Studies on Surangams of North Kerala As a Non-Conventional Water
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GW/R-367/02 March 2002 STUDIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF SURANGAMS AS A NON CONVENTIONAL WATER RESOURCE IN THE KANHANGAD BLOCK PANCHAYAT, KASARAGOD DISTRICT, KERALA (Final Report) Submitted to KERALA RESEARCH PROGRAMME ON LOCAL LEVEL DEPARTMENT/ CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, PRASANTH NAGAR, Ulloor, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 011 GROUNDWATER DIVISION CENTRE FOR WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT KUNNAMANGALAM, KOZHIKODE, KERALA -673 571 Executive Director -in-Charge Dr. E.J James INVESTIGATING TEAM Project Co- ordinator : Dr. M. Nazimuddin Head, Groundwater Division Principal Investigator : Dr. Kamalakshan Kokkal Scientist, presently Principal Scientific Officer (STEC) Scientific and Technical Assistance : Shri . E. Abdul Hameed Technical Officer. : Shri. S. Sreevallabhan Technical Officer : Shri. P. Jaganathan Technical Officer : Shri M.K Radhakrishnan Technical Assistant : Sheenamol V.T Junior Research Fellow : Sudheer P Research Assistant Project Staff : Abdul Saleem M. Junior Research Fellow : Priya T.N Project Assistant CONTENTS Page No LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES LIST OF APPENDICES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.0 Introduction 2 1.1 Review of work 2 1.2 Objectives 2 1.3 Methodology 3 1.4 Location 4 1.5 Accessibility 6 1.6 General status of water resources 6 1.6.1 Hydrometeorology 7 a. Rainfall 7 b. Evaporation 11 c. Drainage 11 1.7 Geology 16 1.8 Soil 17 2. SURANGAMS 19 2.0 Surangams 20 2.1 Documentation survey and field results 21 2.1.1 Shape variation 30 2.1.2 Type of surangams 30 2.1.3 Dimension of surangams 35 2.1.4 Growth rate of surangams 35 2.1.5 Use pattern of surangams 35 2.1.6 Health status of surangams 41 2.1.7 Land use pattern 41 2.2 Hydrogeological Status 44 2.3 Water resources potential 46 2.3.1 Discharge characteristics 47 2.4 Water quality 50 2.5 Construction Technology 53 2.6 Soil Analysis for Caving 54 2.7 Cost analysis of Surangams 57 2.7.1 Variation in the rate according to the length 60 2.7.2 Variation in the rate according to dimension 61 2.8 Ownership pattern of surangam 62 2.9 Socio-economic Analysis 63 2.9.1 Social status of surangam holders 63 3. SUSTAINABILITY OF SURANGAM 70 3.0 Sustainability of surangam 71 3.1 Hydrogeological Aspects 71 3.1.1 Large scale regional lowering of water table 71 3.1.2 Growing acceptance of people for tube well 71 3.1.3 Excessive draining of surangam water 71 3.1.4 Caving of surangam 73 3.1.5 Mechanized boring 73 3.2 Land use and Socio-economic aspects 74 3.2.1 Change in land use 74 3.2.2 Lack of construction workers 75 3.2.3 Lack of economic and organizational support 75 3.2.4 Fragmented landholdings 76 3.3 Preventive Measure 76 3.4 Development of Surangam through Panchayat 82 3.5 Advantage of surangam 83 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 84 4.0 Summary and conclusion 85 5. RECOMMENDATIONS 91 5.0 Recommendations 92 6. REFERENCES 94 7. APPENDICES ( I TO V ) 96 LIST OF TABLES Page No. 1. Monthly rainfall (mm) during 1998-2000 8 2. Mean monthly Rainfall (mm) during 1998-2000 8 3. Number of rainy days during 1998-2000 8 4. Seasonal rainfall(mm) for the period 1998-2000 9 5. Maximum one day rainfall during 1998-2000 11 6. Monthly evaporation (mm) during 1998-2000 12 7. Mean seasonal evaporation (mm) during 1998-2000 12 8. a. Ward wise classification of documented surangams of Kodom- Beloor panchayat in Kanhangad Block 22 b. Ward wise classification of documented surangams of Balal panchayat in Kanhangad Block 23 c. Ward wise classification of documented surangams of Panathadi panchayat in Kanhangad Block 24 d. Ward wise classification of documented surangams of Pallikkara panchayat in Kanhangad Block 25 e. Ward wise classification of documented surangams of Madikai panchayat in Kanhangad Block 26 9. Land use changes in the study area 43 10. Discharge through selected surangams in the study area in l/day 47 11. Classification of surangam based on discharge 50 12. Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) for drinking water 50 13. Results of chemical analysis of water samples from the surangams in Kanhangad Block Panchayat 51 14. Reduction in uniaxial compressive strength due to increase in moisture(water) content 55 15. Variation in the rate of construction surangam 58 16A. Variation in the rate of construction of hill slope surangam in lateritic soil 59 16B Variation in the rate of construction of hill slope surangam in ordinary soil 59 17 Variation in the enhanced rate according to the length 61 18. Classification of surangam owners based on land holdings 63 LIST OF FIGURES Page No. 1. Location map of Kanhangad Block Panchayat 5 2 Mean monthly rainfall (mm) during 1998-2000 10 3. Mean seasonal rainfall during 1998-2000 10 4. Contour map of Kanhangad Block Panchayat 13 5. Drainage map of Kanhangad Block Panchayat 14 6. Lineament map of Kanhangad Block Panchayat 15 7. Sub surface geology of the study area 16 8. Soil map of Kanhangad Block Panchayat 18 9 Location map of selected surangams in the study area 27 10. Schematic sketch of surangam in the Kanhangad Block Panchayat 28 11. Shape variation of surangams in the Kanhangad Block Panchayat 31 12. Types of surangams in the Kanhangad Block Panchayat 32 13. Different pattern of branching in surangam 33 14. Surangam ending at a dug well 34 15. Surangams act both as extraction structure and supply lines for domestic & irrigation purposes. 