CHAPTER rV

THE JAYAKWADI IRRlGATiON PROJECT- ITS HISTORY, SALIENT FEATURES AND DEVTLOPMENT

4.1 THE MARATHW ADA REGION

Aurangabad Division, popularly known as , comprises seven districts viz , Jalna. Bead, Parbhani. , Latur and Osmanabad Initiallv, Marathwada was a part of erstwhile Nizam's Hydrabad State It was merged in at the time of Re-organisation of States and became a part of the State

The total geographical area of the region is 64.30 lakh hectares of which the cultivable area is 50 49 lakh hectares The area under forest is only 3 61 per cent The net area sown and the area sown more than once is 48.19 lakh hectares and 7 35 lakh hectares respectively. The land use pattern in the region is given in Table 4.1

TABLE 4 I - Land Utilisation Pattern in Marathwada

Sr. Particulars AreaCOOOha.) No

1 Total geographical area 6430 2 Area under forest 232 3. Barren and unculturable land 96 4, Land put to non-agricultural uses 216 5. Culturable waste land 230 6. Permanent pasture and other land 284 7 Current fallows 551 8 Net area sown 4819 9. Area sown more than once 735 10. Total cropped area 5554

Marathwada is a pre-dominantly agricultural region where 82 per cent population depends on agriculture and allied activities for its subsistence The major portion of the region consists of medium black soil (57 per cent) Even deep black cotton soils also

71 covers most of the part (21 30 per cent) of the region. Shallow and coarse soils (21 70 per cent) are found in the hilly areas

Food grain crops like jowar, bajra, rabi jowar, wheat, pulses, etc are mainly grown in this region which occupied more than 90 per cent of the cropped area Cotton is the principal cash crop of the region whereas sugarcane, banana and summer groundnut are other irrigated cash crops

Godavari is the major river of Marathwada Other important rivers in the region are Puma, Dudhana, Manjra, Bendsura, Sindhphana, Terna, Manyad, lendi and Penganga

Marathwada is divided into three zones, namely, assured rainfall zone, moderately high rainfall zone and scarcity zone The annual average rainfall is 600 mm Subramanian Committee' (1987) identified 23 talukas as drought-prone comprising 39 per cent area and 36 per cent population The irrigated area is only 12 per cent

Although Marathwada region has a potential to achieve allround development, it is one of the backward regions of the State Agriculture is most backward and industrial advancement has just started The principal factors responsible for the backwardness of the region are -

(i) Nizam ruled the region for centuries together and did nothing/Ver\' little for the development of the region

(ii) The State government has not paid proper attention and the development of the region has been neglected during the planning period

72 (iii) Lastly, peoples in the region are also responsible to remain backward due to their traditional outlook, illiteracy, poverty, lithargic nature and lack of co-operation Even political leadership has failed to bring about the fruits of development in the region

4.2 WATER RESOURCES IN MARATHWADA

Table 4 2 indicates the total water resources available in Marathwada in Godavari basin and its sub-basins

TABLE J 2 - Basinwise Availabilitv of Water Resources in Marathwada

Sr Basin/Sub-basin Total available Before 1975 Sanctioned Total No water resources (TMC) Utilisation (TMC) after 1975 15% dependability (TMC )

1 Godavari (Lpto ) 196 76 S28 204 7 Godavari basin (Below Paithan Dam) (a) Lendi 14.20 2.85 4.53 738 (b) Manar 22.80 !! 46 4.40 1586 (c) Sindhaphana 18.00 4.90 20 70 25.60 (d) Godavari, Dudhana and Purna (Below Sidheshwar Dam) 104.88 3 1.40 30.45 6! 85

Total : 159 88 50 61 60 08 110.69

_•) Puma (Llpto Sidheshw arDam) 45 50 Total available water 46 20 4. Pcnganga (Upto Saha^.trakund ) 55.80 Total available water 55.20 5. Manjra 41,10 9.00 22.17 3T17

Grand Total - 499.28 — ~ 447.26

S.ource - Marathwada 2001, Marathwada Development Council. Aurangabad, Pan - 3, 1988, pp.23-24. Note- The krishna-Godavari Tribunal has allocated only 60 TMC and 22 TMC. of water to Maharashtra State in Godavari and Manjra basin respectively

73 4.3 IRRIGATION DEV ELOPMENT IN fVlARATHWADA

Before Independence, irrigation facilities available in Marathwada region were veiy meagre and the only source of irrigation was wells. Very few minor irrigation tanks were in operation in irrigating some hundred acres. Infiltration galleiy (Khajana Well) near Beed town was a historical source of irrigation which irrigated nearly 200 hectares of land In short, the former Hydrabad State believed that irrigation development was not possible due to non-vailability of dam sites in Marathwada.

Rooty was the first medium irrigation project ever undertaken in 1940 as a famine relief work in Ashti taluka of Six medium projects like Bendsura, Khasapur.

Talwar, Kamli, etc., two bandharas and few minor schemes were investigated and undertaken in the First Five Year Plan When Marathwada region was merged in the

Maharashtra State, only two medium projects were in Beed district having a irrigation potential of 3150 hectares. The sourcewise area irrigated in different parts of the State during 1956-59 is presented in Table 4.3

TABLE 4 3 ; - Area Irrigated by Different Sources in Maharashtra (1956-59). (Area in Percentage)

Sr Region Gross Net Govt Private Tanks Wells Others No. Irriaated Irrigated Canals Canals (old) Sources Area Area (%) /O/ \ ( /o) (%) (%) (%)

1, Western Maharashtra 8 1 82 31 4 1 61 4 2. Konkan 2.2 95 2 24 4 55 15 3 Marathwada 3.1 84 2 - 3 94 1 4. 5.3 100 15 - 67 15 "> -» J Total : - 5.8 87 i"> J 19 52 4

Source : - Maharashtra State In'igation Commission Report, 1962, Table 10, p 248,

