Magnetic Insertion Devices for Radiation Sources and Free Lasers List of Contents

Insertion Device Projects from Danfysik • Specialized devices • • Wigglers • Resistive and superconducting devices

Magnetic Design Calculations

Magnetic Field Measurement Instrumentation

Reports at International Conferences

Insertion Device Projects

With 20 insertion devices installed at customers sites Danfysik has The table shows a list of insertion device projects made by Danfysik proved its capability in this highly specialized field of instrumen­ as of January 2014. tation for Synchrotron Light Sources.

The insertion devices profit from our long standing experience in electromagnetic systems, together with our specialized technology used in the design, manufacture, and performance field mapping of analyzing and spectrometer magnets. DEVICE USER PERIOD LENGTH PARK-FIELD TYPE*) STATUS BNL, USA 22 mm 3 m 0.788 T HPM In assembly IN-VACUUM , PSI 19 mm 2.3 m 0.92 T HPM In operation SOLEIL, France 20 mm 2.0 m 0.95 T HPM In operation

CRYOGENIC IN-VACUUM DLS, UK 17.7 mm 2.0 m 1.05 T HPM In operation UNDULATOR

APPLE-II ASP, Melbourne, Australia 75 mm 2.0 m 0.70 T PPM In operation UNDULATOR SSRL 140 mm 2.0 m 1.0 T PPM Installed

DESY, Germany 29 mm 2.0 m HPM In operation

ESRF, Grenoble, France 42 mm 1.7 m PPM In operation

SRRC, Hsinchu, Taiwan 50 mm 3.9 m 0.68 T HPM In operation

ISA, Aarhus, Denmark 55 mm 2.0 m 0.56 T HPM In operation

FOM, The Netherlands 60 mm 2.8 m 0.46 T PPM In operation

NSRC, Thailand 60 mm 2.5 m 0.55 T PPM In operation UNDULATOR SRC, Univ. of Wisconsin, 68.5 mm 3.5 m 0.71 T PPM In operation Madison, USA

FZ-Rossendorf, Germany 100 mm 3.9 m 0.43 T HPM In operation

LURE, Saclay, France 100 mm 2.2 m 0.48 T HPM In operation

Radboud University 110 mm 4.5 m 0.47 T HPM In operation

FOM 65 mm 2.85 m 0.49 T PPM In operation

Swiss Light Source, PSI 61 mm 1.9 m 1.9 T HPM In operation

SSRL, Stanford, USA 175 mm 2.3 m 2.0 T HPM In operation

WIGGLER SSRL, Stanford, USA 230 mm 2.3 m 2.0 T HPM In operation

ISA, Aarhus Denmark 116 mm ~1 m 2.0 T HPM Installed

NSLS-II 100 mm 3.4 m 1.8 T HPM Installed

S.C. COILS MAX-lab, Sweden 61 mm 1.51 m 3.54 T SC In operation

HELICAL ESRF, Grenoble, France 80 mm 1.6 m 0.19 T EMPM In operation UNDULATOR

ELLIPTICAL ELETTRA, Trieste, Italy 212 mm 3.3 m 0.5 T EM In operation

DAΦNE, Frascati, Italy 640 mm 2.1 m 1.8 T EM In operation EM-WIGGLER HZDR 300 mm 2.0 m 0.4 T EM In operation

EM-UNDULATOR SOLEIL, France 640 mm 10.4 m 0.09-0.11 T EM In operation

*) Notation for device type : HPM = hybrid permanent magnet PPM = pure permanent magnet EMPM = combined electromagnetic and permanent magnet EM = electromagnetic SC = superconducting Overview over the types of insertion devices by Danfysik

The insertion devices made by Danfysik are grouped in the fol- Wigglers (section D) lowing four sections and listed in order of increasing period The wiggler is typically a high field and long period device with length within each group. a large K-value. With K>>1 these devices radiate an intense flux over a large angular spread with a broad continuum of radiation Specialized devices (section B) at energies up to the critical energy. The brilliance is, however, In-vacuum undulators have been designed and built for SLS in relative moderated compared to the undulator as the radiation Switzerland (see page B-1) and for Soleil in France (see page B-4). along the device is incoherent due to the relative large opening Due to the need for ultra high vacuum operation our insertion angle in the radiation. The three wigglers made for SSRL, Stan- device production facilities has been upgraded to the required ford are good examples of such devices (pages D-4 to D-9). The clean environment. An APPLE II device has recently been pro- SLS Material Science wiggler (page D-1) is unusual as it allows a duced for ASP (see page B-6). wiggler gap down to just 7.5 mm without the need of the more The design of this device is to some degree based on the ESRF expensive in-vacuum technology. design. One major change compared to the ESRF design is the option of a 4-jaw movement rather than the standard 2-jaw Resistive and superconducting magnets (section E) movement. For these specialized devices the technology transfer Resistive electromagnet technology can be an efficient choice for agreement with ESRF is of great benefit both with respect to long period devices that leave sufficient room for the coils. The design, measurement equipment development and practically pure electromagnet wigglers build for Frascati - DAΦNE (see page experiences. E-4) are good examples. Devices for generation of circular or elliptical polarized light is Undulators (section C) typically made as either pure electromagnet devices (see E-2) or The undulator is characterized by a relatively low K-value (given by combining the permanent magnets based devices for genera- by a product of the magnetic period length and magnetic peak fi- tion of a periodic vertically magnetic field with electromagnetic eld) and very high radiation brightness. The radiation is coherent coils for the generation of a periodic horizontal field. These elec- along the device which result in an energy spectrum consisting of tromagnetic devices have the possibility to allow fast switching peaks with a narrow energy bandwidth. Each peak is a harmonic of the polarization. For fields above 2-3 T it is necessary to use of the fundamental energy, selecting the harmonic or changing superconducting technology (see page E-1). Danfysik has made the gap of the device allows energy selection. a design study concerning a superconducting wiggler with a coil The undulator is a tunable source as the energy of the radiation design similar to the superconducting MAX-lab wiggler but cooled can be changed by opening the magnetic gap (and changing the with cryocoolers rather than liquid helium. used harmonic). To get a large useful energy range a high perfor- mance device is needed such as the SRC undulator (page C-10). POSITION OR RING ENERGY PERIOD GAP LENGTH NUMBERS PEAK USEFUL ENERGY DEVICE SITE TYPE K APPLICATIONS DESIGNATION (GeV) (mm) (mm) (m) OF POLES FIELD (T) RANGE (eV) BNL IXS HPM 3.0 22 7.4 3.0 270 0.788 1.55 9,132 Inelastic x-ray scattering IN-VACUUM SOLEIL PROXIMA-1 HPM 2.75 20 5.5 2.0 196 0.95 1.77 5,000-15,000 Macromolecular crystallography UNDULATOR SLS HPM 2.4 19 5 2.0 194 0.86 1.53 5,000-18,000 –

ASP U75 PPM 3.0 75 16 2.15 50 0.72 5.04 90-2,500 NEXAFS, Photoemission APPLE-II High resolution photoemission SSRL BL05 PPM 3.0 140 13 2.0 29 1.0 13.1 7-150 spectroscopy with variable polarization

ESRF PPM 6.0 42 14 1.7 79 0.645 2.53 – SSRC BL09A HPM 1.5 50 18 3.9 154 0.68 3.2 60-1,500 SGM for spectromicroscopy ISA STRAIGHT 2 HPM 0.6 55 22 2.0 71 0.56 2.87 SGM FOM FELICE PPM 0.02-0.07 60 23.5 2.8 94 0.46 2.6 0.012-0.4 IR-FEL facility NSRC U60 PPM 1.0 60 26 2.5 82 0.55 3 28 - Spectroscopy UNDULATOR Extreme ultraviolet lithography, SRC U2 PPM 0.8 68.5 24 3.5 103 0.71 4.5 7.8-500 Spin-polarized photoemission, Spectroscopy

RADBOUD FEL HPM 0.01 110 24 45 40 0.47 4.8 0.012 – LURE SU8 HPM 0.8 100 39 2.2 43 0.48 4.5 16-900 PES 2 FOM FEL PPM 0.02 65 22 2.8 84 0.49 2.9 0.012-0.4 IR-FEL facility

In-situ surface diffraction, Powder SLS STRAIGHT 4S HPM 2.4 61 7.5 1.9 65 1.9 9.2 5,000-40,000 diffraction Computer microtomo­graphy

SSRL BL11 HPM 3.0 175 16 2.3 26 1.9 32.5 Macromolecular crystallography, XAS

Small Angle X-ray Scattering, XAS, SSRL BL4 HPM 3.0 230 16 2.3 20 2 43.4 WIGGLER EXAFS ISA HPM 0.580 116 12 ~1 12 2.0 21.7 500-1,500 – SSRL BL7 HPM 3.0 230 16 2.3 20 2 43.4 –

Reduce the emittance and intense­ NSLS-II STORAGE RING HPM 3.0 100 15 3.4 68 1.8 16.8 radiation sources for users

EXAFS, X-ray spectroscopy Protein COILS ONLY MAXLAB I811& I911 SC 1.5 60 10.2 1.45 49 3.5 21.2 <30,000 crystallography.

