DOCSLIB.ORG

Fauna and Subsistence Pattern in the Chalcolithic Culture of Western India, with Special Reference to Inamgaon

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fauna and Subsistence Pattern in the Chalcolithic Culture of Western India, with Special Reference to Inamgaon 737 FAUNA AND SUBSISTENCE PATTERN IN THE CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE OF WESTERN INDIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INAMGAON Seema J. PAWANKAR* and Pappy K. THOMAS* Summary Résumé Zusammenfassung The Chalcolithic culture of western La faune et l'économie de subsistance Fauna und Subsistenz im Chalkolithi­ India, particularly in the state of dans le Chalcolithique de l'Inde occi­ kum Westindiens, mit besonderer Maharashtra, is dated ta c. 2000-700 dentale, en particulier à Inamgaon. Berücksichtigung von lnamgaon. be. A number of Chalcolithic sites like La culture chalcolithique de l'Inde Das Chalkolithikum Westindiens, Daimabad, Nevasa, Apegaon, Chandoli, occidentale, en particulier dans l'état de speziell das des Staates Maharashtra. Inamgaon, Walki, etc. have been exca­ Maharashtra, est datée d'environ 2 000 datiert zwischen 2000 und 700 v. Chr. vated by various institutions. A majority à 700 be. De nombreux sites chalcoli­ Eine Anzahl kupferzeitlicher Siedlungen of these sites are located in the semi­ thiques, tels que Daimabad, Nevasa, >vie Daimabad, Nevasa, Apegaon, Chan­ arid zone with an average annual rain­ Apegaon, Chandoli, Inamgaon, Walki, doli, Inamgaon, Walki etc. ist von ver­ fall ranging from 400 to 1000 mm. The etc., ont été fouillés par différentes insti­ schiedenen Institutionen ausgegraben black cotton soi/ of" this area was per­ tutions. La majorité de ces sites est worden. Ein GrojJteil dieser Siedlungen haps an important factor for the devel­ située dans la wne semi-aride, avec une befindet sich in der semi-ariden Zone opment (~l the early farming communi­ pluviosité annuelle moyenne de 400 à mit einem durchschnittlichen Jahresnie­ ties, which subsisted on farming, l 000 mm. Le sol noir très fertile de cette derschlag von 400-1000 mm. Die gute stock-raising, hunting and fishing. région a peut-être été un facteur impor­ Erde dieser Gegend (black cotton soi/) Animal remains from a majority of the tant pour le développement des pre­ war wahrscheinlich ein wichtiger Fak­ Cha/colithic sites have been studied in mières communautés agricoles. Elles tor für die Entstehung früher Ackerbau­ detail and it appears that cattle is the ont subsisté grâce à l'agriculture, l' éle­ ernkulturen. Diese lebten vom Acker­ predominant animal in this cultural vage, la chasse et la pêche. Les restes bau, der Tierhaltung, der Jagd und dem phase. Probably for an agricultural animaux de la majorité des sites chalco­ Fischfang. Die Tierknochen eines GrojJ­ society the signijïcance of this animal in lithiques ont été étudiés en détail et il teiles der chalkolithischen Sied/ungen the food economy as well as in the agri­ apparaît que le bœuf était l'animal pré­ sind einer eingehenden Untersuchung cultural operations cannot be ruled out. dominant de cette phase culturelle. Il est unterzogen worden. Es scheint, ais ab Inamgaon, a Chalcolithic site in the probable que, pour une société agricole, das Rind in diesem Kulturabschnitt Pune district has revealed Malwa, early l'importance de cet animal dans l' éco­ wichtigstes Tier gewesen ist. Vermutlich Jorwe and late Jorwe cultural phases. nomie alimentaire autant que dans les ist es in einer produzierenden Wirtschaft The faunal material from this site is travaux agricoles ne peut être éliminée. ais Erndhrungsgrundlage und Arbeits­ being studied by the present authors. Inamgaon, site chalcolithique du district tier nicht wegzudenken. Inamgaon, eine lnamgaon has revealed some very inter­ de Pune, a livré des phases culturelles kupferzeitliche Siedlung im Distrikt von esting evidences regarding the subsis­ Malwa, Jonve ancien et Jorwe récent. Pune, erbrachte Schichten der Malwa, tence pattern in the different cultural Le matériel faunique de ce site est étudié frühen Jorwe und spdten Jor>ve Kultur­ phases. As mentioned earlier cattle par les auteurs. Inamgaon a fourni des phase. Die Siedlung erbrachte einige forms a major part in the di et of the peo­ données intéressant /'économie de sub­ sehr interessante Ergebnisse zur Sub­ ple in the Malwa and early Jorwe phas­ sistance des différentes phases cultu­ sistenz der verschiedenen Kulturphasen. es. However, in the late Jonve phase relles. Comme il a été dit plus haut, le Die Rinder stellen in den Phasen Malwa ( 1000-700 be) a greater emphasis has bœuf joue un rôle majeur dans le régime und Früh-Jorwe einen bedeutenden Teil been given ta hunting wild animais to alimentaire des habitants des phases der Erndhrung. ln der Phase