plectritis NR Araliaceae Oplopanax horridus Devil's club E Poaceae Poa annua Annual bluegrass E Orobanchaceae Orobanche minor Clover broomrape N Poaceae Poa laxiflora Looseflower bluegrass NR Orobanchaceae Orobanche uniflora Broomrape E Poaceae Poa palustris Foul bluegrass N Apiaceae Osmorhiza berteroi Mountain sweet cicely E Poaceae Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass E Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Creeping yellow wood sorrel N Polemoniaceae Polemonium micranthum Annual polemonium N Poaceae Panicum capillare ssp. capillare Witchgrass E Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare Prostrate knotweed, doorweed E Poaceae Panicum dichotomiflorum ssp. dichotomiflorum Fall panicum NR Polygonaceae Polygonum douglasii Douglas knotweed E Poaceae Panicum miliaceum Proso millet, common millet N Polypodiaceae Polypodium glycyrrhiza Licorice fern E Poaceae Paspalum dilatatum Dallisgrass E Poaceae Polypogon monspeliensis Rabbitsfoot grass, annual beardgrass N Poaceae Paspalum distichum Knotgrass N Dryopteridaceae Polystichum munitum Common sword fern, Western sword fern NR Plantaginaceae Penstemon ovatus Broad-leaved penstemon N Salicaceae Populus trichocarpa Black cottonwood Gairdner's yampah, Western false NR Apiaceae Perideridia gairdneri (syn. P. montana) caraway E Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Common purslane NR Oregon yampah Apiaceae Perideridia oregana E Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton crispus Curled pondweed N Polygonaceae Persicaria amphibia Water smartweed NR PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton epihydrus Ribbon-leaf pondweed E Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiper Smartweed, marshpepper smartweed N Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton foliosus Leafy pondweed N Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiperoides Waterpepper NR PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton illinoensis Illinois pondweed N Polygonaceae Persicaria lapathifolia Curltop lady's thumb, willowweed N Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton natans Floating-leaf pondweed E Polygonaceae Persicaria maculosa Spotted lady's thumb, heartweed NR PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton pusillus Small pondweed E Polygonaceae Persicaria pensylvanica Pinkweed NR Rosaceae Potentilla anserina ssp. anserina Common silverweed N Polygonaceae Persicaria punctata Dotted smartweed, water smartweed N Asteraceae Petasites frigidus var. palmatus Western coltsfoot N Hydrophyllaceae Phacelia nemoralis ssp. oregonensis Oregon phacelia Appendix 2 - Plant Species E Poaceae Phalaris aquatica Bulbous canarygrass 4 E Poaceae Phalaris arundinacea Reed canarygrass E Poaceae Phleum pratense Timothy E Poaceae Phragmites australis ssp. australis Old world common reed

NR Lamiaceae Physostegia parviflora Purple dragonhead N Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys bracteatus Bracted plagiobothrys N Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys hispidulus Eastside popcornflower N Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys scouleri Scouler's popcornflower E Plantaginaceae Plantago arenaria Sand plantain E Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata English plantain E Plantaginaceae Plantago major Common plantain E Plantaginaceae Plantago pusilla Dwarf plantain

NR Orchidaceae Platanthera unalascensis Alaska rein orchid, short-spurred piperia NR Valerianaceae Plectritis brachystemon Shortspur white plectritis N Valerianaceae Plectritis congesta Rosy plectritis N Valerianaceae Plectritis macrocera Longspur white plectritis E Poaceae Poa annua Annual bluegrass N Poaceae Poa laxiflora Looseflower bluegrass E Poaceae Poa palustris Foul bluegrass E Poaceae Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass N Polemoniaceae Polemonium micranthum Annual polemonium E Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare Prostrate knotweed, doorweed

NR Polygonaceae Polygonum douglasii Douglas knotweed N Polypodiaceae Polypodium glycyrrhiza Licorice fern E Poaceae Polypogon monspeliensis Rabbitsfoot grass, annual beardgrass N Dryopteridaceae Polystichum munitum Common sword fern, Western sword fern N Salicaceae Populus trichocarpa Black cottonwood E Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Common purslane E Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton crispus Curled pondweed NR PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton epihydrus Ribbon-leaf pondweed N Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton foliosus Leafy pondweed

NR PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton illinoensis Illinois pondweed N Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton natans Floating-leaf pondweed NR PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton pusillus Small pondweed NR Rosaceae Potentilla anserina ssp. anserina Common silverweed Appendix 2 - Plant Species 4 NR Fabaceae Lupinus albicaulis var. albicaulis Pine lupine, sickle keeled lupine NR Fabaceae Lupinus bicolor Two color lupine, miniature lupine NR Fabaceae Lupinus polycarpus Field Lupine, small-flowered lupine N Fabaceae Lupinus polyphyllus var. polyphyllus Bigleaf lupine

NR Juncaceae Luzula comosa var. laxa Pacific woodrush N Juncaceae Luzula hitchcockii Hitchcock's woodrush, smooth woodrush N Juncaceae Luzula parviflora Small-flowered woodrush N Lamiaceae Lycopus americanus Cutleaf water horehound

NR Lamiaceae Lycopus uniflorus Northern bugleweed NR Primulaceae Lysimachia ciliata Fringed loosestrife N Primulaceae Lysimachia latifolia (Trientalis latifolia) Western starflower E Primulaceae Lysimachia nummularia Creeping Jenny E Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife

NR Asteraceae Madia exigua Little tarweed, threadstem madia N Asteraceae Madia glomerata Cluster tarweed, mountain tarweed N Asteraceae Madia sativa Coast tarweed

N Asparagaceae Maianthemum racemosum ssp. amplexicaule False Solomon's seal N Asparagaceae Maianthemum stellatum Starry false Solomon's seal E Rosaceae Malus × domestica Domestic apple N Rosaceae Malus fusca Western crabapple E Malvaceae Malva parviflora Wrinkled cheeseweed, little mallow N Marsileaceae Marsilea vestita Western waterclover N Asteraceae Matricaria discoidea Pineapple weed E Phrymaceae Mazus pumilus Japanese mazus E Fabaceae Medicago lupulina Black medic, hop clover N Lamiaceae Mentha canadensis Field mint E Lamiaceae Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal

NR Menyanthaceae Menyanthes trifoliata Buckbean, bogbean

N Saxifragaceae Micranthes fragosa Brittle-leaved saxifrage, fleshy-leaved saxifrage Creeping mitrewort, star-shaped NR Saxifragaceae Mitella caulescens mitrewort NR Caryophyllaceae Moehringia lateriflora Blunt-leaved sandwort N Caryophyllaceae Moehringia macrophylla Big-leaved sandwort E Molluginaceae Mollugo verticillata Carpetweed, Indian chickweed

NR Montiaceae Montia diffusa Branching montia N Montiaceae Montia fontana Spring water chickweed

NR Montiaceae Montia howellii Howell's montia N Montiaceae Montia linearis Narrowleaf montia, lineleaf Indian lettuce N Asteraceae Mulgedium oblongifolium Blue lettuce NR Fabaceae Lupinus albicaulis var. albicaulis Pine lupine, sickle keeled lupine E Asteraceae Mycelis muralis Wall lettuce NR Fabaceae Lupinus bicolor Two color lupine, miniature lupine N Boraginaceae Myosotis laxa Small-flowered forget-me-not NR Fabaceae Lupinus polycarpus Field Lupine, small-flowered lupine N Fabaceae Lupinus polyphyllus var. polyphyllus Bigleaf lupine NR Boraginaceae Myosotis verna Spring forget-me-not

NR Juncaceae Luzula comosa var. laxa Pacific woodrush NR Ranunculaceae Myosurus minimus Least mousetail, tiny mousetail N Juncaceae Luzula hitchcockii Hitchcock's woodrush, smooth woodrush NR Haloragaceae Myriophyllum hippuroides Western water milfoil N Juncaceae Luzula parviflora Small-flowered woodrush E Haloragaceae Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian water milfoil Wavy water nymph, slender water N Lamiaceae Lycopus americanus Cutleaf water horehound NR HydrocharitaceaeNajas flexilis nymph

NR Lamiaceae Lycopus uniflorus Northern bugleweed NR HydrocharitaceaeNajas guadalupensis var. guadalupensis Common water nymph NR Primulaceae Lysimachia ciliata Fringed loosestrife NR Polemoniaceae Navarretia intertexta Near navarretia N Primulaceae Lysimachia latifolia (Trientalis latifolia) Western starflower N Polemoniaceae Navarretia squarrosa Skunkweed E Primulaceae Lysimachia nummularia Creeping Jenny N Hydrophyllaceae Nemophila parviflora var. parviflora Small-flowered nemophilia E Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife N Hydrophyllaceae Nemophila pedunculata Meadow nemophilia, spreading nemophilia E Lamiaceae Nepeta cataria Catnip NR Asteraceae Madia exigua Little tarweed, threadstem madia N Asteraceae Madia glomerata Cluster tarweed, mountain tarweed E Solanaceae Nicotiana acuminata var. multiflora Flowered tobacco N Asteraceae Madia sativa Coast tarweed N Nymphaeaceae Nuphar polysepala Yellow pond lily N Rosaceae Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum, osoberry N Asparagaceae Maianthemum racemosum ssp. amplexicaule False Solomon's seal N Apiaceae Oenanthe sarmentosa Pacific water parsley N Asparagaceae Maianthemum stellatum Starry false Solomon's seal N Onagraceae Oenothera biennis Common evening primrose E Rosaceae Malus × domestica Domestic apple N Onagraceae Oenothera villosa ssp. strigosa Villous evening primrose N Rosaceae Malus fusca Western crabapple NR Araliaceae Oplopanax horridus Devil's club E Malvaceae Malva parviflora Wrinkled cheeseweed, little mallow E Orobanchaceae Orobanche minor Clover broomrape N Marsileaceae Marsilea vestita Western waterclover NR Orobanchaceae Orobanche uniflora Broomrape N Asteraceae Matricaria discoidea Pineapple weed N Apiaceae Osmorhiza berteroi Mountain sweet cicely E Phrymaceae Mazus pumilus Japanese mazus E Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Creeping yellow wood sorrel E Fabaceae Medicago lupulina Black medic, hop clover N Poaceae Panicum capillare ssp. capillare Witchgrass N Lamiaceae Mentha canadensis Field mint E Poaceae Panicum dichotomiflorum ssp. dichotomiflorum Fall panicum E Lamiaceae Mentha pulegium Pennyroyal E Poaceae Panicum miliaceum Proso millet, common millet NR Buckbean, bogbean Menyanthaceae Menyanthes trifoliata E Poaceae Paspalum dilatatum Dallisgrass N Saxifragaceae Micranthes fragosa Brittle-leaved saxifrage, fleshy-leaved saxifrage N Poaceae Paspalum distichum Knotgrass Creeping mitrewort, star-shaped NR Saxifragaceae Mitella caulescens mitrewort NR Plantaginaceae Penstemon ovatus Broad-leaved penstemon Gairdner's yampah, Western false NR Caryophyllaceae Moehringia lateriflora Blunt-leaved sandwort NR Apiaceae Perideridia gairdneri (syn. P. montana) caraway N Caryophyllaceae Moehringia macrophylla Big-leaved sandwort NR Apiaceae Perideridia oregana Oregon yampah E Molluginaceae Mollugo verticillata Carpetweed, Indian chickweed N Polygonaceae Persicaria amphibia Water smartweed

NR Montiaceae Montia diffusa Branching montia E Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiper Smartweed, marshpepper smartweed N Montiaceae Montia fontana Spring water chickweed N Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiperoides Waterpepper

NR Montiaceae Montia howellii Howell's montia N Polygonaceae Persicaria lapathifolia Curltop lady's thumb, willowweed N Montiaceae Montia linearis Narrowleaf montia, lineleaf Indian lettuce E Polygonaceae Persicaria maculosa Spotted lady's thumb, heartweed N Asteraceae Mulgedium oblongifolium Blue lettuce E Polygonaceae Persicaria pensylvanica Pinkweed E Asteraceae Mycelis muralis Wall lettuce N Polygonaceae Persicaria punctata Dotted smartweed, water smartweed N Boraginaceae Myosotis laxa Small-flowered forget-me-not N Asteraceae Petasites frigidus var. palmatus Western coltsfoot NR Boraginaceae Myosotis verna Spring forget-me-not N Hydrophyllaceae Phacelia nemoralis ssp. oregonensis Oregon phacelia NR Ranunculaceae Myosurus minimus Least mousetail, tiny mousetail E Poaceae Phalaris aquatica Bulbous canarygrass NR Haloragaceae Myriophyllum hippuroides Western water milfoil E Poaceae Phalaris arundinacea Reed canarygrass E Haloragaceae Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian water milfoil E Poaceae Phleum pratense Timothy Wavy water nymph, slender water NR HydrocharitaceaeNajas flexilis nymph E Poaceae Phragmites australis ssp. australis Old world common reed NR HydrocharitaceaeNajas guadalupensis var. guadalupensis Common water nymph NR Lamiaceae Physostegia parviflora Purple dragonhead NR Polemoniaceae Navarretia intertexta Near navarretia N Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys bracteatus Bracted plagiobothrys N Polemoniaceae Navarretia squarrosa Skunkweed N Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys hispidulus Eastside popcornflower N Hydrophyllaceae Nemophila parviflora var. parviflora Small-flowered nemophilia N Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys scouleri Scouler's popcornflower N Hydrophyllaceae Nemophila pedunculata Meadow nemophilia, spreading nemophilia E Plantaginaceae Plantago arenaria Sand plantain E Lamiaceae Nepeta cataria Catnip E Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata English plantain E Solanaceae Nicotiana acuminata var. multiflora Flowered tobacco E Plantaginaceae Plantago major Common plantain N Nymphaeaceae Nuphar polysepala Yellow pond lily E Plantaginaceae Plantago pusilla Dwarf plantain

N Rosaceae Oemleria cerasiformis Indian plum, osoberry NR Orchidaceae Platanthera unalascensis Alaska rein orchid, short-spurred piperia N Apiaceae Oenanthe sarmentosa Pacific water parsley NR Valerianaceae Plectritis brachystemon Shortspur white plectritis N Onagraceae Oenothera biennis Common evening primrose N Valerianaceae Plectritis congesta Rosy plectritis N Onagraceae Oenothera villosa ssp. strigosa Villous evening primrose N Valerianaceae Plectritis macrocera Longspur white plectritis

NR Araliaceae Oplopanax horridus Devil's club E Poaceae Poa annua Annual bluegrass E Orobanchaceae Orobanche minor Clover broomrape N Poaceae Poa laxiflora Looseflower bluegrass NR Orobanchaceae Orobanche uniflora Broomrape E Poaceae Poa palustris Foul bluegrass N Apiaceae Osmorhiza berteroi Mountain sweet cicely E Poaceae Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass E Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Creeping yellow wood sorrel N Polemoniaceae Polemonium micranthum Annual polemonium N Poaceae Panicum capillare ssp. capillare Witchgrass E Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare Prostrate knotweed, doorweed

E Poaceae Panicum dichotomiflorum ssp. dichotomiflorum Fall panicum NR Polygonaceae Polygonum douglasii Douglas knotweed E Poaceae Panicum miliaceum Proso millet, common millet N Polypodiaceae Polypodium glycyrrhiza Licorice fern E Poaceae Paspalum dilatatum Dallisgrass E Poaceae Polypogon monspeliensis Rabbitsfoot grass, annual beardgrass N Poaceae Paspalum distichum Knotgrass N Dryopteridaceae Polystichum munitum Common sword fern, Western sword fern

NR Plantaginaceae Penstemon ovatus Broad-leaved penstemon N Salicaceae Populus trichocarpa Black cottonwood Gairdner's yampah, Western false NR Apiaceae Perideridia gairdneri (syn. P. montana) caraway E Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Common purslane NR Apiaceae Perideridia oregana Oregon yampah E Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton crispus Curled pondweed N Polygonaceae Persicaria amphibia Water smartweed NR PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton epihydrus Ribbon-leaf pondweed E Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiper Smartweed, marshpepper smartweed N Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton foliosus Leafy pondweed

N Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiperoides Waterpepper NR PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton illinoensis Illinois pondweed N Polygonaceae Persicaria lapathifolia Curltop lady's thumb, willowweed N Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton natans Floating-leaf pondweed E Polygonaceae Persicaria maculosa Spotted lady's thumb, heartweed NR PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton pusillus Small pondweed E Polygonaceae Persicaria pensylvanica Pinkweed NR Rosaceae Potentilla anserina ssp. anserina Common silverweed N Polygonaceae Persicaria punctata Dotted smartweed, water smartweed NR Rosaceae Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica Pacific silverweed N Asteraceae Petasites frigidus var. palmatus Western coltsfoot Appendix 2 - Plant SpeciesNR Rosaceae Potentilla biennis Biennial cinquefoil N Hydrophyllaceae Phacelia nemoralis ssp. oregonensis Oregon phacelia N Rosaceae Potentilla gracilis var. gracilis Graceful cinquefoil 4 E Poaceae Phalaris aquatica Bulbous canarygrass NR Rosaceae Potentilla rivalis Brook cinquefoil, streambank cinquefoil E Poaceae Phalaris arundinacea Reed canarygrass N Liliaceae Prosartes hookeri Hooker's fairybells E Poaceae Phleum pratense Timothy N Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata Native heal all E Poaceae Phragmites australis ssp. australis Old world common reed E Rosaceae Prunus avium Bird cherry, sweet cherry

NR Lamiaceae Physostegia parviflora Purple dragonhead E Rosaceae Prunus domestica European plum, garden plum N Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys bracteatus Bracted plagiobothrys E Rosaceae Prunus mahaleb Mahaleb cherry

N Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys hispidulus Eastside popcornflower NR Rosaceae Prunus virginiana var. demissa Western chokecherry N Boraginaceae Plagiobothrys scouleri Scouler's popcornflower NR Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium stramineum Cotton batting cudweed E Plantaginaceae Plantago arenaria Sand plantain N Pinaceae Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas fir E Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata English plantain NR Asteraceae Psilocarphus elatior Tall wollyheads E Plantaginaceae Plantago major Common plantain NR Asteraceae Psilocarphus oregonus Oregon woolyheads E Plantaginaceae Plantago pusilla Dwarf plantain N Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Bracken fern

NR Orchidaceae Platanthera unalascensis Alaska rein orchid, short-spurred piperia N Fagaceae Quercus garryana Oregon white oak NR Valerianaceae Plectritis brachystemon Shortspur white plectritis N Fagaceae Quercus garryana var. garryana Oregon white oak N Valerianaceae Plectritis congesta Rosy plectritis NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus aquatilis Leafy water buttercup N Valerianaceae Plectritis macrocera Longspur white plectritis NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus californicus California buttercup E Poaceae Poa annua Annual bluegrass NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus flabellaris Yellow water buttercup N Poaceae Poa laxiflora Looseflower bluegrass N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus flammula Creeping buttercup, lesser spearwort E Poaceae Poa palustris Foul bluegrass NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus macounii Macoun's buttercup E Poaceae Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus occidentalis Western buttercup N Polemoniaceae Polemonium micranthum Annual polemonium N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus orthorhynchus var. orthorhynchus Straightbeak buttercup, bird's foot buttercup E Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare Prostrate knotweed, doorweed E Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens Double-flowered creeping buttercup

NR Polygonaceae Polygonum douglasii Douglas knotweed E Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sardous Hairy buttercup N Polypodiaceae Polypodium glycyrrhiza Licorice fern N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sceleratus var. sceleratus Blister buttercup E Poaceae Polypogon monspeliensis Rabbitsfoot grass, annual beardgrass N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus uncinatus Little buttercup N Dryopteridaceae Polystichum munitum Common sword fern, Western sword fern E Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum Jointed charlock N Salicaceae Populus trichocarpa Black cottonwood E Brassicaceae Raphanus sativus Wild radish E Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Common purslane N Rhamnaceae Rhamnus purshiana Cascara E Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton crispus Curled pondweed N Grossulariaceae Ribes divaricatum var. divaricatum Wild gooseberry, straggly gooseberry NR PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton epihydrus Ribbon-leaf pondweed N Grossulariaceae Ribes sanguineum var. sanguineum Red-flowering currant N Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton foliosus Leafy pondweed NR Brassicaceae Rorippa columbiae Columbia cress, Columbia yellowcress NR PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton illinoensis Illinois pondweed NR Brassicaceae Rorippa curvipes var. truncata Bluntleaf yellowcress 70N SauviePotamogetonaceae Island & MultnomahPotamogeton Channel natans Bottomlands Conservation OpportunitiesFloating-leaf pondweed N Brassicaceae Rorippa curvisiliquaSauvie Island & Multnomah Channel BluntleafBottomlands yellowcress Conservation Opportunities 71 NR PotamogetonaceaePotamogeton pusillus Small pondweed N Brassicaceae Rorippa palustris Hairy marsh yellowcress NR Rosaceae Potentilla anserina ssp. anserina Common silverweed N Brassicaceae Rorippa sinuata Spreading yellowcress, Western yellowcress N Rosaceae Rosa gymnocarpa Bald-hip rose Appendix 2 - Plant Species N Rosaceae Rosa gymnocarpa var. gymnocarpa Bald-hip rose E Rosaceae Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose 4 N Rosaceae Rosa nutkana Nootka rose N Rosaceae Rosa pisocarpa ssp. pisocarpa Clustered rose, swamp rose NR Lythraceae Rotala ramosior Toothcup E Rosaceae Rubus bifrons Armenian blackberry, Himalayan blackberry E Rosaceae Rubus lanciniatis Evergreen blackberry, cut-leaved blackberry Western blackcap, western black NR Rosaceae Rubus leucodermis raspberry N Rosaceae Rubus nivalis Snow dewberry, dwarf snow bramble N Rosaceae Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry N Rosaceae Rubus spectabilis Salmon berry N Rosaceae Rubus ursinus Pacific blackberry, Pacific dewberry E Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel E Polygonaceae Rumex crispus Curly dock E Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius Bitter dock N Polygonaceae Rumex occidentalis Rocky mountain western dock NR Polygonaceae Rumex salicifolius Willow dock N Polygonaceae Rumex salicifolius var. salicifolius Willow dock N Polygonaceae Rumex venosus Veiny dock, winged dock N Caryophyllaceae Sabulina macra Slender sandwort, slender stitchwort N Caryophyllaceae Sagina decumbens ssp. occidentalis Western pearlwort

NR Alismataceae Sagittaria cuneata Wapato, arumleaf arrowhead N Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia Wapato, broadleaf arrowhead N Salicaceae Salix exigua var. columbiana Columbia River willow N Salicaceae Salix exigua var. exigua Coyote willow, narrowleaf willow N Salicaceae Salix exigua var. sessilifolia Northwest sandbar willow, soft-leaved willow N Salicaceae Salix lasiandra var. lasiandra Pacific willow N Salicaceae Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow N Salicaceae Salix sitchensis var. sitchensis Sitka willow N Adoxaceae Sambucus mexicana ssp. caerulea Blue elderberry N Adoxaceae Sambucus racemosa Red elderberry N Adoxaceae Sambucus racemosa var. arborescens Pacific red elderberry N Apiaceae Sanicula crassicaulis Pacific snakeroot, Western snakeroot N Lamiaceae Satureja douglasii Yerba buena

NR Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis Tule, hardstem bulrush N Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Tule, softstem bulrush E Cyperaceae Scirpus cyperinus Woolgrass N Cyperaceae Scirpus microcarpus Small-fruited bulrush