34 16. Dimensional variation of surangams in each panchayat of Kanhangad Block 36 17. Growth rate of surangam in Kanhangad Block Panchayat 37 18. Status of water availability in Kanhangad Block Panchayat 38 19. Use pattern of surangam in Kanhangad Block Panchayat 39 20. Health status of surangam in Kanhangad Block Panchayat 42 21. Hydrogeology of the study area 45 22. Pre-monsoon discharge of surangam in the study area. 48 23. Seasonal variation of discharge through surangams in the study area 49 24 Variation in PH, Electrical conductivity and Total hardness of the water samples of selected surangams 52 25. Variation in the uniaxial compressive strength of soils from the caved portion of surangams in the study area. 56 26. Socio-economic analysis among surangam owners 64 27. Depth to water table during August1994 in comparison with mean water table for August (1984-1993). 72 28. Model showing effect of water conservation measures on the yield of surangam 77 29 Modification of surangam for preventing excessive draining of surangam water 79 LIST OF PLATES Page No. 1. General topography of the study area 6 2. Typical surangam in Kanhangad Block Panchayat 29 3. Entry point (out side view) of surangam 29 4. Inside view of surangam 29 5. Storage tank (concrete) used for both domestic & irrigation purposes 40 6. Storage tank used for irrigation purpose 40 7. Mud pond used as a storage structure for irrigation 41 8. Horizontal boring using bits 73 9. Adabore Mohemmed with his instruments 74 10. A well maintained surangam in the study area for preventing excessive draining of water 80 LIST OF APPENDICES 1. Data sheet on groundwater utilization through surangams 97 2. Surangam holder’s list 98 3. Analysis of soil sample collected from the inside portion of surangam in 107 Kanhangad Block Panchayat 4. Data sheet for documenting surangam construction workers 110 5. Construction worker’s list 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The project report on Surangams of Kanhangad Block Panchayat has been completed as a result of the support received from different corners. We have pleasure to keep on record our sense of gratitude to each and every one who helped us tremendously. During our studies, many people from Kanhangad Block Panchayat have shared their experience including farmers, surangam construction workers and elected members of the panchayat. We are keen to express our thanks to them for enabling us to complete the study. In this context the overwhelming support received from the Kodom- Beloor panchayat is worth to be mentioned. The support given by Mr. Achuthan Ennappara, Esthappan Kottakandom in Rajapuram area are of special mention, the way in which they narrated the problems in the area and associated themselves for providing support for the periodic field visits and data collection. We are thankful to them. The Executive Director of CWRDM has provided all infrastructural facilities to carry out the work. The Co-ordinator of KRPLLD/CDS, Dr. Narayanan Nair is remembered for his whole hearted corporation and granting financial assistance for executing the project. We sincerely acknowledge all for their help. We are also thankful to all the colleagues of Groundwater Division and Central Water Analysis Lab for their corporation and assistance through out the field investigation and in bringing out this report. Thanks are also due to Kanhangad Block Panchayat authorities and CWRDM Sub center of Kanhangad for their valuable support during the fieldwork. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project proposal entitled as “ Studies on development of surangam as a non- conventional water resource in Kanhangad Block Panchayat, Kasaragod district, Kerala” has been funded by KRPLLD/CDS with a total budget outlay of Rs. 2.2 lakhs for a period of 18 months. The specific objectives of the project consists of documentation of all the existing surangams in the Kanhangad Block Panchayat, evaluation of their hydrogeological status, estimation of water resources potential and water quality, sustainability of surangams in terms of change in land use, socio- economic analysis among surangam holders, ownership pattern of surangams, cost benefit analysis , technology of construction of surangams and the scope of community based surangams on priority basis in the area.