Spiit­ substantiate their food economy. This Malwa et Jonve ancien. Cependant, Jorwe ( 1000-700 v. Chr.) wurde bei der variation in the composition of animais dans la phase Jorwe finale ( 1 000-700 Erndhrung jedoch grojJeres Gewicht auf is also reflected in the other cultural be), la chasse aux animaux sauvages die Jagd gelegt. Dieser Unterschied aspects such as dec/ine in farming, the tient une place plus importante dans zeigt sich auch in anderen Aspekten der absence of storage jars, change in the l'économie alimentaire. Cette variation Kultur wie dem Rückgang des Acker­ shape and size of the houses, etc. This dans le spectre faunique se reflète aussi baus, dem Fehlen von VorratsgefdjJen, drastic change around 1000 be at dans d'autes a5pects culturels, comme le der Anderung von Umr(/3 und GrojJe der Inamgaon may have been due ·ta envi- déclin de l'agriculture, /'absence de Hauser etc. Dieser drastische Wandel *Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, Pune-41 /006, lndia. ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA. 1997. N° 25-26 738 ronmental degradation caused by pro­ jarres de stockage, le changement dans um 1000 v. Chr. mag mit einer anthro­ longed human interjerence with nature. la forme et la taille des maisons, etc. Ce pogen bedingten Verschlechterung der changement brutal observé à Inamgaon Umweltbedingungen zusammenhangen. aux alentours de 1 000 be peut être dû à une dégradation environnementale cau­ sée par une interférence humaine pro­ longée avec la nature. Key Words Mots clés Schlüsselworte Maharashtra, Chalcolithic, Animais, Maharashtra, Chalcolithique, Maharashtra, Chalkolithikum, Tiere, Subsistence, Environment. Animaux, Subsistance, Environnement. Subsistenz, Umwelt. Introduction Detailed faunal reports are available only for Inam­ The Deccan trap of the Cretaceous-Eocene age extends gaon, Walki and Kaothe out of the 14 Chalcolithic sites in almost from the southern flanks of the Narmada valley to western Maharashtra (tab. 1). The faunal reports from sites the banks of river Krishna. The dominant soi! type of this like Apegaon, Nevasa, Damdama and Nasik are merely area is the black cotton soi! and the colour is due to the brief accounts of species. From the other sites, the excava­ presence of clay humus, colloidal complex which is formed tion reports mention nothing about the faunal remains by bio-inorganic processes. This is often referred as self except for stray references of animal motives on terracotta ploughing soi!. Western India is a subtropical monsoonic wares, which are of little help for finer archaeozoological region and the rainfall occurs mostly during the southwest interpretations. monsoon. Coastal Maharashtra, western Ghats and south Gujarat receive more than 2000 mm rainfall and are cov­ Subsistence ered with thick deciduous and semi-evergreen forests, while The remains of flora and fauna at archaeological site the plateau of Maharashtra, north Gujarat, Saurashtra and help in reconstructing the past subsistence systems. In Kutch receive rainfall Jess than 1000 mm and are covered addition to the biological and environmental factors, the by thin deciduous and thorny scrub forest (Rajaguru, 1973). subsistence system is often linked with cultural and techno­ The Chalcolithic culture in western India flourished in logical aspects of the prehistoric cultures. In this paper, we the Tapi, Godavari and in the Krishna valleys. Very fertile are more concerned with the role of domestic and wild ani­ black cotton soi! occurs in this region, which may have mais in the food economy of the ancient farmers. The zoo­ attracted the early farmers to settle down in this tract. The lo gical remains in the form of bones, shells, etc. from areas receiving low rains are at present covered with xero­ archaeological sites reveal information about the animais phytic vegetation like bor (Zizyphus jujube), babhul (Aca­ exploited for subsistence. These remains are different from cia arabica wild), chinch (Tamarindus indica), etc. The the natural burials. The animal bones which depict eut concentration of Chalcolithic sites are found mainly in marks, charring, fragmentation due to marrow extraction, western Maharashtra. The beginning of settled life in etc. are clearly different in appearance from those found in Maharashtra can chronologically be placed into four cul­ the natural burials and thus could be attributed to the sub­ tural phases: the Savalda (2200-1800 be), late Harappan sistence activities. Fortunately, such remains have been (1800-1600 be), Malwa (1600-1400 be) and Jorwe (1400- unearthed from a vast majority of protohistoric sites. 