74 The Table reveals that the irrigation development was quite uneven in the State as only 3 per cent area was under irrigation in Marathwada and 8 per cent in Western Maharashtra Moreover, well was the principal source of irrigation irrigating about 94 per cent area. The area under canals was only 2 per cent in Marathwada whereas it was 35 per cent in the case of Western Maharashtra

The development of irrigation in the region got momentum only after the re­ organisation of the State in general and from the Third plan in particular In the Second Plan, one major project namely, the Purna, 15 medium projects and few minor works were included besides the spilled projects from the First Plan Manar, Kayadhu and Jayakwadi Stage - [ were undertaken as major projects and 13 as medium projects in the Third Plan

The Purna and Manar projects were completed before the advent of Fourth Plan. But there was a large spill over of medium and major projects from the Third to the Fourth Plan Jayakwadi-State - 11 was taken as a major project in this period Beside few medium projects, major projects like Dudhana, Terna and Upper Penganga, were taken up during the Fifth Pland period The work of Vishnupuri, Lendi and Nandur Madhmeshwar was in the initial stage During the Sixth Five Year Plan, only 3 medium projects have been taken up due to large spill over costs of the ongoing projects Two major projects viz Jayakwadi Stage - I and Manjra, and 9 medium projects were completed Substantial progress has been achieved on the Terna and Vishnupuri projects also

75 In view of the severe financial constraints as well as rising cost of the balance work of the on-going projects, it was extremely difficult to commence new projects during the Seventh Plan However, as removal of backlog in irrigation development was one of the principal objectives during the Seventh Plan, 6 new medium projects were taken up during this plan period. The has been completed while the dam portion of Tema and head-works of Vishnupuri project were completed About 5 medium projects have also been completed in this period

Due to the large spillover costs of the ongoing projects and also severe financial cruch, the number of new projects during the Eighth Plan period has been kept to a minimun The emphasis has been laid on the completion of on-going projects which are in an advanced stage, removal of backlog in irrigation development and extending irrigation facilities to the drought prone areas. The works of major projects like Penganga, Vishnupuri and Dudhana and 4 medium projects are expected to be completed during the Eighth Plan period.

L'ptill now, 4 major, 65 medium, 561 minor projects and 109 lift irrigation schemes were completed and irrigation potential so far created therefrom was 6 7.^ lakh hectares About 224 major, medium and minor projects having ,3 36 lakh hectares irrigation potential are under constniction The irrigation potential of 278 future medium and minor projects to be undertaken is 1 19 lakh hectares In this way, the ultimate irrigation potential of 11.28 lakh hectares would be created by construcfing nearly 124! major, medium and minor projects and lift irrigation schemes in Marathwada region Total number of major, medium and minor projects completed, under construction, to be undertaken and the irrigation potential created/ to be created therefrom is given in Table 4.4.

7G TABLIL4j4 : - [rrigation Projects and Ultimate Irrigation Potential in Marathwada (In lakh hectares)

Sr Projects Projects Irrigation Projects Irrigation Future Future Total Ultimate No. completed potential imdcr potential projects irrigation no. of irrigation created construction to be to be potential projects poleiuial created undertaken to be created

1. Major projects 4 3 53 6 2.27 - 10 5.80 2. Medium Projects 65 1,42 19 0.54 52 0.76 1M, T 7") 3. Minor Projects (Stale and Local le\cl 561 147 199 0.55 226 0.4:^^ 986 2.45 4, Ijft irrigation schemes 109 0.31 - - 109 0 31

Total : - ly) 6.73 224 3.36 27S 1.19 1241 11.28

Source : - .Marathwada 2001, Marathwada Development Corporation, Aurangabad, Part-3, 1988. pp 16-17.

Data regarding the plan-wise expenditure incurred on irrigation development and thereby the creation of irrigation potential in the Marathwada region are presented in Table 4.5

77 lABULii: Plan-wise Expenditure and Irrigation Potential Created

Sr Plan Period Expenditure Irrigation Commulative No. (In crores) Potential Irrigation Created Potential (lakh ha ) (lakh ha.)

1 Pre-Pian period _ 0,03 0,03 2 First plan (195 1-56) - - 0,03 3. Second Plan (1956-61) 5,17 0.09 0,12 4, Third Plan (1961-66) 21,96 0,39 0,51 5. Annual Plans (1966-69 f 73.09 1,72 2,23 6. Fourth Plan (1969-74) < 1 7, Fifth Plan (1974-78) 154,82 1,74 3,95 8 Annual Plans (1978-80f-| 9. Sixth Plan (1980-85) <-^ 262.67 1.45 5,40 10. Seventh Plan (1985-90) 364,00 1.00 6,40 11, Annual Plans (1990-92) - 0.33 6,73

Total : 881 71 6.73

Source : - Marathwada 2001, Marathwada Development Corporation, Vol,!. 1988, pp. 10 and 15.

The State Irrigation Commission (1962) had estimated that about 17 per cent cultivable area can be provided irrigation facilities in Marathwada region According to the latest estimate, nearly 11 28 lakh hectares i.e 24 55 per cent of the total cropped area, can be irrigated by harnessing all the available water resources

As already stated above, irrigation development in Marathwada has taken place only after the merger of the region into the Maharashtra State. Since that a sum of total Rs. 882 crores has been invested in the field of irrigation during the planning period. The Cumulative Irrigation Potential has increased from 0 03 lakh hectares to 6.73 lakh hectares during the period from 1950-51 to 1991-92 It means more than half of the ultimate irrigation potential has already been created and the proportion of area irrigated is around 12 per cent

78 4.4 NECESSirV FOR TAKING UP THE PROJECT

A large population in Marathwada region has been dependent on the rainfed agriculture. Eventhough the raintull in the region is moderate to assured, there are often long dry spells in the monsoon, as a result, kharif crops suffer to a considerable extent Due to the vagaries of monsoon, the producitvity is not only very low but the region has to suffer a lot because of occuring of frequent drought conditions The drought prone area constitutes a major part of the region The moisture held by the soil is certainly not enough for the growth of the rabi crops The cultivation of perennial crops like sugarcane and banana is not possible due to lack of irrigation facilities. Further, the development of agro-based industries like sugar factories, ginning and pressing and also trade and commerce depends upon the development of agriculture which in turn, depend on the development of irrigation facilities

The well-being and the prosperity of the people in the region is closely associated with the development of water resources. Regional disparities in the development and the backwardness of the region can be removed with construction of the major irrigation projects like the Jayakwadi project. Due to above considerations, the Jayakwadi project was taken up in Marathwada region It was, thus, expected that the Jayakwadi project after its completion would contribute substantially in bringing the prosperity in the region by irrigating a large command area.

