INTERNATIONAL MARITIME CONFERENCE

Partnering Together for a Secure Maritime Future

07-08 FEBRUARY 2016 Visakhapatnam,

Contents

About the International Fleet Review 2016 3

About the National Maritime Foundation 5

Concept Note 7-9

Conference Programme 11-14

Profiles of Speakers and Abstracts 15-51

Conference Coordination Team 52

1

International Fleet Review 2016

The geographical configuration and a strong historical narrative accords India with a unique maritime disposition. These factors have ensured that the maritime domain with linked issues of international trade and commerce besides socio-cultural, ideational and civilisational exchanges have remained integral to national discourse. Though the nation witnessed a relative maritime decline in the latter half of the last millennium, certain aspects such as the robust shipbuilding industry, the memorable exploits of the Maratha and Malabar navies and valuable contributions in both the World Wars bear testimony to India’s sustained maritime orientation. In the post-independence period, the capabilities and the capacity of the have grown steadily and it is widely acknowledged as a professional blue water force. The progress of the Indian Navy in the last 25 years or so has virtually coincided with the rise of national political, economic, diplomatic and technological quotients. It is also worth reiterating that this rise is premised on long cherished tenets of peace, harmony, equipoise and respect for universal values that have underpinned India’s approach to international relations since its inception. Naval Fleet Reviews are a long-standing tradition of the navies world-over. From a historical standpoint, such events were held to showcase the naval preparedness as a prelude to war or a demonstration of maritime warfighting capabilities to deter potential adversaries. In contemporary context, this ‘hard military character’ of naval reviews has undergone a subtle change where assemblages of warships without belligerent intent is the norm. Leading nations, on suitable commemorative and celebratory occasions invite their maritime neighbours, to participate with their

3 ships in such proceedings. Generally termed as ‘International Fleet Review’, the event provides the host nation with an opportunity to display its maritime capabilities and mutual trust amongst the global maritime comity. In India, thus far, ten Reviews have been held, with the first in 1953 and the latest in 2011. The Review aims at assuring the country of Indian Navy’s preparedness, high morale and discipline. This is the eleventh Fleet Review but only our second International edition. The only previous IFR in India was conducted in February 2001, off Mumbai. This earned the country widespread appreciation and goodwill. The hosting of the International Fleet Review (IFR) by the Indian Navy, in February 2016, nearly 70 years after independence is a significant moment in the country’s maritime history. On 06 February 2016, the Honourable President of India, is scheduled to review the fleet of participating Indian and foreign warships off Visakhapatnam. While showcasing the Indian Navy to the nation and our sovereign, it is also a moment for celebrating valued principles of friendship across the oceans that are innate to the seafarers. It is in this spirit that India and the Indian Navy welcomes all our friends from distant parts of the world to the picturesque city of Visakhapatnam (Vizag) the venue for the Fleet Review. The coming together of many navies will also witness numerous other events and functions in a memorable week of action and interaction. The IFR logo depicts the three operating dimensions of the Navy, with a ship, submarine and an aircraft, and also letters I-F-R form an integral part of the logo. The Dolphin has been chosen as the mascot depicting friendship across oceans and the theme for the IFR 2016 is ‘United through Oceans’.

4 National Maritime Foundation

The National Maritime Foundation (NMF) is India’s premier maritime think-tank and undertakes research across the complete continuum of ocean related activities. Launched on 15 February 2005 in Delhi by Shri Pranab Mukherjee, the then Raksha Mantri, the genesis of the National Maritime Foundation lies in a long-felt need to redress India’s historic neglect of its maritime security domain, and to fill an acute intellectual void by providing a common platform for discourse between maritime related institutions, organisations and disciplines. The objectives of NMF are: - (a) Promote maritime awareness within the country. (b) Conduct maritime studies and research across the entire spectrum of ocean activity. (c) Study factors affecting India’s maritime security to assist in the formulation of national security strategy. (d) Undertake studies on international relations with the aim of enhancing maritime cooperation (e) Study India’s maritime heritage. (f) Organise conferences, seminars and lectures on maritime issues of concern. (g) Establish libraries and information services to facilitate study of maritime subjects.

5 As the ocean is unbound, constantly in motion and ever changing, the logo of the NMF on the front cover encapsulates this dynamic energy. The representation of the rhythmic waves is unlimited by a border as they fow into eternity. The many layers of waves represent the diverse and munificent recourses of the ocean. A slice of the ocean is captured in a parallelogram to connote the window of opportunity for the NMF to harness, explore, research and monitor the many aspects of the ocean. The slanted form emphasizes the progressive and dynamic approach of the Foundation. Concept Note Partnering Together for a Secure Maritime Future The relationship between humans and the oceans extends as far as five millennia. It is also an accepted axiom that the seas have shaped the human destiny since antiquity. There is strong element of continuity and in the contemporary world the maritime domain offers a number of opportunities for economic and socio-cultural engagements.

In the 21st Century, Asia is at the centre stage of the global economic, political and security discourse. The ‘Rise of Asia’ is largely attributed to the economic development as also greater geo-strategic heft in its maritime configured rim- land comprising established and emerging powers. While the rapid economic growth of the region has contributed to strong interdependence within and beyond Asia, the regional security environment faces new challenges emerging from changing power dynamics among states, ongoing maritime/territorial disputes and issues relating to freedom of navigation and over fight have become sharper. There are also visible anxieties related to regional naval modernisation programmes. However, non-traditional security threats and challenges have encouraged institutional mechanisms towards cooperative management of the sea areas for safe and secure environment. In this milieu, the navies make seminal contribution to peace and stability at regional and global levels that transcend narrow national interests.