NR Lamiaceae Scutellaria lateriflora Mad dog skullcap E Poaceae Secale cereale Rye NR Crassulaceae Sedum spathulifolium Broadlead stonecrop Sedum stenopetalum ssp. NR Crassulaceae stenopetalum Wormleaf stonecrop NR Selaginellaceae Selaginella oregana Oregon spikemoss, Oregon selaginella NR Asteraceae Senecio integerrimus var. ochroleucus Western white groundsel E Asteraceae Senecio jacobaea Tansy ragwort E Asteraceae Senecio sylvaticus Woodland groundsel, wood groundsel E Asteraceae Senecio vulgaris Common groundsel E Poaceae Setaria pumila ssp. pumila Yellow foxtail, yellow bristlegrass E Caryophyllaceae Silene coronaria Rose campion N Caryophyllaceae Silene scouleri ssp. scouleri Scouler's catchfly E Asteraceae Silybum marianum Milk thistle E Brassicaceae Sisymbrium officinale Hedge mustard N Iridaceae Sisyrinchium idahoense var. idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass

NR Apiaceae Sium suave Hemlock water parsnip E Solanaceae Solanum americanum Small-flowered nightshade E Solanaceae Solanum dulcamara Climbing nightshade, bittersweet E Solanaceae Solanum rostratum Buffalo bur

NR Asteraceae Solidago gigantea Giant goldenrod N Asteraceae Solidago lepida var. lepida Canada goldenrod E Asteraceae Sonchus asper Prickly sow thistle NR Rosaceae Sorbus sitchensis Sitka mountain ash N Typhaceae Sparganium angustifolium Floating bur-reed N Typhaceae Sparganium emersum Simple-stem bur-reed E Caryophyllaceae Spergula arvensis Cornspurrey, stickwort E Caryophyllaceae Spergularia rubra Red sand-spurrey N Rosaceae Spiraea douglasii var. douglasii Douglas spirea N Araceae Spirodela polyrrhiza Greater duckweed N Lamiaceae Stachys cooleyae Great betony, Cooley's hedgenettle N Lamiaceae Stachys mexicana Mexican betony, great betony N Lamiaceae Stachys rigida Rigid betony, rigid hedgenettle N Caryophyllaceae Stellaria borealis Boreal starwort

NR Caryophyllaceae Stellaria borealis ssp. sitchana Sitka starwort, few-flowered starwort N Caryophyllaceae Stellaria calycantha Northern starwort NR Caryophyllaceae Stellaria longipes Goldie's starwort E Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Common chickweed

NR Caryophyllaceae Stellaria nitens Shining starwort Appendix 2 - Plant Species 5 NR Rosaceae Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica Pacific silverweed NR Rosaceae Potentilla biennis Biennial cinquefoil N Rosaceae Potentilla gracilis var. gracilis Graceful cinquefoil NR Rosaceae Potentilla rivalis Brook cinquefoil, streambank cinquefoil N Liliaceae Prosartes hookeri Hooker's fairybells N Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata Native heal all E Rosaceae Prunus avium Bird cherry, sweet cherry E Rosaceae Prunus domestica European plum, garden plum E Rosaceae Prunus mahaleb Mahaleb cherry

NR Rosaceae Prunus virginiana var. demissa Western chokecherry NR Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium stramineum Cotton batting cudweed N Pinaceae Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas fir

NR Asteraceae Psilocarphus elatior Tall wollyheads NR Asteraceae Psilocarphus oregonus Oregon woolyheads N Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Bracken fern N Fagaceae Quercus garryana Oregon white oak N Fagaceae Quercus garryana var. garryana Oregon white oak

NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus aquatilis Leafy water buttercup NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus californicus California buttercup NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus flabellaris Yellow water buttercup N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus flammula Creeping buttercup, lesser spearwort

NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus macounii Macoun's buttercup N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus occidentalis Western buttercup N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus orthorhynchus var. orthorhynchus Straightbeak buttercup, bird's foot buttercup E Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens Double-flowered creeping buttercup E Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sardous Hairy buttercup N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sceleratus var. sceleratus Blister buttercup N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus uncinatus Little buttercup E Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum Jointed charlock E Brassicaceae Raphanus sativus Wild radish N Rhamnaceae Rhamnus purshiana Cascara N Grossulariaceae Ribes divaricatum var. divaricatum Wild gooseberry, straggly gooseberry N Grossulariaceae Ribes sanguineum var. sanguineum Red-flowering currant

NR Brassicaceae Rorippa columbiae Columbia cress, Columbia yellowcress NR Brassicaceae Rorippa curvipes var. truncata Bluntleaf yellowcress N Brassicaceae Rorippa curvisiliqua Bluntleaf yellowcress N Brassicaceae Rorippa palustris Hairy marsh yellowcress N Brassicaceae Rorippa sinuata Spreading yellowcress, Western yellowcress NR Rosaceae Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica Pacific silverweed N Rosaceae Rosa gymnocarpa Bald-hip rose NR Rosaceae Potentilla biennis Biennial cinquefoil N Rosaceae Rosa gymnocarpa var. gymnocarpa Bald-hip rose N Rosaceae Potentilla gracilis var. gracilis Graceful cinquefoil E Rosaceae Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose NR Rosaceae Potentilla rivalis Brook cinquefoil, streambank cinquefoil N Rosaceae Rosa nutkana Nootka rose N Liliaceae Prosartes hookeri Hooker's fairybells N Rosaceae Rosa pisocarpa ssp. pisocarpa Clustered rose, swamp rose N Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata Native heal all NR Lythraceae Rotala ramosior Toothcup E Rosaceae Prunus avium Bird cherry, sweet cherry E Rosaceae Rubus bifrons Armenian blackberry, Himalayan blackberry E Rosaceae Prunus domestica European plum, garden plum E Rosaceae Rubus lanciniatis Evergreen blackberry, cut-leaved blackberry Western blackcap, western black E Rosaceae Prunus mahaleb Mahaleb cherry NR Rosaceae Rubus leucodermis raspberry NR Rosaceae Prunus virginiana var. demissa Western chokecherry N Rosaceae Rubus nivalis Snow dewberry, dwarf snow bramble NR Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium stramineum Cotton batting cudweed N Rosaceae Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry N Pinaceae Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas fir N Rosaceae Rubus spectabilis Salmon berry NR Asteraceae Psilocarphus elatior Tall wollyheads N Rosaceae Rubus ursinus Pacific blackberry, Pacific dewberry NR Asteraceae Psilocarphus oregonus Oregon woolyheads E Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel N Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Bracken fern E Polygonaceae Rumex crispus Curly dock N Fagaceae Quercus garryana Oregon white oak E Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius Bitter dock N Fagaceae Quercus garryana var. garryana Oregon white oak N Polygonaceae Rumex occidentalis Rocky mountain western dock NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus aquatilis Leafy water buttercup NR Polygonaceae Rumex salicifolius Willow dock NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus californicus California buttercup N Polygonaceae Rumex salicifolius var. salicifolius Willow dock NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus flabellaris Yellow water buttercup N Polygonaceae Rumex venosus Veiny dock, winged dock N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus flammula Creeping buttercup, lesser spearwort N Caryophyllaceae Sabulina macra Slender sandwort, slender stitchwort NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus macounii Macoun's buttercup N Caryophyllaceae Sagina decumbens ssp. occidentalis Western pearlwort N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus occidentalis Western buttercup NR Alismataceae Sagittaria cuneata Wapato, arumleaf arrowhead N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus orthorhynchus var. orthorhynchus Straightbeak buttercup, bird's foot buttercup N Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia Wapato, broadleaf arrowhead E Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens Double-flowered creeping buttercup N Salicaceae Salix exigua var. columbiana Columbia River willow E Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sardous Hairy buttercup N Salicaceae Salix exigua var. exigua Coyote willow, narrowleaf willow N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sceleratus var. sceleratus Blister buttercup N Salicaceae Salix exigua var. sessilifolia Northwest sandbar willow, soft-leaved willow N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus uncinatus Little buttercup N Salicaceae Salix lasiandra var. lasiandra Pacific willow E Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum Jointed charlock N Salicaceae Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow E Brassicaceae Raphanus sativus Wild radish N Salicaceae Salix sitchensis var. sitchensis Sitka willow N Rhamnaceae Rhamnus purshiana Cascara N Adoxaceae Sambucus mexicana ssp. caerulea Blue elderberry N Grossulariaceae Ribes divaricatum var. divaricatum Wild gooseberry, straggly gooseberry N Adoxaceae Sambucus racemosa Red elderberry N Grossulariaceae Ribes sanguineum var. sanguineum Red-flowering currant N Adoxaceae Sambucus racemosa var. arborescens Pacific red elderberry NR Brassicaceae Rorippa columbiae Columbia cress, Columbia yellowcress N Apiaceae Sanicula crassicaulis Pacific snakeroot, Western snakeroot NR Brassicaceae Rorippa curvipes var. truncata Bluntleaf yellowcress N Lamiaceae Satureja douglasii Yerba buena N Brassicaceae Rorippa curvisiliqua Bluntleaf yellowcress NR Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis Tule, hardstem bulrush N Brassicaceae Rorippa palustris Hairy marsh yellowcress N Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Tule, softstem bulrush N Brassicaceae Rorippa sinuata Spreading yellowcress, Western yellowcress E Cyperaceae Scirpus cyperinus Woolgrass N Rosaceae Rosa gymnocarpa Bald-hip rose N Cyperaceae Scirpus microcarpus Small-fruited bulrush

N Rosaceae Rosa gymnocarpa var. gymnocarpa Bald-hip rose NR Lamiaceae Scutellaria lateriflora Mad dog skullcap E Rosaceae Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose E Poaceae Secale cereale Rye N Rosaceae Rosa nutkana Nootka rose NR Crassulaceae Sedum spathulifolium Broadlead stonecrop Sedum stenopetalum ssp. N Rosaceae Rosa pisocarpa ssp. pisocarpa Clustered rose, swamp rose NR Crassulaceae stenopetalum Wormleaf stonecrop NR Lythraceae Rotala ramosior Toothcup NR Selaginellaceae Selaginella oregana Oregon spikemoss, Oregon selaginella E Rosaceae Rubus bifrons Armenian blackberry, Himalayan blackberry NR Asteraceae Senecio integerrimus var. ochroleucus Western white groundsel E Rosaceae Rubus lanciniatis Evergreen blackberry, cut-leaved blackberry E Asteraceae Senecio jacobaea Tansy ragwort Western blackcap, western black NR Rosaceae Rubus leucodermis raspberry E Asteraceae Senecio sylvaticus Woodland groundsel, wood groundsel N Rosaceae Rubus nivalis Snow dewberry, dwarf snow bramble E Asteraceae Senecio vulgaris Common groundsel N Rosaceae Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry E Poaceae Setaria pumila ssp. pumila Yellow foxtail, yellow bristlegrass N Rosaceae Rubus spectabilis Salmon berry E Caryophyllaceae Silene coronaria Rose campion N Rosaceae Rubus ursinus Pacific blackberry, Pacific dewberry N Caryophyllaceae Silene scouleri ssp. scouleri Scouler's catchfly E Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel E Asteraceae Silybum marianum Milk thistle E Polygonaceae Rumex crispus Curly dock E Brassicaceae Sisymbrium officinale Hedge mustard E Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius Bitter dock N Iridaceae Sisyrinchium idahoense var. idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass

N Polygonaceae Rumex occidentalis Rocky mountain western dock NR Apiaceae Sium suave Hemlock water parsnip NR Polygonaceae Rumex salicifolius Willow dock E Solanaceae Solanum americanum Small-flowered nightshade N Polygonaceae Rumex salicifolius var. salicifolius Willow dock E Solanaceae Solanum dulcamara Climbing nightshade, bittersweet N Polygonaceae Rumex venosus Veiny dock, winged dock E Solanaceae Solanum rostratum Buffalo bur

N Caryophyllaceae Sabulina macra Slender sandwort, slender stitchwort NR Asteraceae Solidago gigantea Giant goldenrod N Caryophyllaceae Sagina decumbens ssp. occidentalis Western pearlwort N Asteraceae Solidago lepida var. lepida Canada goldenrod NR Alismataceae Sagittaria cuneata Wapato, arumleaf arrowhead E Asteraceae Sonchus asper Prickly sow thistle N Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia Wapato, broadleaf arrowhead NR Rosaceae Sorbus sitchensis Sitka mountain ash N Salicaceae Salix exigua var. columbiana Columbia River willow N Typhaceae Sparganium angustifolium Floating bur-reed N Salicaceae Salix exigua var. exigua Coyote willow, narrowleaf willow N Typhaceae Sparganium emersum Simple-stem bur-reed N Salicaceae Salix exigua var. sessilifolia Northwest sandbar willow, soft-leaved willow E Caryophyllaceae Spergula arvensis Cornspurrey, stickwort N Salicaceae Salix lasiandra var. lasiandra Pacific willow E Caryophyllaceae Spergularia rubra Red sand-spurrey N Salicaceae Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow N Rosaceae Spiraea douglasii var. douglasii Douglas spirea N Salicaceae Salix sitchensis var. sitchensis Sitka willow N Araceae Spirodela polyrrhiza Greater duckweed N Adoxaceae Sambucus mexicana ssp. caerulea Blue elderberry N Lamiaceae Stachys cooleyae Great betony, Cooley's hedgenettle N Adoxaceae Sambucus racemosa Red elderberry N Lamiaceae Stachys mexicana Mexican betony, great betony N Adoxaceae Sambucus racemosa var. arborescens Pacific red elderberry N Lamiaceae Stachys rigida Rigid betony, rigid hedgenettle N Apiaceae Sanicula crassicaulis Pacific snakeroot, Western snakeroot N Caryophyllaceae Stellaria borealis Boreal starwort

N Lamiaceae Satureja douglasii Yerba buena NR Caryophyllaceae Stellaria borealis ssp. sitchana Sitka starwort, few-flowered starwort NR Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis Tule, hardstem bulrush N Caryophyllaceae Stellaria calycantha Northern starwort 72N SauvieCyperaceae Island & MultnomahSchoenoplectus Channel Bottomlands tabernaemontani Conservation OpportunitiesTule, softstem bulrush NR Caryophyllaceae StellariaSauvie longipes Island & Multnomah Channel Goldie'sBottomlands starwort Conservation Opportunities 73 E Cyperaceae Scirpus cyperinus Woolgrass E Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Common chickweed

N Cyperaceae Scirpus microcarpus Small-fruited bulrush NR Caryophyllaceae Stellaria nitens Shining starwort NR Lamiaceae Scutellaria lateriflora Mad dog skullcap E Poaceae Secale cereale Rye Appendix 2 - Plant Species NR Crassulaceae Sedum spathulifolium Broadlead stonecrop Sedum stenopetalum ssp. 5 NR Crassulaceae stenopetalum Wormleaf stonecrop NR Selaginellaceae Selaginella oregana Oregon spikemoss, Oregon selaginella NR Asteraceae Senecio integerrimus var. ochroleucus Western white groundsel E Asteraceae Senecio jacobaea Tansy ragwort E Asteraceae Senecio sylvaticus Woodland groundsel, wood groundsel E Asteraceae Senecio vulgaris Common groundsel E Poaceae Setaria pumila ssp. pumila Yellow foxtail, yellow bristlegrass E Caryophyllaceae Silene coronaria Rose campion N Caryophyllaceae Silene scouleri ssp. scouleri Scouler's catchfly E Asteraceae Silybum marianum Milk thistle E Brassicaceae Sisymbrium officinale Hedge mustard N Iridaceae Sisyrinchium idahoense var. idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass

NR Apiaceae Sium suave Hemlock water parsnip E Solanaceae Solanum americanum Small-flowered nightshade E Solanaceae Solanum dulcamara Climbing nightshade, bittersweet E Solanaceae Solanum rostratum Buffalo bur

NR Asteraceae Solidago gigantea Giant goldenrod N Asteraceae Solidago lepida var. lepida Canada goldenrod E Asteraceae Sonchus asper Prickly sow thistle NR Rosaceae Sorbus sitchensis Sitka mountain ash N Typhaceae Sparganium angustifolium Floating bur-reed N Typhaceae Sparganium emersum Simple-stem bur-reed E Caryophyllaceae Spergula arvensis Cornspurrey, stickwort E Caryophyllaceae Spergularia rubra Red sand-spurrey N Rosaceae Spiraea douglasii var. douglasii Douglas spirea N Araceae Spirodela polyrrhiza Greater duckweed N Lamiaceae Stachys cooleyae Great betony, Cooley's hedgenettle N Lamiaceae Stachys mexicana Mexican betony, great betony N Lamiaceae Stachys rigida Rigid betony, rigid hedgenettle N Caryophyllaceae Stellaria borealis Boreal starwort

NR Caryophyllaceae Stellaria borealis ssp. sitchana Sitka starwort, few-flowered starwort N Caryophyllaceae Stellaria calycantha Northern starwort NR Caryophyllaceae Stellaria longipes Goldie's starwort E Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Common chickweed

NR Caryophyllaceae Stellaria nitens Shining starwort Appendix 2 - Plant Species 5 NR Rosaceae Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica Pacific silverweed NR Rosaceae Potentilla biennis Biennial cinquefoil N Rosaceae Potentilla gracilis var. gracilis Graceful cinquefoil NR Rosaceae Potentilla rivalis Brook cinquefoil, streambank cinquefoil N Liliaceae Prosartes hookeri Hooker's fairybells N Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata Native heal all E Rosaceae Prunus avium Bird cherry, sweet cherry E Rosaceae Prunus domestica European plum, garden plum E Rosaceae Prunus mahaleb Mahaleb cherry

NR Rosaceae Prunus virginiana var. demissa Western chokecherry NR Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium stramineum Cotton batting cudweed N Pinaceae Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas fir

NR Asteraceae Psilocarphus elatior Tall wollyheads NR Asteraceae Psilocarphus oregonus Oregon woolyheads N Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Bracken fern N Fagaceae Quercus garryana Oregon white oak N Fagaceae Quercus garryana var. garryana Oregon white oak

NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus aquatilis Leafy water buttercup NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus californicus California buttercup NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus flabellaris Yellow water buttercup N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus flammula Creeping buttercup, lesser spearwort

NR Ranunculaceae Ranunculus macounii Macoun's buttercup N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus occidentalis Western buttercup N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus orthorhynchus var. orthorhynchus Straightbeak buttercup, bird's foot buttercup E Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens Double-flowered creeping buttercup E Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sardous Hairy buttercup N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sceleratus var. sceleratus Blister buttercup N Ranunculaceae Ranunculus uncinatus Little buttercup E Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum Jointed charlock E Brassicaceae Raphanus sativus Wild radish N Rhamnaceae Rhamnus purshiana Cascara N Grossulariaceae Ribes divaricatum var. divaricatum Wild gooseberry, straggly gooseberry N Grossulariaceae Ribes sanguineum var. sanguineum Red-flowering currant

NR Brassicaceae Rorippa columbiae Columbia cress, Columbia yellowcress NR Brassicaceae Rorippa curvipes var. truncata Bluntleaf yellowcress N Brassicaceae Rorippa curvisiliqua Bluntleaf yellowcress N Brassicaceae Rorippa palustris Hairy marsh yellowcress N Brassicaceae Rorippa sinuata Spreading yellowcress, Western yellowcress N Rosaceae Rosa gymnocarpa Bald-hip rose N Rosaceae Rosa gymnocarpa var. gymnocarpa Bald-hip rose E Rosaceae Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose N Rosaceae Rosa nutkana Nootka rose N Rosaceae Rosa pisocarpa ssp. pisocarpa Clustered rose, swamp rose NR Lythraceae Rotala ramosior Toothcup E Rosaceae Rubus bifrons Armenian blackberry, Himalayan blackberry E Rosaceae Rubus lanciniatis Evergreen blackberry, cut-leaved blackberry Western blackcap, western black NR Rosaceae Rubus leucodermis raspberry N Rosaceae Rubus nivalis Snow dewberry, dwarf snow bramble N Rosaceae Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry N Rosaceae Rubus spectabilis Salmon berry N Rosaceae Rubus ursinus Pacific blackberry, Pacific dewberry E Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel E Polygonaceae Rumex crispus Curly dock E Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius Bitter dock N Polygonaceae Rumex occidentalis Rocky mountain western dock NR Polygonaceae Rumex salicifolius Willow dock N Polygonaceae Rumex salicifolius var. salicifolius Willow dock N Polygonaceae Rumex venosus Veiny dock, winged dock N Caryophyllaceae Sabulina macra Slender sandwort, slender stitchwort N Caryophyllaceae Sagina decumbens ssp. occidentalis Western pearlwort

NR Alismataceae Sagittaria cuneata Wapato, arumleaf arrowhead N Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia Wapato, broadleaf arrowhead N Salicaceae Salix exigua var. columbiana Columbia River willow N Salicaceae Salix exigua var. exigua Coyote willow, narrowleaf willow N Salicaceae Salix exigua var. sessilifolia Northwest sandbar willow, soft-leaved willow N Salicaceae Salix lasiandra var. lasiandra Pacific willow N Salicaceae Salix scouleriana Scouler's willow N Salicaceae Salix sitchensis var. sitchensis Sitka willow N Adoxaceae Sambucus mexicana ssp. caerulea Blue elderberry N Adoxaceae Sambucus racemosa Red elderberry N Adoxaceae Sambucus racemosa var. arborescens Pacific red elderberry N Apiaceae Sanicula crassicaulis Pacific snakeroot, Western snakeroot N Lamiaceae Satureja douglasii Yerba buena

NR Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis Tule, hardstem bulrush N Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Tule, softstem bulrush E Cyperaceae Scirpus cyperinus Woolgrass N Cyperaceae Scirpus microcarpus Small-fruited bulrush

NR Lamiaceae Scutellaria lateriflora Mad dog skullcap E Poaceae Secale cereale Rye NR PotamogetonaceaeStuckenia pectinata Sago pondweed, fennel-leaved pondweed NR Crassulaceae Sedum spathulifolium Broadlead stonecrop NR Saxifragaceae Sullivantia oregana Sullivantia Sedum stenopetalum ssp. NR Crassulaceae stenopetalum Wormleaf stonecrop N Caprifoliaceae Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus Common snowberry NR Selaginellaceae Selaginella oregana Oregon spikemoss, Oregon selaginella N Asteraceae Symphyotrichum subspicatum Douglas' aster NR Asteraceae Senecio integerrimus var. ochroleucus Western white groundsel E Asteraceae Tanacetum vulgare Common tansy E Asteraceae Senecio jacobaea Tansy ragwort E Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion E Asteraceae Senecio sylvaticus Woodland groundsel, wood groundsel N Taxaceae Taxus brevifolia Pacific yew E Asteraceae Senecio vulgaris Common groundsel N Saxifragaceae Tellima grandiflora Fringe cup, large fringe cup

E Poaceae Setaria pumila ssp. pumila Yellow foxtail, yellow bristlegrass NR Ranunculaceae Thalictrum polycarpum Tall Western meadowrue E Caryophyllaceae Silene coronaria Rose campion N Cupressaceae Thuja plicata Western red cedar N Caryophyllaceae Silene scouleri ssp. scouleri Scouler's catchfly N Saxifragaceae Tiarella trifoliata var. trifoliata Trefoil foamflower E Asteraceae Silybum marianum Milk thistle N Saxifragaceae Tolmiea menziesii Piggyback plant