4.5 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Jayakwadi is the biggest mufti-purpose scheme in the State The project was launched due to allround backwardness of the Marathwada region, meagre irrigation facilities, inadequate and untimely rainfall and the cultivation of perennial cash crops like sugarcane, banana, L.S cotton, etc. Further, as pointed out by the Krishna-Godavari Commission "there should be keen demand for large scale development of w ater resources with which the well being and the prosperity of the region is closely associated •"•

•^q Initially, it was thought that the construction of was not feasible in Marathwada region Ex-Hydrabad State, inwhich the Marathwada was situated, had investigated and examined several alternative dam sites on the for the construction of a irrigation project. It was proposed to construct a resei"voir on the boundary' of Marathwada and with two canals on both the sides of the dam Further, investigations were conducted and two schemes were evolved as under

SCHEME-1 (1) A reservoir near Jayakwadi village in Beed district-nearly 80 kms. downstream of Shahagad bridge with the gross storage of 75,850 mcft (2) A reservoir on the Sindphana river near Majalgaon to augment the supplies (3) A left bank canal starting from the to irrigate the net area of 1,90,000 acres. (4) A right bank canal starting from the jayakwadi dam to irrigate the net area of 2,60,000 acres, duly crossing the Sindphana river. (5) A feeder canal from the Majalgaon dam to supplement the water requirement of the right bank canal

SCHEME-II (1) A reservoir on the Godavari river near Pochamad village, about 3.5 miles upstream of the Sean bridge on Hyderabad- road. (2) A right bank canal to irrigate the net area of about 14,35,000 acres

4.5.1 INVESTIGATIONS BY THE MAHARASHTRA STATE

Due to the reorganisation of the States in , the Marathwada region was merged in the Bombay State. When further investigations were made, it was found that the dam site near Rampuri village was most desirable compared to the Jayakwadi in view of the availability of exposed rock in the river gorge for foundation, possibility of reducing the dead storage and also submergence However, this proposal was

80 uneconomical and dropped after a detailed investigations. Firstly, the soils were mainly deep black cotton soil and cropping pattern proposed with higher delta may create the problem of water-logging in mture The area under heavy perennial crops was restricted on account of the limited portion of good drainable soils The command available under canals was insufficient compared to the availability of water resources

Secondly, the excessive length of the canal, in comparison to the area under command as the canals were aligned on the lower contours Therefore it was advisable to shift a reservoir upstream of Rampuri in order to secure the additional command area under canals.

.After the report of the Krishna - Godavari Commission in l%2. the ideas regarding planning of irrigation projects had changed in respect of dependability lowering to average run-off and delta, to minimum preferably within 0 84 meters. Accordingly, a comprehensive project report to construct a dam above Paithan town, was prepared for the average utilisation of water resources and submitted to C.W P.C. for its sanction

The C VV and PC. did not agree with this proposal. According to the guidelines of the Commission, the Manar and Vishanupuri (Jayakwadi stage-Ill) and Dudhana projects vv'ere separately undertaken The Jayakwadi project was recast for 75 per cent dependable flow Finally, the project was administratively approved by the Commission by the Letter No PIM/ 3 164/103171-IP (Cell), dated: 13-1-1965

4.5.2 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT

The Jayakwadi project comprises following components -

Jayakwadi stage-1 (1) .An earthen dam across Godavari river near Paithan town impounding 2850 Mm3 of gross storage. (2) Cement concrete lined Paithan Left Bank Canal 208 km long, having a carrying

81 capacity of i00.8 cumecs and command the net irrigable area of K4i,640 iiectares. (3) Hydei power house at the foot of the dam with an installed capacity of 12 mw reversible pump turbine unit

Jayakwadi stage-II (1) 132 km long Paithan Right Bank Canal of 53.71 cumecs to command the net irrigable area of 4 i .682 hectares (2) Dam across the river Sindphana upstream of Majalgaon town impounding 453.64 MmS of gross storage. (3) 165km long cement concrete lined iVlajalgaon Right Bank Canal having a carrying capacity of 82 63 cumecs and commanding the net irrigable area of 93,885 hectares

4. 6 SALIENT FEATURES

Purna in is the first major irrigation project ever taken in Marathwada region, while the Jayakwadi is the largest scheme undertaken in Maharashtra State. The actual work on dam was started in 1965 and the main dam was completed in 1974. The project consists two stages covering nine talukas in five districts to irrigate 2,78,000 hectares

The salient features of the Jayakwadi Project are as follows -

SMTENT FEATURES OF JAYAKWADI PROJECT

Sr item Details with unit No.