Magnetic properties of materials HELICAL UNDULATOR ESRF ID12 EMPM 6.0 80 16 1.6 37 0.19 1.42 1,400-3,300 (MCD)

32(v) 0.5 (v) MCD in absorption spectroscopy, ELLIPTICAL WIGGLER ELLETRA BL4.2 EM 2.0-2.4 212 18 3.3 5-1,500 31(h) 0.1 (h) X-ray PES, PES from UV to soft X-ray DAФNE – EM 0.51 640 40 2.1 7 1.8 108 – Improve ring damping EM WIGGLER HZDR FEL EM 0.015 300 102 2.5 16 0.40 8 100μm-10mm Source of narrow-band THz radiation CRYOGENIC IN- DLS – HPM 3 17.7 5 2.0 226 1.05 1.7 – – VACUUM UNDULATOR In-Vacuum Hybrid Undulator with 19mm period Customer: SLS, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

A 19 mm period in-vacuum hybrid undulator has been designed Gerhard Ingold at the SLS is pleased with the device commends and build for the Swiss Light Source at PSI in Switzerland. The de- the Danfysik have “built a high performance undulator” and he vice is optimized for use down to 5 mm gap but allows operation considers that it is a particular achievement that the device can down to a gap of 4 mm at a pressure of 2∙10-10 mbar in the vac- be used down to 4 mm gap. The device has been installed at the uum chamber. The hybrid design is made with magnetically soft SLS and works perfectly. iron poles of ARMCO steel that are very cost efficient compared to Vanadium Permendur and the magnetic blocks are made of A clean room with filtered air intake, air lock access with over-

Sm2Co17 because of its high resistively with respect to radiation pressure and temperature control has been built at Danfysik for damage. The poles are 44 mm wide to minimize the field roll-off the handling of in-vacuum devices (see page G-1). and guarantee a conservative 40 mm wide good field region.

Mechanical design of the SLS in-vacuum undulator Specification and performance of the SOLEIL In-Vacuum Undulator

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT CONFIGURATION Hybrid, Asymmetric Hybrid, Asymmetric

PERIOD LENGTH 19 mm 19 mm

GAP RANGE 4.5-40 mm 4-40 mm

MAGNETIC LENGTH OF THE DEVICE <1920 mm 1903 mm

NUMBER OF FULL SIZE POLES 194 194

MAGNET BLOCK MATERIAL NdFeB or Sm2Co17 Sm2Co17 SOFT IRON POLES Low carbon steel ARMCO steel

EFFECTIVE FIELD AT 5 MM GAP (MINIMUM GAP) ≥0.80 T 0.86 T

EFFECTIVE K VALUE ≥1.42 1.53

PHASE ERROR AT ALL GAPS FROM 4.5 TO 16mm ≤2.5° ≤2.2°

MAXIMUM MAGNETIC GAP TAPER FOR 4-20mm GAP ≤2∙10 -4 T ≤2∙10 -4 T

LIMITS FOR THE AVERAGE ON-AXIS ELECTRON TRAJECTORY IN THE FULL GAP:

ELECTRON ANGLE FOR X = 0, Y = 0 ±1∙10 -2 Tm, 12μrad ≤0.4∙10 -2 Tm

ELECTRON ORBIT FOR X = 0, Y = 0 ±1.6∙10 -5 Tm, 2μm ≤1.4∙10 -5 Tm

FOR X = ±1mm, Y = ±0.5mm ±3.2∙10 -5 Tm, 4μm ≤2.1∙10 -5 Tm

INTEGRATED SKEW AND NORMAL MULTIPOLES IN THE FULL GAP RANGE FOR |X| ≤2cm:

QUADRUPOLE <5∙10 -3 T ≤1.7∙10 -3 T

SEXTUPOLE <0.60 T/m ≤0.14 T/m

OCTUPOLE <100 T/m2 ≤9 T/m2

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FIELD INTEGRALS IN THE FULL GAP RANGE:

FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS, 0 ≤|X| ≤1 CM ≤2∙10 -5 Tm ≤2.6∙10 -5 Tm

1 <|X| ≤2 CM ≤5∙10 -5 Tm ≤4.8∙10 -5 Tm

SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS, 0 ≤|X| ≤1 CM ≤1.0∙10 -4 Tm2 ≤0.9∙10 -4 Tm2

1 <|X| ≤2 CM ≤2.5∙10 -4 Tm2 ≤1.9∙10 -4 Tm2 In-Vacuum Hybrid Undulator with 20 mm Period Customer: SOLEIL, France

A 20 mm period in-vacuum hybrid undulator for SOLEIL in France they are only 33 mm wide at the air gap at the expense of a good has been designed and produced by Danfysik. It is optimized for field region that is only 20 mm wide and a significantly higher high peak field with relative large magnet blocks and Vanadium cost of the magnetic array. The benefit is a 11% higher peak field Permendur poles. as compared to the SLS in-vacuum undulator after correction of The pole profile is designed with chamfers on the sides such that the period length difference. Specification and performance of the SOLEIL In-Vacuum Undulator

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT CONFIGURATION Hybrid, Asymmetric Hybrid, Asymmetric

PERIOD LENGTH 20 mm 20 mm

GAP RANGE 5.5 - 30 mm 5.5 - 30 mm

MAGNETIC LENGTH OF THE DEVICE <1920 mm 1903 mm

NUMBER OF FULL SIZE POLES 196 196

MAGNET BLOCK MATERIAL Sm2Co17 RECOMA 225 POLE MATERIAL Vanadium Permendur VACOFLUX 50

PEAK FIELD AT 5 mm GAP – 1.05 T

EFFECTIVE K VALUE AT 5 mm GAP – 1.83

PHASE ERROR AT ALL GAPS ≤2.5° ≤2.6°

LIMITS FOR THE NORMAL AND SKEW INTEGRALS ON-AXIS IN THE FULL GAP:

FIRST INTEGRAL VARIATIONS ON-AXIS (PEAK-TO-PEAK) ≤45•10 -6 Tm ≤35•10 -6 Tm

NORMAL SECOND INTEGRAL VARIATIONS ±0.15•10 -4 Tm2 ±0.20•10 -4 Tm2

ELECTRON ORBIT FOR X = 0, Y = 0 ±0.15•10 -4 Tm2 ±0.11•10 -4 Tm2

INTEGRATED SKEW AND NORMAL MULTIPOLES IN THE FULL GAP RANGE FOR |X| ≤10 mm:

QUADRUPOLE ≤5∙10 -3 T ≤5∙10 -3 T

SEXTUPOLE ≤0.60 T/m ≤0.43 T/m

OCTUPOLE ≤100 T/m2 ≤67 T/m2

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FIELD INTEGRALS IN THE FULL GAP RANGE FOR |X| ≤10 mm:

NORMAL FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS ≤20•10 -6 Tm ≤26•10 -6 Tm

SKEW FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS ≤50•10 -6 Tm ≤48•10 -6 Tm

NORMAL SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS ≤20•10 -4 Tm2 ≤21•10 -4 Tm2

SKEW SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS ≤20•10 -4 Tm2 ≤18•10 -4 Tm2

OUT-OF-BEAM PRESSURE AFTER FIRST BAKE-OUT ≤1•10 -10 mbar 2•10 -9 mbar Cryogenic in-vacuum hybrid Undulator with 17.7 mm Period Customer: Diamond Light Source, United Kingdom

A 17.7 mm period cryogenic in-vacuum hybrid undulator for the By designing the device for use at cryogenic temperatures, Diamond Light Source in England is being built at the moment by we are able to use NdFeB magnet blocks with a high remanence. Danfysik. It is optimized for high peak field with relatively large The benefit is a larger peak field at cryogenic temperatures, magnet blocks and Vanadium Permendur poles. which allows us to decrease the period length to 17.7 mm, in order to obtain an effective K value of 1.7. Specification and performance of the DLS cryogenic in-Vacuum Undulator

SPECIFICATION CONFIGURATION Cryogenic in-vacuum hybrid

PERIOD LENGTH 17.7 mm

GAP RANGE 4 -30 mm

MAGNETIC LENGTH OF THE DEVICE <2050 mm

NUMBER OF FULL SIZE POLES 226

MAGNET BLOCK MATERIAL NdFeB

POLE MATERIAL Vanadium Permendur

PEAK FIELD AT 5 mm GAP 1.7

EFFECTIVE K VALUE AT 5 mm GAP ≤3.5°

INTEGRATED SKEW AND NORMAL MULTIPOLES IN THE FULL GAP RANGE FOR |X| ≤10 mm:

QUADRUPOLE <0.005 T

SEXTUPOLE ≤0.50 T/m

OCTUPOLE ≤50 T/m2

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FIELD INTEGRALS IN THE FULL GAP RANGE FOR |X| ≤10 mm:

NORMAL FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS ≤±5 .10-5 Tm

SKEW FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS ≤±5 .10-5 Tm

NORMAL SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS ≤±1.10-4 Tm2

SKEW SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS ≤±1.10-4 Tm2

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FIELD INTEGRALS IN THE FULL GAP RANGE FOR 10 MM ≤|X| ≤20 mm:

NORMAL FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS ≤±10 .10-5 Tm

SKEW FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS ≤±10 .10-5 Tm

NORMAL SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS ≤±2.10-4 Tm2

SKEW SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS ≤±2.10-4 Tm2 APPLE-II undulator with 75 mm period Customer: Australian Synchrotron Project, Melbourne, Australia

Danfysik A/S has designed and built an Apple-II undulator for the Australian Synchrotron Project including the control system. The magnetic design of both central part of the device and end sections are made using the computer code RADIA. The minimum undulator gap is 16 mm and the maximum gap is 100 mm. With 25 full periods of 75 mm and two end sections the total length of the device is 2.15 meter.

The carriage is of the c-frame type, i.e. it is open at one side. This design is based on the ESRF type of Apple-II but increased in length and modified to allow movement of all four magnetic arrays. The device is made to allow a gap taper of up to 2 mm. The magnetic forces have been evaluated versus gap and phase. Based on these results the carriage is designed such that it can handle the magnetic forces with minimum impact on the device performance. The end section design is optimized to minimize the field integrals at all gaps and phases, using a simulated an- nealing algorithm. A tune shift correction technique developed at the ESRF was used to minimize the interactions with the store electron beam. The specifications and achieved results are given on the next page.

APPLE-II for Stanford Lightsource

Danfysik has designed an Apple-II undulator for the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source (SSRL) at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The insertion device will light up BL 05, which is an upgraded , which is designed for the photon energy of 7 eV circular polarized light up to 150 eV. Parameters for Apple-II undulator

SPECIFICATION CONFIGURATION PPM Apple-II type

PERIOD LENGTH 140 mm

GAP RANGE 13 - 150 mm

NUMBER OF FULL SIZE POLES 29

MAGNET BLOCK MATERIAL SmCo

MINIMUM PHOTON ENERGY

HORIZONTAL POLARIZED MODE 7.07 eV

HELICAL MODE 6.79 eV

VERTICAL POLARIZED MODE 6.45 eV

0.5 T/M

INTEGRATED SKEW AND NORMAL MULTIPOLES FOR |X| <25 mm

QUADRUPOLE 50.10-4 T

SEXTUPOLE 0.75 T/m

OCTUPOLE 40 T/m2

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FIELD INTEGRALS FOR |X| <25 MM

NORMAL FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS (100+5.|X|)10-6 Tm X in mm

SKEW FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS (4 0+7.5.|X|)10 -6 Tm X in mm

NORMAL SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS (1.5+0.1.|X|)10-4 Tm2 X in mm

SKEW SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS (0.5+0.1.|X|)10-4 Tm2 X in mm

U29 XFEL Prototype Undulator Customer: DESY, Germany

Danfysik was awarded the contract for one of the XFEL prototype undulators for the European X-ray laser project (XFEL). The preliminary design was made by DESY, and further optimized by Danfysik. During production and assembly further potential improvements was identified, which are described in a thorough industrial study report that is an essential part of the project. The industrial study will thoroughly describe where it will be favor- able to continue the effort to optimize the design, both with regard to better performance but also to reduce the cost of the devices.

The device is a hybrid undulator, with a minimum gap of 9.5 mm and a period of 29 mm. The novelty of this device, consists of the adjustable poles. The poles can be adjusted vertically, and rotated around the beam axis, for easy trajectory shimming. This capability, together with high quality magnets from the supplier eases magnet mounting and trajectory shimming 42 mm Pure Permanent Undulator Customer: ESRF, Grenoble, France

A Halbach type undulator constructed entirely of permanent been designed to meet these limits for any gap without use of magnets has been delivered to ESRF, Grenoble. Stringent limits correction coils. To satisfy the specifications we used multipole have been set on the integrated multipoles and the spectrum and spectrum shimming according to the principles outlined in the quality to minimize the interaction with the stored beam and report “Undulator and Wiggler Shimming” by Joel Chavanne and maximize the photon fl ux. The extremities of the undulator have Pascal Elleaume, ESRF.

SPECIFICATION UNDULATOR TYPE Pure Permanent Magnet

UNDULATOR PERIOD 42 mm

MINIMUM GAP 14 mm

LENGTH OF UNDULATOR 1675 mm

AVERAGE PEAK FIELD AT MIN. GAP AND T= 20 °C >0.645 T

MAXIMUM K-VALUE 2.53

NUMBER OF POLES 79

TRANSVERSE FIELD UNIFORMITY AT MINIMUM GAP

PEAK FIELD DROP AT X = 5 mm <0.005 T

X = 10 mm <0.03 T

X = 20 mm <0.15 T

LIMITS ON INTEGRATED NORMAL AND SKEW MULTIPOLE COMPONENTS FOR ALL GAP SIZES

DIPOLE <40∙10 -6 Tm

QUADRUPOLE <3∙10 -3 T

SEXTUPOLE <0.15 T/m

OCTUPOLE <8 T/m2

SPECTRUM QUALITY AT MINIMUM GAP FOR A MONOENERGETIC FILAMENT ELECTRON BEAM

HARMONIC # 5 >90%

9 >75%

15 >50%

The spectrum quality for a given harmonics is defined as the ratio between the intensity the real undulator and the intensity of an undulator with a perfect sinusoidal field and the same number of poles and the same peak field. 50 mm Hybrid Undulator Customer: SSRC, Hsinchu, Taiwan

A hybrid undulator has been produced for the SRRC in Taiwan. The specifications called for a very high magnetic field, low higher order Fourier components in the mag- netic field, and small transverse roll-off. 50 mm Hybrid Type Undulator

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT UNDULATOR TYPE Hybrid Hybrid

UNDULATOR PERIOD 50 mm (49.92±0.12)mm

GAP RANGE 14 - 230 mm 14 - 230 mm

LENGTH OF UNDULATOR <3900 mm <3900 mm

AVERAGE PEAK FIELD AT 18 mm GAP AND T = 24 °C >0.641 T 0.678 T

NUMBER OF FULL STRENGTH POLES 152 152

TRANSVERSE ROLL-OFF AT X = ±10 MM AND 14 MM GAP <0.1% <0.1%

B(n=3)/B(n=1) AT 14 mm GAP <2% 1.04%

LIMITS ON INTEGRATED NORMAL AND SKEW MULTIPOLE COMPONENTS FOR ALL GAP SIZES:

DIPOLE <5∙10 -5 Tm ≤3.0∙10 -5 Tm

QUADRUPOLE <5∙10 -3 T ≤3.6∙10 -3 T

SEXTUPOLE <1 T/m ≤0.37 T/m

OCTUPOLE <300 T/m2 ≤21 T/m2

SECOND INTEGRAL <5∙10 -4 Tm2 ≤8∙10-5 Tm2

SPECTRUM QUALITY AT MINIMUM GAP FOR A MONO-ENERGETIC FILAMENT ELECTRON BEAM WITH K≥0.1 AT ALL GAPS

HARMONIC # 1 RELATIVE TO A PERFECT DEVICE >80% ~100%

3 >80% ≥94.5% Mechanical layout of the 50 mm MechanicalSSRC undulator layout of the 50 mm SSRC undulator

C-5 55 mm Hybrid Type Undulator Customer: ISA, Aarhus, Denmark

A hybrid undulator for production of synchrotron light in the VUV The extremities of the undulator are designed to be able to meet spectral region has been produced for the ASTRID storage ring. these limits at all values of the undulator gap without the use The design is characterized by a rather wide area of homogenous of correction coils. Furthermore, requirements were placed on field and stringent limits are set on the integrated multipoles to the spectrum quality to extend the useful spectral range of the reduce the interaction with the stored beam. undulator.