700 be), ail based on diagnostic terracotta wares. The domestic animais associated with the early farm­ A large number of Chalcolithic sites are reported from ing communities demonstrate the very sedentary nature of Maharashtra, such as Prakash, Bahal, Kaothe and Tekwada the agriculturalists settlements. A high percentage (more (Tapi valley), Nasik, Jorwe, Daimabad, Nevasa and Ape­ than 70%) of cattle bones in almost ail the sites reveals the gaon (Godavari valley) and Chandoli, Walki, lnamgaon significance of this animal in the food economy. The mani­ and Songaon (Bhima valley) (fig. 1). The Chalcolithic cul­ fold uses of cattle can be the reason for their abundance in ture in this region is characterised by the presence of stone a majority of protohistoric sites in India. For instance, in blades, wheel-made pottery, copper-bronze tools and huts addition to the meat requirement of the inhabitants, cattle with wooden posts (Thomas, 1984). These early farming have also contributed to the agricultural activities as indi­ communities subsisted on farming, animal husbandry, cated by the representation of both young and old animais hunting and fishing.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mobility and Subsistence Strategies: a Case Study of Inamgaon) a Chalcolithic Site in Western India
    Mobility and Subsistence Strategies: A Case Study of Inamgaon) A Chalcolithic Site in Western India SHEENA PANJA ARCHAEOLOGY TODAY deals with being critical of our assumptions; being re­ flexive, relational, and contextual. The conclusions are always flexible and open to change as new relations emerge. It is impossible to approach the data without prejudice and without some general theory, but the aim is to evaluate such gen­ erality in relation to the contextual data. Our own understanding about human behavior acts as a generalization with which to understand the past. Nevertheless, we can agree that the past is objectively organized in contexts that are different from our own. The internal archaeological evidence then forces us to consider whether the past subject we are dealing with is familiar to us or makes us rethink deep-seated presuppositions about the nature of human behavior. The objective component of archaeological data means that the archaeologist can be confronted with a past that is different from the present. It is this guarded objectivity of the material "other" that provides the basis of critique. It is thus a hermeneutical pro­ cedure that involves a dialectical interplay between our own understandings and the forms of life we are seeking to understand. It is an ongoing dialogue between the past and the present in which the outcome resides wholly in neither side but is a product of both (Hodder 1991; Hodder et al. 1995; Wylie 1989). It is with these ideas in mind that this article is aimed to analyze critically certain categories archaeologists use to understand human behavior in a dialectical effort to understand the past.
    [Show full text]
  • Subsistence Strategies and Burial Rituals: Social Practices in the Late Deccan Chalcolithic
    Subsistence Strategies and Burial Rituals: Social Practices in the Late Deccan Chalcolithic TERESA P. RACZEK IN THE SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C., THE RESIDENTS OF THE WESTERN DECCAN region of India practiced an agropastoral lifestyle and buried their infant children in ceramic urns below their house floors. With the coming of the first millennium B.C., the inhabitants of the site of Inamgaon altered their subsistence practices to incorporate more wild meat and fewer grains into their diet. Although daily practices in the form of food procurement changed, infant burial practices remained constant from the Early Jorwe (1400 B.c.-lOOO B.C.) to the Late Jorwe (1000 B.c.-700 B.C.) period. Examining interments together with subsistence strategies firmly situates ideational practices within the fabric of daily life. This paper will explore the relationship between change and continuity in burial and subsistence practices around 1000 B.C. at the previously excavated Cha1colithic site of Inamgaon in the western Deccan (Fig. 1). By considering the act of burial as a moment of social construction that both creates and reflects larger traditions, it is possible to understand how each individual interment affects chronological variability. That burial traditions at Inamgaon were continuously recreated in the face of a changing society suggests that meaningful and significant practices were actively upheld. Burial practices at Inamgaon were both structured and fluid enough to allow room for individual and group expression. The con­ temporaneous variability that occurs in the burial record at Inamgaon may reflect the marking of various aspects of personhood. Burial traditions and the ability and desire of the living to conforITl to them vary over time and it is important to consider the specific social context in which they occur.