E Brassicaceae Sisymbrium officinale Hedge mustard NR Poaceae Torreyochloa pallida var. pauciflora Weak mannagrass, pale false mannagrass N Iridaceae Sisyrinchium idahoense var. idahoense Idaho blue-eyed grass N Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron diversilobum Poison oak NR Apiaceae Sium suave Hemlock water parsnip E Asteraceae Tragopogon dubius Yellow salsify E Solanaceae Solanum americanum Small-flowered nightshade E Fabaceae Trifolium arvense Hare's foot, rabbitfoot clover E Solanaceae Solanum dulcamara Climbing nightshade, bittersweet E Fabaceae Trifolium campestre Hop clover E Solanaceae Solanum rostratum Buffalo bur E Fabaceae Trifolium dubium Least hop clover NR Asteraceae Solidago gigantea Giant goldenrod N Fabaceae Trifolium microcephalum Small-headed clover, woolly clover N Asteraceae Solidago lepida var. lepida Canada goldenrod NR Fabaceae Trifolium oliganthum Few-flowered clover E Asteraceae Sonchus asper Prickly sow thistle E Fabaceae Trifolium pratense Red clover NR Rosaceae Sorbus sitchensis Sitka mountain ash E Fabaceae Trifolium repens White clover, Dutch clover N Typhaceae Sparganium angustifolium Floating bur-reed N Melanthiaceae Trillium ovatum ssp. ovatum Western trillium N Typhaceae Sparganium emersum Simple-stem bur-reed NR Campanulaceae Triodanis perfoliata Clasping Venus' looking glass E Caryophyllaceae Spergula arvensis Cornspurrey, stickwort NR Orobanchaceae Triphysaria pusilla Dwarf triphysaria, dwarf owl clover E Caryophyllaceae Spergularia rubra Red sand-spurrey E Poaceae Triplasis purpurea Purple sandgrass

N Rosaceae Spiraea douglasii var. douglasii Douglas spirea N Poaceae Trisetum canescens Tall trisetum N Araceae Spirodela polyrrhiza Greater duckweed N Asparagaceae Triteleia hyacinthina Hyacinth triteleia, white triteleia N Lamiaceae Stachys cooleyae Great betony, Cooley's hedgenettle N Brassicaceae Turritis glabra Tower mustardweed N Lamiaceae Stachys mexicana Mexican betony, great betony N Typhaceae Typha angustifolia Narrow-leaved cattail, lesser cattail N Lamiaceae Stachys rigida Rigid betony, rigid hedgenettle N Typhaceae Typha latifolia Broad-leaved cattail, common cattail N Caryophyllaceae Stellaria borealis Boreal starwort N Urticaceae Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis Northwest nettle, American stinging nettle

NR Caryophyllaceae Stellaria borealis ssp. sitchana Sitka starwort, few-flowered starwort NR Lentibulariaceae Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza Common bladderwort N Caryophyllaceae Stellaria calycantha Northern starwort E Caryophyllaceae Vaccaria hispanica Cow soapwort, cowcockle NR Caryophyllaceae Stellaria longipes Goldie's starwort N Ericaceae Vaccinium parvifolium Red huckleberry E Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media Common chickweed E Valerianaceae Valerianella locusta European corn salad

NR Caryophyllaceae Stellaria nitens Shining starwort N Hydrocharitaceae Vallisneria americana Tape-grass, American water celery NR PotamogetonaceaeStuckenia pectinata Sago pondweed, fennel-leaved pondweed N Berberidaceae Vancouveria hexandra White inside out flower Appendix 2 - Plant SpeciesNR Saxifragaceae Sullivantia oregana Sullivantia E Scrophulariaceae Verbascum blattaria Moth mullein N Caprifoliaceae Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus Common snowberry E Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus Flannel mullein, cowboy toilet paper 5 N Asteraceae Symphyotrichum subspicatum Douglas' aster NR Verbenaceae Verbena bracteata Bracted verbena E Asteraceae Tanacetum vulgare Common tansy N Verbenaceae Verbena hastata Blue verbena E Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion N Plantaginaceae Veronica americana Amerian brooklime N Taxaceae Taxus brevifolia Pacific yew E Plantaginaceae Veronica arvensis Corn speedwell N Saxifragaceae Tellima grandiflora Fringe cup, large fringe cup N Plantaginaceae Veronica peregrina var. peregrina Purslane speedwell NR Ranunculaceae Thalictrum polycarpum Tall Western meadowrue N Plantaginaceae Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis Hairy purslane speedwell N Cupressaceae Thuja plicata Western red cedar E Plantaginaceae Veronica persica Persian speedwell N Saxifragaceae Tiarella trifoliata var. trifoliata Trefoil foamflower N Plantaginaceae Veronica scutellata Marsh speedwell, skullcap speedwell N Saxifragaceae Tolmiea menziesii Piggyback plant N, E Plantaginaceae Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved speedwell NR Poaceae Torreyochloa pallida var. pauciflora Weak mannagrass, pale false mannagrass N Adoxaceae Viburnum ellipticum Oregon viburnum N Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron diversilobum Poison oak N Fabaceae Vicia americana var. americana American vetch E Asteraceae Tragopogon dubius Yellow salsify E Fabaceae Vicia cracca Bird vetch, cat peas E Fabaceae Trifolium arvense Hare's foot, rabbitfoot clover E Fabaceae Vicia hirsuta Hairy vetch E Fabaceae Trifolium campestre Hop clover NR Fabaceae Vicia nigricans var. gigantea Giant vetch E Fabaceae Trifolium dubium Least hop clover E Fabaceae Vicia villosa Winter Vetch N Fabaceae Trifolium microcephalum Small-headed clover, woolly clover NR Violaceae Viola adunca Early blue violet, hookedspur violet NR Fabaceae Trifolium oliganthum Few-flowered clover N Violaceae Viola glabella Stream violet E Fabaceae Trifolium pratense Red clover N Violaceae Viola praemorsa ssp. praemorsa Upland yellow violet, canary violet E Fabaceae Trifolium repens White clover, Dutch clover NR Violaceae Viola sempervirens Redwoods violet, evergreen violet N Melanthiaceae Trillium ovatum ssp. ovatum Western trillium E Poaceae Vulpia myuros Rattail fescue

NR Campanulaceae Triodanis perfoliata Clasping Venus' looking glass NR Poaceae Vulpia octoflora Sixweeks fescue, six-weeks grass NR Orobanchaceae Triphysaria pusilla Dwarf triphysaria, dwarf owl clover NR Hydrangeaceae Whipplea modesta whipplevine, yerba de selva E Poaceae Triplasis purpurea Purple sandgrass E Araceae Wolffia brasiliensis Brazilian water meal N Poaceae Trisetum canescens Tall trisetum NR Araceae Wolffia columbiana Columbia water meal N Asparagaceae Triteleia hyacinthina Hyacinth triteleia, white triteleia N Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium var. canadense Rough cocklebur N Brassicaceae Turritis glabra Tower mustardweed NR Apiaceae Zizia aptera var. occidentalis Meadow zizia, heart-leaved Alexanders N Typhaceae Typha angustifolia Narrow-leaved cattail, lesser cattail N Typhaceae Typha latifolia Broad-leaved cattail, common cattail N Urticaceae Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis Northwest nettle, American stinging nettle

NR Lentibulariaceae Utricularia vulgaris ssp. macrorhiza Common bladderwort E Caryophyllaceae Vaccaria hispanica Cow soapwort, cowcockle 74N SauvieEricaceae Island & MultnomahVaccinium Channel parvifolium Bottomlands Conservation OpportunitiesRed huckleberry Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 75 E Valerianaceae Valerianella locusta European corn salad N Hydrocharitaceae Vallisneria americana Tape-grass, American water celery N Berberidaceae Vancouveria hexandra White inside out flower E Scrophulariaceae Verbascum blattaria Moth mullein E Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus Flannel mullein, cowboy toilet paper

NR Verbenaceae Verbena bracteata Bracted verbena N Verbenaceae Verbena hastata Blue verbena N Plantaginaceae Veronica americana Amerian brooklime E Plantaginaceae Veronica arvensis Corn speedwell N Plantaginaceae Veronica peregrina var. peregrina Purslane speedwell N Plantaginaceae Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis Hairy purslane speedwell E Plantaginaceae Veronica persica Persian speedwell N Plantaginaceae Veronica scutellata Marsh speedwell, skullcap speedwell N, E Plantaginaceae Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved speedwell N Adoxaceae Viburnum ellipticum Oregon viburnum N Fabaceae Vicia americana var. americana American vetch E Fabaceae Vicia cracca Bird vetch, cat peas E Fabaceae Vicia hirsuta Hairy vetch

NR Fabaceae Vicia nigricans var. gigantea Giant vetch E Fabaceae Vicia villosa Winter Vetch NR Violaceae Viola adunca Early blue violet, hookedspur violet N Violaceae Viola glabella Stream violet N Violaceae Viola praemorsa ssp. praemorsa Upland yellow violet, canary violet

NR Violaceae Viola sempervirens Redwoods violet, evergreen violet E Poaceae Vulpia myuros Rattail fescue

NR Poaceae Vulpia octoflora Sixweeks fescue, six-weeks grass NR Hydrangeaceae Whipplea modesta whipplevine, yerba de selva E Araceae Wolffia brasiliensis Brazilian water meal NR Araceae Wolffia columbiana Columbia water meal N Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium var. canadense Rough cocklebur

NR Apiaceae Zizia aptera var. occidentalis Meadow zizia, heart-leaved Alexanders

Appendix 2 - Plant Species 6

Appendix 2 - Plant Species 6 • Plant riparian corridors. Current and Historical Presence: APPENDIX 3 • Retain large trees for roosting. There are a few left on the island but most have been • Leave brushy understory in stands of trees. displaced by eastern squirrel species and their numbers SAUVIE ISLAND/MULTNOMAH CHANNEL SPECIES OF CONCERN • Minimize use of pesticides and use bat-sensitive vector declined as stands of oak have been eliminated for agriculture. controls. Actions to stabilize/increase populations: The area covered in this document provides habitat night roosts and maternity roosts. Use caves and mines for • Save and report dead bats to ODFW so they can check them for white-nose syndrome. • Retain existing Oregon white oaks, especially larger stands. for more than 40 fish and wildlife species, including 7 hibernacula. Occasionally use bridges for night roosts. • Encourage the planting of more oaks. mammals, 24 birds, 2 reptiles, 3 amphibians and 5 fish • Retain and plant native hazelnuts. species, that are considered to be of concern by one or more Status: Silver-haired Bat agencies. • Oregon sensitive species list • Educate landowners and land managers about the importance of old trees and snags, especially those with • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Habitat: woodpecker holes, which gray squirrels use as granaries. • ORBIC rank 2 Older coniferous forests. Forages over ponds and streams at • Encourage connectivity between patches of forests. MAMMALS night and roosts by day under loose bark or in cavities. Current and Historical Presence: • Control non-native squirrels. Have not been documented on the island or nearby Status: • Consider a relocation project, but first modify regulations California Myotis bottomlands, but could or should be here based on range • Oregon sensitive species list to prohibit hunting of this species on the island. and modeled habitat. • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Habitat: Generally forages around trees or over open water. Roosts • Federal Species of Concern Columbia White-tailed Deer Actions to stabilize/increase populations: in cliff faces, caves, crevices in trees or structures such as • ORBIC rank 4 • Educate residents on importance of bats and the facts and Habitat: bridges. Hibernates in winter. myths about bats and diseases. Current and Historical Presence: Bottomland forests and riparian scrub-shrub habitat with • Leave brushy understory in stands of trees. Status: Documented on the island and/or Multnomah Channel cottonwood and willows. • Minimize use of pesticides and use bat-sensitive vector • Oregon sensitive species list riparian habitat in a 2005 bat survey. controls. • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Status: • Save and report dead bats to ODFW so they can check Actions to stabilize/increase populations: • ORBIC rank 4 • Oregon sensitive species list them for white-nose syndrome. • Educate landowners on the importance of bats and the • Federally listed as endangered, but USFWS has proposed facts and myths about bats and diseases. Current and Historical Presence: the species be down-listed to threatened • Leave and create large snags Documented on the island and/or Multnomah Channel Hoary Bat • Oregon Conservation Strategy species • Minimize use of pesticides and use bat-sensitive vector riparian habitat in a 2005 bat survey. • State-listed as endangered in Washington State controls. Habitat: • ORBIC rank 1 Actions to stabilize/increase populations: This migratory, forest-dwelling species roosts in the foliage • Save and report dead bats to ODFW so they can check them for white-nose syndrome. • Educate landowners on the importance of bats and the of trees during the day and forages along riparian corridors Columbia White-tailed Deer facts and myths about bats and diseases. and brushy areas in forests at night. • Encourage landowners and land managers to tolerate bats Western Gray Squirrel roosting in buildings or under eaves. Status: • Leave and create large snags. • Oregon sensitive species list Habitat: • Minimize use of pesticides and use bat-sensitive vector • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Oak woodlands, oak savannahs and mixed oak-pine-fir controls. • Federal Species of Concern woodlands. Prefers older oak trees with large limbs and • Complete bridge replacements and maintenance when • ORBIC rank 4 continuous canopy cover that facilitates movement. bats are absent. • Save and report dead bats to ODFW so they can check Current and Historical Presence: Status: them for white-nose syndrome. Documented on the island and Multnomah Channel riparian • Oregon sensitive species list Current and Historical Presence: habitat in a 2005 bat survey. • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Probably common in pre-settlement times. Some individual • State listed as threatened in Washington State. deer trans-located to Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge, Fringed Myotis Actions to stabilize/increase populations: • ORBIC rank 4 swam the Columbia River and now live on the island. • Educate landowners on the importance of bats and the Habitat: The increase dominance of Reed canarygrass has caused facts and myths about bats and diseases. Require forest habitat. Use large snags and rocks for day and problems for this species.

76 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 77 Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Actions to stabilize/increase populations: have been staying through the summer months to nest on Actions to stabilize/increase populations: • Plant more riparian scrub-shrub habitat. • Retain existing native Oregon white oaks and encourage the island and along the Multnomah Channel. • Remove invasives and maintain native low-growing • Remove Reed canarygrass and replace with shorter, the planting of more. Consider easements on remaining herbaceous understory in oak woodlands. preferably native grasses. oak stands. Actions to stabilize/increase populations: • Trap, neuter and rehome feral cats. • Retain standing dead oaks, which are critical since these • Retain large old trees for nesting. woodpeckers use them for their granaries. • Be proactive in retrofitting power lines and poles to Stellar Sea Lion • Educate landowners about the importance of old trees prevent electrocutions. Common Nighthawk and snags, especially those with woodpecker holes. Habitat: Habitat: • Create more oak savannahs by removing blackberry Open water connected to the ocean understory in oak stands. Band-tailed Pigeon Grasslands and pastures, especially near lakes and rivers. Nest on the ground in open areas with sparse ground cover, Status: Habitat: including gravelly islands in rivers. Habitat has to support • Federally listed as threatened American White Pelican Nest in coniferous forests, but visit more open areas to aerial insects. • Oregon Conservation Strategy species forage for berries, grains and flowers. Habitat: Status: Current and Historical Presence: Cooperatively feed in shallow water. Typically nest on islands Status: • Oregon sensitive-critical list Have been moving into the Columbia River adjacent to in lakes, rivers, freshwater marshes. • Federal species of concern • ORBIC rank 4 Sauvie Island and Multnomah Channel to feed on salmon. • State of the Birds Watch List • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Status: • WDFW Priority species in Washington State • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Actions to stabilize/increase populations: • ORBIC rank 4 Common Nighthawk • There are no recommendations related to our area. The • State listed as threatened in Washington State Marine Mammal Protection Act was amended in 1994 to • ORBIC rank 2 Current and Historical Presence: allow removal of individual California sea lions, but this Nest in forested hills above the island/channel, but visit more provision does not apply to Steller sea lions. Current and Historical Presence: open areas on the island and channel bottomlands to forage Five hundred or so pelicans feed on Sauvie Island’s larger for berries, grains and flowers. Flocks occasionally visit island lakes in spring and fall, but go elsewhere to breed. backyard bird feeders. BIRDS Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Actions to stabilize/increase populations: This list includes does not include species that may have • The most important action will be the restoration of • Encourage landowners and land managers to plant Sturgeon Lake, which is currently underway. occasionally been spotted on the island but are out of range island-appropriate native trees and shrubs that provide for the area. favored foods for this species: oaks, elderberries, cascaras, chokecherries and bitter cherries Bald Eagle Current and Historical Presence: Acorn Woodpecker Used to be fairly common on the island, but are now rarely seen. Habitat: Chipping Sparrow Habitat: Lakes, wetlands and rivers, where they prey on geese and Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Habitat: Oak woodlands with high canopies and relatively open ducks and wetlands. Large trees where they roost and nest. • Minimize pesticide use. Open stands of trees interspersed with grasslands. understories. Dependent on dead limbs or snags for • Create/restore more grasslands with sparse vegetation storing acorns. Status: and open bare patches. Status: • Was de-listed as a federally listed species in 2007 • Restore riparian and wetland habitats to increase insect • Oregon sensitive list Status: • National Audubon Priority Bird prey base. • Oregon Conservation Strategy species • Oregon sensitive list • USFWS Bird of Conservation Concern • ORBIC rank 4 • Federal Species of Concern • ORBIC rank 4 Dusky Canada Goose • Oregon Conservation Strategy species • Has special protection under the Bald and Golden Eagle Current and Historical Presence: • ORBIC rank 4 Protection Act. Occasionally seen on the island. May have never been Habitat: numerous here. Graze in grasslands, pastures and agricultural fields Current and Historical Presence: Current and Historical Presence: There has been one sighting on the island in the past decade, Winter populations have dramatically increased on the Status: but they may have never been common here. island. In 2016, 205 bald eagles were counted. Several pairs • Oregon sensitive list

78 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 79 • Oregon Conservation Strategy species • Encourage the use of cover crops to improve soil health Peregrine Falcon Pileated Woodpecker • ORBIC rank 2 and increase the presence of soil fauna. Habitat: • Promote no-till practices to improve soil health and to Current and Historical Presence: Peregrines in the Portland area have learned to substitute leave agricultural stubble in the fields for cranes to feed on. Are present in small numbers on Sauvie Island during the structures under bridges for the cliffs they once needed for • Consider crane commuting distances when prioritizing winter months. nesting. Pigeons provide ample food. conservation actions. • Encourage farmers to tolerate foraging cranes and Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Status: discourage the use of hazing. • Educate hunters to know the difference between this and • USFWS Bird of Conservation Concern • When possible, minimize disturbance where cranes are other goose subspecies. • De-listed from federal threatened list foraging. • ORBIC rank 4 • Encourage the use of cover crops to improve soil health and increase the presence of soil fauna. Evening Grosbeak Status: • Candidate for state listing in Washington State • Consider the crane’s need for long sight lines for safety when considering hedge row and riparian planting. Habitat: • ORBIC rank 4 More likely to be in lowlands in non-breeding season, especially in spring. Attracted to bigleaf maples. Breed in Current and Historical Presence: Short-eared Owl coniferous forests at higher elevations. A few individuals live and forage on the island year-round. Habitat: Status: Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Requires large expanses of marshes and wet prairies. • State of the Birds Watch List • Leave large trees and snags. • Partners in Flight Watch List Status: Sandhill Crane • Oregon sensitive list • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Evening Grosbeak Habitat: • ORBIC rank Natural habitat is large wetland-wet/dry meadow complexes with a mosaic of aquatic and herbaceous conditions. They Short-eared Owl Peregrine Falcon are opportunistic omnivores that feed on a wide variety of foods, including grains, frogs, snails, voles and yellow nut sedge. On Sauvie Island, often forage in winter-fallow Current and Historical Presence: agricultural fields where crops such as corn and pumpkin Populations of this species have increased throughout were grown in summer. their range since the banning of DDT, and they forage on the island and channel bottomlands year-round. They prey Status: on birds, especially pigeons, starlings and gulls, which are • National Audubon Priority Bird plentiful in our area. A pair has been spotted repeatedly • State-listed as endangered in Washington State near the Sauvie Island Bridge, but don’t seem to prefer the • ORBIC rank 3 (for Canadian subspecies that winters on location for nesting. A nesting platform could be installed. Sauvie)

Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Current and Historical Presence: • Consider retrofitting the Sauvie Island Bridge to create a Thousands of cranes winter on Sauvie Island, foraging in large Current and Historical Presence: Foraging flocks occasionally nesting opportunity for a pair of falcons. flocks. Genetic tests conducted by the International Crane visit Sauvie and its residential bird feeders. Association showed that they are neither greater nor lesser Pileated Woodpecker Sandhill cranes, but rather a separate Canadian subspecies. Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Current and Historical Presence: Actions to stabilize/increase populations: • Plant bigleaf maples and Willamette Valley Ponderosa pines Habitat: Seldom seen in the area, but were formerly here. A colony • Create more and larger wetlands. Late succession mixed coniferous forests. Use large diameter of almost 30 of these owls used to winter near the Sauvie trees and snags for foraging, nesting and roosting. • Control ground-foraging predators. Island Bridge.

80 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 81 Actions to stabilize/increase populations: • Federal species of concern Status: Trumpeter Swan • Create more and larger wetlands. • ORBIC rank 2 • Candidate for state listing in Washington State • Control ground-foraging predators. • ORBIC rank 4 Current and Historical Presence: Mostly seen east of the Cascade Mountains, but populations Current and Historical Presence: Streaked Horned Lark exist in the Willamette Valley. There are historic records for Sometimes seen in the Multnomah Channel and on larger the island, but they have not been seen here in recent decades. Sauvie lakes Habitat: Large (200+ acre) grasslands with few or no trees Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Actions to stabilize/increase populations: and shrubs and with low-growing sparse grasses and • Replace reed canarygrass with shorter grasses, preferably • Encourage emergent vegetation at edges of lakes. bare patches. native species.

