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Lead Contamination Risks from Imported Candies: Developing a Protocol to Test for Lead in Candy Products Using the X-Ray Flouresence Instrument

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Lead Contamination Risks from Imported Candies: Developing a Protocol to Test for Lead in Candy Products Using the X-Ray Flouresence Instrument UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2006 Lead contamination risks from imported candies: Developing a protocol to test for lead in candy products using the X-ray flouresence instrument Tracy L Donnelly University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Donnelly, Tracy L, "Lead contamination risks from imported candies: Developing a protocol to test for lead in candy products using the X-ray flouresence instrument" (2006). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/db6k-6bd6 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LEAD CONTAMINATION RISKS FROM IMPORTED CANDIES: DEVELOPING A PROTOCOL TO TEST FOR LEAD IN CANDY PRODUCTS USING THE X-RAY FLOURESENCE INSTRUMENT by Tracy L. Donnelly Bachelor of Seience Southern Oregon State University 1991 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Public Health Degree School of Public Health Division of Health Sciences Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1443747 Copyright 2007 by Donnelly, Tracy L. All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 1443747 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Tracy Lynn Donnelly 2007 All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Thesis Approval The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas F eb ru ary 15 .20 07 The Thesis prepared by Tracy Lynn Donnelly Entitled Lead Contamination Risks From Imported Candies: Developing A Protocol To Test For Lead In Candy Products Using The X-Ray Flouresence Instrument. is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health Examination Committee Dean of the Graduate College Examination Committee hMntder Examin'ation Committee Member G^adug^-C^ollege Faculty Representative 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Lead Contamination Risks From Imported Candies: Developing A Protocol To Test For Lead In Candy Products Using The X-Ray Flouresence Instrument. by Tracy L. Donnelly Dr. Shawn L. Gerstenberger, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor of Environmental and Occupational Health University of Nevada, Las Vegas The problem of lead in candies imported from Latin America and or Thailand is an important public health issue. These candies come from a number of sources, with lead often being present when tamarind or chili pepper is used as an ingredient. Currently, it is expensive and time consuming for heath protection agencies to test candy that has entered the consumer market in the United States. Hence children may potentially be exposed to lead contamination. If community health agencies had access to XRF technology, health agencies could quickly determine if specific candies contain lead. To date, there has not been a protocol developed using the XRF instrument to test candies. Herein, are details of the newly developed XRF procedure for testing candies and comparing the XRF results against EPA Graphite Furnace results. Additionally a comparison of candy collected from a local Las Vegas middle school against the current California toxic treat index list is provided. Details of a community health lead education program which includes the results of a student candy consumption survey are presented. The protocol explained herein will provide an important resource for both researchers and 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. public health officials collaborating in the effort to protect their communities from exposure to lead contamination. IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE................................................... 3 Lead in the environment ........................................................................................................ 4 Lead in soil ...................................... 4 Lead in air ...............................................................................................................................5 Lead in water .......................................................................................................................... 5 Lead in paint ........................................................................................................................... 6 Lead in ink and wrappers ......................................................................................................7 Lead in food supply ................................................................................................................7 Foodstuffs adulteration .......................................................................................................... 8 Home remedies and cosmetics ............................................................................................12 Absorption of lead ................................................................................................................ 13 Distribution/metabolism.......................................................................................................14 Excretion............................................................................................. 16 Health effects of children and adults .................................................................................. 17 Acceptable limits and standards ..........................................................................................19 National elimination goals ..................................................................................................21 Lead poisoning a health disparities issues ......................................................................... 21 Prevention and building lead free communities ................................................................22 CHAPTER 3 QUESTIONS, OBJECTIVES, AND HYPOTHESES ..................... 25 Questions ...............................................................................................................................25 Objectives..............................................................................................................................25 Hypothesis One: XRF protocol development hypotheses...............................................26 Hypothesis Two: Middle School community and candy survey protocol hypotheses .26 Hypothesis Three: Candy found at Brinley Middle School hypotheses........................ 26 CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY...................................................... 28 Hypothesis One: XRF protocol development ...................................................................28 Hypothesis Two: Middle school community and candy survey protocol ...................... 29 Hypothesis Three: Candy found at Brinley Middle School .............................................31 CHAPTER 5 RESULTS............................................................................... 32 Hypothesis One: Introduction to the XRF protocol development .................................. 32 V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The development phase of the XRF protocol .............. 33 Materials...................................... 33 Setting actions limits ..........................................................................................................
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