DOCSLIB.ORG

Strategic Priority Program on Space Science III

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Strategic Priority Program on Space Science III The Space Weather Service for Chinese Space Science Satellites Liu Siqing, Luo Bingxian, Zhong Qiuzhen, Gong Jiancun, Shi Liqin, Chen Dong, Miao Juan, Cai Yanxia National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences Outline I. History of Space Weather Services in China II. CAS Strategic Priority Program on Space Science III. Space Weather Service for CAS Strategic Priority Program IV. Future Chinese Space Science Satellites plans I. History • Space environment service begun in 1960s in China, undertaken by scientists led by Mr. Chao Jiuzhang of the former director of NSSC. • They calculated the energetic particle environment of radiation belt for the first China space mission – DongFangHong 1. • In 1970s, a book called “Manual of Space Environment for Satellites” written by them was published. I. History • Later on, to support China space programs, especially the China Manned Space program, Space Environment Prediction Center was established in 1992 in NSSC. • The first generation of operational space environment system and forecaster team was ready in 1998, 7days/week, and we started to issue space 365days/year environment predictions via the public internet, as well as tailored http://www.sepc.ac.cn services for China Manned Space Missions. China Manned Space missions Tianzhou I Apr 20, 2017 Shenzhou Ⅰ Tiangong Ⅱ ; Shenzhou Ⅺ Nov 20, 1999 Sep 15, 2016 Oct 17,2016 Shenzhou Ⅱ Shenzhou Ⅹ Jan 10 , 2001 June 11, 2013 Shenzhou Ⅲ Shenzhou Ⅸ Mar 25, 2002 June 16, 2012 Tiangong Ⅰ Shenzhou Ⅳ Sep 29, 2011 Dec 30, 2002 Shenzhou Ⅵ Shenzhou Ⅷ Oct 12, 2005 Nov 1, 2011 Shenzou Ⅴ Shenzhou Ⅶ Oct 15, 2003 Sep 25, 2008 Since then, SEPC acted as one subsystem of the space application system, and supplied space weather service in each step of the China Manned Space missions. Outline I. History of Space Weather Services in China II. CAS Strategic Priority Program on Space Science III. Space Weather Service for CAS Strategic Priority Program IV. Future Chinese Space Science Satellites plans II. CAS Strategic Priority Program – Phase I Hard X-ray Modulation Quantum Experiments Telescope (HXMT) at Space Scale (QUESS) Shijian X Dark Matter 2017-6-15 2016-8-16 2016-4-6 2015-12-17 11 Jan. 2011, Priority Program on Space Science was approved and initiated by CAS. From 2015 to 2017, four missions were implemented: Dark Matter Particle Explorer, Shijian-10, Quantum Experiments at Space Scale, and Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope. Space weather service requirements As you may see on the graph, the missions were carried out during the declining phase of solar cycle 24, when solar activity has been at the lowest level in the space era. However, space environment effects can not be neglected, due to permanent radiations in the space, as well as occasional severe solar eruptions. Space weather service requirements Polar region SAA Radiation hazard in space South Atlantic Anomaly: all satellites move in orbit height of several hundred kilometers, and will pass through the SAA periodically. Solar proton events: when SEP events occur, Polar orbital satellites (DAMP and QUESS) will encounter enhanced solar protons. Outline I. History of Space Weather Services in China II. CAS Strategic Priority Program on Space Science III. Space Weather Service for CAS Strategic Priority Program IV. Future Chinese Space Science Satellites plans In general, space environment services for CAS strategic Priority Program cover each stage of every mission, including Design phase, launch, on-orbit experiment. Provided the space radiation In order to avoid the impact of major Provided space radiation environment prediction for space environmental events in 2017, impact support for orbital control strategy of the dark provided space environment adjustment of Quantum matter satellite Hard X-ray information support for satellite Experiment Satellite satellite passing through the control and program development SAA. Design phase Launch On-Orbit experiment Orbit Design Launch Windows selection; Control Strategy; Radiation Protection Basis for Confirmation. Hazard Avoidance; Fault Diagnosis. Design phase (1) Orbit Design Evaluation • For satellites in LEO, we provided orbital decay estimation under different space environment conditions (e.g., Shijian-10). Solar and Orbital Orbital decay rate (km/3 h) geomagnetic inclination conditions 350 km 250 km 0° 0.134 1.985 Ap=10 45° 0.148 2.314 F =70 10.7 90° 0.171 2.856 0° 0.653 4.855 Ap=48 45° 0.715 5.557 F =150 10.7 90° 0.833 6.828 0° 2.861 11.980 Ap=300 45° 3.117 13.001 F =260 10.7 90° 3.877 16.830 Design phase (2) Radiation Protection • For the Quantum Experiments at Space Scale (QUESS), the key payload of QUESS, Single Photon Avalanche Diode, is sensitive to proton irradiation and requires special protective measures. Design phase (2) Radiation Protection • We carried out high-energy proton environment analysis for different orbit altitudes and evaluated the cumulative proton fluence during the mission life. We also evaluated the shielding abilities under different thicknesses, and calculated the transmitting proton spectrum as well as the proton-induced displacement damage effect for different shielding materials. These analyses helped to build an important basis for the final orbit altitude adjustment. Accumulated proton fluence of Comparison of shielded proton flux in radiation belt in different altitude orbits 500km orbit Launch (1) Launch window environmental evaluation • Provided safety period forecast and possible impact analyses for the launch windows 1 year, 6 months, 1 month, and finally 3 days in advance. solar activity geomagnetic activity high-energy radiation, etc On-orbit operation (1) Control Strategy • Dark Matter satellite and the Hard X-ray satellite, carrying radiation-sensitive devices, need to take some special mitigation operations (closing the lens protective cover) when encountering severe radiation. • SEPC provided SAA contours, daily proton and electron energy spectra along the orbit, and hazardous areas during proton events, to help ensure the safety of sensitive devices. On-orbit operation (2) Hazard Avoidance Routine services Daily space weather forecast Developed a real-time Solar index mid-term forecast satellite orbital radiation Geomagnetic index mid-term forecast environment calculation Space environment effect analysis and 3D visualization system. On-orbit operation (2) Hazard Avoidance Chinese Ghost Festival solar storm Space weather events warning Solar active region AR2673 SDO AIA 0193 image(X9.3 flare) • 27 M-class and four X-class flares and releasing several powerful Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) • Two solar proton events with > 10MeV solar proton flux peaked at 1490PFU measured by GOES 15 satellite • Geomagnetic storm On-orbit operation (2) Hazard Avoidance Chinese Ghost Festival solar storm • SEPC timely issued space weather alarms, nowcasts and forecasts through the web, Email, SMS, microblog, Wechat and App for the event. On-orbit operation (2) Hazard Avoidance Chinese Ghost Festival solar storm GOES 13 solar proton fluxes at energies >1 MeV, >5 MeV, >10 MeV, >30 MeV, >50 MeV and >100 MeV The proton fluxes of different channels possess an enhancement during the secondary solar proton event. Events Start time Peak Intensity End time 1 2017.9.5 00:40 844PFU 2017.9.9 00:05 2 2017.9.10 11:45 1490PFU 2017.9.14 17:25 On-orbit operation (2) Hazard Avoidance Chinese Ghost Festival solar storm Impacts Analysis for the Satellites The proton fluxes for Quantum Experiments at Space Scale and Dark Matter Particle Explore satellites increased significantly in the polar regions. For the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope the orbital proton fluxes increased only in the vicinity of the magnetic poles due to the low inclination angle of 43° >10 MeV protons in orbit of Dark Solar proton arrival area in the Hard Matter satellite (Sept. 11, 2017) X-ray satellite orbits under Kp=8. On-orbit operation (2) Hazard Avoidance Chinese Ghost Festival solar storm Impacts Analysis for the Satellites The entire spectrum during the CGF solar storm was higher than that in SAA central region, and lower than that of the SPE occurred on January 20th, 2005. The solar proton flux at energies >200MeV of the CGF solar storm was higher than that of the SPE occurred on October 28th, 2003 . Integral spectra at 500km altitude On-orbit operation (2) Hazard Avoidance Chinese Ghost Festival solar storm Reactions of satellite operations to the solar storm • The TT&C (Telemetry, tracking, and command) team increased the tracking number to monitor the space science satellites. • Quantum Experiments at Space Scale satellite suspended scientific experiments, and the experiment control payload was shut down. • Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope was also shut down. • The two satellites returned to normal operation on September 13, 2017. On-orbit operation (3) Anomaly diagnosis • Occasional anomalies of onboard equipment : star-sensitive resets, on-board large-capacity memory abnormalities, and hardware CPU resets • Analyzed the state of the space environment at the time of the anomaly and provided support for further anomaly diagnosis. Soft errors detected by EDAC on satellite Outline I. History of Space Weather Services in China II. CAS Strategic Priority Program on Space Science III. Space Weather Service for CAS Strategic Priority Program IV. Future Chinese Space Science Satellites plans IV. CAS Strategic Priority Program – Phase II Advanced Space-based Solar Einstein Probe (EP) Observatory (ASO-S) Gravitational Wave High-energy ESA-CAS Solar Wind Magnetosphere Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) Monitor (GECAM) IV. CAS Strategic Priority Program – Phase II These space science satellites may experience the peak phase of solar cycle 25. SEPC will continue to monitor the space weather 24 hours per day, providing space weather forecasts, environment analysis, and feasible mitigation strategies for Chinese space missions. Thanks for your attention！.