7 This conference is divided in two sections; the first sub- theme of the conference examines ‘Importance of Oceans and Navies in Global Geo-strategic Matrix’ and within this, four issues merit attention:

(a) Trends in the growth of maritime military power.

(b) Imperatives for matching ends-ways-means towards a balanced forced structure to counter transnational and state centric challenges.

(c) Institutional linkages for enhancing maritime security cooperation.

(d) Maritime capacity building and capability enhancements.

At another level, significant changes are at play in the oceanic domain and are driven by cooperative and competitive discourses with the traditional and new maritime players realigning their posture within this somewhat uncertain environment. A number of countries have announced new naval strategies or maritime policies while others are engaged in revising and refining their current approaches to naval and maritime developments. Although cooperation and competition are inherent in any relationship, it is the mechanics of competition management and enhancing cooperative agenda that is likely to shape the future of world’s oldest commons. The current trends acknowledge that cooperation is the key to secure seas for the global trade

8 and to disrupt the motives of non-state actors. The focus is on acquiring the capacity as well as the capabilities for overall economic development and social prosperity.

The above discussion leads to the second sub-theme for the conference ‘Regional Perceptions and Approaches for Maritime Cooperative Engagements’. The salient subjects for elaboration are:

(a) Managing competition in an uncertain but increasingly globalised oceanic commons.

(b) Frameworks for enhancing interoperability at sea.

(c) Maritime domain awareness as a tool for naval cooperation.

(d) Relevance of existing international frameworks for conciliation and arbitration as resolution mechanism.

9

Conference Programme

Day One (Sunday, 07 February 2016)

0800-0845 Registration

0900-0930 Inaugural Session

Opening Remarks DK Joshi (Retd) Chairman, NMF

Theme Address Admiral RK Dhowan Chief of the Naval Staff

Keynote Address Shri Manohar Parrikar Raksha Mantri

Vote of Thanks Bimal Verma Chief of Staff,

0930-1000 Tea

1000-1300 Session I Importance of Ocean and Navies in Global Geo-Strategic Matrix

Moderator Admiral (Retd), Former Chief of the Naval Staff, IN

11 Speakers The Importance of Oceans and Navies in Geo-Strategic Mix Lt General Dan Leaf (Retd), USA

South China Sea Disputes: Perceptions and Misperceptions among the Players Prof Ye Hailin, China

No Way But the “Hi” Way! Vice Admiral Anup Singh (Retd), IN

Maritime Security and Navies: The Future Challenges in the Indian Ocean Rear Admiral Antoine Beaussant, France

Towards a New Maritime Strategy for Medium Powers: Defining the Challenges for the Medium Power Navy Rear Admiral James Goldrick (Retd), Australia

Maritime Cooperation and Building Bridges between Maritime Neighbours and Partners Prof Renfrew Christie, South Africa

1300-1400 Lunch

12 Day Two (Monday, 08 February 2016) 0815-0900 Registration 0915-1145 Session II Regional Perceptions and Approaches for Maritime Cooperative Engagement Moderator Ambassador KV Bhagirath, Secretary General, Indian Ocean Rim Association Speakers Japan’s Security Role in the Indo-Pacific Region Prof Eiichi Katahara, Japan Globalization, International Liberalism and the Maritime Cooperation Nexus Rear Admiral K Raja Menon (Retd), IN Cooperative Maritime Engagement in the Indo-Pacific Region Prof Geoffrey Till, UK Indonesian Approach and Perspective on Asia’s Regional Maritime Cooperative Engagements First Admiral Amarullah Octavian, Indonesia Building Partnerships in the Bay of Bengal: Opportunities and Challenges Prof Ataur Rahman, Bangladesh

13 1145-1215 Tea 1215-1300 Valedictory Session Valedictory Address Vice Admiral Satish Soni Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command Closing Remarks Dr Vijay Sakhuja and Vote of Thanks Director, NMF 1300 Lunch

14 Profiles of Speakers and Abstracts

Shri Manohar Parrikar Raksha Mantri

Shri Manohar Parrikar was on 13 December 1955 in Mapusa, Goa. He is serving as the Defence Minister of India since 2014. His key area of interest is Genetics. He did his graduation in B.Tech (Metallurgy) from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mumbai in 1978. In 2001, he received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from this renowned institute. Manohar Parrikar started his political career in 1994, when he became a member of the Goa Assembly. By 1999, he had become the opposition leader. On 24 October 2000, he became the Chief Minister of Goa and continued till 27 February 2002 and again became the Chief Minister post elections on 05 June 2002. Despite his government becoming a minority on 29 January 2005, he made a great comeback in the March 2012 Assembly Elections with Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) and its allies winning 24 constituencies. He served as the Chief Minister of Goa until 08 November 2014.

