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The Flora of Township Lagoon Nature Reserve and Its Management, Tunbridge, Tasmania

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The Flora of Township Lagoon Nature Reserve and Its Management, Tunbridge, Tasmania Papers and Proceedings o/the Royal Society o.fTasmania, Volume 131, 1997 57 THE FLORA OF TOWNSHIP LAGOON NATURE RESERVE AND ITS MANAGEMENT, TUNBRIDGE, TASMANIA by Andrew Zacharek, L. Gilfedder and S. Harris (with four tables, four text-figures, two plates and an appendix) ZACHAREK, A.R., GILFEDDER, L. & HARRIS, S., 1997 (31 :viii): The flora of Township Lagoon Nature Reserve and its management, Tunbridge, Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 131: 57-66. ISSN 0800-4703. Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-78, Hobart 700 I (AZ); Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment and Land Management, GPO Box A, Hobart 7001 (SH, LG), formerly Department of Geography and Environmental Studies (LG). Township Lagoon Nature Reserve is 16 ha of remnant native grassland in the lowest rainfall area of Tasmania. A high proportion of rare and threatened species occurs within the reserve. They comprise four endangered species, including three endangered at the national level, four vulnerable species and eight rare species, seven of the above being daisies. There is a strong floristic affinity with the semi-arid mallee ground flora in northwestern Victoria and western New South Wales. The small grassland remnant comprises five floristic communities, the principal influences on floristic variation being exerted by soil factors, such as geology, pH and drainage, and past history of mechanical disturbance and rubbish dumping. Active conservation management, that is favourable to the continued existence of vulnerable and rare species, promotes normal ecosystem functions and prevents threatening processes, is essential. Key Words: vegetation, nature reserve, salt lake, weeds, rare and threatened plants, low rainfall flora, Tasmania. INTRODUCTION clitellata Bayly also occur at Township Lagoon (Buckney & Tyler 1976). Township Lagoon Nature Reserve at Tunbridge in the The aims of this study are to produce an inventory of the southern Tasmanian Midlands, is a native grassland and flora, to describe the vegetation communities, to gain grassy woodland remnant dominated mainly by kangaroo understanding of the environmental factors, including the grass (Themeda triandra). An early painting of the Salt Pan role of fire, and to make preliminary recommendations on Plains by Joseph Lycett indicates that the pre-European management of the reserve. vegetation of the area was a treeless grassy plain (Fensham 1989). Township Lagoon Nature Reserve is listed on the Register of the National Estate and also protects one of only MATERIALS AND METHODS four natural salt lakes that occur in Tasmania. Natural grasslands and grassy woodlands were once extensive in the The Study Area lowlands of the Midlands, but today the natural vegetation has been dramatically altered, with only 13% ofthe vegetation Township Lagoon Nature Reserve (fig. 1; pis 1, 2)is an area resembling the original remaining and virtually all of this of approximately 16 ha which was set aside for the expansion privately owned (e .g. F ens ham & Kirkpatrick 1989, G ilfedder of the town of Tunbridge and remained unallocated crown & Kirkpatrick 1995b). The Midlands were arguably the land until the mid-1980s, when its conservation significance birthplace of the agricultural and pastoral industries in was recognised. The area was proclaimed as aN ature Reserve Australia. In Tasmania, grasslands and grassy woodlands are on 25 December 1991. the most threatened vegetation type, with 22 of the 37 The climate of the Tunbridge district is dry subhumid communities described for Tasmania being unprotected in cool (Gentilli 1972), characterised by a long warm season any national park or state reserve (Kirkpatrick et at. 1988). and peak rainfall in the spring and autumn. This is one of There is a high concentration of rare and threatened plant the lowest rainfall areas in the state, with a mean annual taxa in the Midlands (Kirkpatrick et at. 1988, Gilfedder rainfall of 462 mm per annum (table 1). The mean daily 1990), including many species that are not protected in any minimum temperature for the coldest month is 1.1 °C; the other state reserve (Kirkpatrick et al. 1991 a, b). The reserve mean daily maximum temperature for the warmest month has been recognised as an important grassland remnant is 22.6°C (table 1). Annual