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT UNDULATOR TYPE Hybrid Hybrid

UNDULATOR PERIOD 50 mm (55.07 ±0.12) mm

MINIMUM GAP 22 mm 22 mm

LENGTH OF UNDULATOR <2000 mm 1980 mm

AVERAGE PEAK FIELD AT MIN. GAP AND T= 20 °C >0.505 T 0.558 T

MAXIMUM K-VALUE 2.59 2.87

NUMBER OF FULL SIZE POLES 69 69

TOTAL NUMBER OF POLES 71 71

PEAK FIELD DROP AT MINIMUM GAP FOR X = 5 mm <0.005 T 0.004 T

LIMITS ON INTEGRATED NORMAL AND SKEW MULTIPOLE COMPONENTS FOR ALL GAP SIZES WITHOUT THE USE OF CORRECTION COILS:

DIPOLE <40∙10 -6 Tm ≤10∙10-6 Tm

QUADRUPOLE <3∙10 -3 T ≤0.8∙10 -3 T

SEXTUPOLE <0.15 T/m ≤0.08 T/m

OCTUPOLE <8 T/m2 ≤2 T/m2

SPECTRUM QUALITY AT MINIMUM GAP FOR A MONO-ENERGETIC FILAMENT ELECTRON BEAM:

HARMONIC # 5 >90% 92%

9 >75% 75%

15 >50% 58%

The spectrum quality for a given harmonics is defined as the ratio between the intensity the real undulator and the intensity of an undulator with a perfect sinusoidal field and the same number of poles and the same peak field. Hybrid type undulator complete with computer controlled carriage (ESRF standard) PPM undulator with 60 mm period Customer: FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

A quasi-periodic undulator has been built for the FOM-Institute RADIA calculations of a full length model device were used to to be used for the intra cavity UV-FEL experiment, FELIX. The optimize the quasi-periodic design. The device was first build as device is based on a standard PPM design which is converted a traditional undulator and then converted into a quasi-periodic into a quasi-periodic device by introducing a setback of selected device by introducing the setback of pre-selected magnets. The magnets. The purpose is to shift the higher harmonics of the magnetic performance of the resulting device is in excellent radiation spectra such that it is mainly the 1.harmonic which is agreement with theoretical calculations with high suppression of refl ected from the cavity mirrors and contributes to the FEL the 3. and 5. harmonics at the expense of only 14% fl ux reduc- process. The girder and the magnetic array is split in to parts to tion on the 1.harmonic (see paper at the end of this booklet). If allow the introduction of a small gap step taper to allow work on needed the device can be converted back into a periodic device harmonic gain enhancement. with very little effort.

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT UNDULATOR PERIOD 60 mm 60 mm

GAP RANGE 23.5 - 90 mm 23.5 - 90 mm

LENGTH OF UNDULATOR - 2.83 m

K-VALUE (PERIODIC DEVICE) ≥2.5 2.6

NUMBER OF PERIODS 46 46

1. HARM. REDUCED TO ≥70% ≥86%

3. HARM. REDUCED TO ≤12.5% 7.0%

5. HARM. REDUCED TO ≤12.5% 5.5%

FIELD ROLL-OFF, X=±3 mm ≤0.2% 0.13%

FIELD INTEGRALS ON-AXIS ≤100•10-6 Tm ≤13•10 -6 Tm

SECOND INTEGRAL ON-AXIS ≤1•10 -4 Tm2 ≤0.68•10 -4 Tm2 PPM undulator with 60 mm period Customer: NSRC, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

A conventional PPM undulator been built for NSRC at the Siam guarantee a low field-roll in the horizontally transverse plane. Photon Laboratory in Thailand with a length of 2.5 meter and a The device is delivered as a complete turnkey project with a PLC period of 60 mm. The device is build with very wide magnets to based control system.

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT UNDULATOR PERIOD 60 mm 60 mm

GAP RANGE 26 - 200 mm 26 - 200 mm

LENGTH OF UNDULATOR ≤2.5 m 2.5 m

NUMBER OF PERIODS 40 40

PEAK FIELD AT 26 mm GAP - 0.55 T

PHOTON ENERGY FOR 1 GEV AT 26 mm GAP ≤28 eV 27.3 GeV

FIELD ROLL-OFF, X=±5 mm AT 26 mm GAP ≤0.1% 0.08%

PHASE ERROR AT ALL GAPS ≤6° ≤3.8°

FIRST INTEGRAL ON-AXIS AT ALL GAPS ≤100•10-6 Tm ≤8•10 -6 Tm

SECOND INTEGRAL ON-AXIS AT ALL GAPS ≤10•10-4 Tm2 ≤8.3•10 -4 Tm2

QUADRUPOLE AT ALL GAPS FOR |X|≤20 mm ≤50•10 -4 T ≤7•10 -4 T ≤7•10 -4 T

SEXTUPOLE AT ALL GAPS FOR |X|≤20 mm ≤1 T/m ≤0.09 T/m

OCTUPOLE AT ALL GAPS FOR |X|≤20 mm ≤100 T/m2 ≤16 T/m2 68.3 mm PPM Undulator Customer: SRC, Wisconsin, USA

A Pure Permanent Magnet (PPM) undulator with 68.3 mm period photon phase angle error below 2.1° is needed. For the delivered has been designed and built for the University of Wisconsin- undulator the phase angle error varies between 1.15° at 24 mm Madison. The specifications called for minimum 90% of the ideal gap and 1.76° at 71 mm gap. fl ux up to the 9th harmonic at all gaps. To obtain this, a RMS 68.3 mm Pure Permanent Magnet Undulator

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT CONFIGURATION Hybrid or PPM PPM, symmetric

PERIOD LENGTH ≤69 mm 68.28 mm

MINIMUM GAP 24 mm 24 mm

MAXIMUM GAP 200 mm 200 mm

LENGTH OF MAGNET ASSEMBLIES ≤3520 mm 3520 mm

NUMBER OF FULL SIZE POLES ≥100 101

TOTAL NUMBER OF POLES 103

MAGNET BLOCK MATERIAL:

VERTICAL BLOCKS UGIMAG 43A2

HORIZONTAL BLOCKS UGIMAG 38KC2

MAGNET FLUX DENSITY AT MINIMUM GAP:

PEAK FLUX DENSITY 0.711 T

EFFECTIVE FLUX DENSITY 0.716 T

EFFECTIVE K 4.55

MINIMUM PHOTON ENERGY FOR 0.8 GEV ELECTRON AT MINIMUM GAP:

MINIMUM PHOTON ENERGY ≤7.8 eV 7.83 eV

TRANSVERSE ROLL-OFF AT X = ±3 MM:

MINIMUM GAP 0.05%

K = 0.5 ≤0.15% 0.14%

LIMITS ON INTEGRATED NORMAL AND SKEW MULTIPOLE COMPONENTS FOR ALL GAP SIZES:

DIPOLE <100 ∙ 10-6 Tm ≤92 ∙ 10-6 Tm

QUADRUPOLE, NORMAL <6.7 ∙ 10-3 T ≤2.7 ∙ 10-3 T

QUADRUPOLE, SKREW <1.0 ∙ 10-3 T ≤0.97 ∙ 10-3 T

SEXTUPOLE <2.5 T/m ≤0.18 T/m

OCTUPOLE <250 T/m2 ≤150 T/m2

SECOND INTEGRAL <250 ∙ 10-6 Tm2 ≤77 ∙ 10-6 Tm2

ORBIT WALK:

HORIZONTAL POSITION ≤50 μm <30 μm

VERTICAL POSITION ≤10 μm <6 μm

HORIZONTAL ANGLE ≤40 μm <9 μm

VERTICAL ANGLE ≤10 μm <2 μm

The phase angle error varies between 1.15° at 24 mm gap and 1.76° at 71 mm gap. Mechanical layout of the 68.3 mm SRC undulator A B C D E F G H APPROX. 4T APPROX. CAD-SOFTWARE Mass: 12 Material 2 Material 1 Mass A2 A4-80 A4-80 A4-80 A2 A4-80 Steel A4 Linear Tolerance: Tolerance: Angular Material: 3.5M PLANAR UNDULATOR 11212.007.C TAPERED CARRIAGE TAPERED LAYOUT CARRIAGE Surface Treatment: Surface Machining: 1:10 4 13 1 A