17 Admiral RK Dhowan PVSM, AVSM, YSM, ADC Chief of the Naval Staff

Admiral RK Dhowan was commissioned in the Indian Navy on 01 January 1975 and went on to bag the ‘Sword of Honour’ for his course. He specialises in Navigation and Direction and has also undertaken the Sea Harrier Direction Course at Yeovilton, UK. His first tryst with navigation began when he was appointed the commissioning navigator of the minesweeper, Bhavnagar. Post- specialization, he went on to navigate Talwar and Ganga, two frontline ships of the Indian Navy’s . He has held some important staff assignments at the Naval Headquarters as well, which include, Deputy Director Naval Operations, Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Policy and Plans) and Deputy Chief of Naval Staff. The Admiral has commanded three frontline warships of the Western Fleet - the missile corvette Khukri, the guided missile destroyer Ranjit and the indigenous guided missile destroyer Delhi. Besides serving as the Indian Naval Advisor at the High Commission of India, London, he has also served as Chief Staff Officer (Operations) of the (at Mumbai) and the Chief of Staff at Headquarters Eastern Naval Command (at Visakhapatnam) and subsequently had the distinction of commanding the National Defence Academy, as the Commandant. The Admiral assumed charge as the Vice Chief of the Naval Staff in August 2011 and was promoted to be the 22nd Chief of the Naval Staff on 17 April 2014. He is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy, the Defence Services Staff College and the , Newport, Rhode Island, USA.

18 Admiral DK Joshi (Retd) PVSM, AVSM, YSM, NM, VSM Chairman, National Maritime Foundation

Admiral took over on 31 August 2012 as the 21st Chief of the Naval Staff of independent India and the 19th Indian to take command of the Indian Navy. Admiral DK Joshi is a specialist in Anti-Submarine Warfare. In his long and distinguished service spanning nearly 38 years, he has served in a variety of command, staff and instructional appointments. Admiral Joshi’s sea commands include guided missile corvette INS Kuthar, guided missile destroyer INS Ranvir and the INS Viraat, during which he was awarded Nausena Medal, Vishist Seva Medal and respectively. He subsequently commanded the , wherein he was awarded Ati Vishist Seva Medal (AVSM). After his elevation to Flag rank, the Admiral served in the Integrated Headquarters in all nodal branches. He was awarded the Param Vishist Seva Medal (PVSM) during his tenure as the Commander-in-Chief of the Andaman and Nicobar Command. Later, he served as the Chief of to Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee (CISC). Admiral Joshi is a distinguished graduate of the Naval War College, USA, an alumnus of the College of Naval Warfare, Mumbai, and the prestigious National Defence College, New Delhi. He was also the Defence Advisor in the Indian High Commission at Singapore from 1996 to 1999.

19 Vice Admiral Satish Soni PVSM, AVSM, NM, ADC Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command

Vice Admiral Satish Soni was commissioned in the Indian Navy on 01 July 1976. He is a specialist in Navigation and Aircraft Direction. Vice Admiral Satish Soni has held various important command and staff appointments in his career. The Flag Officer’s sea commands include the guided missile destroyer Delhi, the guided missile frigate Talwar, the guided missile corvette Kirpan and the oceangoing minesweeper Kakinada. His important staff appointments include tenures in Directorates of ‘Personnel’ and ‘Plans’. Vice Admiral Satish Soni has been the Assistant Chief of Personnel (Human Resource Development), Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet; Chief of Staff of the Eastern Naval Command; Commandant, National Defence Academy at Khadakwasla; Deputy Chief of Naval Staff; Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, prior to taking over as the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Naval Command on 16 June 2014. He is the recipient of the coveted ‘Sword of Honour’ and Nausena Medal, Ati and Param Vishist Seva Medal for meritorious service to the nation. He is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy and Defence Services Staff College, Wellington and College of Naval Warfare, Mumbai.

20 Vice Admiral Bimal Verma AVSM Chief of Staff, Eastern Naval Command

Vice Admiral Bimal Verma is an alumnus of National Defence Academy and was adjudged the best Naval Cadet. He was commissioned in the Indian Navy on 01 January 1980 and post specialisation in Communication and Electronic Warfare, he has held a variety of appointments ashore and afoat. Amongst his important appointments ashore, the Flag Officer has been the Principal Director Naval Operations at NHQ, Naval Attache in Tehran, Iran, Captain Sea Training at Visakhapatnam, at Indian Naval Tactical Evaluation Group, Mumbai and has also served with the Signal Intelligence Organisation. The Flag Officer’s noteworthy afoat appointments include commissioning crew of INS Viraat, Signal Communication Officer of INS Ganga and Fleet Communication Officer of the Western Fleet. He has commanded IN Ships Shardul, Magar, Ranjit and Mysore. After his elevation to Flag rank, he has been the Flag Officer Doctrines & Concepts, Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra and Gujarat Naval Area; Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Information Warfare and Operations) and the Flag Officer, Advance Operating Base before taking over as Chief of Staff at HQENC. For his distinguished service, the Flag Officer was awarded the by the President of India on 26 January 2012.

21 Dr Vijay Sakhuja Director National Maritime Foundation

A former navy officer, Dr Vijay Sakhuja received his PhD and MPhil degrees from the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. He is the Director, National Maritime Foundation, New Delhi. He is also visiting Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), Singapore. He was Director (Research) at the Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) from 2009-2014 and has worked in a number of Indian think tanks. He is the author of ‘Asian Maritime Power in the 21st Century: Strategic Transactions - China, India, Southeast Asia’; ‘Confidence Building from the Sea: An Indian Initiative’; and co-author of ‘Climate Change and the Bay of Bengal: Evolving Geographies of Fear and Hope’. He has edited/co-edited 16 volumes on various geopolitical/geostrategic issues and maritime history. Dr Vijay Sakhuja is the Editor of Maritime Affairs journal (Taylor & Francis).