Status: Western Meadowlark • Federally listed as threatened Western Bluebird Current and Historical Presence: • Oregon sensitive-critical list Habitat: Are around in small numbers on Sauvie Island during the Habitat: • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Expanses (200+ acres) of grasslands or lightly-grazed winter months. Grasslands, pastures near open woodlands where snags with pastures with medium-height grasses and few trees and • ORBIC rank 1 cavities or bird boxes offer nesting opportunities. shrubs. Meadowlarks nest on the ground, but hedgerows Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Current and Historical Presence: make habitat undesirable since they can harbor predators. • Minimize further loss of wetlands. Status: There are historic breeding records for the island but they • Restore wetlands. • Oregon sensitive list Status: have recently been seen on Sauvie Island only in winter. There • Oregon Conservation Strategy species are small breeding populations in the Rivergate Industrial Area, • Oregon sensitive-critical list • ORBIC rank 4 across the Willamette River from the island, and on some Vaux’s Swift • Oregon Conservation Strategy species gravel bar islands north Sauvie Island. Because this species is • ORBIC rank 4 Current and Historical Presence: federally listed, ODFW has set aside three areas on the island Habitat: Populations have declined greatly in the Willamette Valley, Current and Historical Presence: to manage for grassland birds, including larks, so Sauvie Island Nest in hollow trees, but in our area, mostly nest in where they were formerly common. They have always been Formerly common on the island during nesting season as could become an important area for this species. Audubon chimneys. more likely to nest in the hills above the island, but they well as at other times of the year, but now seen in small Society of Portland, in conjunction with ODFW, is conducting Status: definitely nested and foraged on the island before the 1940s. flocks only in non-breeding season. Hay and grass seed grassland bird surveys, and decoys and sound systems have • Candidate for listing in Washington State Non-native starlings and house sparrows as well as native fields can be “biological traps” for ground-nesting birds. The been installed to attract larks. To date, efforts to attract larks tree and violet green swallows often out-compete bluebirds increase in coyote populations on the island may also be a have not been successful. Current and Historical Presence: for suitable nest cavities and boxes. factor. ODFW has set aside three areas on the Sauvie Island Fairly common in the area in summer. Several residents have Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Wildlife Management Area for grassland birds, including nesting swifts in their chimneys. Actions to stabilize/increase populations: • Create/restore more grasslands with sparse vegetation meadowlarks. Audubon Society of Portland is conducting • Protect existing snags and create snags. Inform property and open bare patches. summer grassland bird surveys in these areas, but in the last Actions to stabilize/increase populations: owners that while eliminating hazard trees, they can leave a • Keep dogs out of potential grassland bitd nesting areas. three summers, no nesting meadowlarks have been noted. • Encourage landowners to tolerate swifts nesting in chimneys. good portion of the tree for bluebird and other wildlife habitat. • Trap and re-home feral cats. • Make sure to erect enough nest boxes for swallows. Put • Minimize use of pesticides that impact flying insects. Actions to stabilize/increase populations: up birdhouses and evict starlings and house sparrows that attempt to nest in them. Put up multiple nest boxes for • Create and manage large (200+ acre) areas of Trumpeter Swan uncultivated grasslands. Vesper Sparrow swallows so that there will be enough to go around. • Minimize use of pesticides. • Manage cattle grazing so that grass heights are conducive Habitat: to meadowlark nesting. Habitat: • Create more oak savannahs by removing blackberry Wetlands with submerged aquatic plants. Grasslands and lightly grazed pastures with scattered shrubs understory. • Keep dogs out of areas where meadowlarks and other ground-nesting birds are present. and some bare patches. Status: • Wait until late summer to mow/hay pastures if nesting • WDFW Priority Species Western Grebe Status: meadowlarks are present. • ORBIC rank 2 • Oregon sensitive-critical list Habitat: • Plant native wildflowers in grasslands to increase insect population. • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Open water, wetlands and marshes

82 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 83 • Minimize use of pesticides. Actions to stabilize/increase populations: White-breasted Nuthatch Yellow-breasted Chat • Trap and re-home feral cats. • Encourage landowners and land managers to plant willows and other native shrubs that provide cover and nesting Habitat: habitat. Large, dense riparian shrub thickets. Western Purple Martin • Plant native species to encourage native insects. • Minimize pesticide use. Status: Habitat: • Oregon sensitive-critical list Open grasslands/pastures near rivers, lakes and wetlands • Wait until after nesting season to cut back or spray blackberries and other thicket-forming shrubs. • Federal species of concern Status: • Control reed canarygrass so willow seeds will germinate. • Oregon Conservation Strategy species • Oregon sensitive-critical list • Trap and re-home feral cats. • ORBIC rank 4 • Candidate for state listing in Washington State • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Current and Historical Presence: • ORBIC rank 2 • ORBIC rank 3 Yellow-billed Cuckoo Uncommon, but are occasionally seen on Sauvie Island. • Candidate for state listing in Washington State Current and Historical Presence: Habitat: Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Martins once nested in more areas of Oregon, but Sauvie Current and Historical Presence: Large areas of bottomland willow/ash/cottonwood forests • Plant dense areas of native shrubs, especially spireas, red- Island and the Multnomah Channel are among only a Populations have declined on the island as old native oaks and and willows along rivers. osier dogwoods and willows. few areas west of the Rockies where martin populations oak stands have been taken down for agriculture and firewood. • Minimize pesticide use. are currently stable. They are more common here than Status: previously because of work by the Northwest Purple Actions to stabilize/increase populations: • Proposed candidate for federal listing as a threatened Martin Conservation Group which for decades has been • Encourage farmers and landowners to conserve native species REPTILES/AMPHIBIANS erecting and monitoring nesting gourds. Many island /channel oak trees. • ORBIC rank 2 residents are enthusiastic “martin landlords.” • Disseminate information on how to care for oaks on farmland and in backyards (A fact sheet was recently Current and Historical Presence: Western Painted Turtle Actions to stabilize/increase populations: published by the Sauvie Island Habitat Partnership and the J. K. Townsend mentioned in the 1830s that this species was • Retain existing snags and create snags. West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District.) “abundant in summer” in areas along the Columbia River Habitat: • Erect and monitor enough nest gourds to keep up with • Encourage/plant young native oak trees to replace old on Sauvie Island and near Fort Vancouver, but by the 1890’s Slow moving water: ponds, lakes, wetlands, canals and rivers the expanding populations of martins. oaks that die of old age or are logged out. ornithologists were describing these birds as rare in the with logs for basking. Need sparsely vegetated uplands for • To minimize competition from starlings and other cavity • Restore oak understory. Willamette Valley. The north end of the Sauvie Island Wildlife nesting. Drainage canals are an important “wildlife corridor” nesting species, take gourds down during winter and wait • Minimize use of pesticides. Management Area has one of the largest remaining expanses for this species on our island. to put them up until the martins return from migration. • Consider conservation easements on island oak stands. of bottomland forest in our region, but cuckoos have not • Minimize use of pesticides. been documented here in decades. Their decline may be Western Painted Turtle • Keep ponds and wetlands healthy to encourage partly because of the decline of Lepidoptera species, since Willow Flycatcher dragonflies–the martin’s favorite food. caterpillars are their preferred food. A cuckoo spotted at the • Identify gathered pilings in Multnomah Channel currently Habitat: Sandy River Delta in the mid 1990s held out hope that this used by nesting martins and work to retain them during species is not completely extirpated from our area. piling removal projects. Riparian shrub thickets. Partial to native willows, but will nest in thickets of non-native blackberries. Sometimes use Actions to stabilize/increase populations: oak woodlands. Nest a few feet above the ground. White-breasted (Slender-billed) Nuthatch • Educate landowners about the wildlife values of cottonwood/ash/willow forests and consider easements Status: on remaining large stands. Habitat: • Oregon sensitive-critical list Large diameter native oaks and semi-open oak savannahs • Encourage landowners to leave tent caterpillars as food • Federal species of concern and woodlands. Forage for weevils and other insects on large for birds. Federal/State Status: • ORBIC rank 4 tree limbs and trunks. Visit backyard birdfeeders. White- • Minimize use of pesticides. • Oregon sensitive-critical list • Minimize cattle grazing in the understory of bottomland breasted nuthatch are considered an oak-dependent species. Current and Historical Presence: • Oregon Conservation Strategy species forests. Formerly more common on the island/channel, but still nest Status: Current and Historical Presence: in smaller numbers in island willow and blackberry thickets. • Oregon sensitive list Populations exist in the island/Multnomah Channel drainage

84 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 85 canals and a few farm ponds and lakes but few juveniles are • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Northern Red-Legged Frog retain amphibian breeding habitat. seen. Turtle surveys were conducted on the island in 2007, • State-listed as endangered in Washington State • Trap and remove bullfrogs, invasive carp and other warm- 2008 and 2013. Habitat: water non-native fish. Current and Historical Presence: Forests in proximity to wetlands or ponds are ideal, but • Discourage the addition of bass and other warm-water Actions to stabilize/increase populations: In past decades, were spotted occasionally on Sauvie Island, they will travel long distances from the forests where they predator fish to ponds. • Encourage landowners and land managers to add basking but the one last seen was hit by a car in 2008. None were live most of the year to the ponds and wetlands where they • Minimize use of pesticides. logs or structures in canals and ponds (15 basking seen during turtle surveys conducted on the island in 2007, breed. Ponds and wetlands that mostly dry up in summer at • Use environmentally sensitive mosquito control methods structure have been placed in the last few years.) 2018 and 2013. ideal for their egg-laying and tadpole development since it on ponds and wetlands. • Remove reed canary grass at edges of ponds and wetlands is not a successful habitat for bullfrog/tadpole development. • Keep dogs out of water bodies where egg masses are and replace with sedges and other emergent vegetation. Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Northern red-legged frogs will even use large backyard ponds present. • Create/enhance nesting areas by removing reed • Encourage landowners and land managers to add basking if they have at least 24” of water during the early summer, • Work to minimize road mortality between habitat patches canarygrass and adding sand and gravel to the substrate logs or structures in canals and ponds. (15 basking when tadpoles are developing. Ponds need to have some (i.e. Sauvie Island Road near Wapato Greenway). Seek on sunny sites near known turtle areas. structures have been placed in the last few years.) emergent vegetation for egg attachment, but even reed out areas where they may be migrating across Highway • Outreach to and educate Sauvie landowners and • Remove reed canary grass at edges of ponds and wetlands 30 during breeding season and take steps to assist these canarygrass will do. recreational visitors. Remind them it is illegal and and replace with sedges and other emergent and aquatic populations. inadvisable to move turtles. vegetation. Status: • Use ODFW’s Best Management Practices for turtle- • Create/enhance nesting areas by removing reed • Oregon sensitive list friendly management of drainage canals and dikes canarygrass and adding sand and gravel to the substrate to Western Toad (including timing of dredging and vegetation management.) sunny sites near known turtle areas. • Federal species of concern Habitat: • Trap and remove invasive turtles (to date, none have been • Outreach to and educate Sauvie landowners and • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Use wetlands, ponds and lakes for breeding. seen in turtle surveys, but vigilance is called for). recreational visitors. Remind people it is illegal and • Encourage reporting of turtle sightings on www. inadvisable to move turtles. Status: oregonturtles.com. • Use ODFW’s Best Management Practices for turtle- • ODFW sensitive list • Install wildlife crossing signs on roads where turtles and friendly management of drainage canals and dikes other wildlife are most often hit by vehicles. (including timing of dredging and vegetation management) • Oregon Conservation Strategy Species • Trap and remove invasive turtles (to date, none have been • Candidate for listing in Washington State seen in turtle surveys, but vigilance is called for.) Western Pond Turtle • Encourage reporting of turtle sightings on www. Current and Historical Presence: oregonturtles.com. Have not been documented on the island, but could or Habitat: • Install wildlife crossing signs at places where turtles and should be here based on range and modeled habitat. Slow moving water: ponds, lakes, wetlands, canals and rivers other wildlife are most often hit by vehicles. with logs for basking. Need sparsely vegetated uplands for Actions to stabilize/increase populations: nesting. Drainage canals are an important “wildlife corridor” • Install culverts or drift fences at problem road crossings for this species on our island. Clouded Salamander Northern Red-Legged Frog near breeding sites. • Inform recreationists about importance of minimizing Habitat: Current and Historical Presence: shoreline activity. Large, decaying logs in forests. Populations in the area are likely fairly stable. Egg mass • Manage vegetation at known breeding sites. surveys were conducted in 2014 as part of the Sauvie Pond Status: Project. Surveys have also been conducted in several areas • Oregon sensitive species in the Multnomah Channel bottomlands. A large population FISH • Oregon Conservation Strategy Species that lives most of the year in Forest Park migrates annually to the Harborton Wetlands, just south of Sauvie, to lay eggs Current and Historical Presence: and breed. Lower Columbia River Chinook Salmon Have not been documented on the island or nearby Western Pond Turtle bottomlands, but could or should be here based on range Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Habitat: Columbia River and off-channel habitat; Pacific Ocean. For and modeled habitat. • Manage hydrology with this species in mind spawning, require cool streams with clean gravel. Require Status: • Preserve forest areas with native understory near Actions to stabilize/increase populations: cool, deep resting holes in summer. • Proposed as a candidate for federal listing as threatened wetlands when this species is present. • Leave large fallen logs undisturbed • Oregon sensitive-critical list • Be mindful that fish projects may need alterations to • Provide adequate riparian buffers 86 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 87 areas due to human impacts and a lack of habitat throughout Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Lower Columbia River Chinook Salmon SOURCES these heavily impacted areas and in other sub-basins • Create off-channel habitat throughout the Columbia basin. • Re-establish flood plain connections Information in this section is from the following sources: Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Oregon Conservation Strategy • Create off-channel habitat Oregon Chub • Re-establish flood plain habitat orf juvenile rearing Habitat: Staff of Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife • Control invasive species Shallow, still-water habitats such as river side channels, • Improve land use activities and water quality for juvenile fish Birds of Oregon, a general reference, edited by Marshal beaver ponds, sloughs and flooded marshes. Hunter and Contreas. OSU Press Status: Lower Columbia River Coho Salmon Status: The websites of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, US • Federally listed as threatened • Federally de-listed in 2015. Was the first fish to be taken Fish and Wildlife Services and National Audubon. • Oregon sensitive list Habitat: off the Endangered Species List • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Columbia River and off-channel habitat; Pacific Ocean • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Accounts by island birders and residents

Current and historical presence: Status: Current and historical presence: Chinook salmon were historically present and are currently • Federally listed as threatened No Oregon chub have been found in the Plan Area in recent present in the areas throughout the Multnomah Channel and • State listed as endangered years, but it is highly probably that they were present in the in and around Sauvie Island wherever access is not limited by • Oregon Conservation Strategy species past. The preponderance of slough backwater habitat and dikes, levees and other fish passage barriers. isolated ponds and lakes would have and still would offer Current and historical presence: ideal habitat for this species.. Actions to stabilize/increase populations: Coho salmon were historically and are currently present in Actions to stabilize/increase populations: • Create off-channel habitat the areas throughout the Multnomah Channel and in and • Create off-channel habitat • Re-establish flood plain connections around Sauvie Island wherever access is not limited by dikes • Re-establish flood plain connections • Reduce and improve dredging activities and food and fish passage barriers. web function • Implement invasive species removal programs Actions to stabilize/increase populations: • Create off-channel habitat Lower Columbia River Chum Salmon • Re-establish flood plain connections • Manage sustainable harvest Habitat: • Manage water quality impacts from land use activies. Columbia River and off-channel habitat; Pacific Ocean. Spawn in stream gravel bars with pulling flow and side channels near tidewaters. Lower Columbia River Steelhead

Status: Habitat: • Currently considered functionally extirpated Columbia River and off-channel habitat; Pacific Ocean • Federally listed as threatened • Oregon sensitive-critical list Status: • Oregon Conservation Strategy species • Federally listed as threatened • Oregon Conservation Strategy species Current and historical presence: Historically, chum adults and juveniles used main stem Current and historical presence: habitats in and around Sauvie Island. Adult chum spawned Steelhead were historically and are currently present in the in main stem areas containing gravel and juveniles used any areas throughout the Multnomah Channel and in and around available habitat. Sauvie Island wherever access is not limited by dikes and fish passage barriers. Currently chum are functionally extirpated from the these

88 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 89 Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife Edges of Sturgeon Lake and other water Biological control beetles have been used Best time to control is in summer, when bodies, along Willamette/Columbia River on the island, but have been limited in flowers make it more visible, but before it beaches, and in and along the Multnomah their effectiveness in many areas because goes to seed. Hand-pulling is recommended Channel. of fluctuating water levels. Some for small patches, but plants should be locations have been treated with disposed of in plastic bags so that they don’t chemicals. re-root. Report sightings to WMSWCD and www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org.

Phragmites australis ssp. Common reed Scattered along both sides of Multnomah Monitored and treated by WMSWCD Report sightings to WMSWCD and australis Channel and around the southern tip of and the Oregon Department of www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org. Sauvie Island. The native species looks Agriculture, with assistance from PSU This species can easily be confused with a very similar and is difficult to distinguish. Center for Lakes and Reservoirs. native look-a-like and requires an aquatic herbicide application.

Phytolacca americana American pokeweed Occasional occurrences on southeastern All known populations are currently Report sightings to WMSWCD and side of Sauvie Island. This area is at great being managed on Sauvie Island. Status www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org. Remove as risk in the long-term since there are will need to be re-evaluated regularly, in soon as identification is confirmed as mature extensive, unmanaged populations in the event that this species becomes specimens are difficult to control. If fruits are North Portland. Birds are likely vectors. established on the Island. present, clip and dispose of these in the trash. Small plants can be hand-dug. Large specimens can be treated foliarly before seed maturation with 2% triclopyr amine.

Polygonum asp. (p.cuspidatum, Japanese, Himalayan, A few small scattered patches across ODFW has aggressively treated on their Report sightings to WMSWCD and p.polystachyum, p.sachalinense giant and hybrid Sauvie Island. land; WMSWCD and landowners www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org. and hybrids knotweeds routinely treat in a few other locations. Do not cut or mow plants as cut material re- Landowners are strongly urged to roots and causes new infestations. Foliar control this species before it spreads to aquatically-approved glyphosate spray needs other properties. to be done late in the season when it will be carried down into the rhizomes.

HIGH PRIORITY SPECIES APPENDIX 4 Habitat altering species that land owners/managers are strongly urged to control to prevent further spread into natural areas SAUVIE ISLAND/MULTNOMAH BOTTOMLANDS INVASIVE PLANTS Latin name Common name Distribution on the Island/Channel Status Control options Appendix 4 Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven Lower east side of Sauvie. Landowners are strongly urged to Hand pull or dig seedlings prior to fruit control this species before it spreads to formation in the late summer/fall. A weed other properties. Note; this is an wrench may be helpful. For larger specimens, Sauvie Island / Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Invasive Plants abundant plant along shores of mid- saw or lop off a few inches above the base (or Columbia River system, so there will be girdle) and apply 50% triclopyr amine. Monitor One of the biggest threat to natural habitats in our area and throughout the world is the encroachment of invasive plants since they crowd out native plants lots of propagule pressure along for re-sprouts; follow-up treatments will likely that are important sources of food, habitat and shelter for native wildlife species. The following is a prioritized list of species that grow in this area. An excellent Columbia River side of Sauvie Island. be necessary. source of more information on control of invasive species is www.4countyCWMA.org. Amorpha fructicosa False indigo bush Locally abundant along Columbia River SIHAB work parties have treated at Hand pull or dig seedlings prior to fruit ! 2 Appendix 4 – Invasive Species beaches, Dairy Creek and the SE corner Warrior Rock and Willow Bar. formation in the late summer/fall. A weed EDRR SPECIES of Sturgeon Lake. Also scattered in the Landowners are strongly urged to wrench may be helpful. For larger specimens, EDRR stands for Early Detection, Rapid Response. These are more recently introduced species that spread quickly and alter natural habitats. They are top priority for immediate Multnomah Channel in low densities. control this species before it spreads to saw or lop off a few inches above the base and eradication. In most cases, only a few patches have been found in our area and treatment is underway. Presence of these species should always be reported at other properties. spray stump with 50% glyphosate. Monitor for www.oregoninvasivshotline.org or by calling 1-866-invader. re-sprouts; follow-up treatments will likely be necessary.

Latin name Common name Distribution on the Island/Channel Status Control options Arum italicum Italian arum Escapee from cultivation. Seen in Landowners are strongly urged to Hand digging is difficult, since even a small Alliaria petiolata Garlic mustard Only one small known patch in the area, Controlled repeatedly over seven years Report sightings to WMSWCD and residential areas and starting to creep control this species before it spreads to piece of a broken off bulb will generate into a along the trail on the east side of Wapato by WMSWCD/Sauvie Island Habitat www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org. Persistent into more natural areas. other properties. new plant. Underground stems are thin and Access, likely carried in by hikers. Partnership (SIHAB) weed pulls. Patch hand pulling is effective, but needs to be done break easily when dug. A glyphosate spray will has diminished but seed stock remains over the course of several years, since seeds be somewhat effective, but needs to be and new plants sprout yearly. are viable for up to 10 years, or more. Foliar repeated over several seasons. treatment (2% triclopyr amine, or 2% glyphosate) works as well with the same caveat. Carex diffusa Drooping sedge A few plants have been seen on the Landowners are strongly urged to Hand digging is effective and relatively easy on island. control this species before it spreads to small plants. Large mature plants may need to other properties. be “sawed” in quarters and then dug out. Daphne laureola Spurge laurel A few isolated specimens were found Early detection surveys found and Report sightings to WMSWCD and and removed near Charlton Road in removed isolated populations; appears to www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org. forested areas. Surveys did not find not have spread greatly, but may be Contact WMSWCD for verification and Centaurea diffusa Diffuse knapweed Infestations noted at Marshall beach and Pulled once by WMSWCD, but more Report sightings to WMSWCD and extensive populations, but many present elsewhere on the Island. assistance. All parts of the plant are toxic and Willow Bar, likely elsewhere on extensive surveying is needed to www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org. If soils woodland areas are at risk. Especially can cause contact dermatitis and respiratory Columbia River side of Sauvie Island. continue effort given likelihood of permit, plants can be pulled after they bolt but problematic in oak habitat, where issues. Small to medium specimens can be presence. Extensive population in mid- before they flower, typically May to June. carpets of seedlings hinder germination uprooted by hand or with a shovel or weed upper Columbia River system. and development of sensitive native wrench. Large specimens may require a cut- species. stump application (cut at base, and apply a thin Conium maculatum Poison hemlock Along Sauvie roads; Oak Island. Poisonous to humans and livestock and Tends to colonize disturbed areas so layer of 50% triclopyr amine to fresh wound). remains toxic when baled into hay, so improving pastures can be a defense. Plants Monitor for seedlings, or regrowth. landowners are strongly urged to control can be hand pulled or treated with glyphosate. it. Ludwigia hexapetala; L Water primroses A single population was found in the The only known population was Report sightings to WMSWCD and peploides Multnomah Channel just south of the controlled effectively and has not www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org. This species Sauvie Island bridge. Extensive returned, though it is monitored annually. can be confused with a native look-a-like and Crataegus monogyna English hawthorn Common in woodlands throughout and OSP has felled and treated many trees at Hand pull or dig seedlings prior to fruit populations exist in the Columbia Slough Invasive Ludwigia species are found requires an aquatic herbicide application. particularly pervasive at Wapato Wapato Greenway. Landowners are formation in the late summer/fall. A weed and mid-Willamette systems. NOTE: nearby in the Columbia Slough and in the Greenway. Birds spread the berries strongly urged to control this species wrench may be helpful. For larger specimens, Ludwigia palustris, which is common in Willamette River. around the island. before birds spread the berries to other saw or lop off a few inches above the base and lakes and ponds in our area is native and properties. spray stump with 50% glyphosate. Monitor for should NOT be controlled. re-sprouts; follow-up treatments will likely be necessary. Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife Edges of Sturgeon Lake and other water Biological control beetles have been used Best time to control is in summer, when ! 1 bodies, along Willamette/Columbia River on the island, but have been limited in flowers make it more visible, but before it Cytisus scoparius Scotch broom Willow Bar, scattered elsewhere. Has been treated by SIHAB and others Small plants can be dug out. Cut out the root Appendix 4 – Invasive Species beaches, and in and along the Multnomah their effectiveness in many areas because goes to seed. Hand-pulling is recommended in a few locations. Landowners are crown of larger plants. A weed wrench makes Channel. of fluctuating water levels. Some for small patches, but plants should be strongly urged to control this species easier work on this and can be checked out locations have been treated with disposed of in plastic bags so that they don’t before it spreads to other properties. from WMSWCD. Alternatively, r mow in chemicals. re-root. Report sightings to WMSWCD and spring before seeds ripen and follow up with www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org. an herbicide application in the fall. Avoid mowing when seed pods are ripe.