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WEB +CNSA+Background+Guide.Pdf
    Welcome Letter Hello delegates and welcome to VAMUN XXXIX and the seventh iteration of the Wilson Global Systems Simulation! My name is Noah Strike and I’ll be your Under-Secretary-General for WGSS this year. For those unfamiliar, WGSS is a groundbreaking four-way geopolitical crisis simulation. Each committee is tasked with not only considering its position in world affairs, but also the positions of its competitors - the other committees. Decisions made in one committee with have ripple effects throughout the simulation, just as in reality. In the past, WGSS topics have included the Congo Crisis of 1964, the Yemeni Civil War, and a less-than historically accurate reenactment of World War I. This year, WGSS is looking to the stars. The years following 2019 have not been friendly to the world. An escalating US-China trade war has decimated trans-Pacific trade and the industrialized economies of both countries; production is down, prices for goods have skyrocketed, and unemployment is at the highest point since the 2008 financial crisis. Political upheaval and shocking regime change in Russia has challenged the world order of the 2010s; political participation and activism are up, but alongside them, socio-economic and political uncertainty threaten Russia’s future. A European Union fractured by a “no-deal” Brexit and subsequent economic collapse between the mainland and the United Kingdom has caused massive turmoil on the continent; trade is down, unemployment is up, and the future unity of the Union is far, far from certain. These crises are, however, dwarfed by the early arrival of the climate catastrophe.
    [Show full text]
  • March 2019 Issue 24
    Issue 24 March 2019 DAMPE HXMT EP QUESS WCOM GECAM CSES XPNAV XTP SVOM SPORT eXTP ASO-S MIT SMILE Overview on China's Space Science Missions - see articles on page 18 and 21. illustrations - credit: CNSA/NSSC/CAS/IHEP/CNES/CSNO/NAO/ESA/ATGMedialab/NASA Content Chinese Space Quarterly Report preview issue no 25/26: April - June 2018 ............. page 02 • UNISPACE50+ of the United Nations in Vienna Wu Ji and Chinese Space Science ............ page 18 • 4th CCAF 2018 in Wuhan • Chang'e 4 - full mission report Overview on China's Space Science Missions ............ page 21 • visit to Landspace facility in Huzhou 2019 in Chinese Space ............ page 25 • 3rd/4th Quarterly Reports 2018 All about the Chinese Space Programme GO TAIKONAUTS! Chinese Space Quarterly Report April - June 2018 by Jacqueline Myrrhe and Chen Lan SPACE TRANSPORTATION (PRSS-1) (One Arrow-Double Star) and the smaller, experimental PakTES-1A, built by Pakistan’s space agency SUPARCO CZ-5 (Space and Upper Atmospheric Research Commission) - with In mid-April, the SASTIND (State Administration of Science, assistance from the Space Advisory Company of South Africa. Technology and Industry for National Defence) closed the The launch marks CZ-2C’s return to the international commercial investigation into the CZ-5 Y2 failure. It publicly confirmed the launch service market after a break of nearly 20 years. findings of last summer: a quality issue in the structure of the turbopump in the YF-77 cryogenic engines of the core first stage. YUANWANG The Y3 rocket is being manufactured and will be launched by Yuanwang 3 the end of 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • The Latest Progress, Future Planning and International Cooperation of China’S Human Space Program