1 Irrigation System Perennial (Major project) -) Source Godavari River 3. Type of Dam Earthen 4. Type of Head Works Composite Dam 5. Year of Commencement of work (a) Dam 1965 (b) Canal system (i) PLBC 1966

82 (ii) PRBC 1972 6. Completion of work (a) Dam 1974 (b) Canal system (i) PLBC 1985 (ii) PRBC 1987

Yield and Utilisation (a) Catchment area 21750 km./8400 sq. Miles (b) 75% dependable annual gross 5561 Mm' / 196 56TMC. yield (c) 75% dependable yield (excluding U/'S extractions) 2953 Mm'/104.3 TMC (d) Ciross average 2859 Mm'/ 100.90 TMC annual utilisation (ej Percentage of average annual utilisation to net available yield 96.82% Dam and Reservoir (a) Maximum height of Dam 37m/ 120 ft above river bed (b) Length of Dam 10.280 m./33.500 ft. (c) Length of over flow section 422.85 m../ 1367 ft. (d) Quantity of Earth work 12.25 Mm' /459Mcft. (e) Quantity of Masonary work 3..34Mm\'118Mcft. (1) Area under submergence 35,000 Ha. / 86,000 .4cre (g) Total No of affected villages 96 Spillway Gates (a) Number 27 (b) Size 12x79M. (c) Type radial (d) Designed flood 18150 Cumecs (e) Length of spilkvay 417 M./ 1367 ft. Outlets (a) Location Right and Left flank (b) Type Cunduit Type (c) Full supply discharge required (a) LB. Outlet 100 80 Cum/sec (b) R B Outlet 67 20 Cum/sec (d)RL of the Outlet 452,17 M. Sills 1483.50ft 11 Power Generation 12 Megavatt. River Bed Level 432.2 TM. (a)MDD.L 455.64 M. (b) Spillway crest 456.10 M. (c)F.RL. ' 464 02 M

83 (d)H.FL. 465.07 M, (e)T.B.L 468.90 M. (t) Deepest foundation ievei for 4z/. /v ivi. Masonaiy (g) Deepest cut off Trettch/Levei of Earthen Dam 419.92M, i 3 Storage capacity (a) Gross storage 2909,03 Mm' (b) Live storage 2170,93 Mm' (c) Dead storage 738 iOMm' (d) Carry- over 476.06 Mm' (e) Evaporation Losses 612.69 Mm' !4 Canal system Paithan Left Paithan Right Bank Canal Bank Canal (a) Maximum Discharge 100,80 Curnecs 67 20 Cumecs 3560 Cusecs 2J /-I «^ usees (b) Bed/width at head 15.08 M./49.50 ft. 9. MM./30.00 ft. (c) Side Slops i/2 ; 1 2:1 (d) Full supply depth at head 4.10 M./13.50 ft. 3.87 M,/ 12.70 ft. (e) Free Board 0.90M./3.00ft. 0.90 M./3.00 ft. (0 Bed slope i;6666 l;8570 (g) Length 208 km./ 133 \'iiies 132 km./ 89 Miles (h) Losses in main canal 8.2% 8.2% 15 Command Area PLBC PRBC

(a) Gross Command Area 208958 Ha./ 504000 .Acre 59900 Ha../ 148000 Acre (b) Cultural Command Area 183562 Ha./463600 Acre 53910 Ha./ 133217 Acre f c) Irrigable Command Area 141640 Ha./34985i Acre 41682 Ha/ 102954 Acre (d) Total Irrigable Command Area 183322 Ha. / 452805 Acre (e) Irrigation intensity //.50% / /.3U7o (f) Cropping Intensity 102.50% 102.50% lO. Cost of the Scheme (a) Total cost Rs. 3681 lakhs Approval 13-1-1965 (b) Revised cost Rs. 16652 lakhs Approval 4-2-1983 (c) Cost per hectare of cropped area Rs 11760 (d) Benefit cost Ratio (Stage 1 & II) 1.51.

4.6.1 THE CATCHMENT AREA

The storage dam on Godavari is located about 1.61 km upstream of Paithan town in Aurangabad district. The catchment area is 21750 sq. km which lies in

84 % C

•.V > ^v:°

-i

-gg»^^ Aurangabad and districts. The ghat catchment area is 40 per cent and the remaining 60 per cent catchment area is plain

4.6.2 THE PAlTHAiN DAM

It is an earthen dam on the both left and right flank of the Godavari river. The total quantity of earth work is 12.25 !Vlm3 and that of masonai-y work is 0 33 Mm3 The maximum height of the dam above the river bed is 37 meters while the length of the dam is 10280 meters It has 27 spillway gates for discharging the flood The gross storage capachy is 2850 Mm3, while the dead storage and live storage is 681 Mm3 and 2169 Mm3 respectively The area under submergence is about 35000 hectares.

4.6.3 THE CANAL SYSTEM

There are two canals viz the Paithan Left and Right Bank Canal which are lined to avoid seepage and conveyance losses. The length of PLBC is 208 km. and the canying capachy is 100.80 cumecs The irrigable command area is 1,41,640 hectares. There are 3 branch canals and 73 distributories and minors off-taking from the main canal. The PRBC, having 132 km. length and carrying capacity 63 71 cumecs at head, serves a irrigable command area of 41.682 hectares. It also serve as a link canal to carr\' surplus water from Paithan reservoir to Majalgaon dam There are 79 distributories and minors on PRBC

4.6.4 IRRIGABLE COM MAIS D AREA

The irrigable command area is 1,83,322 hectares comprising 141640 hectares on PLBC and 41682 hectares on PRBC Districtwise distribution oi" ICA is given in Table 4 6.

85 TABLE 4.6 - Districtwise Distribution of Irrigable Command Area (Area in hectares)

Sr District / Taluka Paithan Left Paithan Right Total (IC A) No. Bank Canai Bank Canal

1. Aurangabad (a) Paithan 7620 1432 9052 2. Jalna (a) Ambad 31580 — 31580

(b) Partur 5000 — 5000 36580 3. Parbhani (a) Pathri 38900 — 38900 (b) Parbhani 43340 — 43340 (c)Gangakhed 15200 — 15200 9744Q 4 Beed (a) Georai — 24060 24060 (b) Majalgaon 13900 13900

37960

5. Ahmed nagar (a) -- 2290 2290

Total - 141640 41682 183322

4.7 THE RIVER GODAVARl

Godavari is the principal river in the Marathvvada region which rises at Brahmagiri near Trimbakeswar in Nasik district at elevation of 3500 feet It flows across the Deccan Plalea, from the to the Eastern Sea .A_fler flowing for about 1400 km in the south-easterly direction, through Maharashtra and .Andhara Pradesh, it fails into the Bay of Bengal about 100 km below Rajmahendri The river enters in Aurangabad district and separates it from Beed district and flows through Parbhani and Nanded districts before enterinu into the ..