Phragmites australis ssp. Common reed Scattered along both sides of Multnomah Monitored and treated by WMSWCD Report sightings to WMSWCD and ! 3 australis Channel and around the southern tip of and the Oregon Department of www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org. Appendix 4 – Invasive Species Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn olive Along the edge of the forest at Willow No control activities are known at this Hand pull or dig seedlings prior to fruit Sauvie Island. The native species looks Agriculture, with assistance from PSU This species can easily be confused with a bar and other scattered locations on time. formation in the late summer/fall. A weed very similar and is difficult to distinguish. Center for Lakes and Reservoirs. native look-a-like and requires an aquatic Sauvie Island. wrench may be helpful. For larger specimens, herbicide application. saw or lop off a few inches above the base and spray stump with 50% glyphosate. Monitor for Phytolacca americana American pokeweed Occasional occurrences on southeastern All known populations are currently Report sightings to WMSWCD and re-sprouts; follow-up treatments will likely be side of Sauvie Island. This area is at great being managed on Sauvie Island. Status www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org. Remove as necessary. risk in the long-term since there are will need to be re-evaluated regularly, in soon as identification is confirmed as mature extensive, unmanaged populations in the event that this species becomes specimens are difficult to control. If fruits are North Portland. Birds are likely vectors. established on the Island. present, clip and dispose of these in the trash. Hedera helix/Hedera hibernica English/Irish ivy Scattered in forests and residential All large infestations on Sauvie have been Ivy vines in trees, especially those vines that Small plants can be hand-dug. Large areas. treated by WMSWCD and Sauvie Island are fruiting, should be the highest priority. specimens can be treated foliarly before seed Habitat Partnership. Several smaller Large vines can be sawed or lopped off a few maturation with 2% triclopyr amine. areas still need treatment, but have been inches above the base, then paint or spray noted in a matrix being used by SIHAB stump with 50% glyphosate to prevent re- Polygonum asp. (p.cuspidatum, Japanese, Himalayan, A few small scattered patches across ODFW has aggressively treated on their Report sightings to WMSWCD and and WMSWCD. Treated areas be sprouting. Landowners can contact the SIHAB p.polystachyum, p.sachalinense giant and hybrid Sauvie Island. land; WMSWCD and landowners www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org. monitored by SIHAB and re-controlled for help with treatment of large, fruiting vines. and hybrids knotweeds routinely treat in a few other locations. Do not cut or mow plants as cut material re- every 3 to 5 years. Ivy on the ground can be pulled by hand or Landowners are strongly urged to roots and causes new infestations. Foliar treated with a glyphosate spray. control this species before it spreads to aquatically-approved glyphosate spray needs other properties. to be done late in the season when it will be carried down into the rhizomes. Iris pseudacorus Yellow flag Iris Scattered in the Multnomah Channel; ODFW has treated on some areas of Difficult to treat, since hand pulling can leave edges of lakes on ODFW Wildlife their management area, but scattered root fragments that will re-sprout. Foliar Management Area. plants remain. aquatically-approved glyphosate spray is recommended, but spray does not stick to the waxy leaves and using a spreader/sticker agent is not recommended in proximity to wetlands HIGH PRIORITY SPECIES where these plants tend to grow. 90Habitat Sauvie altering speciesIsland that & land Multnomah owners/managers Channel are strongly Bottomlands urged to control to Conservation prevent further spread Opportunities into natural areas Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 91

Lamiastrum galeobdolon Yellow archangel Escapee from cultivation. Has appeared in several areas on the Persistent hand pulling can keep it at bay, but is Latin name Common name Distribution on the Island/Channel Status Control options island. SIHAB has treated as it is largely ineffective, since root fragments re- discovered. sprout. Foliar glyphosate spray is Ailanthus altissima Tree of Heaven Lower east side of Sauvie. Landowners are strongly urged to Hand pull or dig seedlings prior to fruit recommended where it cannot be controlled control this species before it spreads to formation in the late summer/fall. A weed by hand. other properties. Note; this is an wrench may be helpful. For larger specimens, abundant plant along shores of mid- saw or lop off a few inches above the base (or Columbia River system, so there will be girdle) and apply 50% triclopyr amine. Monitor Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian watermilfoil In some wetlands and ponds. NOTE: Has a similar appearance to lots of propagule pressure along for re-sprouts; follow-up treatments will likely several of our native aquatic plants, Columbia River side of Sauvie Island. be necessary. which should NOT be treated.

! 2 ! 4 Appendix 4 – Invasive Species Appendix 4 – Invasive Species Ranunculus ficaria Lesser celandine Occasional in residential areas on south WMSWCD and landowners have treated Report sightings to WMSWCD and Ilex aquifolium Holly Scattered in forests throughout the area. SIHAB has treated in ODFW North Unit, Small plants can be hand pulled or dug. Saw end of Sauvie Island. all known locations on the Island (as of www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org. Do not pull Grange Forest, Wapato Greenway and or lop off larger plants a few inches above 3/2017). or compost. Small clumps can be carefully other locations as discovered when the base and paint or spray stump with 50% removed with a shovel but be sure to remove treating other invasive species. No glyphosate to prevent re-sprouting. entire underground bulb mass. Dispose of in systematic treatment otherwise. trash or sift soil to remove bulbs. Above Landowners are strongly urged to control ground bulblets born on stems can be easily this species before it spreads to other tracked to new areas. Glyphosate or triclopyr properties. amine spray is most effective when the plants are in bloom and no rain is forecasted for at least 24 hours. Lonicera maackii Amur honeysuckle Several plants were found where Oak Plants at Oak Island Wildlife Area Saw or lop off a few inches above the base Island Road enters the Sauvie Island entrance were controlled in summer 2016 and paint or spray stump with 50% Wildlife area. by ODFW staff. No further plants have glyphosate to prevent re-sprouting. Rubus armeniacus Armenian blackberry Widespread along pasture edges, Treated by landowners and ODFW and For smaller patches, cut back to within a few been noted, landowners and agencies roadsides and woodland edges in areas being restored by WMSWCD, inches of the ground and then pop out the should be on the lookout. throughout the area. but still rampant throughout the area. root crown with a shovel. For larger infestations, a tractor with a blade can be used to get rid of most of the growth, then treat re- Lysimachia nummularia Creeping Jenny Invading edges of wetlands on several Some areas have been treated where Persistent hand pulling can keep it at bay, sprouts when they are ~18-24” tall with a areas of Sauvie Island. restoration has occurred. Landowners but is largely ineffective, since root foliar spray, preferably in late fall when spray are strongly urged to control this species fragments re-sprout. Foliar spray of will be carried down into the roots. before it spreads to other properties. glyphosate is recommended. Do not plant.

Populus alba Silver poplar An aggressively-spreading patch of this No control activities are known at this Saw or lop off a few inches above the base and Phalaris arundinacea Reed canarygrass Very widespread in pastures, grasslands Treated in areas where restoration has This is one of the most destructive, habitat- on the east side of Wapato Greenway time. paint or spray stump with 50% glyphosate to and wetland edges. occurred, but otherwise mostly un- altering species on our island, but control is needs treatment. prevent re-sprouting. checked. Formerly planted as forage and daunting since it is so ubiquitous. Hand for hay in wet pastures. pulling is ineffective. Mow established stands and treat with a site-appropriate Silybum marianum Blessed milk thistle Escapee from cultivation that has been Because there are just a few patches on Specimens can be mowed repeatedly before herbicide when the regrowth is at the found in various locations on the island, Sauvie Island, it is a priority for treatment seed set to limit seed production. If seed heads height recommended on the label. Grass- but has posed a serious threat by WMSWACD. Scattered locally are present, clip, bag and dispose of them in selective herbicides will require a shorter elsewhere in Oregon and across the abundant patches on ODFW refuge land, the trash. Plants can also be treated with 2% height than broad-spectrum herbicides. Columbia River near Vancouver Lake. and eastern and southern sides of the triclopyr amine before flowering. Report Aquatically-approved herbicide is required if Island. All known populations are sightings to WMSWCD and site is near waterways or other types of controlled. www.oregoninvasiveshotline.org waterbodies.

Prunus lusitanica Portuguese laurel Occasional in forest understory SIHAB has treated as plants are Seedlings can be hand pulled. With larger throughout the area. discovered, but untreated elsewhere. plants, saw or lop off a few inches above the Landowners are strongly urged to control base and paint or spray stump with 50% MEDIUM PRIORITY this species before it spreads to other glyphosate to prevent re-sprouting. Do not Pervasive species that have been in the area for decades. Should be controlled, but are lower priority than species aforementioned. properties. plant.

Latin name Common name Distribution on the Island/Channel Status Control options Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose Occasional along roadways and fence Formerly planted as a wildlife plant, but Seedlings can be hand pulled. With larger lines. not native to our area and too aggressive plants, saw or lop off a few inches above the Senecio jacobaea Tansy ragwort Scattered in pastures and grasslands Biological control cinnabar moths, and to There have to be a few plants scattered Aegopodium podagraria Goutweed / Bishop’s Has spread very aggressively in just a Landowners are strongly urged to control Persistent pulling and digging can be compared with native roses. Landowners base and paint or spray stump with 50% around the area. a greater extent, flea beetles, have been around to retain populations of cinnabar Weed couple of locations on the island. this species before it spreads to other effective. Be sure to get all the roots. Foliar are strongly urged to control this species glyphosate to prevent re-sprouting. fairly effective in controlling this species moths and flea beetles, so it is properties. 2% glyphosate or triclopyr amine spray can before it spreads to other properties. on the island, but scattered plants remain. recommended not to treat unless you have be used on larger infestations. Spray the This species is of higher priority to horses or other site objectives that require infestation once in the spring, and once Senecio jacobaea Tansy ragwort Scattered in pastures and grasslands Biological control cinnabar moths, and to There have to be a few plants scattered livestock owners since it is toxic to control. again in late summer. Do not plant. around the area. a greater extent, flea beetles, have been around to retain populations of cinnabar ! 5 fairlyhorses effective and some in controlling other livestock. this species moths and flea beetles, so it is ! 7 Appendix 4 – Invasive Species Appendix 4 – Invasive Species on the island, but scattered plants remain. recommended not to treat unless you have Buddleia davidii Butterfly bush Rampant on east side of Highway 30 just Landowners are strongly urged to control Saw or lop off a few inches above the base This species is of higher priority to horses or other site objectives that require Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet nightshade A common vine in our forested wetlands. Poisonous. Landowners are strongly Hand pulling is effective. Foliar spraying is south of the Island, but not as common this species before it spreads to other and paint or spray stump with 50% livestock owners since it is toxic to control. urged to control this species before it difficult since this vine is often intertwined on the Island. properties. glyphosate to prevent re-sprouting. horses and some other livestock. spreads to other properties. with native species.

Cirsium arvense Canada thistle Common in pastures and grasslands Treated regularly by ODFW and many Hand pulling is not very effective, since root Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet nightshade A common vine in our forested wetlands. Poisonous. Landowners are strongly Hand pulling is effective. Foliar spraying is throughout the area. landowners. Provides pollinator remnants can develop into new plants. BE LOW PRIORITY urged to control this species before it difficult since this vine is often intertwined resources. Can be confused with native AWARE, many native thistles are often Many weeds in this category are present in our area. These are just a few examples. In most cases,spreads they to are other annoying properties. non-natives that invadewith residential native species. and agricultural lands, but thistles. confused with invasive thistles. If must are not aggressive in natural areas. control, use 2% triclopyr amine after bolting, but before flowering. LOW PRIORITY ManyLatin nameweeds in this category areCommon present inname our area. TheseDistribution are just aon few the examples. Island/Channel In most cases,Status they are annoying non-natives that invadeControl residential options and agricultural lands, but are not aggressive in natural areas. Geranium lucidum Shiny geranium Rampant along trails at Wapato OSP has treated, but infestation remains. Hand pulling is not very effective, since root Acer platanoides Norway maple An escapee from cultivation that seeds Seeds from one tree can make hundreds Seedlings can be hand pulled. With larger Greenway, and at some private Landowners are strongly urged to control remnants can develop into new plants. profusely. of seedlings that grow quickly, so it’s best plants, saw or lop off a few inches above the properties. this species before it spreads to other Recommend spraying with glyphosate after Latin name Common name Distribution on the Island/Channelto Status keep up with it. baseControl and optionspaint or spray stump with 50% properties. germination but before flowering (March – glyphosate to prevent re-sprouting. April). May choose to use 2% triclopyr Acer platanoides Norway maple An escapee from cultivation that seeds Seeds from one tree can make hundreds Seedlings can be hand pulled. With larger amine to select against beneficially profusely. of seedlings that grow quickly, so it’s best plants, saw or lop off a few inches above the competing grasses. Anthemis cotula Mayweed chamomile Common on gravel roads and other Notto keep a priority up with for it. treatment. base and paint or spray stump with 50% disturbed areas. glyphosate to prevent re-sprouting. Geranium robertianum Herb Robert Rampant along trails at Wapato OSP has treated, but much remains. Hand pulling is not very effective, since root Greenway, and elsewhere on the Island. Landowners are strongly urged to control remnants can develop into new plants. ArctiumAnthemis minus cotula CommonMayweed chamomileburdock OccasionalCommon on residential gravel roads and andagricultural other Not a priority for treatment. this species before it spreads to other Recommend spraying with 2% triclopyr weed.disturbed areas. properties. amine in early spring before flowering.

BrassicaArctium minusraba BirdsrapeCommon mustardburdock Occasional inresidential disturbed and areas. agricultural Not a priority for treatment. Eradication through mastication Geum urbanum Wood avens Scattered populations in natural and Landowners are strongly urged to control Easy to hand pull in landscape settings or weed. recommended: Makes an excellent cooked cultivated areas. this species before it spreads to other spray with Roundup. green. properties. Easily confused with the invasive Geum microphyllum. Geum Brassica nigraraba BlackBirdsrape mustard mustardOccasional in wetterdisturbed areas. areas. Not a priority for treatment. Eradication through mastication urbanum has darker leaves and blooms recommended: Makes an excellent cooked later. green. Cardamine hirsuta Hairy bittercress Pervasive in residential and agricultural Not a priority for treatment. Eradication through mastication Brassica nigra Black mustard areas.Occasional in wetter areas. Not a priority for treatment. recommended: Good in salad.

CardamineLeucanthemum hirsuta vulgare HairyOxeye bittercress daisy PervasiveOccasional in in residential pastures and grasslands.agricultural Not a priority for treatment. Eradication through mastication areas. recommended: Good in salad.

92 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye daisy SauvieOccasional Island in pastures & and Multnomah grasslands. Not Channel a priority for Bottomlands treatment. Conservation Opportunities 93 ! 8 ! 6 Appendix 4 – Invasive Species Appendix 4 – Invasive Species

! 8 Appendix 4 – Invasive Species Senecio jacobaea Tansy ragwort Scattered in pastures and grasslands Biological control cinnabar moths, and to There have to be a few plants scattered around the area. a greater extent, flea beetles, have been around to retain populations of cinnabar fairly effective in controlling this species moths and flea beetles, so it is on the island, but scattered plants remain. recommended not to treat unless you have This species is of higher priority to horses or other site objectives that require livestock owners since it is toxic to control. horses and some other livestock. Malva neglecta Common mallow Occasional weed in disturbed areas. Not a priority for treatment.

Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet nightshade A common vine in our forested wetlands. Poisonous. Landowners are strongly Hand pulling is effective. Foliar spraying is urged to control this species before it difficult since this vine is often intertwined Matricaria matricariodes Pineapple weed Common in median of gravel roads and Not a priority for treatment. spreads to other properties. with native species. other disturbed areas.

LOW PRIORITY Oxalis corniculata Common wood sorrel Common garden weed. Not a priority for treatment. Many weeds in this category are present in our area. These are just a few examples. In most cases, they are annoying non-natives that invade residential and agricultural lands, but are not aggressive in natural areas. Portulaca oleracaea Common purslane Common garden weed. Not a priority for treatment. Eradication through mastication recommended: Good in salad. Latin name Common name Distribution on the Island/Channel Status Control options Acer platanoides Norway maple An escapee from cultivation that seeds Seeds from one tree can make hundreds Seedlings can be hand pulled. With larger Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup Common garden weed. Is being seen spreading into some natural Difficult to control by hand pulling, since profusely. of seedlings that grow quickly, so it’s best plants, saw or lop off a few inches above the areas, but is not a priority for treatment. roots and stolons (i.e. horizontal stems) left to keep up with it. base and paint or spray stump with 50% behind in the soil can re-sprout. Manual glyphosate to prevent re-sprouting. work is most effective fall through spring when ground is moist enough to permit thorough root removal. A small trowel can Anthemis cotula Mayweed chamomile Common on gravel roads and other Not a priority for treatment. help. Persistence over several years and/or disturbed areas. a glyphosate spray is recommended.

Arctium minus Common burdock Occasional residential and agricultural Not a priority for treatment. Rumex crispus Curly dock Common in neglected pastures and Not a priority for treatment. weed. disturbed areas.

Brassica raba Birdsrape mustard Occasional in disturbed areas. Not a priority for treatment. Eradication through mastication Oxalis corniculata Common wood sorrel Common garden weed. Not a priority for treatment. recommended: Makes an excellent cooked green. Plantago lanceolata Narrow-leaved plantain Common in pastures and grasslands. Not a priority for treatment. Has value as In pastures, avoid overgrazing and take steps Brassica nigra Black mustard Occasional in wetter areas. Not a priority for treatment. a host plant for certain butterfly species. to Improve pasture health.

Cardamine hirsuta Hairy bittercress Pervasive in residential and agricultural Not a priority for treatment. Eradication through mastication Plantago major Broadleaf plantain Common in pastures and grasslands. Not a priority for treatment. In pastures, avoid overgrazing and take steps areas. recommended: Good in salad. to Improve pasture health.

Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye daisy Occasional in pastures and grasslands. Not a priority for treatment. Senecio vulgaris Common groundsel Common in disturbed areas. Not a priority for treatment.

Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle Common in pastures and grasslands Treated regularly by ODFW and many Unlike Canada thistle, can be controlled by Soncus arvensis Perennial sowthislte Common in neglected pastures and Not a priority for treatment. throughout the area. landowners, but is often solitary and not a mowing. However, several native thistles disturbed areas. priority for treatment. Easily confused are easily confused with bull thistle. If with several native thistles. action must be taken, confirm identification ! 8 Sonchus asper Spiny sowthistle Common in neglected pastures and Not a priority for treatment. Appendix 4 – Invasive Species prior to control. disturbed areas.

Convolvulus arvensis Field bindweed Common garden/agricultural weed. Not a priority for treatment. Can overtake newly established plantings. Thin roots break easily. Untwine from Stellaria media Common chickweed Occasional in disturbed areas. Not a priority for treatment. desired vegetation and carefully apply 4% glyphosate or 2% triclopyr amine. Will Tanacetum vulgare Common tansy Occasional in disturbed areas. Not a priority for treatment. ! 10 require repeat treatments through growing season for adequate control. Appendix 4 – Invasive Species Taraxacum officinale Dandelion Common in lawns and disturbed areas. Not a priority for treatment Daucus carota Queen Anne’s lace Common in pastures. Not a priority for treatment. Provides overwintering pollinator habitat. Verbascum thapsus Common mullein Common in disturbed areas. Not a priority for treatment.

Dipsacus fullonum Teasel Widespread in -pastures and grasslands. Not a priority for treatment; flowers have Vicia villosa Hairy vetch Common in pastures and grasslands. Not a priority for treatment; has value as nectar for bumblebees. a nectar source for bumblebees.

Digitaria sanguinalis Crabgrass Common residential and agricultural Not a priority for treatment. weed.

Echinochloa crus-galli Barnyard grass Common residential and agricultural Not a priority for treatment. weed. WATCH LIST Have not been seen on the island, but we should be vigilant, since they have been spotted in other nearby areas. Immediately report presence of these species at Eleagnus angustifolia Russian olive Occasional along roads; above beach at Previously planted in the area as a wildlife www.oregoninvasivshotline.org or by calling 1-866-invader. Willow Bar. Extensive populations in plant, but now escaping into natural areas; mid-Columbia River system. not a priority for treatment by agencies. Latin name Common name Distribution on the Island/Channel Status Control options

Brachypodium sylvaticum False-brome n/a Many sightings in the Portland area, Contact WMSWCD for verification and Hypericum perforatum Common St. John’s Occasional in pastures and grasslands. Not a priority for treatment. including one on Germantown road. assistance. wort Impatiens capensis Jewelweed Fairly common along houseboat docks. Not a priority for treatment. Hand pull before seed formation. Easy to Butomus umbellatus Flowering rush n/a Is well-established in the upper Columbia Contact WMSWCD for verification and uproot by hand. River, and is moving into the mid- assistance. Columbia River system. Lamium purpureum Purple deadnettle Common garden/agricultural weed. Not a priority for treatment.

Galega officinalis Goatsrue n/a Not found on Sauvie Island, but there is a Contact WMSWCD for verification and Linaria dalmatica Dalmatian toadflax Fairly common in pastures and grasslands Not a priority for treatment except to In pastures, avoid overgrazing and take steps large infestation upriver near the assistance. throughout the area. improve pastures. to improve pasture health. Columbia Slough.

Linaria vulgaris Yellow toadflax Occasional in pasture and grasslands. Not a priority for treatment except to In pastures, avoid overgrazing and take steps Heracleum mantegazzianum Giant hogweed n/a Has been mapped in St. Johns and Contact WMSWCD for verification and improve pastures. to improve pasture health. elsewhere in Portland. Contact with this assistance. NOTE: Hand pulling or digging plant can cause a severe skin reaction, can result in a severe skin reaction. similar to 2nd degree burns. Malva neglecta Common mallow Occasional weed in disturbed areas. Not a priority for treatment. ! 9 Appendix 4 – Invasive Species Hieracium auranticum Orange hawkweed n/a Several sightings in the Portland area, Contact WMSWCD for verification and Matricaria matricariodes Pineapple weed Common in median of gravel roads and Not a priority for treatment. including one in Forest Park and one in St. assistance. other disturbed areas. Johns.

Oxalis corniculata Common wood sorrel Common garden weed. Not a priority for treatment. Impatiens gladulifera, Impatiens Policeman’s helmet, n/a Several sightings of both species in the Contact WMSWCD for verification and bafourii Balfour’s balsam Portland area. I. gladulifera has been near assistance. Balch Creek and I. balfourii has been Portulaca oleracaea Common purslane Common garden weed. Not a priority for treatment. Eradication through mastication spotted on NW Skyline Drive. recommended: Good in salad. ! 11 Appendix 4 – Invasive Species Schoenoplectus mucronatus Ricefield bulrush n/a Present at Ridgefield National Wildlife Contact WMSWCD for verification and Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup Common garden weed. Is being seen spreading into some natural Difficult to control by hand pulling, since Refuge just across the Columbia River assistance. areas, but is not a priority for treatment. roots and stolons (i.e. horizontal stems) left from Sauvie Island. behind in the soil can re-sprout. Manual work is most effective fall through spring when ground is moist enough to permit thorough root removal. A small trowel can help. Persistence over several years and/or a glyphosate spray is recommended. SIDEBAR

Rumex crispus Curly dock Common in neglected pastures and Not a priority for treatment. disturbed areas. WAIT!! Is it really a weed? There are several native plants that can act ‘weedy’ and be annoying, but that are important to wildlife. Consider allowing them to remain when they are not invading cultivated areas. Oxalis corniculata Common wood sorrel Common garden weed. Not a priority for treatment.

Latin Name Common Name Ecological Benefits Plantago lanceolata Narrow-leaved plantain Common in pastures and grasslands. Not a priority for treatment. Has value as In pastures, avoid overgrazing and take steps a host plant for certain butterfly species. to Improve pasture health. Conyza canadensis Horseweed Attractive to native insects.

Plantago major Broadleaf plantain Common in pastures and grasslands. Not a priority for treatment. In pastures, avoid overgrazing and take steps Epilobium ciliatum Willowherb Produces nectar for hummingbirds. to Improve pasture health. 94 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Equisetum arvense Field horsetail SauvieProvides Island food, cover & Multnomahand perches for native Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 95 Senecio vulgaris Common groundsel Common in disturbed areas. Not a priority for treatment. invertebrates.

Soncus arvensis Perennial sowthislte Common in neglected pastures and Not a priority for treatment. Equisetum telmateia Giant horsetail Provides cover for invertebrates but has no disturbed areas. direct food value for other wildlife.

Sonchus asper Spiny sowthistle Common in neglected pastures and Not a priority for treatment. Galium apocrine Bedstraw/Cleavers Eaten by geese and other waterfowl. disturbed areas. Geum macrophyllum Large-leaved avens Used by pollinators. Easily confused with the Stellaria media Common chickweed Occasional in disturbed areas. Not a priority for treatment. non-native invasive, Geum urbanum, which has darker leaves and blooms later.

! 10 Appendix 4 – Invasive Species

! 12 Appendix 4 – Invasive Species Impatiens gladulifera, Impatiens Policeman’s helmet, n/a Several sightings of both species in the Contact WMSWCD for verification and bafourii Balfour’s balsam Portland area. I. gladulifera has been near assistance. Balch Creek and I. balfourii has been spotted on NW Skyline Drive.

Schoenoplectus mucronatus Ricefield bulrush n/a Present at Ridgefield National Wildlife Contact WMSWCD for verification and Refuge just across the Columbia River assistance. from Sauvie Island.

