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University of Southampton Research Repository Eprints Soton University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES English Material Morality: Success, Material Culture and the Realist Novel, 1848 to 1883 by Esther Fernandez-Llorente Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2015 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES English Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy MATERIAL MORALITY: SUCCESS, MATERIAL CULTURE AND THE REALIST NOVEL, 1848 TO 1883 Esther Victoria Florence Fernandez-Llorente This thesis explores how the Victorian concept of success – fundamental to Victorians’ understanding of themselves as such – was characterised and problematised by the demonstration of moral worth through material wealth. Critics, including David Trotter, ask ‘under what generic conditions have objects appeared as objects in a literary text?’ (Trotter 2008). I argue that between the 1840s and 1880s it is frequently the reflection of the discourse of success and failure in society, reflected through objects, that gives material things symbolic value within plot and form of realist novels, where success and failure are persistent themes. I analyse gender roles and the circulation of objects to uncover the instabilities of Victorian characterisations of success. Focus within Victorian society on the material qualities of objects and the sense of permanence that they could create led, I argue, to the creation of a Victorian ‘Reality Effect’ (Barthes 1968). Things were emptied of meanings created through their production or circulation in order to signify the moral and material success of their current possessor through an ostensibly uncomplicated materiality which was nonetheless deeply unstable. I suggest that the exhibitionist, performative nature of this culture of success offered a potentially powerful role for middle-class women, which realist novelists challenged on moral and political grounds while making use of its aesthetic. My three chapters trace reflections of this discourse in arenas from the triumphalist ‘public’ sphere of the Great Exhibition to the ostensibly ‘private’ sphere of the home. I evaluate Vanity Fair, Great Expectations, Middlemarch, Daniel Deronda, Villette and The Portrait of a Lady in particular, but allude to other novels to prove the range and depth of the theme, as well as works by Thomas Carlyle, Karl Marx, and John Ruskin. Through their attitude to Victorian material culture, I attempt to see, as Dehn Gilmore puts it, ‘not what but rather how the Victorians saw’ in this culture of intensely moralised display. This reveals the conflicted attitudes of Victorian realist novelists to the culture of success and its role in the moral, economic and social challenges of Victorian culture. Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................... i List of Figures ................................................................................................ v List of Accompanying Materials ................................................................. vii 1.1 Appendix A: Illustrations……………………………… ................................. vii DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ................................................................. ix Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... xi Introduction: Material Morality .................................................................. 1 I: Defining Victorian Success: Conflating the Moral and the Material. .... 3 II: A Period of Success? Dating the Discourse ......................................... 15 III: Where Were the Victorians? ............................................................. 19 IV: ‘Smelling a Little Too Much of the Workshop’: How the Origins of Objects Shape the Discourse of Success and Failure in the Victorian Novel ............................................................................................... 21 V: The Victorian Reality Effect: Critical Approaches to Success and Failure ......................................................................................................... 29 VI: Men and Memorials: Reading and Celebrating Material Success in Victorian Material Culture. ............................................................. 35 VII: ‘The Qualities of Things’: The Impact of Gender on the Victorian Concept of Success. ........................................................................ 45 VIII: Conclusion ........................................................................................ 53 Chapter 1: Forms of Thought: Defining Individual Success ...................... 57 Introduction: Things and Thingummies: The Developing Role of Material Culture in the Victorian Conception of Success ............................. 57 1.1: Material Politics and How to Successfully Avoid Them ................... 62 1.2: Materialising the Language of Success ............................................ 71 i 1.3: Marx’s Coat and Dickens’s Waistcoat: Portable Property and Middle- Class Masculine Success .................................................................. 76 1.4: The Manly Figure of Failure.............................................................. 86 1.5: ‘Too Perfectly the Social Animal’: Signification and Objectification of Women Through the Culture of Success in Victorian Novels ......... 97 1.6: The Culture of Success – and Successful Women. ......................... 118 Chapter 2: The Stuff of Which Nations are Made: Conceptions of Success at the Great Exhibition of 1851 ...................................................... 131 Introduction: Making a Spectacle of Success ........................................ 131 2.1: ‘The Sum of Individual Industry, Energy and Uprightness’: Conflating Individual and National Success in 1851. ...................................... 136 2.2: ‘Superior Classes’: How the Victorian Conception of Success Raised Problems of Class and Gender at the Great Exhibition ................ 149 2.3: ‘All That Is Solid Melts Into Air’: Success and the Vanishing Crystal Palace in Realist Fiction ................................................................. 166 2.4: Writing Around the Exhibition: How the Novel Contends with the Ubiquity of Consumer Culture in the Age of Success ................... 185 Chapter 3: Moving House: Movement of Material Culture Between Public and Private Spheres .................................................................... 201 Introduction: Home from the Great Exhibition: How Objects Reflect Conceptions of Success and Failure Within the Home ................. 201 3.1 ‘Separate Spheres’: Success and Spaces of Performativity ............ 211 3.2: Playing House: Constructing the Culture of Success ..................... 214 3.3: ‘Luminous With Meaning’: How Objects Mean Success in the Victorian Home ............................................................................................. 220 3.4: Premises, Promises and Premiums: Success, Masculinity and the Domesticated Dickens. .................................................................. 240 ii 3.5: Bankruptcy: A Somewhat Singular Hell ......................................... 250 3.6: ‘What Can I Do?’ Economic Failure and Gender Roles Within the Home. ............................................................................................ 264 3.7: What is the Matter With Lucy Snowe? Bankruptcy, Shame and the Characterisation of Failure ........................................................... 273 3.8: Conclusion ...................................................................................... 277 Conclusion. Afterlife: A Century of Success ............................................ 279 Appendices................................................................................................ 289 Appendix A ................................................................................................ 291 Bibliography .............................................................................................. 303 iii List of Figures Figure 1: The Albert Memorial (p.36) ............................................................................................. 291 Figure 2: Foley's Statue of Prince Albert on the Albert Memorial (p.38) ....................................... 291 Figure 3: The Sculpture 'Manufactures' on the Albert Memorial, note the small boy on the right (p.38) ................................................................................................................... 291 Figure 4: Thomas Holloway and his Sanatorium in his Obituary in The Illustrated London News, January 5th 1884 (p.40) .....................................................................................
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