86 The major tributaries of the Godavari river are Darna, Kadvva, Pravara, Vlula, Purna. Dudhana, Manjra. Pengang, Wardha, Waingang, Indravati. Pranhita and Sabri

The Godavari and its tributaries drains the major portion of the Maharashtra. The distribution of the total drainage basin in different States is ^iven below

Sr. State .A.rea (Sq Miles) Lenath Common Boundan' No. Between States Length in Miles

1 Maharashtra 58,754 431 _ 2 Andhra Pradesh 28,263 479 1 &2 360 3. 25,1'^5 - ] &3 486 4, Orissa 6,854 - - - 5 iJOl - 1 & 5 65

i. 20.777

4.8 CLIiMATE AND RAINFALL PATTERN

The entire Godavari basin lies in the tropical zone. The mean annual temperature in Western Ghats is 24"c and increases gradually towards the east up to 29.4"c The climate m Marathwada is generally dn*' throughout the year except in monsoon season.

The Jayakwadi command area lies in the Agro-climatic zone iV-B i e. 'assured rainfall with kharif-cum-rabi cropping" The average rainfall ranged between 726 mm to 957 mm The area receives rains from south-east monsoon. The higher precipitation nearly 80 per cent, is received in the month of June, July, .August and September, while rains are very scanty in rest of the months Monthly rainfall (average of 15 years) at diiTerent places in the command area indicates that the western part of the command i e Paithan, Ambad and Georai talukas, comes under the scarcity zone whereas the eastern part consisting Pathri, Parbhani, etc has assured and higher rainfall.

87 Table 4.7 : - Rainfall Pattern in Jayakvvadi Command Area (In mm )

Sr Month Paithan .Anibad Partur Pathri Parbhani Gangakhed Averaae PRBC Nr . rainfall ] June 118.2 122 2 124.2 96.9 124.8 106.0 115.4 139.7 2 July 142 8 172.3 165.3 218.3 237.4 192.0 188.0 165.1 .1. Auuust 168.7 1854 190.9 222.6 240.0 190.0 199.6 139.7 4 September 185.5 192.2 177.6 178.9 189.1 167.0 181.7 190.7 5. October 50.1 50.6 61.6 81.2 81 4 42.0 61.2 45 7 6, November to Februar\- 40.1 46.9 32.4 32.5 36.8 240 35.4 40.8 7. March to May 20.8 28.9 30.7 15.0 47.9 15.0 26.4 33.0

Total ; - 726.2 798.5 782.7 845.4 957.4 736.0 807.7 754.7

4.9 CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS

Soil survey is essential for efficient management of land and water which include the examination of nature and properties of different type of soils in a particular command area Jayakwadi project is situated in black cotton soils of Marathwada region The pre-irrigation (soil) survey of the command area was completed in 1971 by the Directorate of Irrigation Research and Development.

The soils in the command are generally dark brown, clay to clay loam in texture at the surface and loamy to clay loam at the lower layers These soils are classified as deep black, medium and shallow on the basis of the depth, texture and location They are derived from Deccan trap. Deep black soils are. however, found within the vicinity of banks of Godavari river and its tributaries They are richer, clayey and darker in colour while medium soils are less clayey having more calcium carbonate content 7 he shallow soils are observed near by the hills having light colour and a murum layer as sub-soil The soil classification of the Jayakwadi command area is as under:

88 TAiiLEji 8 : Different Soii Types in jayakwadi Command (Area in hectares)

Sr Soil Type PI.BC PRBC OVERAI.i, No Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent Area Area

1 Shallow Soil 22634 15.98 7840 18.8! 30474 16.62 (0-40 cm.) •7 Medium Soil 42988 30.35 4748 11.39 47736 26.04 (40-250 cm) Deep Soil 760! 8 53.67 29094 69.80 105112 57.34 (250 cm and inorc)

Total : - 141640 100.00 41682 100.00 183322

The majoritv soils at upper reaches of the command in Paithan, Ambad, Georai and Partur talukas are deep and fertile particularly in Godavari valley Medium black and shallow soils also formed a considerable portion of the command area The soils in the northern part of the command area of the project in Parbhani district are mostly light and medium whereas the southern part of Gangakhed taluka has lighter soils The central part, especially Pathri, Parbhani and the valley of Godavari consists medium and deep black soils,

The command area of the project consists mostly deep black and medium soils The proportion of these soils under PLBC is about 84 percent and that of under PRBC, 79 per cent of the total command area The command area of PLBC is distributed into 18th subcatchments spread over three districts The classification of soils in different sub- catechments of PLBC is given in Table 4.9.

89 Table 4.9: Subcatchment-wise Distribution of soils under PLBC

Subcatchment Area Surveyed Per cent Distribution No. (ha) Shallow Soil Medium Soil Deep Soil

1 I 1,917 1.5 2.5 96.0 •y 3.482 16.3 198 63 9 J. 965 - - 100.0 4 4,270 - - 100 0 5. 13.185 8.5 « o 82,6 6. 6,650 19 3 24.7 56,0 7. 5,533 23 4 29 3 47,3 8. 15,472 10.6 16.9 72,5 9 16.463 8.9 20.2 70,9 10. 10,121 16.7 22 2 61,2 1 i 10,043 15.5 21.0 65,5 12. 7,200 12.7 30.2 57,1 13 21,715 13.0 411 45,9 14 6,703 26.6 41.3 32,1 15. 18,943 16,4 31 8 51,8 16 16,334 23.7 32,6 43,7 17, 29,414 20.8 47.4 31,8 18 21,042 19.9 42.5 37.6