    The Latest Progress, Future Planning and International Cooperation of China’s Human Space Program Mr. LIN Xiqiang Deputy Director System Technology Division China Manned Space Agency June 2017 The 60th Session of COPUOS, Vienna China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) Page 1 Contents • Recent Progress of Space Laboratory Missions • Future Planning of Chinese Space Station • International Cooperation • Cooperation with UNOOSA • Conclusion China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) Page 2 Part I. Recent Progress of Space Laboratory Missions In September 2010, Chinese government approved China Space Station project. Space Lab Space Station Two phases for implementation China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) Page 3 Objectives of Phase “Space Lab” Verify key technologies in cargo transportation accommodation of mid-term stay of astronauts on-orbit propellant re-supply ground-based mission long-term support Carry out space experiments and applications Accumulate experience for constructing Space Station. TG-1 Space Lab TG-2 Space Lab China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) Page 4 Conducted Missions for Phase “Space Lab” Maiden flight of LM-7 rocket in June 2016 Launch of Tiangong-2 Space Lab in September 2016 Launch of Shenzhou-11 manned spacecraft in October 2016 Launch of Tianzhou-1 cargo spacecraft in April 2017 China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) Page 5 1. The Maiden Flight of Long March-7 Rocket • On 25 June 2016, China conducted the maiden launch of the Long March 7 (CZ-7) rocket; • The launch also involved the inauguration of the newly built Launch Site. China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) Page 6 Medium-lift launch vehicle. Two stages and four boosters. Engines running kerosene and liquid oxygen.
    [Show full text]
  • Infinity and Beyond the Past Five Years Have Seen China Step Further Into the Mysteries of the Sky and the Sea
    XINHUA The world’s largest radio telescope FAST is put into trial operation on September 25, 2017, in southwest China’s Guizhou Province Infinity and Beyond The past five years have seen China step further into the mysteries of the sky and the sea icius and the Monkey King, a Dragon from the pages of science fiction. the Micius satellite, which orbits the Earth at an and a Heavenly Palace—this legendary The academician of the Chinese Academy of altitude of 500 km. Msounding group somewhat surprisingly Sciences (CAS) and professor at the University of Pan’s team has worked on this project for has nothing to do with Chinese history or my- Science and Technology of China is the architect more than 10 years. Unlike conventional means of thology, but everything to do with science. With behind the world’s first ever attempt to send a transmitting information that rely on optical fibers, more than 170 satellites orbiting in space and a quantum communication satellite—Quantum the quantum transmission of information is new, submersible in the farthest depths of the ocean, Experiments at Space Scale (QUESS)—into space, fast and impossible to intercept. scientists are asking questions of the sky and the which could transform the way in which we trans- This form of communication was previously sea, and from their replies they are unveiling the mit information in the future. limited to a distance of just few hundred kilome- mystery of these unfamiliar worlds. China launched a satellite for quantum com- ters due to the loss of signal within optical fibers or munication in August 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • S Manned Space Mission. Reentry and Return of Shenzhou-11 Space Capsule
    China’s Manned Space Mission. Reentry and Return of Shenzhou-11 Space Capsule Success of Manned Space Mission Brings China to New “Long March” By Ping Lunyuan Region: Asia Global Research, November 22, 2016 Theme: Science and Medicine People's Daily 19 November 2016 The success of China’s longest-ever manned space mission is a symbol of the new heights reached by the Chinese space program, the People’s Daily commented on Saturday, after two Chinese astronauts successfully returned to Earth after 30 days in space. The reentry module of Shenzhou-11 landed safely at the designated site in central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region at about 1:59 pm Friday Beijing Time. The following is a translation of the People’s Daily article provided for publication to Global Research: The Chinese space heroes have returned after completing their 30-plus-day mission. The Shenzhou-11 space capsule landed safely in Inner Mongolia with astronauts Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong on board. This historic moment is so momentous that it has lifted the spirit of every Chinese citizen. This moment will go down in the history books to be remembered for generations to come. Over the past five weeks, the two astronauts completed a series of scientific and technical experiments in the Tiangong-2 space laboratory, setting a record as China’s longest crewed mission to date. The success not only marked an important and decisive achievement in terms of the projects completed in the space lab, but also laid the foundation for follow-up construction and operation of a functional space station.