2 3 Scale: Type: CAD File Ident.No.: by Replaced

Max. 203.7 Size: Description: No.: Drawing Min. 24.0 Min. Price Standard/Supplier 2 Standard/Supplier Standard/Supplier 1 Standard/Supplier Newark ISO 8735 - 5 x 20 -A M 42 DIN 580 ISO 7380 - M4x8 ISO 4762 - M8x25 ISO 4762 - M6x20 ISO 4762 - M5x12 ISO 4762 - M4x40 ISO 4762 - M4x16 ISO 4762 - M4x12 Tehalit RO-Components RS-Components RS-Components RS-Components RS-Components RS-Components Weidmüller Weidmüller Rital 11212.112 11212.103 11212.094 11212.089 11212.088 11212.087 11212.086 11212.085 11212.095 11212.023 11212.010 11212.009 11212.008 ISO 7045 - M3x6 RS-Components Lucas Schaevitz Lucas Name: MP MP 11 Dimensions without indication: tolerance ISO 2768 SRC 11212-23 Date: 21.04.1999 34 Order No.: Order Eng. Proj. App. Des. by Drawn Projection: Customer: ID Number Cable aTray, 3m 1.25" x 3/4", 9 m 3m 1.25" x 3/4", aTray, Cable Pin Parallel Bolt Lifting Eye SocketHexagon Head Botton Screw SocketHexagon Screw Head Cap SocketHexagon Screw Head Cap SocketHexagon Screw Head Cap SocketHexagon Screw Head Cap SocketHexagon Screw Head Cap SocketHexagon Screw Head Cap l=580 TS35, Electrical rail, Open Sides Tray, Cable M3 Anchor Cable P/N 619-294 Blinds, Tray Cable P/N 605-374 "T", Flat Tray Cable P/N 605-425 Angle, Flat Tray Cable P/N 605-318 Coupling, Tray Cable P/N 605-273 Mini Tray, Cable WDU 2.5 Blocks, Terminal WDU 1.5 Blocks, Terminal KL 1534 Connection Box, Coil End Correction Cover Encoder Bracket Inclinometer Carriage Bas Plate Leviling Lower Plate Leveling Upper Base Plate Leveling Plate Leveling Screw Adjustment Plate Leveling Rail Alignment Magnet Assembly With Compensation Girders Guide System System Drive Pozi Cross Recessed Raised Recessed Head Cross Screw Cheese Pozi P/N 605-469 External Angle, Tray Cable Description 2 Description 1 23 1 2 2 88 8 4 3 9 8 2 2 2.1m 6 2 4 8 4 24m 39 64 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 9 1 1 1 1 6 8 1 Quantity 22 702.5 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 11212-007-B 10 Parts List Name Parts 21 DANFYSIK 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Pos DK-4040 Jyllinge, Denmark DK-4040 Jyllinge, [email protected] e-mail: +45 4678 8150 Phone: +45 4673 1551 Fax: Important: This document contains informations contains document This which is the property A/S of DANFYSIK in It you to is submitted Denmark. it will not be disclosed that confidence others or used for to or transmitted manufacturing without DANFYSIK's in writingauthorization 20 19 MP M. Pedersen M. M. Pedersen M. Name Name 18 5 BEAM AXIS 9 9 33 24 28 8 8

A A

DRIVER MOTOR 2 MOTOR MOTOR 2 MOTOR FILTER Trim Coil 4 added Coil Trim CORRECTION COILS ADDED COILS CORRECTION Revision 2nd.line Revision 2nd.line 8 08.29.2000 27.12.1999 27.12.1999 Date Date 37 EXE 4 EXE 2 1110 # # C B A 7 7 7 25 300 29 32 10 6 11 1940 2560 3504 9 CONNECTION BOX CONNECTION 36 6 6 31 30 1250 15 1110 14 EXE 3 EXE 1 16

27

17

BEAM AXIS DRIVER

MOTOR 1 MOTOR 5 5 BRAKES PS 26 MOTOR 2 MOTOR FILTER (28) 375 35 12 4 4 241 1 3 3 BEAM AXIS 733

668

RIGHT LEFT 896.2 FREE SPACE FOR UNDULATOR ACCORDING TO SPEC. TO ACCORDING FOR UNDULATOR FREE SPACE 258 SECTION A - 2 2

Min. 482.0 Max. 571.85 1240 2281 1 1

A B C D E F G H DS/ISO 5457 DS/ISO Hybrid undulator with 100 mm period Customer: FZ-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany

A hybrid undulator has been built for IR-FEL applications at FZR. wide magnets to guarantee a low field-roll in the horizontally The undulator could have been build as an electromagnetic device transverse plane. The required trajectory straightness within but the PPM undulator had a higher performance while still being ±1mm for a 20 MeV electron beam (second field integral below the most cost effective choice. The undulator is 4 meter long 0.7•10-4 Tm2) was fulfilled at all gaps without use with a period length of 100 mm. The device is build with relative of correction coils.

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT UNDULATOR PERIOD 100 mm 100 mm

GAP RANGE 24 - 150 mm 24 - 150 mm

LENGTH OF UNDULATOR - 4.0 m

PEAK FIELD AT 24 mm GAP ≥0.41 0.43 T

KRMS VALUE AT 24 mm GAP ≥2.7 2.8

NUMBER OF PERIODS 38

PEAK FIELD VARIATION AT MIN GAP ≤0.5% ≤0.27%

FIELD ROLL-OFF, X=±10 mm AT 24 mm GAP ≤0.3% 0.1%

FIELD ROLL-OFF, X=±10 mm AT 34 mm GAP ≤0.5% 0.4%

FIELD INTEGRALS ON-AXIS UP TO 70 mm GAP ≤11•10 -6 Tm

SECOND INTEGRAL ON-AXIS UP TO 70 mm GAP ≤0.7•10 -4 Tm2 ≤0.5•10 -4 Tm2 100 mm Hybrid Undulator Customer: LURE, Orsay, France

A hybrid undulator has been designed and built for the SU8 beamline at the 800 MeV Super-ACO storage ring at LURE in Orsay, France. The poles are made of low carbon steel. The undulator has been multipole and spectrum shimmed to meet the tight specifications. 100 mm Hybrid Type Undulator

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT UNDULATOR TYPE Hybrid Hybrid

UNDULATOR PERIOD 100 mm (99.97 ±0.13) mm

GAP RANGE 39-230 mm 39-280 mm

LENGTH OF MAGNET ASSEMBLIES <2200 mm 2155 mm

AVERAGE PEAK FIELD AT MIN. GAP AND T = 20 °C >0.45 T 0.479 T

NUMBER OF FULL SIZE POLES 41 41

TOTAL NUMBER OF POLES 43 43

TRANSVERSE ROLL-OFF AT MINIMUM GAP:

Δ B/B AT X = ±10 mm <2% 1.3%

Δ B/B AT X = ±20 mm <8% 7.8%

LIMITS ON INTEGRATED NORMAL AND SKEW MULTIPOLE COMPONENTS AT ANY GAP WITHOUT USE OF CORRECTION COILS:

DIPOLE <40∙10 -6 Tm <30∙10 -6 Tm

QUADRUPOLE <3∙10 -3 T <1∙10 -3 T

SEXTUPOLE <0.15 T/m <0.05 T/m

OCTUPOLE <8 T/m2 <2 T/m2

SPECTRUM QUALITY AT ANY GAP FOR A MONO-ENERGETIC FILAMENT ELECTRON BEAM:

HARMONICS # 5 RELATIVE TO THE FLUX FROM A PERFECT DEVICE >90% >84%

9 >75% >73%

15 >50% >69%

RMS PHASE ANGLE ERROR, POLE 3 TO POLE 41 0.6° at 39 mm gap

3.9° at 70 mm gap Mechanical layout of the 100 mm Mechanicalundulator layout of for the 100 LURE mm undulator for LURE

C-16 Undulator for THz free electron laser with 110 mm Period Customer: Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands

A hybrid undulator has been designed for an infrared free elec- timized to provide a focusing of the electron beam in the wiggling tron laser, at Radboud University Nijmegen. The hybrid solution dimension, while traversing the undulator. The device is designed was chosen as it has proven to be a quite cost-effective solution with wide magnets, to provide a wide magnetic good-field area. which offers some design fl exibility. The pole shape has been op-

SPECIFICATION UNDULATOR PERIOD 110 mm

GAP RANGE 24-100 mm

PEAK FIELD AT 24 mm GAP 0.47 T

KRMS VALUE AT 24 mm GAP 3.4

NUMBER OF PERIODS 40

FIELD ROLLOFF AT 24 mm GAP mm 1% field increase at ±10

FIELD INTEGRALS

24-75 mm GAP 0.4.10-5 Tm

75-100 GAP 0.7.10 -5 Tm

SECOND INTEGRALS

24-50 mm GAP 0.5.10-4 Tm2

50-75 mm GAP 0.7.10 -4 Tm2

75-100 mm GAP 0.9.10-4 Tm2 Undulator for FOM Institute for Plasma Physics, Rijnhuizen

Danfysik has been awarded the contract for an undulator, for the FELIX infrared user facility. The design calls for a low beam walk, as well as a low peak-field ripple for FEL performance.