22 Session I Sunday, 7 February (1000-1300hrs) Importance of Oceans and Navies in Global Geo-strategic Matrix

Admiral Madhvendra Singh (Retd) PVSM, AVSM Former Chief of the Naval Staff, IN

Admiral Madhvendra Singh, joined the National Defence Academy at Khadakvasla in July 1958 and was commissioned in the Indian Navy on 01 January 1963. He has commanded the Missile Frigate INS Talwar, the Naval Academy at Kochi, the Missile Destroyer INS Ranvir and the Aircraft Carrier INS Viraat. As a Rear Admiral, he has served as Chief of Staff of the Western Naval Command; Chief Instructor (Navy) at the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington; and as the Flag Officer Commanding, Western Fleet, prior to taking over as the Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Policy and Plans) at Naval Headquarters in June 1994. On promotion to Vice Admiral on 02 January 1995, he took over as Controller Warship Production and Acquisition at Naval Headquarters, and later the Deputy Chief of Naval Staff. He conducted the very successful International Fleet Review at Mumbai in February 2001. He was appointed the Vice Chief of the Naval Staff on 03 April 2001 and as the Chief of the Naval Staff on 29 December 2001. He was in command of the Navy during Operation Parakaram. The Admiral was also the Chairman, Chief of Staff Committee from 31 December 2002. He specialized in Gunnery and has undergone the advanced Gunnery Course at the Royal College of Military Science, Shrivenham, United Kingdom. He is a graduate of the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington and a postgraduate from the Naval War College, Newport, USA and the National Defence College, New Delhi. 25 Lt General Dan Leaf (Retd) Director APCSS, Hawaii, United States

Dan “Fig” Leaf became the Director, Asia- Pacific Center for Security Studies (APCSS) in January 2012. Prior to APCSS, he worked in the defence industry as the Vice President of full spectrum initiatives at Northrop Grumman Information Systems. Formerly the Deputy Commander of U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM), Lt. Gen. Leaf retired from the U.S. Air Force in 2008 after more than 33 years of service. His other assignments during his Air Force career included Vice Commander of Air Force Space Command; Air Force Director of Operational Requirements, and multiple commands at squadron, group and wing levels. He was a member of the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board from 2009 through 2011. He was a command pilot with more than 3,600 fight hours, including F-15 and F-16 combat missions. He has also had four years of duty assignments in both Korea and Japan, and temporary military duty across the region. General Leaf earned a bachelor’s degree in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and earned his commission as a distinguished graduate of the university’s Air Force ROTC program in 1974. He also graduated with distinction from the U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and the Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. He earned a master’s degree in military art and science from the Command and General Staff College where he also served as a member of the faculty instructing research methodology and core Air Force courses. 26 The Importance of Oceans and Navies in the Geo-Strategic Mix

The presentation examines the importance of oceans through the prism of human development and international commerce. The maritime domain is also crucial for a stable and secure international order, which is facilitated by adherence to universally accepted norms, standards, rules and the existing legal framework. In this context, the national maritime strategies become relevant due to the inherent mix of cooperation and competition that obtains at sea. In contemporary environment, the primary roles of maritime military forces, especially the navies and air forces, are of assuring and denying access while preventing accidental and unintended escalation/confict. One of the key areas for evolving a comprehensive maritime security architecture is to develop a common understanding on the norms, standards, rules and legal regime at sea which can be achieved through enhanced interactions like bilateral/ multilateral training and exercises. Another important facet for security at sea is of shared domain awareness protocols for synergistic responses. Finally, the presentation also dwells on the importance of unambiguous signalling of strategic intent.

27 Professor Ye Hailin Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing China

Professor Ye Hailin is the Director of Center for South Asia Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Beijing. He is also the Director of Institute of Strategy Studies, RIIO (Research Institute of India Ocean) at the Yunnan University of Finance and Economics (YUFE). He was elected as Standing Member of Chinese Council for South Asia Studies in 2010 and looks after the editorial director responsibilities for South Asia Studies journal published by the National Institute of International Strategy (NIIS) from CASS. He graduated from the School of International Studies, Peking University in 2000 with a Masters Degree and served in the Chinese police forces from 2000 to 2003. For the next two years, he was on diplomatic assignment at the Chinese Embassy in Ankara and joined CASS thereafter. He is a well-known commentator on international affairs for China Central Television, China National Radio and Xinhua News Agency.

28 South China Sea Disputes Perceptions and Misperceptions among the Players

The presentation briefy reviews the evolution and recent developments in the South China Sea (SCS) dispute followed by an analysis of the motivations guiding the behaviour of various parties. A broad overview is provided about the strategies adopted by directly involved parties such as China, Philippine, Vietnam and, of indirect players such as the US. While the majority of countries involved in the SCS have stressed the importance of maintaining peace and stability in the region, their intentions to infuence the situation have all declined to certain degree. The SCS dispute has witnessed escalation where competitive issues are emphasised instead of cooperative solutions. It is argued that given the overlap among the actions and policies of parties, the situation in the SCS may deteriorate with the possible risk of serious confict due to collision of differing interests.