1 otal - 2,09,452 16 0 30.4 53,6

It is seen from the Table that the subcatchments in the upper reaches have higher percentage of deep soils and lower percentage of medium and shallow soils than the subcatehments at the lower reaches of the command

4.10 TOPOGRAPHY AND LAND SLOPES

The topography of the land in the command area is generally level and flat, The Godavari river has an average fall of 1 3000 while most of major nalas intercepting the command have slopes of 1:450 to 600. In the crosswise distance from canal to the river, the lands are also normally gently sloping with most of the area having less than 3

90 per cent slope There are ver\' few iands near river banks which are slowly converting into ravines. Few rills and shallow ravines are found near the bank of the Godavari river which are unsuitable for iirigation. The classification of land with regard to percentage slope is uiven in Table 4. ivO

T.ABLE 4.10: Distribution of Lands with Percentage Slope (Area in hectares)

Sr, No. Land slope Percent area PLBC PRBC

1. 0 to 0.6% 31 47531 12921 2. 0,6 to 10% 21 32199 8753 3. 1.0 to 2,0% 34 52131 14]72 4, 2,0 to 3.0% 11 16866 4585 5. 3.0to4.0°-o "> 3067 834 6. 4.0 to 5,0% 1 1533 417

Total 100 153327 41682

It will be seen that the slopes are not exceeding 3 per cent. About 86 per cent area has less than 2 per cent slope Hence, the draining capacity of the land is ver\ poor

4.11 SLRFACE DRAINAGE The natural streams and nalias are essential to remove the excess water drained through soils or by way of surface flow. River Godavari itself forms a major natural drain in the command area in the West-East direction There are 18 major nalias in the command area of PLBC. They are the natural drainage lines referred as sub- catchments. These sub-catchments have a width of about 6 km, at the starting and an average width of 16 to 18 km at the tail end portion The total length of the main nalias in PLBC command is 199 km, and that of in PRBC command is 160 knr

4.12 SIZE OF LAND HOLDINGS

The size of land holding with number of owners in the command area is presented in Table 4 11

91 T/VBLE 4JJ Holdine Pattern in Javakvvadi Command,

Sr Size of holding Area(ha ) Percentage N umber of Owners Percentage No

!. Below 1 Ha .3667 T 5590 13 2. ! to 2 Ha. 10990 6 8170 19 3 2 to 5 Ha 53163 29 13760 32 4. 5 to 10 Ha 51330 28 11180 26 5 Above 10 Ha. 64163 35 4300 10 6. Average land holding 4 5 Ha.

Total : 183322 100 43000 100

The distribution of land holdings reveals that 32 per cent farmers are small and marginal The percentage of medium and large farmers is 32 and 26 repectively, while 10 per cent farmers are very' large iiaving an average land holding more than 10 hectares In general, about 68 per cent farmers are medium and large and 32 per cent farmers are marginal to small

4.13 EXISTING SOURCES OF IRRIGATION The existing sources of irrigation before the project in Jayakwadi command are shown in the Table 4 12 below

LA.BL_EJ: J_2;- Area Irrigated bv Different Sources (Area in hectares)

Sr. Source of Area irr gated Percentage No irrigation

1 Government canal 4150 13.16 2 Private canal - 3. Tanks 816 2 74 4 Welis 26430 83.80 5. Other sources 94 0.30 6. Percentage of irrigated area to total cropped area 1.54

Total ; 3 1540 100.00

92 The irrigated area in the command of Jayakwadi project was only i 54 per cent of the total cropped area This was mainly on account of lack of canal irrigation facilities and costly constmction of wells in deep black soils. The irrigated area on wells was about 84 per cent whereas the area irrigated by government canals and other sources was 13 per cent and 3 per cent respectively.

4.14 LAND IRRIGABILITV CLASSIFICATION Total command area of the project may not be suitable for irrigation on account of the nature of soils, land conditions and other factors. Generally the command area of any irrigation project can be classified into six different land irrigability classes on the basis of the soil survey. These classes are;-

Class-I Lands that have few hmitations for sustained use under irrigation C!ass-II Lands that have moderate limitations for sustained use under irrigation, Class-Ill Lands that have severe limitations for sustained use under irrigation. Ciass-iV Lands that are marginal for sustained use under irrigation, Class-V Lands that are temporarilly classed as not suitable for sustained use under irrigation. Class-\T Lands not suitable for sustained use under irrigation

The Table 4,13 presents the sub-catchmentwise areas of Jayakwadi command under various irriaabilitv classes.

B3 TABLE 4.] 3 - Irrigability Classification for Paithan Left Bank Canal

Subcatchment Total area Per Cent of Irrigability Class No. (ha) I II Ill IV

1 1917 084 O 3483 48.9 20.5 14.2 %5 - - iOO.O 4, 4270 - 24.2 - 5. 13185 5.7 26.2 - 6. 6650 73! 7.5 - 1. 5533 76.5 - - 8. 15472 - - 89.4 9. 16463 - 546 36.3 10. 10121 - 41.2 42.1 n. 10043 - - 845 12. 7200 37.5 - 49.7 13 21715 79 8 - 7.8 14. 6703 28 7 - 44.7 15. 18043 - 31.7 - 16. 16334 - - 109 17. 21413 - 17.8 39.4 18. 21041 - 49.2 30.8

Source : Agricultural Development of Jayakwadi '^('Purna Command Area. MAP, Parbhani- 1986 p 135

4.15 PLANNED SCHEDLLE AND PROGRESS OF THE WORK

As per the project report, it was planned to complete the construction work of Paithan Dam and the PLBC by the year 1971 The actual work on Dam was commenced in 1965 and was completed in 1974 The entire distribution system was programmed to be completed bv 1979-80. However, the entire canal and distribution system of PLBC could complete by the year 1985-86 In respect of PRBC, it was planned to take up the work of main canal including CD. works in 1974 and to complete the same by June 1978 It was also programmed to complete the distribution system by 1980-81 The work of excavation of PRBC was, however, taken up as scarcity relief work during the unprecedent drought of 1972 experienced in Marathwada During these scarcity years,

94 besides the regular labourers, about 54000 additional labourers were employed to complete the work of PLBC and PRBC as early as possible. In the later period, the work of construction of canal and the distribution system was undertaken under the Employment Guarantee Scheme The work of PRBC was mostly completed bv 1985 and that of distribution system, by 1987-88

The work of construction of dam as well as canals and distribution system lagged much behind the planned schedule due to the following reasons -

(1) Initial two years were spent to undertake preliminary work, suiA-eys, preparation of designs, maps, budget estimates, construction of colonies, etc. hence, the actual work had started only in the year 1966-67. By 1970-71, only Rs. 14 crores, out of the planned expenditure of Rs 38 crores (i e 37 per cent), were actually spent on the construction work.