Undulator for FOM Institute for Plasma Physics, Rijnhuizen

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT GURATION PPM

PERIOD LENGTH 65 mm

GAP RANGE 22-90 mm

NUMBER OF FULL-SIZE POLES 84

MAGNET BLOCK MATERIAL SmCo

KMAX @ 22 mm GAP 2.9

PEAK FIELD RIPPLE 0.3%

BEAM WALK 0.5 times wiggle amplitude (gap <50 mm)

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FIELD INTEGRALS FOR |X| <3 mm

NORMAL FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS 5.10-5 Tm

SKEW FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS 5.10-5 Tm

NORMAL SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS 1.10-4 Tm2

SKEW SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS 1.10-4 Tm2 61 mm Hybrid Wiggler Customer: SLS, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

A 61 mm period high field hybrid wiggler for the Swiss Light achieved without going to the more expensive in-vacuum devic- Source at PSI in Switzerland has been buildt at Danfysik. This es. The magnetic shimming of the wiggler was very challenging wiggler is unusual as it is a high field hybrid with a low minimum due to strong magnetic interactions between the magnets. gap of just 7.5 mm. The device has been installed at SLS with a This effect was particularly pronounced as a result of the small vacuum chamber that initial allows a wiggler gap down to about minimum gap. 11 mm. This vacuum chamber is later to be replaced with one that allows a gap of 7.5 mm. Thus a relative small gap can be 61 mm Hybrid Type Wiggler

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT WIGGLER TYPE Hybrid, asymmetric Hybrid, asymmetric

WIGGLER PERIOD 60.66 mm

MINIMUM GAP 7.5 mm 7.5 mm

MAXIMUM GAP 200 mm 200 mm

LENGTH OF THE WIGGLER <2000 mm 1983 mm

NUMBER OF FULL SIZE POLES 62

TOTAL NUMBER OF POLES 64

AVERAGE PEAK FIELD AT MINIMUM GAP >1.90 T 1.92 T

EFFECTIVE FIELD >1.63 T 1.65 T

KMAX <12 10.87

TRANSVERSE FIELD ROLL-OFF AT X = ±5 mm ≤0.1% <0.09%

MAGNET BLOCK AND POLE MATERIALS:

MAIN MAGNET VACODYM 655 TP

SIDE MAGNET VACODYM 521 TP

POLE VACOFLUX 50

INTEGRATED MULTIPOLES IN THE FULL GAP RANGE FROM 7.5 TO 200 mm:

QUADRUPOLE, NORMAL AND SKEW <5∙10 -3 T ≤4.9∙10 -3 T

SEXTUPOLE, NORMAL <0.6 T/m ≤0.51 T/m

SEXTUPOLE, SKEW <0.6 T/m ≤0.78 T/m

OCTUPOLE, NORMAL AND SKEW <100 T/m2 ≤72 T/m HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FIELD INTEGRALS IN THE FULL GAP RANGE AT THE FIVE (X,Y) POSITIONS (0,0), (0,-2), (0,2), (5,0), (-5,0) WHERE X IS THE TRANSVERSE AND Y THE VERTICAL POSITION: FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS, NO USE OF CORRECTION <1.0∙10 -4 Tm <0.94∙10 -4 Tm

USE OF CORRECTION COILS <0.3∙10-4 Tm <0.22∙10 -4 Tm

SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS, NO USE OF CORRECTION <5.0∙10 -4 Tm2 <2.6∙10 -4 Tm2

USE OF CORRECTION COILS <0.2∙10 -4 Tm2 <0.3∙10-4 Tm2

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FIELD INTEGRALS VARIATIONS WITH X AT 7.5, 11, 15, 20 AND 200 MM GAP:

FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS |X| ≤4 mm ≤0.3∙10-4 Tm ≤0.3∙10-4 Tm

4 <|X| ≤10 mm ≤1.0∙10 -4 Tm ≤0.8∙10 -4 Tm

10 <|X| ≤20 mm ≤2.0∙10 -4 Tm ≤1.8∙10 -4 Tm

SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS |X| ≤4 mm ≤0.2∙10 -4 Tm2 ≤0.4∙10 -4 Tm2

4 <|X| ≤10 mm ≤1.0∙10 -4 Tm2 ≤1.5∙10 -4 Tm2

10 <|X| ≤20 mm ≤2.0∙10 -4 Tm2 ≤3.0∙10 -4 Tm2 Mechanical layout of the 61 mm MechanicalSLS wiggler layout of the 61 mm SLS wiggler DANFYSI K

D-3 175 mm Hybrid Wiggler Customer: SSRL, Stanford, USA

A high field wiggler has been designed and built for the SPEAR the extremities have been designed to minimize the second beam line 11 at SSRL, Stanford University. The specification calls field integral and eliminate the need to use correction coils at for the wiggler to produce a nearly constant 10 keV fl ux over an the minimum gap. Special care has also been taken to reduce the angular fan width of ±3 mrad at 3 GeV electron energy to drive demagnetizing fields in the permanent magnet blocks. two beam lines simultaneously. This requires a design with wide field maxima and unusually long poles. The wiggler is asymmetric, 175 mm Hybrid Type Wiggler

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT WIGGLER TYPE Hybrid Hybrid

WIGGLER PERIOD 175 mm 175.1 mm

GAP RANGE 16-170 mm 16-170 mm

LENGTH OF THE WIGGLER <2330 mm 2310

NUMBER OF FULL SIZE POLES 24 24

TOTAL NUMBER OF POLES 26 26

AVERAGE PEAK FIELD AT MINIMUM GAP >1.90T 1.99T (poles 3-24)

1.91T (poles 2+25)

PEAK FIELD FOR END POLES AT MINIMUM GAP >0.8T 1.30 T

PEAK FIELD FALL-OFF AT ±3MRAD PHOTON ANGLE <11% 9% (poles 3-24)

10% (poles 2+25)

TRANSVERSE ROLL-OFF AT MINIMUM GAP <2% at x=±10 mm 1.3% at x=±12 mm

Field integrals and integrated multipoles at minimum gap without use of the correction coils:

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT DIPOLE, NORMAL <0.1∙10 -3 Tm 0.023∙10-3 Tm

SKEW <0.1∙10 -3 Tm 0.017∙10 -3 Tm

QUADRUPOLE, NORMAL <5∙10 -3 T 0.3∙10-3 T

SKEW <5∙10 -3 T -0.4∙10 -3 T

SEXTUPOLE, NORMAL <1 T/m -0.4 T/m

SKEW <1 T/m -0.1 T/m

OCTUPOLE, NORMAL <150 T/m2 -70 T/m2

SKEW <150 T/m2 120 T/m2

SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS:

VERTICAL <1∙10 -3 Tm2 0.24∙10 -3 Tm2

HORIZONTAL <1∙10 -3 Tm2 0.51∙10 -3 Tm2 Mechanical layout of the 175 mm

MechanicalSSRL wiggler layout of the 175 mm SSRL wiggler

D-6 Two 230 mm Hybrid Wigglers Customer: SSRL, Stanford, USA

Two high field wigglers have been designed for the SPEAR beam- simultaneously. This requires a design with wide field lines 4 and 7 at SSRL, Stanford University. The specification calls maxima and unusually long poles. The wigglers are asymmetric, for the wigglers to produce a nearly constant fl ux over an angu- the extremities have been designed to minimize the second lar fan width of ±6 mrad at 3 GeV electron energy to drive two field integral and eliminate the need to use correction coils at the minimum gap. Special care has also been taken to reduce the demagnetizing fields in the permanent magnet blocks. Two 230 mm Hybrid Type Wigglers

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT WIGGLER TYPE Hybrid Hybrid

WIGGLER PERIOD 230 mm 230.1 mm

GAP RANGE 16-170 mm 16-170 mm

LENGTH OF THE WIGGLER <2335 mm 2315 mm

NUMBER OF FULL SIZE POLES 18 18

TOTAL NUMBER OF POLES 20 20

AVERAGE PEAK FIELD AT MINIMUM GAP ≥1.7 T 2.02 T

PEAK FIELD FOR END POLES AT MINIMUM GAP >0.8 T 1.2 T

PEAK FIELD FALL-OFF AT ±6 MRAD PHOTON ANGLE <10% ≤8%

TRANSVERSE FIELD ROLL-OFF IN THE FULL GAP RANGE FROM 16 TO 170 mm FOR |X| ≤2.5 cm :

1. DERIVATIVE ∂B/∂X ≤(1+ 1.5 |x|) T/m ≤82% of spec

2. DERIVATIVE ∂²B/∂X² ≤(1.22+2|x|) T/m2 ≤91% of spec

INTEGRATED MULTIPOLES IN THE FULL GAP RANGE FROM 16 TO 170 mm:

QUADRUPOLE, NORMAL <5∙10 -3 T ≤4.2∙10 -3 T (BL4)

≤1.4∙10 -3 T (BL7)

SKEW <5∙10 -3 T ≤6.6∙10-3 T (BL4)

≤4.5∙10 -3 T (BL7)

SEXTUPOLE, NORMAL <1 T/m <0.3 T/m

SKEW <1 T/m <0.3 T/m

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FIELD INTEGRALS IN THE FULL GAP RANGE (X IS THE TRANSVERSE POSITION IN cm):

FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS (|X| ≤2.5 CM) ≤(1+1.5|x|)∙10-4 Tm ≤60% of spec

SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS (|X| ≤2.5 CM) ≤(1+1.5|x|)∙10-3 Tm2 ≤40% of spec

DERIVATIVE OF FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS (|X| ≤2.5CM) ≤( 2 + 3|x|)∙10-2 T ≤35% of spec Mechanical layout of the 230 mm SSRL wigglers A B C D E F G H J K L M RE WA 5T toCAD M 2000 CAD-SOFT Au Mass: lerance: lerance: To To 16 Linear Angular Y UT WIGGLERS YO : terial Ma .: eatment: Tr BL4 & BL 7 MAIN ASSEMBL WIGGLER LA 11931.057.B ace Machining: ace .: pe : Su rf Su rf Ty 1: 5 le Fi : A 0 Size Scale: Description: Replaced by Ident.No Drawing No CAD : Name : MP MP : 15 Dimensions withou t tolerance indication ISO 2768 SSR L 11931-11 0 Date 06.21.2001 : .: p. tion : Ap . En g. s. stomer ojec oj Order No Pr Cu Pr De Drawn by d r IK A/ S fo IK's SI K ax:+45 4673 1551 rmations F NF YS dk NF YS k .d k k. DA DA g ty of .danfysi Denmar e, ANFY : is submitted to you in D It uring without k. tant -4040 Jylling mail: danfysik@danfysik 14 Phone:+45 4678 8150 e- DK Homepage: www 14 Impor Denmar con dence that it will not be disclose This document contains info which is the proper or transmitted to others used manufa ct authorization in writin 13 13 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 MP MP Name 2 2 d e 1 1 iducial brackets adde General updat F Revision Date 12.05.200 1 06.27.200 1 # B A A B C D E F G H J K M L Multipole wiggler for Astrid-2 Customer: Astrid-2 University of Aarhus, Denmark

A multipole wiggler has been designed for a new synchrotron facility in Aarhus, called Astrid-2. The wiggler is designed to operate at 12 mm gap with a 2.0 T field. It is designed to deliver photons in the spectral region of 0.5-1.5 keV, for 580 MeV elec- trons. In addition, the poles are designed to produce a magnetic field in excess of 1.90 T over a distance of 5.5- 7.5 mm.

SPECIFICATION UNDULATOR PERIOD 116 mm

GAP RANGE 12-300 mm

PEAK FIELD AT 12 MM GAP 2.0 T

K VALUE AT 12 MM GAP 21.7

NUMBER OF PERIODS 6

FIELD ROLLOFF AT 12 MM GAP FOR X<5 mm 0.1%

FIELD ROLLOFF AT 12 MM GAP FOR X<20 mm 1%

FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS WITHOUT CORRECTION COILS: 12-30 mm GAP

PEAK FIELD FOR END POLES AT MINIMUM GAP <±10-4 Tm X <5 mm

PEAK FIELD FALL-OFF AT ±3MRAD PHOTON ANGLE <±2.10-4 Tm X <20 mm

SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS WITHOUT CORRECTION COILS: 12-30 mm GAP

TRANSVERSE ROLL-OFF AT MINIMUM GAP <±10-3 Tm2 X <5 mm

<±2.10-3 Tm2 X <20 mm

FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS WITH CORRECTION COILS

<±0.3.10-4 Tm X <5 mm

<±0.6.10-4 Tm X <20 mm

SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS WITH CORRECTION COILS

<±0.3.10-3 Tm2 X <5 mm

<±0.6.10-3 Tm2 X <20 mm Moveable Gap Damping Wigglers for NSLS-II

Danfysik has designed the damping wigglers for the NSLS-2 The minimum wiggler gap is 15 mm gap, and the magnetic perfor- synchrotron light source at Brookhaven National Laboratories. mance is most critical at this gap. We have designed the wiggler Damping wigglers are used to reduce the emittance by factors such that the magnetic interactions at intermediate gaps are of 2-4, as well as for intense radiation sources for users. reduced. Moveable Gap Damping Wigglers for NSLS-II

SPECIFICATION CONFIGURATION Hybrid

PERIOD LENGTH 100 mm

PEAK FIELD 1.8 T

GAP RANGE 15-150 mm

NUMBER OF FULL-SIZE POLES 68

MAGNET BLOCK MATERIAL NdFeB

POLE MATERIAL VANADIUM PERMENDUR Vanadium Permendur

INTEGRATED SKEW AND NORMAL MULTIPOLES FOR |X| <15 mm

QUADRUPOLE 50.10-4 T

SEXTUPOLE 0.5 T/m

OCTUPOLE 50 T/M2 50 T/m2

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FIELD INTEGRALS FOR |X| <15 mm

NORMAL FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS 5.10-5 Tm

SKEW FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS 3.10-5 Tm

NORMAL SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS 1.10-4 Tm2

SKEW SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS 0.5.10-4 Tm2 Superconducting coils for the MAX-Wigglers Customer: MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden

The superconducting coils for the new MAX-Lab Wiggler, with been built by MAX-Lab. The wiggler has successfully been cooled a peak field of 3.5 T, have been made at Danfysik. The coils are to 4.2 K and operated with a stored beam with a peak field of 3.5 cooled by a liquid helium bath at 4.2 Kelvin. First an initial proto- T. We have made coils for the prototype wiggler and for a type project was tested with success. A full size wiggler has now total of three full scale wigglers.

The main parameters of the MAX wiggler are: Period length : 61 mm Wiggler gap : 10.2 mm Length of magnet assemblies : 1.51 m Number of full size poles : 47 Total number of poles : 49 Peak field : : 3.54 T Electromagnetic Wiggler for Circularly Polarised Radiation Customer: ELETTRA, Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy

At the third generation synchrotron light source ELETTRA a new pole sets, is made with laminated yokes, produced from 0.35mm insertion device has been installed at the end of 1998. The de- thick electrical-steel to allow 100Hz operation. The yoke con- vice, built by DANFYSIK A/S, is an electromagnet which generates struction was made with very narrow mechanical tolerances. horizontal and vertical field components which vary periodically The pole coils were made of OFHC hollow copper conductor, along the axis of the magnet, in order to create an elliptical mo- and vacuum impregnated in radiation resistant epoxy resin. tion of the electron beam that passes through it. In this way, a unique source of circularly polarized radiation is produced. Main parameters The magnet which have 32 vertical pole sets and 62 horizontal Period length 212 m and total length 3.3 m. Mechanical layout of the electromagnetic wiggler for ELETTRA Mechanical layout of the electromagnetic wiggler for ELETTRA

E-3 Wiggler Magnets for Frascati - DAФNE Customer: ELETTRA, Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy

Danfysik has built nine Wiggler Magnets for INFN. The Wiggler • Design and construction of the magnetic circuit made of high Magnets are inserted in the DAФNE Main Storage Rings to im- quality soft magnetic steel, machined and assembled to ex- prove radiation damping. tremely tight mechanical tolerances. • Construction of magnet coils with very narrow mechanical The design and construction work of the magnets includes the tolerances due to strict space limitations. following demanding tasks: • Design, manufacture, and assembly of the complex water and • FEM design calculations on the heavy loaded aluminum support power distribution system, made for very high structure of the magnetic circuit, and measurements of actual • current density in the coils. deflection on the completed magnet.