    [Show full text]
  • Artical Festivals of Maharashtra
    ARTICAL FESTIVALS OF MAHARASHTRA. Name- CDT. VEDASHREE PRAVEEN THAKUR. Regimental no.- 1 /MAH/ 20 /SW/ N/ 714445. Institution- BHONSALA MILITARY COLLEGE. INTRODUCTION: It is not possible for each and every citizen to visit different states of India to see their culture and traditions. In Maharashtra, almost all kind of religious diversity are found like Gujrat, South India, Paris and many more. Like every state has it’s speciality, similar Maharashtra has too. When we talk about Maharashtra how can we forget about Maharashtrian people. MAHARASHTRIAN CULTURE: Hindu Marathi people celebrate several festivals during the year. These include Gudi Padwa, Ram Navami, Hanuman Jayanti, Narali Pournima, Mangala Gaur, Janmashtami, Ganeshotsav, Kojagiri Purnima, Makar Sankranti, Diwali, Khandoba Festival, Shivaratri and Holi. Maharashtra had huge influence over India under the 17th-century king Shivaji of the Maratha Empire and his concept of Hindavi Swarajya which translates to self-rule of people. It also has a long history of Marathi saints of Varakari religious movement such as Dnyaneshwar , Namdev , Chokhamela, Eknath and Tukaram which forms the one of bases of the culture of Maharashtra or Marathi culture. FAMOUS FESTIVALS OF MAHARASHTRA: 1. NAG PANCHAMI- Nag Panchali is celebrated in the honour of the Snake God Shesha Nag on the fifth day of the holy month of Shravan. 2. GUDI PADWA- Gudi Padwa is a symbol of victory, characterized by a bamboo stick with a silk cloth. It is garlanded with flowers and has sweets offered to it. 3. NARALI POURNIMA- ‘Narali’ means coconut and ‘pournima' is the full- moon day when offerings of coconuts are made to the Sea- God on this day.
    [Show full text]
  • Maize and Stone a Functional Analysis of the Manos and Metates of Santa Rita Corozal, Belize
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2011 Maize And Stone A Functional Analysis Of The Manos And Metates Of Santa Rita Corozal, Belize Lisa Glynns Duffy University of Central Florida Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Duffy, Lisa Glynns, "Maize And Stone A Functional Analysis Of The Manos And Metates Of Santa Rita Corozal, Belize" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1920. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1920 MAIZE AND STONE: A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE MANOS AND METATES OF SANTA RITA COROZAL, BELIZE by LISA GLYNNS DUFFY B.A. University of South Florida, 1988 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2011 ABSTRACT The manos and metates of Santa Rita Corozal, Belize are analyzed to compare traditional maize-grinding types to the overall assemblage. A reciprocal, back-and-forth grinding motion is the most efficient way to process large amounts of maize. However, rotary movements are also associated with some ground stone implements. The number of flat and trough metates and two handed manos are compared to the rotary-motion basin and concave type metates and one-handed manos to determine predominance and distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomadic Pastoralism and Agricultural Modernization
    NOTES AND COMMENTS NOMADIC PASTORALISM AND AGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATION Robert Rice State University ofNew York INTRODUCTION This paper presents a model for the integration of pastoral nomads into nation-states. To this. end, two areas of the world in which pastoral nomadism had been predominent within historic times-Central Asia and West Africa-were examined. Security considerations tended to overshadow economic considerations in the formation of state policy toward nomadic peoples in the two areas. However, a broader trend, involving the expansion of the world economic system can also be discerned. This pattern held constant under both capitalistic and socialistic governments. In recent times, the settlement of pastoral nomads and their integration into national economies has become a hotly debated issue in a number of developing nations. Disasters such as the Sahel drought and famine in the early 1970s have brought world attention on the economic and ecological consequences of nomad­ ism and settlement. Similarly, armed uprisings by nomadic peoples against the governments of Morocco, Ethiopia, the Chad, Iran and Afghanistan have brought the politicalgrievances..0J nomads _ to world attention. This' paper will compare two attempts by modern nation states to transform the traditional economies of nomadic pastoralist Soviet Central Asia and West Africa. In both cases the development policies pursued by the central government sought to change the traditional power relationship within nomad­ ic society, as well as its economic activities. These policies were a natural outgrowth of attempts by the central governments in­ volved to integrate nomadic peoples into the larger world econ­ omy. Two schools of thought have emerged from the debate over the future of nomadic pastoralism.