rainfall for 1990-92 and 1994- (Kirkpatrick et al. 1988; Kirkpatrick et at. 1991a). It is an 96 has been, on average, 430 mm, which is 93% of the important locality for the glossy tussock lizard Pseudemoia long-term average, indicating the unreliability of rainfall pagenstecheri (Rounsevell etal. 1996), the isopod, Haloniscus (fig. 2). searlei (Fulton 1976) and a recently rediscovered moth The reserve is underlain by Tertiary basalt in the elevated (Chrysolarentia decisaria) and rare grasshopper (Brachyxema areas of the reserve. The basalt overlies Triassic sediments lobipermis) (P. McQuillan, pel's. comm.). The area is an which crop out in the lower areas around and to the east important faunal refuge for rare invertebrates. Two of the lagoon. The site is at approximately 200-240 m crustaceans recorded from saline waters on mainlandAustralia elevation. The soils consist of clay and very dark-brown to have their only known Tasmanian occurrences at Township black, duplex clay loam, and are fertile, with moderate to Lagoon (Fulton 1976). They are the isopod Haloniscus high permeability (Davies 1988). searlei Chilton and the ostracod Australocypris robusta De The reserve was leased for stock-grazing until the 1960s Deckker. The water fleas Diacypris sp. nova and Calamoecia and is at present irregularly and lightly grazed. Patches of 58 A. Zacharek, L. Gilfedder and S. Harris \ \ 0 6 I +;~ °1 Of? I 0, I ,I 0,/ ·'0 I °3 I I I I I / °4 I I'~ J I ,-/ I +28 °'0 \ / .... °11 °12 --\...-- 222... 1_ I I °'5 .'3 Township Lagoon 230 I I 220 / +26 I I 1J / • ..- / I 34 °16 l+27 ""- , 3D PLATE 1 ' .... "\ ........ I View looking south with Themeda triandra grassland with " 8 24/ "\ -37 abundant flowering heads of Chrysocephalum apiculatum °17 \ \ at Township Lagoon Nature Reserve, Tunbridge (Dec. 1991). • Puccinel!ia stricta open grassland/herbfield Photo: A. Zacharek. D Cafocept/alus lacleus open grassland o + Latium perenne~Plantago lanceo/afa open grassland • Poa labiflardierei-Dicondra repens tussock grassland o Eucalyptus vimfnalis/E Gvata/E. pauciflora­ Convolvulus erubescens grassy woodland Location of transect Contours in metres 100m 1 FIG. 1 - Township Lagoon Nature Reserve at Tunbridge in the Midlands of Tasmania (42"8 '5, 147"15 'E). PLATE 2 Looking east toward Township Lagoon across Themeda triandra grassland (Dec. 1991). Photo: A. Zacharek. 140 120 100 :2 C 0 E 80 E -S (ii 60 C '(ij a: 40 20 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 FIG. 2 - Mean monthly rainfall at Tunbridge, 1990-March 1997; the long-term monthly average is calculated from Bureau ofMeteorology data covering the period 1912-97. Annual precipitation totals were 443mm (J 990), 421 mm (J 991), 494 mm (J 992), 270 mm (J 994), 413 mm (J 995) and 545 mm (J 996); the 1993 data is incomplete. Monthly precipitation is indicated by bars and the line indicates the long-term monthly average. Flora of Township Lagoon Nature Reserve, Tasmania 59 TABLE 1 Summary of precipitation and rain days for Tunbridge* and temperature data for Rosst Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug 5ep Oct Nov Dec Annual total Tunbridge* total monthly precipitation Mean 43.3 19.5 33.4 39.3 37.2 32.9 41.0 40.7 39.3 40.8 44.2 44.4 461.5 Highest 124 62.0 75.2 94.6 92.0 76.0 103.6 83.8 116.6 73.6 110.8 140.2 633.5 Lowest 4.8 0.0 3.2 5.6 4.2 11.2 11.4 3.8 9.6 13.0 7.6 6.0 269.6 Number 24 23 24 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 22 Tunbridge * raindays Mean 7.8 5.0 7.5 9.5 10.4 11.5 12.9 13.0 11.5 10.9 10.3 9.3 119.8 Highest 12 11 12 17 16 14 20 20 19 22 16 23 138 Lowest 4 0 2 4 5 8 7 3 2 5 4 2 95 Number 24 23 24 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 24 25 22 Ross!' summary of daily temperature Mean daily max. temp. 22.6 22.1 20.3 16.1 13.7 10.9 10.5 11.9 13.0 16.7 18.2 21.7 16.5 Highest temp. 34.6 34.0 28.8 23.2 18.7 15.8 15.7 18.0 19.7 28.8 26.6 33.9 34.6 Lowest Max. temp. 14.4 13.1 12.6 9.9 8.7 5.7 4.3 7.9 7.7 10.1 10.4 13.4 4.3 Mean daily min. temp. 10.2 10.1 7.1 5.6 2.7 1.5 1.1 2.3 2.5 4.9 6.1 8.0 5.2 Highest min temp. 18.9 18.9 14.8 15.8 12.1 12.5 9.6 10.0 10.2 12.4 12.9 17.2 18.9 Lowest temp. 0.5 1.5 -1.6 -4.3 -5.9 -6.6 -6.2 -5.8 -4.2 -3.2 -1.5 -2.5 -6.6 * Cheam (42°0T5, 147"21 'E), elevation 220 m; available data 1972-97. t 42°02'5, 147"30'E, elevation 195 m; data 1993-97. native grassland and grassy woodland in paddocks adjacent soil-testing kit. and to the west, south and north of the reserve are The polythetic divisive classification program contiguous with the grasslands of the nature reserve.
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