Parameter List for the DAФNE Wigglers Ten “Full Pole” Resistance Nominal Field : 1.8 T (series connected and @ 60 °C) : 406 mΩ Magnetic Period Length : 640 mm Four “Half Pole” Resistance Number of Periods : 3 (series connected and @ 60 °C) : 131 mΩ Magnet Gap (at pole center) : 40 mm Ten “Full Pole” Inductance : 94 mH Turns per Pole : 80 turns Four “Half Pole” Inductance : 22 mH Conductor Size : 7x7 mm2 Ten “Full Pole” Voltage : 285 V Coolant Hole Diameter : 4 mm Four “Half Pole” Voltage : 92 V Nominal Current Density : 18.69 A/mm2 Ten “Full Pole” Power : 200 kW Nominal Current : 702 A Four “Half Pole” Power : 64.5 kW Mechanical layout of the Frascati-DAФNE Wigglers HU640 Electromagnetic Elliptical Undulator Customer: SOLEIL Synchrotron, Paris, France

Danfysik A/S has built a 10.4 m elliptical electromagnetic undulator respect to each other by a quarter of a period along the longitu- with a 640 mm period based on a design by SOLEIL. The undulator dinal direction. As the magnetic field of this undulator is created is made with a fixed-gap for use in the VUV-range, delivering light without use of iron, the field quality is dominated by the accuracy between 5 eV and 40 eV. of the coil winding. All coils of a type therefore have to be identical within narrow tolerances, and also their accurate position in the The horizontal and vertical field components are produced by undulator is essential for the performance of the device. The field three sets of coils in a special arrangement, allowing production of strength of each coil was measured at Danfysik for the sorting of all kinds of light polarization on a fixed gap girder structure. The coils on the device. The magnetic measurements and phase shim- horizontal magnetic field is produced by one set of special double ming of the final device was performed by Soleil. coils while the vertical field is produced by the combination of two sets of coils. These two sets of vertical field coils are shifted with

SPECIFICATION AS BUILT UNDULATOR TYPE EM EM

GAP RANGE Fixed Fixed

PERIOD LENGTH 640 mm 640 mm

MAGNET FLUX DENSITY:

PEAK VERTICAL FLUX DENSITY 0.11 T ≥0.11 T

PEAK HORIZONTAL FLUX DENSITY 0.09 T ≥0.09 T

PHASE ERROR ≤4 ≤2.7

FIELD INTEGRALS ON-AXIS (X=0)

NORMAL AND SKEW FIRST INTEGRALS ≤20∙10 -6 Tm ≤40∙10 -6 Tm

NORMAL AND SKEW SECOND INTEGRALS ≤2.8∙10 -4 Tm2 ≤4.6∙10 -4 Tm2 Superconducting coils for the MAX-Wigglers Customer: MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden

Danfysik is in the process of designing a 300 mm fixed electro- magnet wiggler for Helmholz Center Dresden-Rossendorf. The wiggler will serve as a source of narrow-band THz radiation, in the 100 μm to 10 mm wavelength range. It will be operated with electron beams of 15 MeV to 40 MeV beam energy, and beam currents up to 1.6 mA. As the ends are independently powered, the wiggler is designed with 5 different power supplies, to allow foraccurate tuning of the electron trajectory.

SPECIFICATION CONFIGURATION Electromagnetic wiggler

PERIOD LENGTH (MM) 300 mm

PEAK FIELD 0.40 T

GAP RANGE (MM) 102 mm

NUMBER OF FULL-SIZE POLES 16

MAGNET POLE MATERIAL XC06

CURRENT IN MAIN COILS 625 A

CURRENT IN FIRST END COILS 200 A

CURRENT IN SECOND END COILS 225 A

INTEGRATED SKEW AND NORMAL MULTIPOLES FOR |X| <15 mm

QUADRUPOLE –

SEXTUPOLE –

OCTUPOLE –

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL FIELD INTEGRALS FOR |X| = 0

NORMAL FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS 5.10-5 Tm

SKEW FIRST FIELD INTEGRALS 5.10-5 Tm

NORMAL SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS 0.05.10-4 T m2

SKEW SECOND FIELD INTEGRALS 0.05.10-4 T m2 Magnetic design calculations

The design for the central part and the extremities are mostly done using the 3D computer code RADIA developed at the ESRF. A quarter period of a wiggler design is shown below.

The end section is designed using RADIA in order to minimize the field integrals. The de-magnetizing fields are calculated using the OPERA-3D software with the use of TOSCA. An example of TOSCA model of the center section of a wiggler and a map of the de-magnetizing fields on the surface of the main magnetic block are below show. Magnetic Field Measurement Instrumentation

A magnetic field measurement system for insertion devices has The new clean room facility was made in 2003 for the handling of been built at Danfysik. It consists of a Hall probe bench with a in-vacuum devices. The air intake is filtered and the temperature three-dimensional Hall probe assembly and a fl ip coil bench. All of the air is controlled such that a temperature stability of ±0.5 °C magnetic measurements take place in a dedicated clean room with is obtained. There is an air lock access to the room with 40 mbar temperature control as shown below. overpressure in the clean room. A strict dress code is enforced and gloves are mandatory to avoid contamination of the vacuum equip- ment. The room is a classified class 100.000 clean room according to the ISO8 standard. Magnetic Field Measurement Instrumentation The Hall Probe Bench

The Hall probe bench consists of a 6 meter long granite block, measurements on a single undulator jaw, also the misalignment the top surface polished to a fl atness of ±3 μm. The Hall probe of the probes and the coefficients for the planar and tensor Hall assembly is mounted on a x-y table moving on precision bearings effects can be determined. A micrometer can be mounted on the mounted on the top of the granite block. The longitudinal move- Hall probe holder to align the magnetic assemblies to be measured ment of the Hall probe is controlled by a stepping motor via a and shimmed. timing belt and it longitudinal position is measured with an optical ruler (Heidenhain LIDA 205). The distance between data points We have performed a calibration of the longitudinal Hall bench axis is usually 1.0 mm. Reference switches are placed at each end of using a laser interferometer with the refl ector mounted on either the granite block to give starting points for the optical ruler. The the x-y table just over the optical rule and at the Hall probe posi- range of movement for the different axis and resolution is given in tion. The results showed that the movement of the table is very Table 1. reproducible with a random jitter of only 0.7 μm over a 5 meter scan length. With the refl ector mounted in the Hall probe position Our 3D Hall probe consist of three separate Hall elements on a the random variation on the recorded position is about 2 μm. By non-magnetic holder. The newest hall probe is based on an ESRF making five Hall scans the average error can be reduced to 1 μm. design and has a thickness of only 1.2 mm in order to allow field There is also a larger reproducible position deviation which can be measurements at small gaps. The Hall elements are calibrated up corrected with our analysis software. This effect is, however, so to 2.1 T using an electromagnet with a Metrolab NMR as reference. small that for most applications the correction will not be needed. The calibration magnet has pole tips made of Vanadium Permen- Similar calibrations have been made for the transverse and vertical dur to ensure a good magnetic field homogeneity. By orienting axis (see Table 1). the Hall probe in different directions in the magnetic field, and by

TABLE 1: DATA FOR THE HALL BENCH AXIS AXIS MOVE RANGE RESOLUTION RANDOM JITTER

TRANSVERSE X-AXIS ±250 mm 13 μm 4.4 μm

VERTICAL Y-AXIS ±250 mm 13 μm 2.4 μm

LONGITUDINAL S-AXIS 5,100 mm 5.5 μm 1.9 μm The Flip Coil Bench

The fl ip coil bench consists of two precision rotation tables Calibration of the fl ip coil measurements relies on the coil diam- mounted on x-y-z tables. The tables are mounted on concrete eter, number of turns and the conversion faction of the digital blocks for stability. Inserts for the rotating tables of 3, 5 and 10 voltmeter used to integrate the coil current. The ambient field mm diameters exists. Other diameters can be provided if needed. integrals are measured with the wiggler support structure with The inserts define the inner diameter of the coil, the outer girders in place, but without the magnetic assemblies. diameter is measured with a caliper, and the diameter of the coil The magnetic assemblies are then mounted on the girders and is simply the mean of the inner and outer diameters. A Keithley shimmed until the ambient field integrals are recovered. The 2000 digital voltmeter is used as integrator. Typically the coil con- range of the measurements and the distance between the mea- sists of 20 turns of 0.1 mm enameled copper wire. The z-table sured points can be varied at will. The measured skew and normal is used to keep the coil under tension to avoid excessive sag. The integrals are fitted with a polynomial in x, the degree of the poly- range of the movement and resolution for the different axis are nomial increased until a reasonably stable chi-square is obtained. given in the table below. The flip coil can be used fl at to measure first integrals or twisted to measure second integrals. The typical RMS resolution for a 20 turn coil with 5 mm diameter is 1-2 Gcm.

TABLE 2: DATA FOR THE COIL BENCH. RANGE OF THE X-, Y- AND S-TABLES ±250 mm

RESOLUTION OF THE X-, Y- AND S-TABLES 13 μm

ROTATING TABLES:

RESOLUTION >0.0023°

REPRODUCIBILITY 0.003°

HYSTERESIS 0.006° The Flip Coil Bench

G-4 Company Address Danfysik A/S Gregersensvej 8 DK-2630 Taastrup Denmark Production facilities Gregersensvej 7-8 Phone +45 7220 2400 DK-2630 Taastrup Fax +45 7220 2410 Email [email protected] Auditors

www.danfysik.dk KPMG, Copenhagen Specifications are subject notice. without change to Insertion Magnetic Devices 2014-06