    [Show full text]
  • Projecting Humanity Into the Far Reaches of Outer Space
    ODUMUNC 2021 Issue Brief for the Interstellar Crisis Projecting Humanity into the Far Reaches of Outer Space Kaitlyn Keith ODU Model United Nations Society Introduction: Deep Space 2020 gravity and enter deep space, the region beyond Humanity has only skimmed the smallest our solar system. Today Voyager One is over 14 surface of just the solar system, let alone the million miles from Earth.3 Even now the universe. With current science, including visual possibility of sending people so far seems and radio astronomy, only four percent of the fantastic. But this situation may be about to visible universe has been explored, covering the change very rapidly. visible solar system, interstellar space, and nebulas. With technological advancements and the desire to uncover one of the universe’s most questioned subjects, interstellar communication, travel, and defense has become an ever-growing subject. The year 2020 is the fifteenth anniversary of humans in space. In the years since 1961 when Yuri Gagarin became the first human in outer space, 566 people from 41 countries have risen above the Earth’s atmosphere, and 12 have 1 travelled as far as the Moon. None have gone Voyager 1 in leaves the solar system further. Even astronauts on the International Space Station go no further than Low Earth Could colonizing Mars be in the near future? Is Orbit, roughly 220 miles (350 kilometers) above the space between stars travelable? Are 2 the planet’s surface. Only unmanned probes individual breakthroughs in the field beneficial have travelled to other planets. The International or harmful for society as a whole? As we Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines ‘deep struggle to go further, can space exploration space’ to start at 2 million km (1.4 million overcome the limits of traditional chemically miles) from Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Space19+ Taikonauten TNO RF Technology Van De Hoofdredacteur
    Space19+ Taikonauten TNO RF technology Van de hoofdredacteur: Voor u ligt alweer het laatste nummer van 2019. Traditiege- trouw hebben we weer een voorbeschouwing van de driejaar- lijkse ESA Ministersconferentie, met dit keer extra aandacht voor de processen die in Nederland plaatsvinden in de voorbereiding. Verder besteden we aandacht aan nationale ruimtevaartontwikkelingen in artikels over de Space Campus Noordwijk en RF technologie van TNO, raketmotoren uit de Oekraïne, de viering van 50 jaar Apollo 11 in Nederland, de utopische Space Shuttle beloften van 1979, en Piet Smolders persoonlijke herinneringen aan de legendarische vluchtleider Bij de voorplaat Gene Kranz. Op het moment van schrijven vindt het 70ste International Lancering van een Lange Mars 2F raket met de bemande Shenzhou Astronautical Congress (IAC) plaats in Washington DC, dat 10 capsule vanuit het Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, op 11 juni 2013. in teken staat van de eerste maanlanding die dit jaar 50 jaar [CCTV] geleden plaatsvond. De vaderlandse ruimtevaartindustrie is op het IAC ruim vertegenwoordigd en zal aldaar de ter gelegenheid van het International Space University Space Studies Program 2018 uitgegeven Ruimtevaart Special, met daarin een goed overzicht van de Nederlandse ruimtevaart- gemeenschap, verspreiden. Eerder werd deze Special ook al verspreid tijdens de handelsreis naar Bremen (zie het vorige nummer). We zijn verheugd te melden dat Bert Vis bereid gevonden is om, naast Michel van Pelt, de rol van eindredacteur over te nemen van Frank Wokke. Bert is al bekend bij de lezers door zijn regelmatig in ons blad verschijnende artikels over Chinese en Russische ruimtevaart; ook in dit nummer vindt u weer een mooi artikel van zijn hand.