Appendix 5 SIDEBAR Appendix 5 Sauvie Island / Multnomah Channel Plant Communities WAIT!! Is it really a weed? Sauvie Island / Multnomah Channel Plant Communities There are several native plants that can act ‘weedy’ and be annoying, but that are important to Appendix 5 APPENDIX 5 wildlife. Consider allowing them to remain when they are not invading cultivated areas. BottomlandAppendix 5 Forests BottomlandSAUVIE ISLAND/MULTNOMAH Forests CHANNEL PLANT COMMUNITIES Latin Name Common Name Ecological Benefits Sauvie Island / Multnomah Channel Plant Communities Sauvie Island / Multnomah Channel Plant Communities Conyza canadensis Horseweed Attractive to native insects. Native black cottonwoods are one of the most Native black cottonwoods are one of the most important wildlife trees on the island and along importantBottomlandBottomland wildlife trees Forests on theForests island and along Epilobium ciliatum Willowherb Produces nectar for hummingbirds. the channel. The island’s cottonwoods are the channel. The island’s cottonwoods are where bald eagles and great blue herons most Equisetum arvense Field horsetail Provides food, cover and perches for native where baldNative eagles black and cottonwoods great blue are herons one of themost most invertebrates. oftenNative choose blackimportant cottonwoodsto build wildlife their trees arenests, on one the and islandof manythe and most along often choose to build their nests, and many songbirdsimportant the usewildlife channel. them trees asThe well. island’son the cottonwoods island and arealong Equisetum telmateia Giant horsetail Provides cover for invertebrates but has no songbirds whereuse them bald eagles as well. and great blue herons most direct food value for other wildlife. the channel.often The choose island’s to build cottonwoods their nests, and are many Cottonwoodswhere bald eagles are andvaluable great to blue wildlife, herons dead most or Cottonwoodssongbirds are usevaluable them as to well. wildlife, dead or Galium apocrine Bedstraw/Cleavers Eaten by geese and other waterfowl. alive.often Aschoose they toage, build they their shed nests, branches and manythat alive. As they age, they shed branches that providesongbirds habitat Cottonwoodsuse them for salamanders as are well. valuable toand wildlife, dead or provide habitat for salamanders and Geum macrophyllum Large-leaved avens Used by pollinators. Easily confused with the invertebrates.alive. CottonwoodAs they age, they snags shed branches are used that by non-native invasive, Geum urbanum, which has invertebrates.provide Cottonwood habitat for salamanders snags are and used by darker leaves and blooms later. woodpeckersCottonwoods andare cavityvaluable nesting to wildlife, birds suchdead asor woodpeckersinvertebrates. and cavity Cottonwood nesting birdssnags are such used as by purplealive. As martins, theywoodpeckers age, screech they and shedowls cavity branches andnesting kestrels. birds that such as Juncus effusus Common rush At edges of ponds, provides cover for young purple martins,purple martins,screech screech owls owlsand andkestrels. kestrels. turtles and amphibians and is used by provide habitat for salamanders and amphibians for egg attachment. The native Sinceinvertebrates. the 1850s, Cottonwood bottomland snags forests are have used by can be confused with a larger non-native Since the Since1850s, the bottomland 1850s, bottomland forests forests have have subspecies. declinedwoodpeckers by more and thancavity 80% nesting in the birds Willamette such as declined bydeclined more by than more 80% than in80% the in Willamettethe Willamette Valley,purple so martins, SauvieValley, so screech Island’s Sauvie Island’s owlsstands standsand of kestrels.cottonwood of cottonwood ! 12 Valley, so Sauvie Island’s stands of cottonwood Appendix 4 – Invasive Species Lemna minor Common duckweed Important food plant for waterfowl and other are preciousare preciousindeed. indeed. The ash The trees ash trees that that grow grow ToTo keepkeep bottomland bottomland forests forests healthy healthy for wildlife: for wildlife: aquatic species. Can help control algae by are preciouson slightly indeed. lower, The wetter ash treesground that are also grow To keep bottomland forests healthy for wildlife: shading it out. onSince slightly the 1850s, lower, bottomlandwetter ground forests are alsohave • Remove blackberries and other invasive species and replace on slightlyimportant lower, wetter wildlife trees.ground These are areas also are • Remove blackberries and other invasive species and replace importantdeclined by wildlife more thantrees. 80% These in the areas Willamette are • themRemove with nativeblackberries plants. and other invasive species and replace Mentha canandenis Field mint Important pollinator plant. importantmagnets wildlife for trees. a variety These of birds. areas are them with native plants. magnetsValley, so for Sauvie a variety Island’s of standsbirds. of cottonwood • Leavethem aging with trees, native snags plants. and downed wood. magnets for a variety of birds. • BeLeave vigilant aging for emeraldtrees, snagsash borers, and whichdowned have wood.destroyed are precious indeed. The ash trees that grow To• Leave keep aging bottomland trees, snags forests and downed healthy wood. for wildlife: Nuphar lutea Spatterdock Provides food and cover for wildlife. • acresBe vigilant of ash forest for emerald in the Eastern ash US.borers, Take thewhich Forest have Pest destroyed on slightly lower, wetter ground are also • Be vigilant for emerald ash borers, which have destroyed • DetectoracresRemove of training ashblackberries forest (online). in theand Easternother invasive US. Take species the Forest and replace Pest Pteridium aquilinum Western brackenfern Can be poisonous to livestock. important wildlife trees. These areas are acres of ash forest in the Eastern US. Take the Forest Pest Detectorthem with training native plants.(online). magnets forSome a variety species of thatbirds. use these habitats: Detector training (online). Phacelia nemoralis Tall phacelia A nectar source for bumblebees. • Leave aging trees, snags and downed wood. Some speciesRed-legged that frog use these habitats:Bald eagle • Warbling vireo Some speciesNorthwestern that salamander use these habitats:Great blue heronBe vigilant for emeraldWestern woodash borers, pewee which have destroyed Rosa nutkana Nootka rose Important pollinator plant. Hips provide Long-toed salamander Purple martin acres of ash forestWilson’s in the warbler Eastern US. Take the Forest Pest winter food for birds Red-legged frog Bald eagle Warbling vireo Red-leggedBullock’s frog oriole BaldSwainson’s eagle thrushDetector trainingYellow (online).Warbling warbler vireo Northwestern salamander Great blue heron Western wood pewee Northwestern salamander Great blue heron Western wood pewee Solidago canandensis Canada goldenrod Excellent nectar plant for bees and other Long-toed salamander Purple martin Wilson’s warbler pollinators. Long-toedSome species salamander that use these habitats:Purple martin Wilson’s warbler Bullock’s orioleSome native plant species Swainson’sof these habitats: thrush Yellow warbler Bullock’s oriole Swainson’s thrush Yellow warbler Salix sp. Willows (various species) Native willows are among the most important Red-leggedLarge frog Trees: BaldShrubs, eagle Cont. HerbaceousWarbling plants vireo (continued): pollinator nectar and host plants. Weeping willows are non-native. NorthwesternCottonwood salamander GreatDouglas blue spiraea heron Large-leafedWestern avens wood pewee SomeLong-toed nativeOregon salamander plantash species of PurpletheseWild martingooseberrieshabitats: GreaterWilson’s hedgenettle warbler Some nativePacific willow plant species of theseNootka habitats: rose Giant goldenrod Typha latifolia Common cattail Provide cover and nesting areas for numerous Bullock’s oriole Swainson’s thrush Yellow warbler species and filter run-off into ponds and Large Trees: Shrubs,Snowberries Cont. Small-footedHerbaceous sedge plants (continued): Large Trees: Shrubs, Cont. Herbaceous plants (continued): wetlands. CottonwoodUnderstory trees: DouglasTrailing spiraeablackberries (native) SloughLarge-leafed sedge avens CottonwoodSuksdorf’s hawthorn Douglas spiraea Cow Large-leafedparsnip avens Oregon ash Wild gooseberries Greater hedgenettle Urtica dioica Stinging nettle Important host plant for red admiral OregonSome native ashIndian plum plant species of WildtheseHerbaceous gooseberries habitats: plants: WillowGreater herb hedgenettle butterflies. Pacific willow NootkaLady fern rose StingingGiant nettle goldenrod Pacific willow Nootka rose Giant goldenrod Large Trees:Shrubs: SnowberriesShrubs,Sword fern Cont. Small-footedHerbaceous sedge plants (continued): Snowberries Small-footed sedge UnderstoryCottonwoodRed-osier trees: dogwood TrailingDouglasFringe blackberries cupspiraea (native) SloughLarge-leafed sedge avens Understoryred elderberry trees: TrailingPiggy-back blackberries plant (native) Slough sedge Suksdorf’sOregon ash hawthorn Wild gooseberries CowGreater parsnip hedgenettle Suksdorf’s hawthorn Cow parsnip IndianPacific plumwillow HerbaceousNootka rose plants: WillowGiant goldenrod herb Indian plum Herbaceous plants: Willow herb LadySnowberries fern StingingSmall-footed nettle sedge Lady fern Stinging nettle ! 13 Shrubs:Understory trees: SwordTrailing fern blackberries (native) Slough sedge Appendix 4 – Invasive Species Shrubs: Sword fern Red-osierSuksdorf’s dogwoodhawthorn Fringe cup Cow parsnip Red-osier dogwood Fringe cup redIndian elderberry plum Piggy-backHerbaceous plant plants: Willow herb ! 1 red elderberryAppendix 5 – Plant Community Fact Sheet Piggy-back plant Pg Lady fern Stinging nettle Invasives to watch for: Reed canarygrass, blackberry, climbing nightshade, Japanese knotweed, buttercup, InvasivesEnglishShrubs: hawthorn, to watch multiflora for: rose, Reed feral canarygrass,Sword cherry, fern Norway blackberry, maple climbing nightshade, Japanese knotweed, buttercup, EnglishRed-osier hawthorn, dogwood multiflora rose, feralFringe cherry, cup Norway maple red elderberry Piggy-back plant Reference habitat: Wapato Greenway trail (along river) and Sauvie Island Wildlife Management Area North Unit Reference habitat: Wapato Greenway trail (along river) and Sauvie Island Wildlife Management Area North Unit ! 1 96 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 97 !! 1 1 Appendix 5 – Plant Community Fact Sheet Pg Appendix 5 – Plant Community Fact Sheet Pg

Oaks/Oak Savanna ! 1 Appendix 5 – Plant Community Fact Sheet Oaks/Oak Savanna Pg

Description: Description:The big oaks on Sauvie have been here for Thedecades. big oaks Many on are Sauvie more have than been 300 hereyears for old. decades.Some grow Many in openare more grasslands than 300 with years camas, old. Somelupines grow and otherin open wildflowers grasslands andwith some camas, grow lupinesin mixed and forests other with wildflowers big-leaf maple and some or ash grow intrees mixed (See forests mixed with forest big-leaf description). maple or Others ash treesstand (Seealone mixed in the forest middle description). of farm fields, Others a standlegacy alone left by in generations the middle of farmfarmers fields, who a legacyshowed left them by generations respect. Oak of savannasfarmers whowere a showeddominant them plant respect. community Oak insavannas much of were the a dominantWillamette plant Valley, community but there inare much precious of the little Willametteleft, and oak Valley, savannas but arethere high are priority precious for little left,restoration and oak effortssavannas throughout are high priority the valley. for restoration efforts throughout the valley.

Some species that use these habitats: To keep oaks and oak habitats healthy for wildlife: SomeSlender-billed species (white-breasted) that use these nuthatch habitats: To• Remove keep oaksblackberry and andoak other habitats non-native healthy understory for wildlife: plants, Slender-billedAcorn woodpecker (white-breasted) nuthatch • Removeand competing blackberry trees. and other non-native understory plants, AcornHouse woodpeckerwren • andLeave competing a tillage buffer trees. extending out to the tree’s drip line. HouseBullock’s wren oriole • LeaveDon’t airrigate; tillage bufferoaks need extending our dry out summers. to the tree’s drip line. Bullock’sBlack-headed oriole grosbeak • Don’tPlant a irrigate; suite of oaks native need oak our understory dry summers. plants. Black-headedWestern gray grosbeaksquirrel • PlantLeave a old suite oak of snags native for oak cavity understory nesting birds.plants. WesternSeveral species gray squirrel of bats • LeaveConsult old with oak West snags Multnomah for cavity nesting Soil & Waterbirds. Conservation SeveralCountless species invertebrates of bats that are the bottom • ConsultDistrict (WMSWCD)with West Multnomah for technical Soil advice& Water and Conservation possible financial Countlessof the food invertebrates chain for other that species are the bottom Districtassistance (WMSWCD) to renovating for oak technical stands. advice and possible financial of the food chain for other species • assistanceConsider ato conservation renovating oak easement stands. to protect your oaks/oak • Considerstands in perpetuity.a conservation easement to protect your oaks/oak stands in perpetuity.

Plants: Plants:Large Trees: Herbaceous plants: LargeOregon Trees: White Oak HerbaceousTufted hair grass plants: Oregon White Oak TuftedSlender hair hair grass grass Understory trees: sparse SlenderCommon hair camas grass Understory trees: sparse CommonBig-leaf lupine camas Shrubs: Oregon grape, snowberry Big-leafWestern lupine red columbine Shrubs: Oregon grape, snowberry WesternTall phacelia red columbine Tall phacelia

Invasives to watch for: Blackberry, ivy, poison hemlock Invasives to watch for: Blackberry, ivy, poison hemlock

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Invasives to watch for: Reed canarygrass, blackberry, climbing nightshade, Japanese knotweed, buttercup, English hawthorn, multiflora rose, feral cherry, Norway maple

Reference habitat: Wapato Greenway trail (along river) and Sauvie Island Wildlife Management Area North Unit

Oaks/Oak Savanna Mixed Coniferous/Deciduous Forest

Description: Description: The big oaks on Sauvie have been here for Douglas firs are found naturally on the highest decades. Many are more than 300 years old. areas of Sauvie Island, near Wapato Greenway Some grow in open grasslands with camas, and the Grange forest. Cedars, grand firs and lupines and other wildflowers and some grow yews are more abundant elsewhere on the in mixed forests with big-leaf maple or ash island as they tolerate wetter soils. These trees (See mixed forest description). Others areas are the preferred habitat of the Western stand alone in the middle of farm fields, a gray squirrel, which is now seldom seen on the legacy left by generations of farmers who island or elsewhere in Oregon. showed them respect. Oak savannas were a dominant plant community in much of the Willamette Valley, but there are precious little left, and oak savannas are high priority for restoration efforts throughout the valley.

Some species that use these habitats: To keep oaks and oak habitats healthy for wildlife: Some species that use these habitats: To keep coniferous/deciduous forest healthy for Slender-billed (white-breasted) nuthatch • Remove blackberry and other non-native understory plants, Slender-billed (white-breasted) nuthatch wildlife: Acorn woodpecker and competing trees. Stellar’s jay • Remove ivy, blackberry and other non-native understory plants House wren • Leave a tillage buffer extending out to the tree’s drip line. Pileated woodpecker and replace them with native plants. Bullock’s oriole • Don’t irrigate; oaks need our dry summers. Downy woodpecker • Leave old tree snags for cavity nesting birds. Black-headed grosbeak • Plant a suite of native oak understory plants. Western gray squirrel • Leave downed wood for salamanders and the invertebrates Western gray squirrel • Leave old oak snags for cavity nesting birds. Screech owl that support higher levels of the food chain. Several species of bats • Consult with West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation Several bat species Countless invertebrates that are the bottom District (WMSWCD) for technical advice and possible financial Ensatinas (terrestrial salamanders) of the food chain for other species assistance to renovating oak stands. Countless invertebrates that provide food for • Consider a conservation easement to protect your oaks/oak other species stands in perpetuity.

Plants: Plants: Large Trees: Shrubs: Large Trees: Herbaceous plants: Western red cedar Red-flowering currant Oregon White Oak Tufted hair grass Grand fir Tall Oregon grape Slender hair grass Pacific yew Short Oregon grape Understory trees: sparse Common camas Douglas fir Snowberry Big-leaf lupine Oregon white oak Shrubs: Oregon grape, snowberry Western red columbine Big-leaf maple Herbaceous plants: Tall phacelia Sword fern Understory trees: Spring beauty Cascara Wild ginger Indian plum Fringe cups Invasives to watch for: Blackberry, ivy, poison hemlock Pacific dogwood Inside-out flower Pacific yew Calypso orchid Beaked hazelnut Rattlesnake plantain Reference habitat: Oak Island nature trail

! 2 Invasives to watch for: Ivy, herb Robert, shiny geranium, Norway maple, feral cherries Appendix 5 – Plant Community Fact Sheet Pg

Reference habitat: Grange forest, southeast corner of Wapato Greenway

98 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 99 ! 4 Appendix 5 – Plant Community Fact Sheet Pg

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Wetlands/Seasonal Wetlands/Ponds Wet Prairie/Grasslands InWet pre-settlement Prairie/Grasslands times (before dikes and dams), Wetlands/SeasonalSauvie Island and the surrounding bottomlands Wetlands/Ponds most of Sauvie Island’s lower half was wet prairie. are a major stopover on the Pacific Flyway for Unfortunately,In pre-settlement 98% times of this (before habitat dikes has beenand dams), lost migratory waterfowl. Of 414 wildlife species in becausemost of Sauvieof displacement Island’s lower by non-native half was wet plants prairie. and SauvieOregon, Island 359 useand wetlandsthe surrounding and riparian bottomlands areas. conversionUnfortunately, to agriculture,98% of this housinghabitat hasand been lost areWith a majora decline stopover in wetlands on the throughout Pacific Flyway the for development.because of displacement As a result, by several non-native bird species, plants and migratoryWillamette waterfowl. Valley, our soggyOf 414 bottomland wildlife species areas in includingconversion our to formerly agriculture, common housing state and bird, the Oregon,and associated 359 use lakes, wetlands ponds and and riparian sloughs areas. are westerndevelopment. meadowlark, As a result, no longer several nests bird onspecies, the Withabsolutely a decline vital. in Unfortunately, wetlands throughout reed canarygrass the island.including our formerly common state bird, the Willametteand other invasive Valley, our species soggy have bottomland mostly overtaken areas western meadowlark, no longer nests on the andthe nativeassociated plants lakes, that pondsmake theseand sloughs areas mostare island. useful to wildlife. Grassland birds need large expanses of open absolutely vital. Unfortunately, reed canarygrass grasslands, but even small patches of native prairie and other invasive species have mostly overtaken speciesGrassland can birds contribute need large to the expanses come-back of open of the native plants that make these areas most pollinatorsgrasslands, butand evenbutterflies. small patches of native prairie useful to wildlife. species can contribute to the come-back of

pollinators and butterflies. To keep wetlands and ponds healthy for wildlife

To create prairies healthy for wildlife • Remove reed canarygrass and other invasive • If turtles are present, refer to www.oregonturtles.com to • Consider replacing some European pasture or • If you have an acre or more on which you are willing to plants and replace with native riparian plants. learn how to create basking habitat and enhance nesting To createlawn grasses prairies with ahealthy mix of native for wildlifegrasses and encourage native prairie, ask Sauvie Island Habitat •To keepIf not alreadywetlands there, and consider ponds introducing healthy for wildlifehabitat for turtles. • wildflowersConsider replacing some European pasture or • PartnershipIf you have an or acre WMSWCD or more for on technicalwhich you assistance. are willing to native emergent and floating plants that • Ask WMSWCD for technical assistance and possibly • Makelawn grasses sure native with wildflowera mix of native mixes grasses contain and • Readencourage the labels native on prairie, herbicides ask Sauvie and pesticides Island Habitat to make • Remove reed canarygrass and other invasive • If turtles are present, refer to www.oregonturtles.com to provide food and shelter for aquatic animals financial assistance on improving pond and wetland flowerswildflowers that are native to our area. surePartnership they are or used WMSWCD in a bee-safe for technical manner. assistance. plants and replace with native riparian plants. learn how to create basking habitat and enhance nesting • Make sure native wildflower mixes contain • Read the labels on herbicides and pesticides to make • Ifand not help already shade there, out algae.consider introducing habitats.habitat for turtles. flowers that are native to our area. sure they are used in a bee-safe manner. native emergent and floating plants that • PutAsk upWMSWCD bird boxes for for technical wood ducks assistance and hooded and possibly provide food and shelter for aquatic animals mergansers.financial assistance on improving pond and wetland Some species that use these habitats: and help shade out algae. habitats. Deer Meadowlark • Put up bird boxes for wood ducks and hooded CoyoteSome species that use these habitats: Streaked horned lark (A federally listed species) Some species that use these habitats: mergansers. Beaver Various waterfowl species WesternDeer swallowtail, red admiral, painted lady SavannahMeadowlark sparrow Otter Yellow warbler Coyote and other butterflies CommonStreaked horned yellowthroat lark (A federally listed species) Western painted turtle Willow flycatcher VariousWestern bumblebees swallowtail, andred otheradmiral, native painted bee ladyspecies NorthernSavannah sparrow harrier Some species that use these habitats: Red-legged frog (If there is a forest nearby) Red-winged blackbird American and other kestrel butterflies Red-tailedCommon yellowthroathawk Beaver Various waterfowl species Northwestern salamander Black-headed grosbeak Short-earedVarious bumblebees owl and other native bee species GarterNorthern snake harrier Otter Yellow warbler American kestrel Red-tailed hawk Long-toedWestern painted salamander turtle MeadowhawksWillow flycatcher and other dragonfly species Short-eared owl Garter snake PacificRed-legged chorus frog frog (If there is a forest nearby) Red-winged blackbird Northwestern salamander Black-headed grosbeak Herbaceous plants, cont: Plants:Long-toed salamander Meadowhawks and other dragonfly species Plants: Large trees: Oregon ash, Pacific willow Potamageton sp. Large trees: Sparse or a few scattered Oregon Herbaceous plants: Pacific chorus frog Columbia sedge whitePlants: oaks Giant goldenrod Understory trees: Sitka willow, Scouler willow, Slough sedge Large trees: Sparse or a few scattered Oregon TuftedHerbaceous hair grass plants: Plants: Herbaceous plants, cont: Suksdorf hawthorn Common rush Understorywhite oaks trees: none ColumbiaGiant goldenrod sedge Large trees: Oregon ash, Pacific willow Potamageton sp. Coontail CommonTufted hair camas grass Columbia sedge Shrubs: Douglas spiraea, red-osier dogwood, Common spike rush Shrubs:Understory none trees: none WesternColumbia buttercup sedge Understory trees: Sitka willow, Scouler willow, Slough sedge snowberries, Columbia river willow Water buttercup Large-leafCommon camaslupine Suksdorf hawthorn Common rush Common duckweed Shrubs: none YarrowWestern buttercup Coontail Herbaceous plants Smartweed DouglasLarge-leaf aster lupine Shrubs: Douglas spiraea, red-osier dogwood, Common spike rush Wapato Marsh pennywort Dagger-leavedYarrow rush snowberries, Columbia river willow Water buttercup Douglas aster Water plantain CommonCattail duckweed Invasives to watch for: Dagger-leaved rush HerbaceousBur-reed plants SmartweedSneezeweed Blackberry, teasel, Canada thistle, bull thistle, sow thistle, oxeye daisy, toadflax, tansy ragwort WapatoSpatterdock MarshHowellia pennywort (Rare and federally listed) Water plantain Cattail Bur-reedInvasives to watch for: Reed canarygrass, purpleSneezeweed loosestrife, yellow flag iris, pennyroyal, Eurasian water Reference habitat: There are no intact prairies left on Sauvie Island or in the Multnomah Channel Spatterdockmilfoil, indigo bush, nutria Howellia (Rare and federally listed) Bottomlands. There is a remnant behind the OSU extension office in St. Helens, near the corner of Pittsburgh ! 5 Appendix 5 – Plant Community Fact Sheet Pg Reference habitat: Seal Lake, Ruby Lake, Lost Lagoon pond Road and Hwy. 30. ! 5 Invasives to watch for: Reed canarygrass, purple loosestrife, yellow flag iris, pennyroyal, Eurasian water milfoil, indigo bush, nutria Appendix 5 – Plant Community Fact Sheet Pg ! 7 100 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Appendix 5 – Plant Community Fact Sheet Reference habitat: Seal Lake,Sauvie Ruby IslandLake, Lost& Multnomah Lagoon Pg pond Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 101

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Forested wetlands APPENDIX 6 These forested wetland depressions can have five SAUVIE ISLAND/MULTNOMAH CHANNEL BOTTOMLANDS feet of water in winter, but dry out in summer. CONSERVATION PROJECTS Most trees can’t live with wet feet, but our native Appendix 6 ashes and willows thrive in these conditions. Sauvie Island / Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Projects Many projects have taken place over several decades to improve wildlife habitat and water quality on Sauvie Island - from multi-million dollar salmon habitat Red-legged frogs and salamanders thrive in the Many projects have taken place over several decades to improve wildlife habitat and water quality on Sauvie Island - from multi-million dollar salmon habitat restoration projects and other wetland restorationrestoration actions, projects to modest and nativeother plantings wetland by ruralrestoration landowners. actions, The information to modest below nativeis not a plantingscomplete list, by but rural is a representationlandowners. of The various information project types below and recognition is not afor complete the people list,and but damp understory and songbirds abound in the tree isagencies a representation that have engaged of various in these efforts.project The types order andof projects recognition is roughly for from the north people to south. and See agencies the end of that this sectionhave engagedfor spelled inout these names efforts.of agencies The that order are represented of projects as acronyms is roughly in canopy. fromthis appendix. north to south. See the end of this section for spelled out names of agencies that are represented as acronyms in this appendix.