(2) Initially, the work of construction of dam was undertaken through the contractor in 1967 However, the progress of construction work was very slow. Due to the failure of contractor to complete the work as per planned schedule, this contract was cancelled by the Department. The masonar>' work of dam was, therefore, taken up and completed depaitmentally with the existing machinery and resources.

(3) The budgetors' provision made for completing the construction work was often quite inadequate as compared to the requirements.

(4) Even some valuable time was also spent in obtaining the World Bank assistance

4.16 PLANNED POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL CREATED The ultimate irrigation potential of the project is 183322 hectares comprising 141640 hectares from the PLBC and the rest 41682 hectares from the PRBC

95 The full development of the project was assumed to be achieved within 10 vears after completation of the work The yearwise programme of development of irrigation potential was as under -

TABLE_4J_4 - Stages of Creation of Irrigation Potential and Potential Created (Area in hectares)

Sr. No Year Potential to be Created Potential already Created Percent

1 St year 1971-72 9166 _ . 2nd year 1972-73 21999 - - 3rd year !973-74 36664 - - 4th year 1974-75 54997 19250 35.00 5th year 1975-75 73329 24080 32.84 6th year 1976-77 95327 49 i 30 51.54 7th year 1977-78 119159 66290 55.63 8th year 1978-79 135658 88790 65.45 9th year 1979-80 164990 98480 59.69 10th year 1980-81 183322 100680 54.92

It was planned to create potential in 1971-72 but irrigation potential was created only in the year 1974-75. The full development of the project potential was expected by 1980-81. however, the potential created by thai year was about 55 per cent it means the actual creation of potential has not kept pace with the planned programme of creation of irrigation potential and the progress made on this front has continuously been unsatisfactory Delav in creation of irrigation potential was on account of following reasons.-

(i i Construction of water courses was initially left to the irrigators, it was not possible to them to undertake and complete the construction work of water courses due to various problems such as lack of funds, lack of technical knowledge, etc.

(2) As per the Government order, the water courses upto a block of 10 to 12 hectares from Government outlet were constructed by the Irrigation and Power Department and

96 the water courses in the remaining area were constructed by the Agriculture Department This also met with several difficulties due to lack of adequate co-ordination between the Irrigation Department and Agriculture Department

(3) The Construction Organisation oliten failed to complete the construction works of canal and distribution svstem as per schedule Many times, the irrigation potential handover to the Irrigation Management Wing was declared as created on paper but in actual practice, various works were incomplete In consequence, a substantia! time was required to complete the remaining works of construction which was left incomplete by the Constaiction Organisation

(4) As per recommendations of the World Bank in 1976, some fundamental changes and modifications were made in the original project design and plan, due to these changes the completion of work was delayed These changes were as under ; - (a) Lining of branch canals, distributories and minors (.30 liters flow per second i e 1 cusecs). (b) Increase in number of minors and sub-minors due to reduction in area under an outlet from 40 hectares to 20-25 hectares. (c) Increase in the size and width of distributories about double the normal size due to changes in the design of distributories and minors as 7^ 7 waterings instead of earlier 12-2 waterings (di Provision of sevice roads alongwith the distributories (e) Increase in CD Works as per the survey conducted while preparing the actual construction plan

4.17 PLANNED EXPENDITURE AND EXPENDITURE INCURRED ON THE PROJECT The project (Stage-I) administratively approved for Rs 38 1 1 crores m 1965 which comprised Rs 20.05 crores on the construction of Dam and head works and

97 Rs 18.06 crores on the construction of PLBC and distribution system. The approved cost of construction of PRBC was Rs 22 97 crores The cost per acre irrigated cropped area was estimated at Rs 1099 and the benefit-cost ratio was wori^ed out as 2 76 Yearwise programme of expenditure on the construction of dam and canal network is given in the Table 4.15,

TABLEA„L5 ; - Planned Expenditure on Dam and Canal Network (Rs, m Lakhs)

Sta ue-i Stage -11 Year Dam PLBC Total Year PRBC

1974 160,00 1965 156.64 5,00 161,74 1974-75 272,50 1965-66 289,85 275.00 564,85 1975-76 573 00 1966-67 338.71 275,00 613,71 1976-77 714,45 1967-68 285,00 617,83 1077-78 285,93 1968-69 266,38 350,00 616,38 1978-79 107,73 1969-70 244,60 350,00 594,60 1979-80 52,90 1970-71 376,05 265,74 641,79 1980-81 30,65

Total: - 2005,00 1805.74 3810.74 2297,16

As per revised administrative approval in 1983, the approved cost of Stage-I was Rs, 166.52 crores while cost per hectare irrigated area and the benefit-cost ratio worked out to be Rs 11760 and 151 respectively

The actual expenditure incurred on the construction of dam and canal system is yiven m Table 4 16

98 TABLE 4.16 : - Expenditure Incurred on Jayakvvadi Project during Plan Period (Rs. in crores)

Sr Plan jayakwadi Jayakwadi Total No. Stage-] Stage II (PRBC)