    [Show full text]
  • 'DIVINE VESSEL' to MARK CHINA's FIRST HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT SINCE 2016 Relevant For: Science & Technology | Topic: Space Technology & Related Matters
    Source : www.thehindu.com Date : 2021-06-15 'DIVINE VESSEL' TO MARK CHINA'S FIRST HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT SINCE 2016 Relevant for: Science & Technology | Topic: Space Technology & related matters The Long March-2F Y12 rocket carrying the Shenzhou-12 spacecraft is transferred to the launch pad at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in Gansu province, China June 9, 2021 | Photo Credit: Reuters (Subscribe to our Today's Cache newsletter for a quick snapshot of top 5 tech stories. Click here to subscribe for free.) A Chinese spacecraft will blast off from the Gobi Desert on a Long March rocket in the coming days, ferrying three men to an orbiting space module for a three-month stay, the first time China has sent humans into space for nearly five years. Shenzhou-12, meaning "Divine Vessel", will be the third of11 missions needed to complete China's space station by 2022. Among them, four will be missions with people on board,potentially propelling up to 12 Chinese astronauts into space -more than the 11 men and women that China has sent since 2003. The craft will also carry into space the hopes of some in Earth's most populous nation. "The motherland is powerful," one person wrote on Chinese social media, which has lit up with well-wishes for the Shenzhou-12 crew. "The launch is a gift to the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party." Chinese astronauts have had a relatively low international profile. A U.S. law banning NASA from any connection with China means its astronauts have not been to the more than two- decade-old International Space Station, visited by more than240 men and women of various nationalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Astronauts Return to Earth After Longest Mission 18 November 2016
    Chinese astronauts return to earth after longest mission 18 November 2016 was a "complete success". Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong spent the 33-day mission orbiting the earth carrying out experiments including cultivating silkworms, growing lettuce, and testing brain activity. The Tiangong-2 space lab, launched in September, is also running experiments on growing rice and thale cress. Beijing is pouring billions into its space programme in a bid to catch up with the US and Europe. It announced in April that it aims to send a Chinese astronauts Jing Haipeng (L) and Chen Dong, spacecraft "around 2020" to orbit Mars, then land pictured at their send-off ceremony, spent 33-days and deploy a rover to explore the Red Planet's orbiting the earth carrying out experiments on the surface. Tiangong-2 space lab In their last entry in a space diary published by the official Xinhua news agency, the astronauts wrote that they kept fit in space by doing somersaults and China's Shenzhou-11 spacecraft returned to earth zero-gravity tai chi. Friday, bringing home two astronauts from the rising power's longest-ever orbital mission in a "At the end of a busy day, we have some free time milestone for its vaulting ambitions. before going to bed," they wrote. "We take selfies to have some personal record of this unforgettable China's state broadcaster CCTV showed the return journey, or just go to the window and quietly stare capsule's separation from the Tiangong-2 space at that beautiful blue planet called Earth." lab 393 kilometres (244 miles) above the earth, and its descent through the atmosphere to its Beijing sees the military-run programme as a landing on the grassland of Inner Mongolia.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Human Spaceflight Program: Background and List of Crewed and Automated Launches
    Fact Sheet Updated August 31, 2021 CHINA’S HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAM: BACKGROUND AND LIST OF CREWED AND AUTOMATED LAUNCHES China's human spaceflight program, Project 921, officially began in 1992. The program is proceeding at a measured pace. The most recent crewed launch, Shenzhou-12 in June 2021, was the 12th flight in the series, but only the seventh to carry a crew. Shenzhou Spacecraft: Shenzhou 1-4 were automated tests of the spacecraft. Shenzhou-8 was an automated test of rendezvous and docking procedures with the Tiangong-1 space station. The others (5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12) carried crews of one, two or three people and were launched in 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2016 and 2021 respectively (see list below). Space Stations: Tiangong-1, China's first space station, was launched in September 2011. It hosted the automated Shenzhou-8 in 2011 and two three-person crews: Shenzhou-9 in 2012 