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNEXURE H-2 Notice for Appointment of Regular / Rural Retail Outlet Dealerships Indian Oil Corporation Limited Proposes to Appo
    ANNEXURE H-2 Notice for appointment of Regular / Rural Retail Outlet Dealerships Indian Oil Corporation Limited proposes to appoint Retail Outlet dealers in Maharashtra, as per following details: SL No Name of location Revenue Type of RO Estimated Category Type of Minimum Dimension (in Finance to be Mode of Fixed Securit District monthly Site* M.)/Area of the site (in Sq. M.). arranged by Selection Fee / y Sales * the applicant Minimu Deposi Potential # m Bid t amount 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9a 9b 10 11 12 Regular / MS+HSD in SC CC / DC / Frontage Depth Area Estim Estimat Draw of Rural Kls CFS ated ed fund Lots / work require Bidding SC CC-1 ing d for SC CC-2 capit develo SC PH al pment ST requi of ST CC-1 reme infrastru ST CC-2 nt for cture at ST PH oper RO OBC ation OBC CC-1 of RO OBC CC-2 OBC PH OPEN OPEN CC-1 OPEN CC-2 OPEN PH 1 Neral on Karjat-Neral Road Regular 200 SC CFS 30 30 900 0 0 Draw of 0 3 lots Raigad 2 On Pali Vikramgarh Road Regular 190 SC CFS 30 30 900 0 0 Draw of 0 3 Thane lots 3 Thal to Mandve Regular 150 SC CFS 30 30 900 0 0 Draw of 0 3 Raigad lots 4 Palghar char rasta to Umroli on Boisar Road Regular 250 SC CFS 30 30 900 0 0 Draw of 0 3 Palghar lots 5 Within 10 kms from Saikheda, on Karanjgaon to Regular 120 SC CFS 30 30 900 0 0 Draw of 0 3 Nandurmadmeshwar Road Nashik lots 6 WITHIN 10 KMS FROM MANMAD TOWARDS Regular 100 SC CFS 30 30 900 0 0 Draw of 0 3 NANDGAON ON SH-25 Nashik lots 7 SATURLI ON GHOTI -TRAMBAK ROAD SH-29 Regular 150 SC CFS 30 30 900 0 0 Draw of 0 3 Nashik lots 8 On NH-548A (Karjat-Murbad Road) from Karjat
    [Show full text]
  • Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon List of Senate Members
    KAVAYITRI BAHINABAI CHAUDHARI NORTH MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY, JALGAON LIST OF SENATE MEMBERS List of Senate Members as per provision under Section 28(2) of the Maharashtra Public Universities Act, 2016. a) The Chancellor; Chairperson ; Hon’ble Shri. Bhagat Singh Koshyari, Chancellor, Maharashtra State, Raj Bhavan, Malabar Hill, MUMBAI–400 035. b) The Vice-Chancellor ; Prof. E. Vayunandan, Officiating Vice-Chancellor, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, Dist. Jalgaon- 425001 c) The Pro-Vice Chancellor, if any ; Prof. Bhausaheb Vy ankatrao Pawar , Officiating Pro-Vice Chancellor, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon. Dist. Jalgaon. d) The Deans of Faculties; 1) Prin.Rajendra S. Patil, (Science & Technology) (Acting Dean) PSGVPS’s Arts, Sci. & Commerce College, Shahada 2) Prin. Pradipkumar Premsukh Chhajed, (Commerce & Management) (Acting Dean) M. D. Palesha Commerce College, Dhule. 3) Prin. Pramod Manohar Pawar, (Humanities) (Acting Dean) D.M.E.S.Arts College, Amalner. 4) Prin. Ashok Ramchandra Rane, (Inter-disciplinaryStudies) (Acting Dean) K.C.E’s College of Education, Jalgaon & Physical Education, Jalgaon e) The Director of Board of Examinations and Evaluation ; Prof. Kishor Fakira Pawar, Acting Director, Board of Examinations and Evaluation, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon-425001 Dist. Jalgaon. f) The Finance and Accounts Officer ; Prof. Madhulika Ajay Sonawane , Offg. Financeand Accounts Officer, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon-425001 Dist. Jalgaon. g) The Directors of Sub-campuses of the university ; Not applicable. Page1 h) The Directors, Innovation, Incubation and Linkages ; Not applicable. i) The Director of Higher Education or his nominee not below the rank of Joint Director ; Dr. Dhanraj Raghuram Mane, Director, Higher Education, Maharashtra State, Central Building, PUNE–411 001.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Modern Maharashtra (1818-1920)