29 Vice Admiral Anup Singh (Retd) PVSM, AVSM, NM Former Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Naval Command, IN

Commissioned on 01 July 1973, Vice Admiral Anup Singh served the Indian Navy till 31 October 2011. While commanding the Western Fleet in 2006, he had led Operation “Sukoon”, the evacuation of Indian and other nationals from war-torn Lebanon. His last assignment in the Navy was that of Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Naval Command, from where he superannuated in October 2011. He is visiting faculty at the National Defence College (NDC) New Delhi, the Defence Services Staff College (DSSC) at Wellington, the Naval War College (NWC) Goa, and the Foreign Service Institute (FSI). He holds the honorary assignments with various organisations like the Director (Strategic) at Society for Indian Ocean Studies (SIOS) New Delhi, Member of the Executive Council, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) New Delhi, Managing Editor of the Journal of Indian Ocean Studies (JIOS), and is also a Member, Eminent Persons Group (EPG) on India-Indonesia Relations. His areas of research include maritime security, the South China Sea imbroglio, energy security (and security of energy at sea) and the Blue Economy.

30 No Way but the “Hi” Way!

It was believed that during Post World War II period, efforts would be directed towards the development and wellbeing of the people. However, the Cold War that followed did give anxious moments at some points of time between the fifties and sixties. Although there was general peace, but a nuclear threat to the two sides and the world at large became the source of tension. However, after the Cold War, maritime threats surfaced such as the first act of maritime terrorism on USS Cole by Al Qaeda, to the scores of events that continue to degrade the maritime domain, global peace and economy have both become victims of proxy wars. The number and types of transnational crime that have disturbed peace and tranquillity in the maritime environment are threatening to keep nations and their maritime forces engaged in chasing players of the ‘non’ and ‘neo’-traditional challenges. Additionally, there are also challenges of sea governance. In such a scenario, it is time for all maritime states to weave a common thread in the business of sea governance, use existing mechanisms to generate trust, use respective maritime forces singly and in concert to arrest the menace of transnational crime, and assist the have-nots through capacity-building and capability-enhancement initiatives. Only then will the world be assured of a peaceful and secure maritime environment that will encourage unhindered economic progress.

31 Rear Admiral Antoine Beaussant ALINDIEN French Navy

Rear Admiral Beaussant joined the French Navy in 1985. After being assigned to several patrol boats, including: Trident in the West Indies and a Rieuse in La Réunion, he took his first command in 1991, of patrol boat Leguepard. He sub-specialised in submarines, as he was assigned to the diesel submarine Ouessant. He subsequently became communications officer of the SSBN L’indomptable, and then, the Executive Officer of the Nuclear Attack Submarine, Emeraude. He was the Deputy-Officer in charge of the Mediterranean Submarine Training for one year. He took command of Nuclear Attack Submarine Saphir in 1999. He was the Executive Officer of SSBN L’inflexible in 2005. In September 2005, he was promoted as Captain and was appointed as officer in charge of the Atlantic Submarine Training at the Submarine Headquarters. He commanded SSBN Le Vigilant from 2006 to 2008. In 2009, he was assigned to French Presidency staff, as military advisor on naval affairs. He took command of Fleet Maintenance in Toulon in 2011. On August 1st 2013, he became the joint commander of the French Forces deployed in the Indian Ocean and of the French Forces deployed in the United Arab Emirates. His awards include Officier de la Légion d’Honneur and Officier de l’Ordre National du Mérite. He graduated from the French Joint Staff College in 2001.

32 Maritime Security and Navies: The Future Challenges in the Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is a witness to many state centric and transnational challenges. The navies are not always integrated in clearly established strategies, even if some states already master the art of naval diplomacy. The growing interactions at sea and the progressive changes in the international balance of power will require efforts of dialogue and common work in bilateral and multilateral frameworks. Seas and oceans are also the spaces, where our critical vulnerabilities are exposed to a set of security challenges bred by political instability ashore. To face this threat, a deep forward defence based on a comprehensive coalition approach beyond national interests is the best option, but can we reach this goal?

33 Rear Admiral James Goldrick (Retd) Adjunct Fellow Australian National University, Australia

James Goldrick AO, CSC joined the Royal Australian Navy in 1974 and retired in 2012 as a two star Rear Admiral. He commanded HMA Ships Cessnock and Sydney (twice), the RAN task group and the multinational maritime interception force in the Persian Gulf (2002) and the Australian Defence Force Academy (2003-2006 and 2011-12). He led Australia’s Border Protection Command (2006-2008) and the Australian Defence College (2008-2011). Currently, he is a Fellow of the RAN’s Sea Power Centre- Australia, a non-resident Fellow of the Lowy Institute for International Policy, an Adjunct Professor of UNSW at ADFA and SDSC at the Australian National University and a Professorial Fellow of the Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security. He has written extensively on the importance and the development of the navy. Some of his works are: The King’s Ships Were at Sea: The War in the North Sea August 1914-February 1915 and No Easy Answers: The Development of the Navies of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and, with Jack McCaffrie, Navies of South-East Asia: A Comparative Study. His latest books Before Jutland: The Naval War in Northern European Waters, August 1914 – February 1915. He is a graduate of the RAN College, the Harvard Business School Advanced Management Program, the University of NSW, and the University of New England, and a Doctor of Letters honoris causa of UNSW.