NAME/LOCATION OWNERSHIP / PROJECT PARTNERS DATE(S) STATUS DESCRIPTION ISLAND / MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT C=complete MAINLAND IP=In Progress O=ongoing

Nob Hill Nature Park City of St. Friends of Nob SBWC 2011- O Hold two work parties per year in which volunteers M Helens Hill Nature Park remove invasive species and plant natives on an oak How to keep a forested wetland healthy for wildlife savanna and wetland. Built a trail (including stairs), and erected educational signs. The rich native plant community was documented by volunteer botanists. • Retain snags and downed limbs • Use environmentally-sensitive mosquito control by Volunteer efforts inspired the City of St. Helens to • Remove reed canarygrass and other invasives enhancing habitat for mosquito predators. desinate this as a natural area to be enjoyed by all.

Warrior Point Ivy removal ODFW SIHAB ODFW, PLO 2012-14 C SIHAB volunteers, with some assistance from an ODFW SI staff member, removed giant, old-growth tree ivy vines Some species that use these habitats: from 60+ trees on the far north end of the island. Indigo Beaver Wood duck bush was removed at another SIHAB work party.

Red-legged frog Hooded merganser Milton Creek Riparian 9 PLO's SBWC CCSWCD, 9 2004 C Stabilized banks, removed invasives and planted natives. M Northwester salamander Mallard Restoration PLOs Long-toed salamander Swainson’s thrush Milton Creek Large Woody City of St. SBWC USFWS, City of 2007 C Placed large woody debris in mainstem, planted native M Debris placement Helens St. Helens riparian vegetation; improved conditions for salmon as Red-breasted sapsucker Ruby-crowned kinglet well as other wildlife. Song sparrow Scapoose Bay Marine Trail Port of St. SBWC 1995/ C Channel restoration, creation of/designation as a nature M Helens 2013 park, trail development. Creation in mid-nineties was followed by a grant to improve it in 2013.

Plants: Herbaceous plants: Ellege Wetland PLO DU LCEP 2003 C Water Control structure placed; 50 acres of wetland SI Large trees: Oregon ash, Pacific willow Leafy beggarstick restored Lady fern North End Fish and Wetland ODFW CREST ODFW ,PC 2011-15 C Enhanced 200+ acres of esturine wetland through SI restoration Trask, BPA alteration or removal of water control structures and Understory trees: Sitka willow, Suksdorf’s Small-footed sedge other fill material. Reconnected Ruby Lake and five other lakes in the SIWA North Unit to Cunningham Slough to hawthorn Veronica americana improve fish pasage. Also removed invasives and planted natives. Shrubs: Douglas spirea, red-osier dogwood, Grassland bird restoration ODFW ODFW ASoP, SIHAB, 2013- O Efforts on Oak Island, Grandma's Kitchen and an SI snowberries, Columbia river willow, red elderberry ABC, Oregon ODFW-owned field near the end of Reeder Road to Wildlife restore habitat for streaked horned larks, meadowlarks and other grassland birds by vegetation management per recommendations from the American Bird Conservancy. Invasives to watch for: Reed canarygrass, climbing nightshade, creeping Jenny Posted signs to limit recreational activites during the nesting season. With funding from Oregon Wildlife, installed streaked horned lark audio and decoys aimed at luring this species to one of the areas. Volunteers Lost Lagoon swale from Audubon Society of Portland have conducted Reference habitat: multiple years of weekly bird counts during the breeding season to monitor use of these areas by target species.

Hogan Ranch Wetland PLO SBWC/NRCS 2004 C Wetlands restoration, invasive species control and native M restoration plantings on 20 acres. Also worked with NRCS on fencing 170 acres of wetland easement.

Honeyman Creek Tidal PLO SBWC PLO, LCEP 2012 C Replaced 3 failing culverts to improve salmon passage. M restoration

Stan's Lake ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 1999 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed ! 8 canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing.

Appendix 5 – Plant Community Fact Sheet Pg Deadwillow/Rays Lake ODFW ODFW ODFW, USFWS, 2007 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI 102 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie IslandNRCS, & ODHA Multnomah Channel Bottomlandshydrologic regimes, diskedConservation wetlands to set Opportunities back reed 103 canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing.

Mudhen Lake ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 2005 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing.

North/South Scapoose Creek Multiple PLOs SBWC SBWC 2011 C Fluvial rechannelization, off-channel habitat restoration, M Confluence and large woody debris placement. Flights End Purchase and ODFW ODFW CREST, BPA, PC 2014- O Purchased land with BPA mitigation funds. Enhancing 44 SI restoration Trask acres of floodplain habitat by removal of culverts, installation of channel spanning bridge, and marshplain lowering for the benefit of fish passage, waterfowl and native emergent vegetation.

Crane Lake restoration ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 1999 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing.

Boys Lake ODFW ODFW ODHA 2012 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI hydrologic regimes,disked wetlands to set back reed canary grass.

Rentenaur Rd. Complex ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 2010 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI restoration NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes,disked wetlands to set back reed canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing.

Stutzer/Lost Prairie/Spud Lake ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 2008 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI Wetland enhancemnt NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing.

Racetrack Lake Shorebird ODFW ODFW USFWS, ASofP, 2008- O An area of the shoreline is disked annually to create SI Habitat Project Nat'l Audubon shorebird habitat and is monitored for shorebirds.

Seal Lake restoration ODFW ODFW NAWCA C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to setback reed canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing.

Steelman Lake restoration ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 2000 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI NRCS, ODHA and hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed 2010 canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing.

Appendix 6 - Project List Pg 41 Appendix 6 Sauvie Island / Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Projects Many projects have taken place over several decades to improve wildlife habitat and water quality on Sauvie Island - from multi-million dollar salmon habitat restoration projects and other wetland restoration actions, to modest native plantings by rural landowners. The information below is not a complete list, but is a representation of various project types and recognition for the people and agencies that have engaged in these efforts. The order of projects is roughly from north to south. See the end of this section for spelled out names of agencies that are represented as acronyms in this appendix.

NAME/LOCATION OWNERSHIP / PROJECT PARTNERS DATE(S) STATUS DESCRIPTION ISLAND / MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT C=complete MAINLAND IP=In Progress O=ongoing Nob Hill Nature Park City of St. Friends of Nob SBWC 2011- O Hold two work parties per year in which volunteers M Helens Hill Nature Park remove invasive species and plant natives on an oak savanna and wetland. Built a trail (including stairs), and erected educational signs. The rich native plant community was documented by volunteer botanists. Volunteer efforts inspired the City of St. Helens to desinate this as a natural area to be enjoyed by all.

Warrior Point Ivy removal ODFW SIHAB ODFW, PLO 2012-14 C SIHAB volunteers, with some assistance from an ODFW SI staff member, removed giant, old-growth tree ivy vines from 60+ trees on the far north end of the island. Indigo bush was removed at another SIHAB work party. Mud Lake restoration ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 2014 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI Milton Creek Riparian 9 PLO's SBWC CCSWCD, 9 2004 C Stabilized banks, removed invasives and planted natives. M NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed Restoration PLOs canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing. Milton Creek Large Woody City of St. SBWC USFWS, City of 2007 C Placed large woody debris in mainstem, planted native M Debris placement Helens St. Helens riparian vegetation; improved conditions for salmon as Willow Bar invasive species ODFW SIHAB ODFW, 2012-20 C SIHAB volunteers removed Indigo Bush along 3 miles of SI well as other wildlife. removal Trackers 18 Columbia River shoreline plus an infestation of large ivy Portland vines. SIHAB volunteers and volunteers from a Scapoose Bay Marine Trail Port of St. SBWC 1995/ C Channel restoration, creation of/designation as a nature M Summer Camp childrens' summer camp have continued to work the ivy Helens 2013 park, trail development. Creation in mid-nineties was infestation, which is now limited to a much smaller area. followed by a grant to improve it in 2013.

Ellege Wetland PLO DU LCEP 2003 C Water Control structure placed; 50 acres of wetland SI restored Oak Island restoration ODFW ODFW DU, USFWS, 2012 IP Restoration of wetlands, grasslands and oak savanna. SI NRCS, ODHA, Removed understory of invasives in oak woodland, North End Fish and Wetland ODFW CREST ODFW ,PC 2011-15 C Enhanced 200+ acres of esturine wetland through SI SIA, PSU, OSU, removed hedgerows to maximize habitat for restoration Trask, BPA alteration or removal of water control structures and ASoP meadowlarks and other grassland birds, added water other fill material. Reconnected Ruby Lake and five other control structure to wetlands to mimic historic lakes in the SIWA North Unit to Cunningham Slough to hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed improve fish pasage. Also removed invasives and planted canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing. natives. Volunteer birders from ASoP conducted bird counts for multiple years. Grassland bird restoration ODFW ODFW ASoP, SIHAB, 2013- O Efforts on Oak Island, Grandma's Kitchen and an SI ABC, Oregon ODFW-owned field near the end of Reeder Road to Wildlife restore habitat for streaked horned larks, meadowlarks Sturgeon Lake Restoration ODFW, WMSWCD,CRES USACE, ODFW, 2010- IP Restore tidal channel and fish access to 4,100 acres of SI and other grassland birds by vegetation management per Project/Dairy Creek WMSWCD, T BPA, Metro, lake and wetland habitat. Replace culverts with channel recommendations from the American Bird Conservancy. reconnection private Oregon Wildlife spanning bridge. Lower marshplain to provide native Posted signs to limit recreational activites during the landowners Foundation, emergent vegetation. Replant over 1 mile of riparian nesting season. With funding from Oregon Wildlife, Multnomah habitat with native vegetation. installed streaked horned lark audio and decoys aimed County at luring this species to one of the areas. Volunteers from Audubon Society of Portland have conducted Wetland/Multnomah Channel PLO Turnstone PLO 2007 C Created a new wetland with large woody debris. SI multiple years of weekly bird counts during the breeding Environmental Mitigation for ESCO. season to monitor use of these areas by target species. Wetland Enhancement PLO DU NRCS, USFWS 2008-9 C Three projects on private property enhanced wetlands SI for ducks and other species. Multnomah Channel Wetlands Metro Metro DU 2001 - IP Restoration of Metro's 300-acre natural area, which is M connected to another 600 acres of restored floodplain. Hogan Ranch Wetland PLO SBWC/NRCS 2004 C Wetlands restoration, invasive species control and native M Water control devices were added, a stream was re- restoration plantings on 20 acres. Also worked with NRCS on aligned, invasives were removed and native species were fencing 170 acres of wetland easement. planted. Amphibian egg mass surveys and other monitoring has occurred. Honeyman Creek Tidal PLO SBWC PLO, LCEP 2012 C Replaced 3 failing culverts to improve salmon passage. M restoration Five Oaks Savanna restoration PLO PLO WMSWCD, 2006- O Restoration of multiple habitat types, including native SI SIHAB oak savanna. Stan's Lake ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 1999 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed Narnia Oaks Woodland PLO PLO WMSWCD 2008- O Invasive removal, native plantings, including Oregon white SI canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing. restoration oak. Deadwillow/Rays Lake ODFW ODFW ODFW, USFWS, 2007 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI Mucken Forest restoration PLO PLO WMSWCD 2010-20 C Invasive removal and native plantings. SI NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed 12 canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing. Wapato Greenway Master OPRD OPRD SIHAB, 2012-13 IP OPRD held meetings with representatives from various SI Plan WMSWCD agencies and sought input from Island neighbors to Mudhen Lake ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 2005 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI develop a comprehensive plan for this area. Vegetation NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed surveys and amphibian egg mass surveys were conducted canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing. as part of the planning process.

North/South Scapoose Creek Multiple PLOs SBWC SBWC 2011 C Fluvial rechannelization, off-channel habitat restoration, M Confluence and large woody debris placement. Wapato Greenway Oak OPRD OPRD SIHAB 2012- O Oak seedlings were planted along the Greenway's SI Flights End Purchase and ODFW ODFW CREST, BPA, PC 2014- O Purchased land with BPA mitigation funds. Enhancing 44 SI restoration northern edge and have been tended by park staff and by restoration Trask acres of floodplain habitat by removal of culverts, the SIHAB volunteers. installation of channel spanning bridge, and marshplain lowering for the benefit of fish passage, waterfowl and Wapato Greenway invasives OPRD SIHAB OPRD, 2013- O Multiple work parties and ongoing monitoring and SI native emergent vegetation. removal WMSWCD, attention by SIHAB's volunteer Weed Warriors have SOLVE tackled ivy, garlic mustard, blackberry, holly and English Crane Lake restoration ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 1999 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI hawthorn. WMSWCD organized two community weed NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed pulls on SOLVE clean-up dates. canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing. Belle Vue Point Metro Metro 2014 C Removed invasives, planted native species. SI Boys Lake ODFW ODFW ODHA 2012 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI hydrologic regimes,disked wetlands to set back reed Howell Lake restoration Metro Metro 2015 C Restoring large lake/wetland. Replaced water control SI canary grass. structure. Continue to remove invasives and plant natives. Rentenaur Rd. Complex ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 2010 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI Howell Territorial Park Oak Metro Metro 2015- O Removed invasives and planted native prairie wildflowers SI restoration NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes,disked wetlands to set back reed Savanna restoration in open areas and in the understory of ancient oaks. canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing.

Stutzer/Lost Prairie/Spud Lake ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 2008 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI Wetland enhancemnt NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed Howell Pollinator Hedgerow Metro Metro Sauvie Island 2003 C Planted a hedgrow of native shrubs that provide SI canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing. Organics pollinator food and habitat and a buffer between Howell Territorial Park and Sauvie Island Organics. Racetrack Lake Shorebird ODFW ODFW USFWS, ASofP, 2008- O An area of the shoreline is disked annually to create SI Habitat Project Nat'l Audubon shorebird habitat and is monitored for shorebirds. JR Palensky Wetland ODFW ODFW BPA 2004 - O Restoration of a large complex of wetlands. Added M water control structures to mimic historic hydrologic Mud Lake restoration ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 2014 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI Seal Lake restoration ODFW ODFW NAWCA C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI regimes. Ongoing efforts remove invasives and plant NRCS, ODHA hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to setback reed native species. canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing. canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing. Grange Forest restoration/ SI Grange, SI SIHAB WMSWCD, SI 2010 - C With the help of 64 volunteers who put in almost 500 SI Willow Bar invasive species ODFW SIHAB ODFW, 2012-20 C SIHAB volunteers removed Indigo Bush along 3 miles of SI Steelman Lake restoration ODFW DU ODFW, USFWS, 2000 C Added water control structure to mimic historic SI Charlton Road ivy removal School, 3 PLOs School, PLOs, hours, huge investations of ivy were removed from the removal Trackers 18 Columbia River shoreline plus an infestation of large ivy NRCS, ODHA and hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed SOLVE, SI forest next to the grange hall, Sauvie Island School and Portland vines. SIHAB volunteers and volunteers from a 2010 canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing. Grange on three private properties on Reeder Road. Summer Camp childrens' summer camp have continued to work the ivy WMSWCD provided funding and followed up with paid infestation, which is now limited to a much smaller area. work crews. SOLVE's Project Oregon was helpful with volunteer recruitment and sign-ups and gave SIHAB a small grant for gloves and tools. A crew of volunteers Oak Island restoration ODFW ODFW DU, USFWS, 2012 IP Restoration of wetlands, grasslands and oak savanna. SI who normally work on trails in Forest Park built a trail NRCS, ODHA, Removed understory of invasives in oak woodland, through the Grange Forest. Some native plants were Appendix 6 - Project List SIA, PSU, OSU, removed hedgerows to maximize habitat for Pg 41 planted, but mostly, the native understory came back on ASoP meadowlarks and other grassland birds, added water its own. SIHAB Weed Warriors continue to monitor for control structure to wetlands to mimic historic and remove invasive species. hydrologic regimes, disked wetlands to set back reed canary grass and erected cattle exclusion fencing. Volunteer birders from ASoP conducted bird counts for multiple years. Sauvie Island School Habitat Sauvie Island Sauvie Island WMSWCD, 2008- O Students have planted and tend native plants to create a SI Garden School School SIHAB, habitat garden for wildlife in front of the school. Teachers use this to educate students about native plants and Sturgeon Lake Restoration ODFW, WMSWCD,CRES USACE, ODFW, 2010- IP Restore tidal channel and fish access to 4,100 acres of SI habitats. Project/Dairy Creek WMSWCD, T BPA, Metro, lake and wetland habitat. Replace culverts with channel reconnection private Oregon Wildlife spanning bridge. Lower marshplain to provide native Gilbert River, remant Dairy 8 PLO's WMSWCD SIHAB, SIDIC 2013- O Through WMSWCD's Healthy Streams Program, 50 ft. SI landowners Foundation, emergent vegetation. Replant over 1 mile of riparian Creek and McCarthy Creek wide native riparian corridors were planted with native Multnomah habitat with native vegetation. Wildlife Corridors seeds and plants along the waterways on 8 private County properties. Projects included invasive weed removal and maintenance. The largest of the projects is nearly 5 Wetland/Multnomah Channel PLO Turnstone PLO 2007 C Created a new wetland with large woody debris. SI acres and a mile long. Well over 10,000 plants were Environmental Mitigation for ESCO. installed in 2017-28. WMSWCD is seeking more willing landowners with sites for additional plantings. Wetland Enhancement PLO DU NRCS, USFWS 2008-9 C Three projects on private property enhanced wetlands SI for ducks and other species. Lost Lagoon restoration PLO SIHAB WMSWCD, 2010 - O Restoration of pond, forested wetland and uplands. SI OWEB Invasive removal. Thousands of native plants have been Multnomah Channel Wetlands Metro Metro DU 2001 - IP Restoration of Metro's 300-acre natural area, which is M installed, making this property a virtual arboretum of connected to another 600 acres of restored floodplain. native trees, shrubs, wildflowers and other understory Water control devices were added, a stream was re- plants. Interpretive signage has been created and aligned, invasives were removed and native species were multiple tours and "open houses" have been enjoyed by planted. Amphibian egg mass surveys and other Master Gardeners, the Hardy Plant Society of Oregon, monitoring has occurred. the Native Plant Society of Oregon, students from the Sauvie Island Schoo, Audubon Society of Portland, The Wetlands Conservancy, The Nature Conservancy and Five Oaks Savanna restoration PLO PLO WMSWCD, 2006- O Restoration of multiple habitat types, including native SI other organizations. SIHAB oak savanna. Appendix 6 - Project List Pg 42

Narnia Oaks Woodland PLO PLO WMSWCD 2008- O Invasive removal, native plantings, including Oregon white SI restoration oak. Alder Point Salmon Project Wildlands Wildlands City of Portland 2012- IP Creation of salmon refugia on 51 acres. Mitigation SI credits were purchased by the City of Portland for Mucken Forest restoration PLO PLO WMSWCD 2010-20 C Invasive removal and native plantings. SI Portland Harbor Natural Resource Restoration. 12 Wapato Greenway Master OPRD OPRD SIHAB, 2012-13 IP OPRD held meetings with representatives from various SI North Unit: Ruby Lake ODFW CREST BPA, PC Trask 2013 C Enhanced 122 acres of floodplain habitat through the SI 104Plan Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel BottomlandsWMSWCD Conservation Opportunitiesagencies and sought input from Island neighbors to Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlandsremoval of a water Conservationcontrol structure and Opportunities marshplain 105 develop a comprehensive plan for this area. Vegetation lowering for the benefit of fish passage and native surveys and amphibian egg mass surveys were conducted emergent vegetation. as part of the planning process. North Unit: Millionaire, Deep ODFW CREST BPA, PC Trask 2014 C Enhanced 139 acres of floodplain habitat through the SI and Widgeon Lakes removal of 2 water control structures and marshplain lowering for the benefit of fish passage and native Wapato Greenway Oak OPRD OPRD SIHAB 2012- O Oak seedlings were planted along the Greenway's SI emergent vegetation. restoration northern edge and have been tended by park staff and by North Unit: 3-Finger Jack & ODFW CREST BPA, PC Trask 2015 C Enhance 68 acres of floodplain habitat through the SI the SIHAB volunteers. South Slough removal of culverts, installation of channel spanning bridge, and marshplain lowering for the benefit of fish Wapato Greenway invasives OPRD SIHAB OPRD, 2013- O Multiple work parties and ongoing monitoring and SI passage and emergent vegetation. removal WMSWCD, attention by SIHAB's volunteer Weed Warriors have SOLVE tackled ivy, garlic mustard, blackberry, holly and English Crane/Domeyer CREST BPA, PC Trask 2016 C Enhance 43 acres of floodplain habitat through the SI hawthorn. WMSWCD organized two community weed removal of culverts and marshplain lowering for the pulls on SOLVE clean-up dates. benefit of fish passage and native emergent vegetation. Willow Bar CREST BPA, PC Trask 2016 C Enhance 17 acres of floodplain habitat by marshplain SI Belle Vue Point Metro Metro 2014 C Removed invasives, planted native species. SI lowering for the benefit of fish passage and native emergent vegetation. Howell Lake restoration Metro Metro 2015 C Restoring large lake/wetland. Replaced water control SI McCarthy Creek Wetland PLO WMSWCD NRCS, CREST 2014- O Creation of conservation easement on 120 ac. of habitat. M structure. Continue to remove invasives and plant Reserve Easement Removal of culvert, restoration of channel banks; invasive natives. weed removal and phase 1 of restoration of 8 acres of riparian & upland oak, etc. areas; additional wetland Howell Territorial Park Oak Metro Metro 2015- O Removed invasives and planted native prairie wildflowers SI restoration in planning stages. Savanna restoration in open areas and in the understory of ancient oaks.