    1 1 MAHARASHTRA ON – THE EVE OF BRITISH CONQUEST UNIT STRUCTURE 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Political conditions before the British conquest 1.3 Economic Conditions in Maharashtra before the British Conquest. 1.4 Social Conditions before the British Conquest. 1.5 Summary 1.6 Questions 1.0 OBJECTIVES : 1 To understand Political conditions before the British Conquest. 2 To know armed resistance to the British occupation. 3 To evaluate Economic conditions before British Conquest. 4 To analyse Social conditions before the British Conquest. 5 To examine Cultural conditions before the British Conquest. 1.1 INTRODUCTION : With the discovery of the Sea-routes in the 15th Century the Europeans discovered Sea route to reach the east. The Portuguese, Dutch, French and the English came to India to promote trade and commerce. The English who established the East-India Co. in 1600, gradually consolidated their hold in different parts of India. They had very capable men like Sir. Thomas Roe, Colonel Close, General Smith, Elphinstone, Grant Duff etc . The English shrewdly exploited the disunity among the Indian rulers. They were very diplomatic in their approach. Due to their far sighted policies, the English were able to expand and consolidate their rule in Maharashtra. 2 The Company’s government had trapped most of the Maratha rulers in Subsidiary Alliances and fought three important wars with Marathas over a period of 43 years (1775 -1818). 1.2 POLITICAL CONDITIONS BEFORE THE BRITISH CONQUEST : The Company’s Directors sent Lord Wellesley as the Governor- General of the Company’s territories in India, in 1798.
    [Show full text]
  • Operationalising the Agribusiness Infrastructure Development Investment Program- Phase II
    FINAL REPORT Operationalising the Agribusiness Infrastructure Development Investment Program- Phase II -Maharashtra- April 2010 Prepared by Client: Asian Development Bank OPERATIONALISING THE AGRIBUSINESS INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT PROGRAM- PHASE II FINAL REPORT Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Project outline and intent 1 1.1.1 Value Chain approach 1 1.1.2 Hub and Spoke model 2 1.2 Integrated value Chain Regions 3 1.2.1 Agri‐Marketing and Infrastructure 3 1.2.2 Selection of Regions 3 1.3 Methodology 4 1.4 Structure of the Report 9 Nashik Integrated Value Chain 10 2 Focus crop: Pomegranate 12 2.1 Value chain analysis 13 2.1.1 Trade channel of pomegranate 13 2.1.2 Price build up along the value chain of pomegranate 16 2.2 Infrastructure Assessment 18 2.2.1 Post harvest Infrastructure 18 2.2.2 Marketing Infrastructure 18 2.3 Gaps identified in the value chain 18 2.4 Potential for Intervention 19 3 Focus crop: Grape 20 3.1 Value Chain Analysis 21 3.1.1 Trade channel of Grapes 21 3.1.2 Price build up along the value chain of Grapes 24 3.2 Wineries 25 3.3 Export of Grapes 26 3.4 Infrastructure Assessment 28 3.4.1 Post Harvest/Marketing Infrastructure 28 3.4.2 Institutional Infrastructure 28 3.5 Gaps in the value chain 29 3.6 Proposed Interventions 30 4 Focus Crop: Banana 31 4.1 Value Chain Analysis 33 4.1.1 Existing Post Harvest Infrastructure and Institutional Mechanism 38 4.2 Gaps in the value chain and potential interventions 42 5 Focus crop: Onion 44 5.1 Value chain analysis 45 5.1.1 Trade channel of Onion 45 5.1.2 Price
    [Show full text]
  • Experiential Shaping of Public Space During Pilgrimage: the Alandi-Pandharpur Palkhi
    EXPERIENTIAL SHAPING OF PUBLIC SPACE DURING PILGRIMAGE: THE ALANDI-PANDHARPUR PALKHI PRAJAKTA SANE A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture Postgraduate Board University of New South Wales March 2007 Abstract Space perceived and experienced through movement presents an interesting array of imagery which blends together to form a comprehensive whole. My thesis explores this dimension of spatial complexity through the public ritual of pilgrimage. This profound and deeply significant human activity connects the individual places to form an integrated sacred network. The practice of pilgrimage has developed over centuries across the globe and continues to grow and influence a huge cross section of society to come together and move en-masse towards religious centres and personal enlightenment. Public