34 Towards a New Maritime Strategy for Medium Powers: Defining the Challenges for the Medium Power Navy

In 1986, Rear Admiral Richard Hill published Maritime Strategy for Medium Powers. This analysis of the maritime dimensions of national security policy was an attempt to understand maritime strategy from the perspective of an inherently constrained and limited medium nation state. The world has changed greatly in thirty years. Besides the challenges of terrorism, the rise of China, the economic resurgence of Asia, the tensions between Russia and Western Europe and the uncertainties facing the United States, there exist other concerns as well. These include challenges of resource depletion, the inadequately governed global commons, jostle with the potential of climate change and environmental degradation. On the one hand, traditional concepts of trade protection are being questioned, while on the other, threats to shipping are themselves evolving in unexpected ways. Medium maritime powers must find new methods to manage the full span of their interests, and new approaches to their allocation of resources to protect them, at a time when such resources are and will remain very limited. The roles of navies are likely to become neither smaller nor less complex, but those roles do need to be better understood as part of a comprehensive approach to potential maritime threats. In particular, the relationships, which navies should maintain with other national and international maritime agencies and concerned elements of government, need to be more clearly defined, as do those with the increasing number of non-government organisations active in the maritime domain.

35 Professor Renfrew Christie Defence & Strategic Analyst, South Africa

Professor Renfrew Christie is a Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa; a Member of the Academy of Science of South Africa; and an Adviser to the SA Minister of Defence, as a Defence Force Service Commissioner. He was Professor of History in the University of Kentucky, Spring Semester, 2015. He retired in 2014, as Dean of Research in the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. His Oxford DPhil treated the Electrification of South Africa. He was Chair of the Board of Trustees of South Africa’s premier Human Rights Law unit, the UWC Community Law Centre. He co-founded the Macro Economic Research Group and the National Institute for Economic policy, which helped set South Africa’s economy right after Apartheid. He holds the Certificate of Commendation of the Chief of the South African Navy, for work “which helped to make the SA Navy the Navy the people need”. He is co-author of Responsible Conduct in the Global Research Enterprise: A Policy Report, IAC/IAP, 2012.

36 Maritime Cooperation and Building Bridges between Maritime Neighbours and Partners

The millennial rise of China and India coupled with the expected doubling of the population of Africa by 2050, demand both peace and expanded world free trade at sea. Only by peace and freedom of the seas can the world achieve the economies of scale and comparative advantage needed to give nine billion people the lives they deserve. However, all navies and maritime air forces of the Indo-Pacific region are unequal to the task of ensuring global free trade at sea. We are under-equipped, to survive the first month of all-out twenty-first century non- nuclear warfare. We are too inexperienced in joint operations, to ensure proper naval and air firepower, working with land forces, to keep the peace in the vital 100-kilometre littoral. Our political, economic and military leadership needs re-jigging to the great task at hand. We must innovatively use the sea to triumph over the crises of the 21st Century. The sea beneficially integrates our world political economy. For humanity to win, we need total maritime cooperation, between India, China and Africa, where half of the world’s population will live in 2050.

37

Session II Monday, 8 February (0915-1145hrs) Regional Perceptions and Approaches for Maritime Cooperative Engagements

Ambassador KV Bhagirath Secretary General Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)

Ambassador Bhagirath is from the Indian Foreign Service, which he joined in 1979. He is the Secretary General of Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) with effect from 01 January 2012. In his diplomatic career spanning over three decades, he has undertaken assignments in the Middle East, Latin America, Europe and Africa. He was posted in Damascus, Syria from l981 to 1983; in Havana, Cuba from 1989 to 1993; in London, United Kingdom from 1993 to 1997; in Mauritius from 1997 to 2001; in New Delhi from 2001 to 2004; in Paris from 2004 to 2007; and in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania from 2007 to 2011. He is a student of History from St. Stephens College, Delhi University and Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

41 Professor Eiichi Katahara Director National Institute for Defense Studies (NIDS), Japan

Professor Eiichi Katahara is a PhD in Asian and International Studies from Griffith University, an MA in International Relations from the Australian National University, and a BA in Economics from Keio University. He is the Professor and Director, International Affairs and Libraries at the National Institute for Defense Studies (NIDS) of the Japanese Ministry of Defense. Prior to joining NIDS, he was Professor of International Relations at Kobe Gakuin University; a Visiting Fellow at Stanford University’s Asia-Pacific Research Center; a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California’s Institute on Global Confict and Cooperation (IGCC); lecturer in the Department of Political Science and Research Fellow at the Australia-Japan Research Center both at the Australian National University. He was Editor-in-Chief of the East Asian Strategic Review 2015 (Tokyo: National Institute for Defense Studies, 2015) and the East Asian Strategic Review 2014 (Tokyo: National Institute for Defense Studies, 2014). His publications include chapters titled “Japan’s Strategic Options?”, in Purnendra Jain and Lam Peng Er (eds), Japan’s Strategic Challenges in a Changing Regional Environment (Singapore: World Scientific Publisher,2013), “Japan’s Concept of Comprehensive Security in the Post-Cold War World,” in Susan Shirk & Christopher P. Twomey (eds.) Power and Prosperity: Economics and Security Linkages in Asia-Pacific (Transaction Publishers, 1996) and other contributions to edited works.

42 Japan’s Security Role in the Indo-Pacific Region

The center of gravity of international politics is shifting to the Indo-Pacific region along with its unforeseen consequences. Given the rise of China and India as great powers, and a host of global and regional non-traditional security challenges, it would be imperative that Japan, as a robust democracy and economic and maritime power, will play a major role in strengthening a rules-based international order in the 21st century world. Japan’s strategy for maritime security would include (a) increasing defense capability; (b) strengthening its alliance with the U.S.; (c) enhancing bilateral, trilateral and multilateral security cooperation with its partners; (d) building norms, rules and mechanisms such as CBM, crisis management, and arms control; (e) promoting capacity building measures; (f) enhancing maritime domain awareness, interoperability and network centrality; (g) strengthening regional organizations such as the EAS and the ADMM Plus; and (h) improving decision-making structures and a whole-of-government approaches to maritime security issues. This paper first identifies factors contributing to maritime security order in the region, including great powers’ roles and responsibilities, diplomacy and international laws and organisations. It then examines maritime security issues, focusing on the emerging strategic competition among major powers in general and on the maritime disputes in the East and South China Seas in particular. The paper concludes with some suggestions as to how best the crises can be managed, conficts can be avoided, and cooperation can be enhanced in the maritime domain of the Indo-Pacific region.

