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Karlova Univerzita V Praze UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut mezinárodních studií Diplomová práce 2011 Terezie Holmerová UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Insitut mezinárodních studií Katedra ruských a východoevropských studií Terezie Holmerová Sekty, nové náboženské směry a identita v Rusku v devadesátých letech 20. století v kontextu celospolečenských změn Diplomová práce Praha 2011 - - 2 Autor práce: Bc. Terezie Holmerová Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Karel Svoboda PhD. Oponent práce: PhDr. Bohdan Zilynskyj Datum obhajoby: 1. února 2011 Hodnocení: - - 3 Bibliografický záznam HOLMEROVÁ, Terezie. Sekty, nová náboženská hnutí a identita v Rusku v devadesátých letech 20. století v kontextu celospolečenských změn. Praha: Karlova univerzita, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut ruských a východoevropských studií, 2010. 111 s. Vedoucí diplomové práce Mgr. Karel Svoboda PhD. Anotace Diplomová práce „Sekty, nová náboženská hnutí a identita v Rusku v devadesátých letech 20. století v kontextu celospolečenských změn“ pojednává o menšinových náboženských hnutích v Rusku po rozpadu Sovětského svazu. Terminologická část vysvětluje rozdíl mezi pojmem „sekta“ a „nový náboženský směr“, úvodní historický přehled pak nastiňuje roli sekt v historii Ruska. Jádrem výzkumu jsou tři rozsáhlé kapitoly. První pojednává o dynamice náboženské situace ve vztahu k sektám v první polovině devadesátých let, popisuje hlavní směry a odnože sekt. Druhá se věnuje konkrétním projevům změn na přelomu devadesátých let, jako byl proces Jakunina proti Dvorkinovi a změna legislativy v roce 1997. Třetí část hledá odpověď na otázku, co bylo příčinou změny ve společenském a právním postavení sekt a nachází ji v oblasti změn ruské identity. - - 4 Annotation Diploma thesis „Sects, new religious movements and identity in Russia in the nineties of 20th century in the context of overall societal changes“ deals with the problem of minority religions in Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Terminological part explains the difference between the termin “sect” and “new religious movement”, introductory historical overview outlines the role of sects in the history of Russia. The hub of the study lays in three large chapters. The first deals with the dynamics of the religious situation in relation to sects in the first half of the 90s, classifies them and names the main representants. The second part deals with concrete manifestations of changes in the middle of the decade, for example the process Yakunin versus Dvorkin or the change of legislation in 1997. The third part seeks answer to the question what was the underlying cause of changes in social and legal position of sects and finds the anspher in the sphere of national identity. Klíčová slova Sekty, nová náboženská hnutí, identita, ruská idea, svoboda vyznání, celospolečenské změny, pravoslavná církev, proces Dvorkin – Jakunin, legislativa, devadesátá léta, národní bezpečnost Keywords sects, new religious movements, identity, Russian Idea, religious freedom, societal changes, Orthodox Church, proces Dvorkin vs. Yakunin, the nineties, national security - - 5 Prohlášení 1. Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou práci zpracovala samostatně a použila jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. 2. Souhlasím s tím, aby práce byla zpřístupněna pro studijní a výzkumné účely. V Praze dne 10. ledna 2011 Terezie Holmerová - - 6 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala Mgr. Karlovi Svobodovi PhD. za jeho obětavou pomoc a rady během celého procesu vzniku práce. - - 7 INSTITUT MEZINÁRODNÍCH STUDIÍ UK FSV TEZE MAGISTERSKÉ DIPLOMOVÉ PRÁCE TUTO ČÁST VYPLŇUJE STUDENT/KA: Příjmení a jméno diplomantky/diplomanta: Razítko podatelny: Terezie Holmerová Imatrikulační ročník diplomantky/diplomanta: Protože byly původní teze spolu s podpisy odevzdány 2006/2007 v jiném formátu, než jaký je současně požadován podle E-mail diplomantky/diplomanta: opatření děkana č. 29/2010, neobsahuje tato verze tezí [email protected] původní podpisy ani autentické razítko. Studijní obor/typ studia: Ruská a východoevropská studia Předpokládaný název práce v češtině: Debata o sektách a netradičních náboženských směrech a její proměny v současném Rusku Předpokládaný název práce v angličtině: The debate about sects and non-traditional religious movements in Russia Předpokládaný termín dokončení (semestr, školní rok – vzor: ZS 2012) (diplomovou práci je možné odevzdat nejdříve po dvou semestrech od schválení tezí, tedy teze schválené v LS 2010/2011 umožňují obhajovat práci nejdříve v LS 2011/2012): Charakteristika tématu a jeho dosavadní zpracování: Předmětem práce bude debata o roli sekt v Rusku a způsob, jak se proměnil ve vztahu k nim pojem náboženské svobody. V Rusku se objevilo po perestrojce