spaces demand a simultaneous co-existence of people, activities and their setting. The phenomenon of pilgrimage is central to the public realm. Its study involves an intricate layering of beliefs, customs, traditions and religion which collectively govern the people-space relationship. The transformation of a space to a place, from static to dynamic, from passive to active occurs during this activity, maintaining the traditional usage while simultaneously evolving as a product of interaction between people, rituals and spaces. In this thesis, I examine the experiential shaping of space which occurs through pilgrims’ activities and their impacts on the given urban and architectural conditions. The research is based on my study of the Alandi-Pandharpur Pilgrimage in India. It is an outcome of my participation in the ritual as, both, an architect and a pilgrim.
    [Show full text]
  • Maize and Stone: a Functional Analysis of the Manos and Metates of Santa Rita Corozal, Belize
    MAIZE AND STONE: A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE MANOS AND METATES OF SANTA RITA COROZAL, BELIZE by LISA GLYNNS DUFFY B.A. University of South Florida, 1988 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2011 ABSTRACT The manos and metates of Santa Rita Corozal, Belize are analyzed to compare traditional maize-grinding types to the overall assemblage. A reciprocal, back-and-forth grinding motion is the most efficient way to process large amounts of maize. However, rotary movements are also associated with some ground stone implements. The number of flat and trough metates and two handed manos are compared to the rotary-motion basin and concave type metates and one-handed manos to determine predominance and distribution. Flat is the predominant type and, together with the trough type, these grinding stones make up the majority of metates at the site. Manos are highly fragmented, but the two-handed variety is more common among those fragments able to be identified. While this would at first glance support a fully maize dependent subsistence, the presence of two additional non-reciprocal motion metate types and the fact that the trough metates are clustered in one sector of the site suggest that, in addition to maize, significant processing of other foods also occurred in association with these grinding stones. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are numerous individuals who have provided assistance in some form during the course of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Excavation and Analysis of Prehistoric Caribbean Remains: a Bioarchaeological Case Study of a Prehistoric Female from Nevis, West Indies
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2014 The Excavation and Analysis of Prehistoric Caribbean Remains: A Bioarchaeological Case Study of a Prehistoric Female from Nevis, West Indies Chris Keith San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Keith, Chris, "The Excavation and Analysis of Prehistoric Caribbean Remains: A Bioarchaeological Case Study of a Prehistoric Female from Nevis, West Indies" (2014). Master's Theses. 4425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.gr5y-twr2 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4425 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EXCAVATION AND ANALYSIS OF PREHISTORIC CARIBBEAN REMAINS: A BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL CASE STUDY OF A PREHISTORIC FEMALE FROM NEVIS, WEST INDIES A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Chris Keith May 2014 ©2014 Chris Keith ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled THE EXCAVATION AND ANALYSIS OF PREHISTORIC CARIBBEAN REMAINS: A BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL CASE STUDY OF A PREHISTORIC FEMALE FROM NEVIS, WEST INDIES by Chris Keith APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY May 2014 Dr. Marco Meniketti Department of Anthropology Dr Elizabeth Weiss Department of Anthropology Dr. Charlotte Sunseri Department of Anthropology ABSTRACT THE EXCAVATION AND ANALYSIS OF PREHISTORIC CARIBBEAN REMAINS: A BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL CASE STUDY OF A PREHISTORIC FEMALE FROM NEVIS, WEST INDIES By Chris Keith In the summer of 2011, the remains of a 1000 year old indigenous Caribbean woman were discovered buried on a beach near White Bay, Nevis, West Indies.
    [Show full text]