43 Rear Admiral K Raja Menon (Retd) Distinguished Fellow National Maritime Foundation

Admiral Menon was a career officer and a submarine specialist in the Indian Navy and retired in 1994 as the Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Operations). His published works include “Maritime Strategy and Continental Wars”, a standard text for the Staff College. His second book “A Nuclear Strategy for India” is recommended reading for the Indian Strategic Forces. His third book “The Indian Navy: A Photo Essay” is the official gift of the Navy. Other edited books include “Weapons of Mass Destruction: Options for India”; an Occasional Paper, “The US-India Non-proliferation Divide: the Way Ahead” by Cooperative Monitoring Centre, Sandia in 2005; “The Long View from Delhi: the Grand Strategy of Indian Foreign Policy” published in India and the US in 2010. Admiral Menon was a member of the Arun Singh Committee and of the National Defence University Committee. He is a visiting lecturer at all institutes of higher study of the and the Foreign Office. He headed the group that wrote the 2007 Indian Navy’s New Maritime Strategy and recently retired as the Chairman of the Task Force on Net Assessment and Simulation in the National Security Council. He is a Distinguished Fellow of the Institute of Peace and Confict Studies and the National Maritime Foundation. His current areas of specialization are Nuclear Strategy; Maritime Strategy; Net Assessment and Strategic Scenarios including Politico-Military and Technological and Politico- Military Simulation/Gaming.

44 Globalization, International Liberalism and the Maritime Cooperation Nexus

The contemporary environment is marked by ever strengthening economic, informational and politico-strategic interconnect. This is also complemented by the rise of political liberalism through democratic impulses and calls for participatory governance. It seems that the logic of international relations is headed in the direction predicted by Francis Fukuyuma. Further, empirical historical evidence suggests that the use or threat of use of force has rarely led to enduring peace and a stable world order. By juxtaposing these trends with Kantian democratic peace paradigm, it would be obvious that international cooperation in the maritime domain holds the key to an equitable international order. This proposition gains even more relevance in an era of global economic uncertainty and the rise of transnational security challenges. Navies by their raison d’etre for warfighting at extended ranges, fexibility and responsiveness have played a key role in shaping the contours of international politics. In addition, constabulary and benign roles of maritime forces have helped preserve the open (and permissive) character of world oldest commons of the seas. In the above context, the presentation examines the importance of strengthening international frameworks such as the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea (UNLOS) and the significance of outreach efforts like the IFR for developing a robust architecture for ocean regime building and cooperative maritime governance.

45 Professor Geoffrey Till Professor Emeritus King’s College London, UK

Geoffrey Till is Professor Emeritus of Maritime Studies at King’s College London, and Chairman of the Corbett Centre for Maritime Policy Studies. Since 2009, he has also been a Visiting Professor and Senior Research Fellow at the Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore. In addition to many articles and chapters on various aspects of maritime strategy and policy defence, he is the author of a number of books. His most recent are Seapower: A Guide for the 21st Century, a third expanded edition of which appeared in January 2013 for Routledge. He edited, with Patrick Bratton, The Triumph of Neptune?: Seapower and the Asia-Pacific: Adjusting to New Realities and an Adelphi Book for the IISS Naval Expansion in Asia : An Arms Race in the Making ? Both were published by Routledge as paperbacks in 2013 and 2014. With Jane Chan, he edited Naval Modernisation in South-East Asia: Nature, Causes and Consequences. This appeared in 2013. His Understanding Victory: Naval Operations from Trafalgar to the Falklands was published by ABC-Clio in 2014 and his edited ‘The Changing Maritime Scene in Asia: Rising tensions and Future Strategic Stability’ (London: Macmillan/Palgrave) appeared in 2015. His works have been translated into 12 other languages.

46 Cooperative Maritime Engagement in the Indo-Pacific Region

There are three closely inter-connected strands to maritime engagement in the Indo-Pacific - substantive (‘what they engage about’) behavioural (‘how they engage’) and institutional (‘where they engage’). The growth of maritime economic interdependency and the developing common need to defend the sea-based trading system on which their peace, prosperity and regime survival depends mandates maritime security, environmental and day-to-day professional/operational cooperation. This not only helps preserve the system it also improves relations between maritime states. This approach will include the requirement to build capacity where required but also needs to be further buttressed by the kind of behavioural restraint designed to insulate areas of agreement from areas of disagreement, to build trust and transparency and to avoid playing to the gallery of domestic nationalism. Finally it calls for states to engage positively with as many partners and in as many institutions as their resources and interests allow. While a multilateral policy of ‘multi-alignment’ may look as though it produces nothing more than an alphabet soup of competing and autarchic institutions it first usefully observes the reality that the area is far more diverse than, say Western and Central Europe in its ‘command multilateralism’ and allows for greater fexibility in responding to the challenges of unknown futures.