velké množství nových náboženských proudů a společnost na ně nejdřív reagovala tolerantně, postupem času ale na ně začala pohlížet čím dál tím více nedůvěřivě. Na analýze debaty o sektách v Rusku chci ukázat, jak se proměnil postoj společnosti vůči nim a jak to souviselo s obecným politickým posunem od „divoké“ demokracie v Rusku na začátku 90. let k stále více autoritativnímu státnímu uspořádání. Předpokládaný cíl práce, případně formulace problému, výzkumné otázky nebo hypotézy Vycházím z toho, že významy různých pojmů se proměňují v dobovém politickém a společenském kontextu. Jsou tedy zrcadlem společnosti, ale zároveň pak zpětně ovlivňují tento kontext. Chci se zaměřit na to, jak se proměňovala definice a hodnocení slova sekta, proč mělo tohle slovo v různých dobách různý význam, přičemž akcent bude na období 90. let do současnosti. Chci se zaměřit na to, jak obsah termínu sekta odrážel reálné postavení sekt a netradičních náboženských směrů a jak odrážel celkovou toleranci nebo netoleranci vůči netradičním a cizím elementům v ruské společnosti. Předpokládaná struktura práce (rozdělení do jednotlivých kapitol a podkapitol se stručnou charakteristikou jejich obsahu): 1. proměny významu slova sekta v historii Rusku, jaký kontext tento význam určoval, staré sekty, staroobrjadničestvo, role sekt na začátku 20. století – sekty jako revoluční síla, sekty v SSSR, jak je hodnotil Miljukov, Berďajev, Klibanov atp., perestrojka a příchod netradičních náboženských směrů ze západu 2. případ Dvorkin versus Jakunin, kde je hranice náboženské svobody, ruská i mezinárodní debata 3. sekta v kontextu národní bezpečnosti, sekta v kontextu náboženské svobody, sekta a ruská identita, sekta a pravoslavná církev, sekta a protizápadní konspirační teorie Vymezení podkladového materiálu (např. tituly a období, za které budou analyzovány): Pro úvodní historickou část budou důležité i publikace vydané před perestrojkou, protože na základě nich budu zkoumat, jak společnost vnímala sekty v době předrevoluční, stejně tak jako v době Sovětského svazu. Nejdůležitější bude ale analýza 90. let v podobě akademických a církevních textů stejně tak jako novinových a časopisových článků a internetových zdrojů. Klíčové bude období let 1996 – 1997, kdy se diskutoval proces Dvorkina s Jakuninem a taky přijetí nové restriktivní legislativy vůči sektám a novým náboženským směrům. Metody (techniky) zpracování materiálu: Bude se jednat o diskurzivní analýzu na několika úrovních, na úrovni akademické debaty, na úrovni debaty v rámci pravoslavné církve a konečně celospolečenské debaty. Ke sbírání materiálů hodlám využít svého studijního pobytu na Státní univerzitě v Moskvě. Základní literatura (nejméně 5 nejdůležitějších titulů k tématu a metodě jeho zpracování; u všech titulů je nutné uvést stručnou anotaci na 2-5 řádků): Šapar, V. B. Sekty – ugroza nacionalnoj bezopasnosti Rossii. Rostov na Donu: Feniks, 2007 – Důležitý materiál ukazující způsob, jakým ruské nacionalistické kruhy spojují problém sekt s národní bezpečností Ruska. Kniha je typickým příkladem “antikultovní” literatury, na základě které budu sledovat, jak a proč vnímají určité kruhy v Rusku sekty jako hrozbu pro ruskou identitu. Dvorkin, A. Sekty protiv cerkvi (Proces Dvorkina). -Moskva: - Izdatelstvo moskovskoj patriarchii, 20008 – Kniha popisuje proces ruského „odborníka“ na sekty Alexandra Dvorkina proti Glebu Jakuninovi, bojovníkovi za náboženskou svobodu. Jakunin obvinil Dvorkina z urážky na cti poté co popsal nebezpečí sekt v jedné ze svých příruček. Proces skončil porážkou Jakunina a je důležitou ukázkou posunu ve společenské debatě o sektách. Johnson, J. – Stepaniants, M. – Forest, B. (Ed.) Religion and identity in Modern Russia : the revival of orthodoxy and Islam. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005 – Zhoršující se pozice sekt a nových náboženských směrů probíhalaralelně s upevňováním postavení ruské pravoslavné církve. Tato kniha popisuje jak došlo k posílení pozice pravoslavné církve a jak se církev vymezovala v mezináboženském dialogu vůči sektám. Pravoslavná církev se stávala stále méně tolerantní vůči netradičním náboženským směrům jednak kvůli politickému posunu v 90. letech, ale také kvůli vnitřním procesům, kdy došlo k postupnému vyřazení liberálního křídla. Vojtíšek, Z. Nová náboženská hnutí. Jak jim porozumět? Praha: Alfa Publishing, 2007 - Důležitý text k pochopení fenoménu nových náboženských hnutí jako takových. Autor neposuje jen jednotlivé směry ale také jejich pozici ve většinové společnosti. Autor pozoruje, že ve společnostech, které akceptují nové náboženské směry dochází často k oslabení jejich nejvíce extremních charakteristik, zatímco ve společnostech, které je utlačují, dochází k posílení protisystémových a často destruktivních jevů. Balaguškin, E.G. Religija, svoboda sovesti, gosudarstvenno-cerkovnye otnošenija. Moskva:
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