MULTIPLE LOCATIONS Howell Pollinator Hedgerow Metro Metro Sauvie Island 2003 C Planted a hedgrow of native shrubs that provide SI Organics pollinator food and habitat and a buffer between Howell Pollinator monitoring project Multiple PLOs WMSWCD Xerces Society 2015- O Trained volunteers conduct monthly native bee surveys SI Territorial Park and Sauvie Island Organics. on transects along various WMSWCD plantings. Sauvie Osprey Project Multiple SIHAB SIHAB, PGE, 2012 - O GPS'ed and mapped locations of osprey nests on the SI JR Palensky Wetland ODFW ODFW BPA 2004 - O Restoration of a large complex of wetlands. Added M ODFW, ASoP island. Monitored for nesting success. PGE erected 6 water control structures to mimic historic hydrologic new nest platforms. Volunteers continue to monitor and regimes. Ongoing efforts remove invasives and plant notify PGE when ospreys start building on power poles native species. so that structures can be added for safer nesting. Grange Forest restoration/ SI Grange, SI SIHAB WMSWCD, SI 2010 - C With the help of 64 volunteers who put in almost 500 SI Charlton Road ivy removal School, 3 PLOs School, PLOs, hours, huge investations of ivy were removed from the Sauvie Native Turtle Project Multiple PLOs SIHAB WMSWCD, 2012- O Surveyed turtles on the southern half of the island; built SI SOLVE, SI forest next to the grange hall, Sauvie Island School and Oregon Native and placed 18 basking platforms. Several additional Grange on three private properties on Reeder Road. Turtle Working platforms were built and installed by an Eagle Scout WMSWCD provided funding and followed up with paid Group candidate and his troop members. Platforms have been work crews. SOLVE's Project Oregon was helpful with repaired and some replaced on two other occasions volunteer recruitment and sign-ups and gave SIHAB a with funds from WMSWCD. SIHAB worked with the small grant for gloves and tools. A crew of volunteers Oregon Native Turtle Group to have the island who normally work on trails in Forest Park built a trail designated as a Priority Turtle Conservation Area. through the Grange Forest. Some native plants were planted, but mostly, the native understory came back on its own. SIHAB Weed Warriors continue to monitor for and remove invasive species. Sauvie Hedgerow Project Multiple PLOs SIHAB/ SIHAB, 2012-13 C SIHAB secured a grant and assistance from WMSWCD SI WMSWCD WMSWCD to plant all-native pollinator shrub hedgerows on 13 private properties. Landowners used their time to keep the areas watered and weeded as match for the grant funds. Sauvie Island School Habitat Sauvie Island Sauvie Island WMSWCD, 2008- O Students have planted and tend native plants to create a SI Garden School School SIHAB, habitat garden for wildlife in front of the school. Teachers use this to educate students about native plants and Sauvie Pond Project Multiple PLOs SIHAB/ SIHAB, 2012 - 0 Biotic surveys, two days of visits by experts from various SI habitats. WMSWCD WMSWCD, agencies on various aspects of pond health, amphibian ODFW, Xerces egg mass surveys were followed by recommendations Society, OSU for each of 12 ponds on private land. A workshop for Gilbert River, remant Dairy 8 PLO's WMSWCD SIHAB, SIDIC 2013- O Through WMSWCD's Healthy Streams Program, 50 ft. SI Extension, pond owners is planned for 2019. Creek and McCarthy Creek wide native riparian corridors were planted with native NRCS, 12 PLOs Wildlife Corridors seeds and plants along the waterways on 8 private properties. Projects included invasive weed removal and maintenance. The largest of the projects is nearly 5 Purple Martin Project Multiple NW Purple 1985 - O One of the longest running volunteer run programs on SI acres and a mile long. Well over 10,000 plants were Martin Group the island has involved erecting, maintaining and installed in 2017-28. WMSWCD is seeking more willing monitoring nest boxes and gourds for purple martins. landowners with sites for additional plantings. Data on nesting success is collected and data sheets are sent annually to the Purple Martin Conservation Association to be included in their nationwide research program.

Tuesday Weed Warriors Multiple SIHAB WMSWCD 2011- O A hardy volunteer crew has been working nearly every SI/M Tuesday morning for years, removing ivy, blackberry and other invasive species from public and private property on Sauvie Island and along Highway 30 from the Sauvie Island Bridge to the St. John's Bridge. Appendix 6 - Project List Pg 42 Amphibian Egg Mass SIHAB SIHAB 2011-20 C Trained volunteers conducted egg mass surveys on SI/M monitoring 15 private ponds on Sauvie Island as well as on two wetlands in the Multnomah Channel Bottomlands.

Sauvie Plant List Multiple SIHAB OR Flora 2012-20 C Compiled all botantical records for Sauvie Island and the SI/M Project, NPSO 18 Multnomah Channel Bottomlands. Conducted aquatic plant surveys, since evidence of these plants was under- represented in herbarium records.

Heron Rookery monitoring Multiple ASoP 2012-1 C Volunteers monitored numbers of nests and nestlings at SI/M 4 four rookeries in the area. WMSWCD Soil Health PLO WMSWCD OSU Small 2014- O WMSWCD has provided financial incentives to 13 Program Farms Program landowners to install cover crops on farm fields to improve soil health, reduce need for fertilizer and improve water quality

Kestrel monitoring Multiple ASoP American 2008- O From 2008-10, volunteer birders monitored monthly SI Kestrel during summer for presence of kestrels along Sauvie Partnership, Island's roads. Ten kestrel nest boxes were constructed and erected and are being monitored. Sauvie kestrels East Cascade are now included in a winter raptor survey. Data is Bird shared with ODFW, USGS's Bird Banding Laboratory and landowners with kestrel boxes on their property.

Appendix 6 - Project List Pg 43 Lost Lagoon restoration PLO SIHAB WMSWCD, 2010 - O Restoration of pond, forested wetland and uplands. SI OWEB Invasive removal. Thousands of native plants have been installed, making this property a virtual arboretum of native trees, shrubs, wildflowers and other understory plants. Interpretive signage has been created and multiple tours and "open houses" have been enjoyed by Master Gardeners, the Hardy Plant Society of Oregon, the Native Plant Society of Oregon, students from the Sauvie Island Schoo, Audubon Society of Portland, The Wetlands Conservancy, The Nature Conservancy and other organizations.

Alder Point Salmon Project Wildlands Wildlands City of Portland 2012- IP Creation of salmon refugia on 51 acres. Mitigation SI credits were purchased by the City of Portland for Portland Harbor Natural Resource Restoration.

North Unit: Ruby Lake ODFW CREST BPA, PC Trask 2013 C Enhanced 122 acres of floodplain habitat through the SI removal of a water control structure and marshplain lowering for the benefit of fish passage and native emergent vegetation. North Unit: Millionaire, Deep ODFW CREST BPA, PC Trask 2014 C Enhanced 139 acres of floodplain habitat through the SI and Widgeon Lakes removal of 2 water control structures and marshplain lowering for the benefit of fish passage and native emergent vegetation. North Unit: 3-Finger Jack & ODFW CREST BPA, PC Trask 2015 C Enhance 68 acres of floodplain habitat through the SI South Slough removal of culverts, installation of channel spanning bridge, and marshplain lowering for the benefit of fish passage and emergent vegetation. Crane/Domeyer CREST BPA, PC Trask 2016 C Enhance 43 acres of floodplain habitat through the SI removal of culverts and marshplain lowering for the benefit of fish passage and native emergent vegetation. Willow Bar CREST BPA, PC Trask 2016 C Enhance 17 acres of floodplain habitat by marshplain SI lowering for the benefit of fish passage and native emergent vegetation. McCarthy Creek Wetland PLO WMSWCD NRCS, CREST 2014- O Creation of conservation easement on 120 ac. of habitat. M Reserve Easement Removal of culvert, restoration of channel banks; invasive weed removal and phase 1 of restoration of 8 acres of riparian & upland oak, etc. areas; additional wetland restoration in planning stages.

MULTIPLE LOCATIONS Pollinator monitoring project Multiple PLOs WMSWCD Xerces Society 2015- O Trained volunteers conduct monthly native bee surveys SI on transects along various WMSWCD plantings.

Sauvie Osprey Project Multiple SIHAB SIHAB, PGE, 2012 - O GPS'ed and mapped locations of osprey nests on the SI ODFW, ASoP island. Monitored for nesting success. PGE erected 6 new nest platforms. Volunteers continue to monitor and notify PGE when ospreys start building on power poles so that structures can be added for safer nesting.

Sauvie Native Turtle Project Multiple PLOs SIHAB WMSWCD, 2012- O Surveyed turtles on the southern half of the island; built SI Oregon Native and placed 18 basking platforms. Several additional Turtle Working platforms were built and installed by an Eagle Scout Group candidate and his troop members. Platforms have been repaired and some replaced on two other occasions with funds from WMSWCD. SIHAB worked with the Oregon Native Turtle Group to have the island designated as a Priority Turtle Conservation Area.

Sauvie Hedgerow Project Multiple PLOs SIHAB/ SIHAB, 2012-13 C SIHAB secured a grant and assistance from WMSWCD SI WMSWCD WMSWCD to plant all-native pollinator shrub hedgerows on 13 private properties. Landowners used their time to keep the areas watered and weeded as match for the grant funds.

Sauvie Pond Project Multiple PLOs SIHAB/ SIHAB, 2012 - 0 Biotic surveys, two days of visits by experts from various SI WMSWCD WMSWCD, agencies on various aspects of pond health, amphibian ODFW, Xerces egg mass surveys were followed by recommendations Society, OSU for each of 12 ponds on private land. A workshop for Extension, pond owners is planned for 2019. NRCS, 12 PLOs

Purple Martin Project Multiple NW Purple 1985 - O One of the longest running volunteer run programs on SI Martin Group the island has involved erecting, maintaining and Lost Lagoon restoration PLO SIHAB WMSWCD, 2010 - O Restoration of pond, forested wetland and uplands. SI monitoring nest boxes and gourds for purple martins. OWEB Invasive removal. Thousands of native plants have been Data on nesting success is collected and data sheets are installed, making this property a virtual arboretum of sent annually to the Purple Martin Conservation native trees, shrubs, wildflowers and other understory Association to be included in their nationwide research plants. Interpretive signage has been created and program. multiple tours and "open houses" have been enjoyed by Master Gardeners, the Hardy Plant Society of Oregon, the Native Plant Society of Oregon, students from the Tuesday Weed Warriors Multiple SIHAB WMSWCD 2011- O A hardy volunteer crew has been working nearly every SI/M Sauvie Island Schoo, Audubon Society of Portland, The Tuesday morning for years, removing ivy, blackberry and Wetlands Conservancy, The Nature Conservancy and other invasive species from public and private property other organizations. on Sauvie Island and along Highway 30 from the Sauvie Island Bridge to the St. John's Bridge.

Alder Point Salmon Project Wildlands Wildlands City of Portland 2012- IP Creation of salmon refugia on 51 acres. Mitigation SI Amphibian Egg Mass SIHAB SIHAB 2011-20 C Trained volunteers conducted egg mass surveys on SI/M credits were purchased by the City of Portland for monitoring 15 private ponds on Sauvie Island as well as on two Portland Harbor Natural Resource Restoration. wetlands in the Multnomah Channel Bottomlands.

North Unit: Ruby Lake ODFW CREST BPA, PC Trask 2013 C Enhanced 122 acres of floodplain habitat through the SI Sauvie Plant List Multiple SIHAB OR Flora 2012-20 C Compiled all botantical records for Sauvie Island and the SI/M removal of a water control structure and marshplain Project, NPSO 18 Multnomah Channel Bottomlands. Conducted aquatic lowering for the benefit of fish passage and native plant surveys, since evidence of these plants was under- emergent vegetation. represented in herbarium records. North Unit: Millionaire, Deep ODFW CREST BPA, PC Trask 2014 C Enhanced 139 acres of floodplain habitat through the SI and Widgeon Lakes removal of 2 water control structures and marshplain Heron Rookery monitoring Multiple ASoP 2012-1 C Volunteers monitored numbers of nests and nestlings at SI/M lowering for the benefit of fish passage and native 4 four rookeries in the area. emergent vegetation. WMSWCD Soil Health PLO WMSWCD OSU Small 2014- O WMSWCD has provided financial incentives to 13 North Unit: 3-Finger Jack & ODFW CREST BPA, PC Trask 2015 C Enhance 68 acres of floodplain habitat through the SI Program Farms Program landowners to install cover crops on farm fields to South Slough removal of culverts, installation of channel spanning improve soil health, reduce need for fertilizer and bridge, and marshplain lowering for the benefit of fish improve water quality passage and emergent vegetation. Crane/Domeyer CREST BPA, PC Trask 2016 C Enhance 43 acres of floodplain habitat through the SI Kestrel monitoring Multiple ASoP American 2008- O From 2008-10, volunteer birders monitored monthly SI removal of culverts and marshplain lowering for the Kestrel during summer for presence of kestrels along Sauvie benefit of fish passage and native emergent vegetation. Partnership, Island's roads. Ten kestrel nest boxes were constructed and erected and are being monitored. Sauvie kestrels Willow Bar CREST BPA, PC Trask 2016 C Enhance 17 acres of floodplain habitat by marshplain SI East Cascade are now included in a winter raptor survey. Data is lowering for the benefit of fish passage and native Bird shared with ODFW, USGS's Bird Banding Laboratory emergent vegetation. and landowners with kestrel boxes on their property. McCarthy Creek Wetland PLO WMSWCD NRCS, CREST 2014- O Creation of conservation easement on 120 ac. of habitat. M Reserve Easement Removal of culvert, restoration of channel banks; invasive weed removal and phase 1 of restoration of 8 acres of riparian & upland oak, etc. areas; additional wetland restoration in planning stages.

MULTIPLE LOCATIONS Appendix 6 - Project List Pg 43 Pollinator monitoring project Multiple PLOs WMSWCD Xerces Society 2015- O Trained volunteers conduct monthly native bee surveys SI on transects along various WMSWCD plantings.

Sauvie Osprey Project Multiple SIHAB SIHAB, PGE, 2012 - O GPS'ed and mapped locations of osprey nests on the SI Key to Acronyms above ABC American Bird Conservancy ODFW, ASoP island. Monitored for nesting success. PGE erected 6 new nest platforms. Volunteers continue to monitor and ASoP Audubon Society of Portland notify PGE when ospreys start building on power poles BPA Bonneville Power Adninistration so that structures can be added for safer nesting. CCSWCD Columbia County Soil and Water Conservation District Sauvie Native Turtle Project Multiple PLOs SIHAB WMSWCD, 2012- O Surveyed turtles on the southern half of the island; built SI CREST Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce Oregon Native and placed 18 basking platforms. Several additional Turtle Working platforms were built and installed by an Eagle Scout DU Ducks Unlimited Group candidate and his troop members. Platforms have been repaired and some replaced on two other occasions LCEP Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership with funds from WMSWCD. SIHAB worked with the Oregon Native Turtle Group to have the island NAWCA National American Wetlands Conservation Act designated as a Priority Turtle Conservation Area. NPSO Native Plant Society of Oregon NRCS Natural Resouce Conservation Service Sauvie Hedgerow Project Multiple PLOs SIHAB/ SIHAB, 2012-13 C SIHAB secured a grant and assistance from WMSWCD SI ODFW Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife WMSWCD WMSWCD to plant all-native pollinator shrub hedgerows on 13 private properties. Landowners used their time to keep ODHA Oregon Duck Hunting Association the areas watered and weeded as match for the grant funds. PGE Portland General Electric PLO Private landowner Sauvie Pond Project Multiple PLOs SIHAB/ SIHAB, 2012 - 0 Biotic surveys, two days of visits by experts from various SI PSU Portland State University WMSWCD WMSWCD, agencies on various aspects of pond health, amphibian ODFW, Xerces egg mass surveys were followed by recommendations SBWC Scappoose Bay Watershed Council Society, OSU for each of 12 ponds on private land. A workshop for SI Grange Sauvie Island Grange #840 Extension, pond owners is planned for 2019. NRCS, 12 PLOs SI School Sauvie Island School SIHAB Sauvie Island Habitat Partnership Purple Martin Project Multiple NW Purple 1985 - O One of the longest running volunteer run programs on SI Martin Group the island has involved erecting, maintaining and SIDIC Sauvie Island Drainage Improvement Company monitoring nest boxes and gourds for purple martins. USACE US Army Corp of Engineers Data on nesting success is collected and data sheets are sent annually to the Purple Martin Conservation USFWS US Fish and Wildlife Service Association to be included in their nationwide research WMSWCD West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation District program. Xerces Xerces Society

Tuesday Weed Warriors Multiple SIHAB WMSWCD 2011- O A hardy volunteer crew has been working nearly every SI/M Tuesday morning for years, removing ivy, blackberry and other invasive species from public and private property on Sauvie Island and along Highway 30 from the Sauvie Island Bridge to the St. John's Bridge.

Amphibian Egg Mass SIHAB SIHAB 2011-20 C Trained volunteers conducted egg mass surveys on SI/M monitoring 15 private ponds on Sauvie Island as well as on two wetlands in the Multnomah Channel Bottomlands.

Sauvie Plant List Multiple SIHAB OR Flora 2012-20 C Compiled all botantical records for Sauvie Island and the SI/M 106 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel BottomlandsProject, NPSO Conservation18 OpportunitiesMultnomah Channel Bottomlands. Conducted aquatic Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 107 plant surveys, since evidence of these plants was under- represented in herbarium records.

Heron Rookery monitoring Multiple ASoP 2012-1 C Volunteers monitored numbers of nests and nestlings at SI/M 4 four rookeries in the area. WMSWCD Soil Health PLO WMSWCD OSU Small 2014- O WMSWCD has provided financial incentives to 13 Program Farms Program landowners to install cover crops on farm fields to improve soil health, reduce need for fertilizer and improve water quality

Kestrel monitoring Multiple ASoP American 2008- O From 2008-10, volunteer birders monitored monthly SI Kestrel during summer for presence of kestrels along Sauvie Partnership, Island's roads. Ten kestrel nest boxes were constructed and erected and are being monitored. Sauvie kestrels East Cascade are now included in a winter raptor survey. Data is Bird shared with ODFW, USGS's Bird Banding Laboratory and landowners with kestrel boxes on their property.

Appendix 6 - Project List Pg 43

Appendix 6 - Project List Pg 44 Thompson, J, 2007. Move over, Douglas-fir: Oregon White Pollinator Plants & Bloom Periods for West Multnomah EPA Environmental Protection Agency REFERENCES Oaks need room to grow. PNW Research Station Science & Portland Metro Area: https://wmswcd.org/wp-content/ Findings, Issue 98, December 2007, Published by Pacific uploads/2018/05/WMSWCD_PollBloomChart_ MCCP Multnomah County Comprehensive Plan Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Portland OR. interactive_4.2018.pdf Bottom, D.L., C.A. Simenstad, J. Burke, A.M. Baptista, D. A. MUA Mixed Use Agriculture Jay, K. K. Jones, E. Casillas and M.H. Schiewe. 2005. Salmon USEPA, 2017, Portland Harbor Superfund Site Record of Sauvie Island Community Association: www.sauvieisland.org NRCS National Resources Conservation Service at River’s End: the Role of the Estuary in the Decline Decision, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10, and Recovery of Columbia River Salmon, U.S. Dept. Seattle, WA, 3012p. Sauvie Island Pond Project: https://wmswcd.org/projects/ ODA Oregon Department of Agriculture Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-68, 246p. sauvie-island-pond-project/ DSL Oregon Division of State Lands Csuti, B., A. J. Kimerling, T. A. O’Neil, M. M. Shaughnessy, E.P Sauvie Island Rural Area Plan (SIMC Plan): https://multco.us/ file/67286/download Gaines and M. M. P. Huso, 1997, Atlas of Oregon Wildlife, ODFW Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Oregon State University Press, 492p. RESOURCES Sauvie Island Wildlife Area Management Plan: https://www. OPRD Oregon Parks and Recreation Department Lev, E., D.V. Schaaf, J. Christy and P. Adamus., 2004, Scappoose dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/management_plans/wildlife_areas/ Conserving Oregon White Oak in Urban and Suburban Bay Bottomlands Conservation and Restoration Plan, docs/SIWA%20Management%20Plan%20April%202012.pdf OLCD Oregon Department of Land Conservation Landscapes: https://wmswcd.org/programs/oak-habitat/ The Wetlands Conservancy, submitted to the Lower and Development Soil health and cover crops: https://wmswcd.org/types/ Columbia River Estuary Partnership, 86p. Early Detection, Rapid Response species list: https:// soil and https://wmswcd.org//wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ SDIC Scappoose Drainage Improvement Company wmswcd.org/programs/early-detection-rapid-response-edrr- Marshall, D.B., M.G Hunter and A.I. Contreras, Eds. 2003, Cover-Crops-and-WQSARE-1.5.pdf weeds Birds of Oregon, A General Reference, Oregon State SBWC Scappoose Bay Watershed Council State-owned waterways: http://www.oregon.gov/dsl/WW/ University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. 768p. Farming around native oaks: https://wmswcd.org/wp- Pages/Waterways.aspx SIDIC Sauvie Island Drainage Improvement Company content/uploads/2016/05/Farming-around-oaks-FINAL.pdf ODFW, 2010, Sauvie Island Wildlife Area Management Sturgeon Lake Restoration Project: https://wmswcd.org/ SEC Significant Environmental Concern Plan, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Salem, OR, Multnomah County Comprehensive Plan (MCCP): https:// projects/sturgeon-lake-dairy-creek-restoration-project/ 100p. https://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/management_plans/ multco.us/landuse/comprehensive-plan SIMC Plan Sauvie Island Multnomah County Rural Area wildlife_areas/docs/SIWA%20Management%20Plan%20 Wildlife Habitat Conservation and Management deferral Plan April%202012.pdf Multnomah County tax deferral programs: https://multco.us/ information: http://www.dfw.state.or.us/lands/whcmp/index.asp assessment-taxation/deferral-programs-agricultural-land-and- SIHAB Sauvie Island Habitat Partnership OPRD Integrated Park Services Division, 2013, Wapato natural-spaces State Greenway Comprehensive Plan, Oregon Parks and SIWA Sauvie Island Wildlife Area Recreation Department, 84p. Native Oregon oaks in your landscape: https://wmswcd.org/ wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Native-oaks-in-your-landscape- ACRONYMS USED IN TWC The Wetlands Conservancy Scappoose Bay Watershed Council, 2018, Scappoose Bay flyer.pdf Watershed Strategic Action Plan, SBWC, Warren Oregon, THIS DOCUMENT USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers http://www.scappoosebay-wc.org/watershed/2018-strategic- Oregon Conservation Strategy, 2016, Oregon West Multnomah Soil & Water Conservation action-plan/ Department of Fish and Wildlife, Salem, Oregon. http:// WMSWCD BPA Bonneville Power Administration District oregonconservationstrategy.org Simenstad, C.A., Burke, J.L., O’Connor, J.E., Cannon, C., CRE Columbia River Estuary Heatwole, D.W., Ramirez, M.F., Waite, I.R., Counihan, T.D. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife: www.dfw.state. and Jones, K. L., 2011, Columbia River Estuary Ecosystem or.us CREST Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce Classification – Concept and Application, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1128, 54p. https://pubs. Oregon Flora Project: www.oregonflora.org DEQ Department of Environmental Quality er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20111228 OSU Cover Crop Calculator: http://smallfarms.oregonstate. EDRR Early Detection, Rapid Response edu/calculator EFU Exclusive Farm Use

108 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 109 Notes

110 Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities 111 This Sauvie Island & Multnomah Channel Bottomlands Conservation Opportunities resource booklet is a collaborative effort of many organizations to inspire and inform the future conservation of natural resources, habitats and wildlife in this unique area of the northwest.

Please share the online version of the document, which can be found at www.wmswcd.org.

SAUVIE ISLAND & MULTNOMAH CHANNEL BOTTOMLANDS CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES: A Resource for Landowners & Land Managers First printing, September 2018