47 First Admiral Amarulla Octavian Chief of Staff, Western Fleet Command Indonesian Navy

Admiral Amarulla Octavian, PhD, is the Chief of Staff, Western Fleet Command, IDN. The Admiral commanded Indonesian Naval Ships KRI Tjiptadi-881 and KRI Karel Satsuitubun-356. His other important afoat assignments include the appointment of Commander, Sangatta Naval Base and Commander, Fast Patrol Boat Squadron, Eastern Fleet Command. Ashore. He has been Commander, Center for Maritime Operations Training, Eastern Fleet Training Command and Aide-de-Camp to the sixth President of the Republic of Indonesia. After promotion to the Flag Rank, he has been Commander, Sea Battle Group, Western Fleet Command prior to his current position. Recently, he represented ASEAN as a Maritime Expert and is also a member of the Indonesian delegation for the 16th ASEAN Senior Law Officials Meeting and 9th ASEAN Law Ministers Meeting 2015 in Bali, Indonesia. Admiral Octavian holds a doctorate degree in Military Sociology (Indonesia University) and a Master of Science degree (Université Paris Panthéon-Assas). He is a resident lecturer in the Indonesian Naval Technology College and Indonesia Defence University. He takes keen interest in military sociology and strategic maritime affairs, particularly maritime security and naval issues in the Asia Pacific region and Southeast Asia. His recent publications include Budaya, Identitas dan Masalah Keamanan Maritim, Unhan, Jakarta, 2014; Pirates between Aden and Malacca, Indonesia Defence University, Jakarta, 2015; Asia’s Maritime Conflicts: Where is the United Nations, Strategic Review, Vol.5 NBR.3, 2015. 48 Indonesian Approach and Perspective on Asia’s Regional Maritime Cooperative Engagements

The importance of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has continued with the shift of the world’s global economy to Asia. Thus, further social interaction between and among nations have intensified. These nation-based social interactions have led to competition, conficts and cooperation, infuencing the geostrategic and the security environment of the IOR. Apart from economy, there has been a number of ongoing interactions in the maritime security domain. Past experiences necessitate the need for a comprehensive maritime cooperative arrangements, not only among countries of the IOR but also with extra-regional states. However, existing frameworks have achieved their own success, but it would take more to answer the complex needs of the region. As an archipelagic state connecting the Pacific Ocean and the IOR, Indonesia understands the significant importance of the maritime domain along with its safety and security. Hence, in a vital region such as the IOR, Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) is an important tool in securing the oceanic commons, particularly for navies as part of their tools for naval cooperation. Since existing maritime cooperation frameworks, both bilateral and multilateral, require further enhancement in order to answer the region’s challenges and needs, the relevance of existing international frameworks for conciliation and could become a mechanism for confict resolution in the region in order to forge further regional resilience. The paper would take advantage of the maritime sociological perspective.

49 Professor Ataur Rahman Chairman Initiative for Strategic and Maritime Studies, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Professor Ataur Rahman obtained his Masters and Doctoral degrees from the University of Chicago (1973- 1978). He is currently the founder-Chairman of Initiative for Strategic and Maritime Studies, Dhaka. He is a leading political scientist and security analyst in Bangladesh. The Professor is the President of Bangladesh Political Science Association since 2007. He is a former Professor and Dean of Social Science, Dhaka University (1985-1987) and also served as a senior diplomat in London (1988- 1992). Professor Rahman has worked at various universities and research institutes like the Dhaka University, George Washington University, London University, Tokyo University, Nagoya University in Japan, and National University of Singapore. He held a number of prestigious fellowships under the Fulbright Program, and by the Ford Foundation, Brookings Institution, and Japan Foundation. He has published extensively in national and international journals. His recent work includes strategic and governance issues involving South, Southeast, East Asia and Middle East.

50 Building Partnerships in the Bay of Bengal: Opportunities and Challenges

This paper brings out the need and complexities of evolving a regional approach to maritime cooperation in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) by tracing the varied perceptions of threats and interests of littoral states. While strategic jostling continues to occur in the BoB involving the littoral and ‘extra-regional’ naval powers, the recent settlement of longstanding maritime boundary disputes among Bangladesh, India and Myanmar has led to a significant change in atmosphere. The paper argues that a regional mechanism in the BoB is now most appropriate to facilitate cooperation in functional areas such as disaster relief and rescue, climate change response, migration and anti- terrorism activities. In fact, in a region with marked asymmetry and a legacy of mistrust, it is imperative that littoral states of the Bay develop a culture of dialogue and cooperation, and increase maritime domain awareness by integrating information on marine resources, key energy assets, weather data, piracy and terrorist threats along major sea-lanes and production areas. In this context, the paper emphasizes the critical role of India to not only build its own capacity on increased threat perceptions in relation to China, but also strengthen the normative foundation of cooperation as a ‘net security provider’ in the neighbourhood. The paper concludes that much depends on India - how it envisions cooperative security architecture in the neighbourhood and at the same time maintaining overall strategic relationships with the United States in Indo-Pacific region.

51 Conference Coordination Team

Commodore Srikant Kesnur Director, Maritime Warfare Centre, Visakhapatnam

Captain Raghavendra Mishra Research Fellow, National Maritime Foundation Conference Coordinator

Commander Satish Kumar Directing Staff (ASW), Maritime Warfare Centre, Visakhapatnam Event Organisation & Management

Ms Nitika Srivastava Research Associate, National Maritime Foundation

Ms Premesha Saha Research Associate, National Maritime Foundation

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