1. Third Plan (1961-66) 1.90 _ 1.90 2. Annual Plans (1966-69) 5.09 - 5.09 3. Fourth Plan (1969-74) 43.59 1.64 45.23 4. Fifth Plan (1974-78) 34.41 46.97 5 Annual Plans (1978-80) 20.85 13.89 34.74 6 Sixth Plan (1980-85) 58.98 41,60 100.58 7. Seventh Plan (1985-90) and Annual Plans (1990-92) 47.54 62.41 109.95 8. Eight Plan (1992-95) 24,03 23.57 47,60

Total : - 23639 155.57 392,06

The original approved cost of Jayakwadi Stage-i and Jayakwadi Stage-II (PRBC) was Rs. 38.11 crores and Rs 22.97 crores respectively However, the expenditure actually incurred on Jayakwadi Stage-I upto 1994-95 was Rs. 236.39 crores and that of on Stage- II (PRBC), was Rs. 155.67 crores. It appears that the actual expenditure incurred on the project was considerably higher, nearly 6.5 times, as compared to the planned expenditure. The main reasons for such cost esclation of the project were : -

(1) The construction of dam, canal and distribution system often lagged much behind the planned schedule.

(2) The completion of canal and distribution network was further delayed because of changes and modifications suggested by the World Bank in the original project. As a resuh of World Bank proposal, the construction work of the distribution system has increased considerably.

99 (3) Inadequate budgetor\' provisions resulted in delay in construction/'compietion of distribution network and deveiopment of the command area and therby cost esclation

(4) Inflation and rising price level led to increase in cost of construction Increased wages of labourers under Employment Guarantee Scheme also responsible for cost over-run.

In this respect Robert Wade pointed out that the obvious consequence of the long gestation period is not only increase in the cost of construction and operations well beyond what was planned but there is a risk therefore that firstly, "good money will be thrown after bad. and secondly that, in the interval, the original objectives may be lost sight of' "

4.18 LAND ACQUISITION AND REHABILITATION The submergence area under the Paithan Reser\oir is about 35000 hectares which is about 19 per cent of the ICA Total number of villages atfected due to the project are 96 i.e 50 villages in Aurangabad district and 46 villages in . The rehabilitation and resettlement of oustees in affected villages has been done by the Irrigation Department with the co-operation and co-ordination of Revenue Department, Zilla Parishad, etc. in accordance with the provisions of the Maharashtra Resettlement of Project Displaced Persons Act, 1976, and the rules made thereunder Apart from the compensation for acquired land, the Irrigation Department had taken the responsibility of reselling the displaced by the project and various civic amenities have been provided in new Gaothans established for resettlement of the project atTected persons These amenities include supply of dringking water, roads, drainage, electricity, school building, etc Housing loan was also sanctioned to the displaced persons for construction of their new houses in the plots alioted to them in the resettled villages

Moreover, two lift irrigation schemes viz Tajnapur and Bramhagavhan, have been completed at government cost and handover to the oustees as a special relief measure

100 Further, for the benefits of project affected people, the sanctioned area for lift irrigation schemes is 56000 hectares which is five times more than the normally sanctioned area for lift irrigation schemes on the reservoir

4.19 COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY As a result of the recommandations of the Irrigation commission and the National Commission on Agriculture, special Command Area Development Authorities (CADA) were established during the Fifth Plan for selected major and medium irrigation projects in the countrv' in order to bridge the widening gap between the created potential and its utilisation for optimising agricultural production through efficient management of land and water in the command area

The CAD Authority for the Jayakwadi and Purna projects was set up in 1974 at Aurangabad The Purna CADA was separated in 1983 and shifted to Nanded. Under the Maharashtra Composite Irrigation Project-ill, Government has reorganised the Jayakwadi CADA in 1985 and constituted separate CAD Authorhies at Beed, Parbhani and Parli The total command area of the Jayakwadi project is distributed among ditferent CAD Authorities for proper irrigation management as under:

Sr Name of the PLBC PR EC No C\D\ Jurisdiction Distributor\' Area rha.) Jurisdiction DistributoiA' Area (ha ) (.km.) No. (.km) No

i. CADA. Aurangabad Oto 122 i to 46 47194 Oto 20 1 to iO 3894 2 CADA, Parbhani 122 to 208 47 to 70 94446 - - - 3. CADA. Beed - - 21 to 132 1 1 to 74 37788

Total : - - 141640 - - 41682

The C.ADA has been conducting various promotional and developmental activities in the command such as construction of field channels and water courses and their lining,

101 construction of fieid drains, land shaping and land levelling, other land development works, consolidation of holdings, introduction of a suitable cropping pattern, the optimal use of irrigation water and adoption of RWSS. extension services and educating and training for irrigators as well as officials, creation of infrastructural facilities like adequate and timely supply of inputs, transportation and communication facilities, the construction of godowns and buildings and marketing

In order to develop the command area, the following projects have been undertaken in the command area of Jayakwadi project

Sr. Name of the Period Total cost .A.rea cov ered Remark No. project (Rs. lakhs) (ha.)

! MCIP-I 1978-79 to 1983-84 1779.80 45000 Completed 2 .MClP-II 1979-80 to 1984-85 685.00 11000 Completed 3. MWUP 1983-84 to 1988-89 3094.00 42350 Completed 4. MCIP-III 1986-87 to 1996-97 21263.00 92000 On going

The World Bank has sanctioned financial assistance since 1978-79 to implement these projects. Various activities undertaken in the command area under these projects are construction of water courses and field channels, modernisation of distribution system, land development works like land levelling and shaping, hning of minors, distributories and field channels, conversion of big chucks into small chucks, construction of main drainage and link drains, rural and service roads, extension services, training to statT and farmers, training and visit scheme, development of market yards, etc

REFERENCES

1. Repoit of the Drough Prone Re-Valuation _Committ_e, Revenue and Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra, Bombay, 1987, pp 44 2 Robert Wade, "Performance of Irrigation Projects", Economic and Pohtical Weekly, January, 17, 1976, P,64.

102