and Shenzhou-10 in 2013. It made an uncontrolled reentry at 8:16 pm April 1, 2018 EDT (00:16 April 2 UTC; 8:16 am April 2 Beijing Time) over the southern Pacific Ocean. Tiangong-1 was a small 8.5 metric ton (MT) module. As first space stations go, it was rather modest -- just less than half the mass of the world's first space station, the Soviet Union’s Salyut 1. Launched in 1971, Salyut 1 had a mass of about 18.6 MT. The first U.S. space station, Skylab, launched in 1973, had a mass of about 77 MT. Today's International Space Station (ISS), a partnership among the United States, Russia, Japan, Europe, and Canada, has a mass of about 400 MT and has been permanently occupied by 2-7 person crews rotating on 4-6 month missions since November 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Shuttle Boven Noordwijk ESA Astronaut in China Big Falcon Rocket Van De Hoofdredacteur
    Shuttle boven Noordwijk ESA astronaut in China Big Falcon Rocket Van de hoofdredacteur: Dit nummer ontvangt u samen met de eerste speciale Ruimtevaart-uitgave in 7 jaar, maar de aanleiding is dan ook bijzonder: in 2018 wordt het jaarlijkse en zeer prestigieuze zomerschoolprogramma van het International Space University (ISU) gehouden in Nederland en dit leek ons (zowel bestuur als redactie) een mooie gelegenheid om de vaderlandse ruimtevaart te promoten onder dit internati- onale gezelschap en consorten. Van 25 juni tot en met 24 augustus 2018 organiseren het Netherlands Space Office, de Universiteit Leiden, ESA en de TU Delft dit programma waaraan zo’n 130 jonge professionals uit de wereldwijde ruimtevaartsector meedoen en waarbij ruim 150 experts les geven in onder meer ruimtevaartbeleid, -wetgeving, -technologie en gebruik. We hebben een gastredacteur, Bij de voorplaat Nick Kivits, bereid gevonden om deze speciale uitgave voor de NVR samen te stellen en verreweg de meeste bedrijfsle- BFR shuttles op de maan. De nieuwe raket van SpaceX moet gere- den hebben enthousiast hun bijdrage geleverd. Sommige gelde vluchten naar de maan en Mars mogelijk maken. [SpaceX] ISU lezingen en evenementen zijn toegankelijk voor een breder publiek en we zullen u daar, als officiële sponsor van het zomerschoolprogramma, van op de hoogte houden. Maar wat u nu in handen heeft is onze reguliere uitgave en ook deze bevat weer veel interessante onderwerpen, zoals een interview met ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer naar aanleiding van zijn survivaltraining in China, een analyse van de hele grote nieuwe SpaceX raket, BFR genaamd, ideeën voor de ontwikkeling van een space plane, warping harnesses ontwikkelingen bij S&T en TNO, overblijfselen van V2 lanceerbunkers in Frankrijk en, zoals door hen zelf in een advertentie aangekondigd in het vorige nummer, een beschrijving van de 20-jarige geschiedenis van cosine.
    [Show full text]
  • Visiting Astronauts Inspire Namibian Youngsters
    20 | Wednesday, August 28, 2019 HONG KONG EDITION | CHINA DAILY YOUTH Learning Chinese popular among students in Ghana ACCRA — Benjamin Gyimah, 21, is a high school graduate working at the GS Plaza Hotel, a leading Chinese hospitality facility in Ghana’s capital. He grew up loving Chinese movies and arts but could not understand the films without subtitles. Now, his dream of learning Chinese is on the way to being fulfilled after he enrolled at the Confucius Institute earlier this year aft­ Drawing the er his elder brother, who studied Chinese at the Uni­ versity of Ghana, encouraged him to do so. “I thought Chinese was com­ plex. But as more time passes, I ines of black ink slash back love it,” he said. and forth across the page, with the skill to sensitively craft his Learning Chinese “is simpler vividly contrasting with the blade of justice characters and their dialogue. than I thought. Learning Chi­ crisp white of the paper. Well­rounded characters and a nese is fun. I love Chinese mov­ LEach stroke, though slightly differ­ logical plot are the basis for creating ies, especially kung fu films”, he ent — some heavy and dark, others After hitting ‘rock bottom’, Xu Xianzhe picked up a pen and high­quality comics, he says. said. light and wispy — contributes to sketched himself a thrilling new chapter, Xing Wen reports. “Characters are not the mario­ Like many young Ghana­ helping form the finished composi­ nettes; they are the puppet masters,” ians who have studied Chi­ tion. he explains. “By putting myself in nese, the Chinese­owned With a flourish, the 35­year­old their place and being able to think hotel where he works author and illustrator, Xu Xianzhe, like them, they guide my pen to presents him with plenty of finishes scribbling his signature draw how their story unfolds.” opportunities to interact with and, with a smile, hands the book to After going through Kazuji Kurihara, the editor of the Chinese people.
    [Show full text]