THE PARTICIPATORY CONDITION IN THE DIGITAL AGE ELECTRONIC MEDIATIONS Series Editors: N. Katherine Hayles, Peter Krapp, Rita Raley, and Samuel Weber Founding Editor: Mark Poster e Participatory Condition in the Digital Age Darin Barney, Gabriella Coleman, Christine Ross, Jonathan Sterne, and Tamar Tembeck, Editors Mixed Realism: Videogames and the Violence of Fiction Timothy J. Welsh Program Earth: Environmental Sensing Technology and the Making of a Computational Planet Jennifer Gabrys On the Existence of Digital Objects Yuk Hui How to Talk about Videogames Ian Bogost A Geology of Media Jussi Parikka World Projects: Global Information before World War I Markus Krajewski Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound Lori Emerson Nauman Reiterated Janet Kraynak Comparative Textual Media: Transforming the Humanities in the Postprint Era N. Katherine Hayles and Jessica Pressman, Editors (continued on page ) e Participatory Condition in the Digital Age . Darin Barney, Gabriella Coleman, Christine Ross, Jonathan Sterne, and Tamar Tembeck, Editors Electronic Mediations 51 University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis London Bernard Stiegler, “e Formation of New Reason: Seven Proposals for the Renewal of Education,” translated by Daniel Ross, was originally published in French as “L’École, le numérique et la société qui vient” by Bernard Stiegler, copyright Mille et une nuits, département de la Librairie Arthème Fayard, . Copyright by the Regents of the University of Minnesota All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press ird Avenue South, Suite Minneapolis, MN - http://www.upress.umn.edu Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper e University of Minnesota is an equal- opportunity educator and employer. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Barney, Darin, editor. Title: e participatory condition in the digital age / Darin Barney, Gabriella Coleman, Christine Ross, Jonathan Sterne, and Tamar Tembeck, editors. Description: Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, [] | Series: Electronic mediations ; | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identiers: LCCN | ISBN ---- (hc) | ISBN ---- (pb) Subjects: LCSH: Participation. | Social participation. | Po liti cal participation. | Internet Social aspects. Classication: LCC HM .P | DDC /. dc LC rec ord available at http:// lccn . loc . gov / Contents e Participatory Condition: An Introduction vii Darin Barney, Gabriella Coleman, Christine Ross, Jonathan Sterne, and Tamar Tembeck I. The Politics of Participation . Power as Participation’s Master Signier Nico Carpentier . Participation as Ideology in Occupy Wall Street Cayley Sorochan . From TuniLeaks to Bassem Youssef: Revolutionary Media in the Arab World Jillian C. York . ink Outside the Boss: Cooperative Alternatives for the Post- Internet Age Trebor Scholz II. Openness . Paradoxes of Participation Christina Dunbar- Hester . Participatory Design and the Open Source Voice Graham Pullin . Open Source Cancer: Brain Scans and the Rituality of Biodigital Data Sharing Alessandro Delfanti and Salvatore Iaconesi . Internet- Mediated Mutual Cooperation Practices: e Sharing of Material and Immaterial Resources Bart Cammaerts III. Participation under Surveillance . Big Urban Data and Shrinking Civic Space: e Statistical City Meets the Simulated City Kate Crawford . e Pacication of Interactivity Mark Andrejevic . e Surveillance– Innovation Complex: e Irony of the Participatory Turn Julie E. Cohen IV. Participation and Aisthesis . Preparations for a Haunting: Notes toward an Indigenous Future Imaginary Jason Edward Lewis . Participatory Situations: e Dialogical Art of Instant Narrative by Dora García Rudolf Frieling . e Formation of New Reason: Seven Proposals for the Renewal of Education Bernard Stiegler . Zoom Pavilion Rafael Lozano- Hemmer and Krzysztof Wodiczko Acknowledgments Contributors Index e Participatory Condition An Introduction Darin Barney, Gabriella Coleman, Christine Ross, Jonathan Sterne, and Tamar Tembeck names the situation in which participation being involved in doing something and taking part Tin something with others has become both environmental (a state of aairs) and normative (a binding principle of right action). Participation is the general condition in which many of us live or seek to live (though, to be sure, not all of us, and not all in the same way). It has become a contex- tual feature of everyday life in the liberal, capitalist, and technological soci- eties of the contemporary West. It could be argued that there is no place or time in human history where and when people did not “participate” by living together and acting in their world. Participation is, a­er all, the rela- tional principle of being together in any civilization, society, or commu- nity. However, the fact that we have always necessarily participated does not mean that we have always lived under the participatory condition. What is distinctive about the present conjuncture is the degree and extent to which the everyday social, economic, cultural, and political activities that comprise simply being in the world have been thematized and orga- nized around the priority of participation as such. e generalization of participation is concomitant with the develop- ment and popularization of so- called digital media, especially personal computers, networking technologies, the Internet, the World Wide Web, and video games. ese media allow a growing number of people to access, modify, store, circulate, and share media content. e expansion of par- ticipation as a relational possibility has become manifest in the variety of elds media participation embraces, including: participatory democracy (from representative to direct democracies and on to the development of · vii · viii BARNEY, COLEMAN, ROSS, STERNE, AND TEMBECK collaborative commons and the Occupy movements), citizen journalism, social media communication, the digital humanities, digital design, smart cities, gaming, and collaborative art. But what does it mean to participate? How and why is it that we believe that we now participate more? What are the main features of participation today? And why has it become so important? Participation is not only a concept and a set of practices; fundamentally, it is the promise and expectation that one can be actively involved with others in decision- making processes that aect the evolution of social bonds, communities, systems of knowledge, and organizations, as well as politics and culture. Tied to this promise and belief, as well as to the struc- tures of the media technologies (Internet forums, blogs, wikis, podcasts, smartphones, etc.) that appear to facilitate increased participation, are the possibilities of communication linked to social change. But while possi- bilities represent desire, they can also be understood as rhetoric, as a set of empty habits, or as failed opportunities. is tension between the prom- ises and impasses of participation, its hopes and disappointments, its illu- sions and recuperations is at the forefront of recent social, cultural, and political assessments of participation in relation to new media. Attending to this tension, e Participatory Condition critically probes the purported participatory nature attributed to media, and unearths other forms of par- ticipation that might be obscured by excessive promises of digital utopias. Henry Jenkins’s work on “participatory culture” helps to clarify the specicities of the present conjuncture. Jenkins rst coined the term in to describe the cultural production and social interactions of fan com- munities. e term has since then evolved in his coauthored publications, namely Convergence Culture (), Confronting the Challenges of Partici- patory Culture (), and Spreadable Media () studies that account for the relations between the development of participatory culture, the evolution of new media technologies, the expansion of the various com- munities invested in media production and circulation, and the decentral- ization of decision- making processes. Key to Jenkins’s understanding of participatory culture is its articulation as not only emergent but also expan- sive, owing largely to the “spreadability” of emerging media a paradigm that “assumes that anything worth hearing will circulate through any and all available channels.” We would agree, adding that the expansive quality of participation demands a shi­ in terminology. e proposition of this book is that the normative and environmental qualities of participation INTRODUCTION ix that Jenkins and others have assigned to culture have now been general- ized across multiple social domains such that it becomes possible perhaps even necessary to start talking and thinking about a “participatory condition” whose operations and implications exceed the boundaries of a single culture. is volume has three main objectives. First, it collects the work of key scholars of participation and new media, across a wide range of disciplines, in order to disentangle the tensions, contradictions, and potentialities of new media participation. Second, each of its essays seeks to assess the role of new media in the development of a relational possibility participation whose