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Adoption and Impact Assessment of Improved Technologies in Crop and Livestock Production Systems in the WANA Region

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Adoption and Impact Assessment of Improved Technologies in Crop and Livestock Production Systems in the WANA Region Adoption and Impact Assessment of Improved Technologies in Crop and Livestock Production Systems in the WANA Region The Development of Integrated Crop/Livestock Production in Low Rainfall Areas of Mashreq and Maghreb Regions (Mashreq/Maghreb Project) Editors Kamil H. Shideed ICARDA Megaproject on Poverty and Livelihoods Analysis and Impact Assessment Mohammed El Mourid Regional Coordinator for North Africa Regional Program, Tunisia International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas © 2005 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) All rights reserved. ICARDA encourages fair use of this material. Proper citation is requested. Recommended citation Shideed, Kamil H. and Mohammed El Mourid (eds). 2005. Adoption and Impact Assessment of Improved Technologies in Crop and Livestock Production Systems in the WANA Region. The Development of Integrated Crop/Livestock Production in Low Rainfall Areas of Mashreq and Maghreb Regions (Mashreq/Maghreb Project). ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, viii + 160 pp. En. ISBN: 92-9127-180-3 Headquarters International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria Tel: (+963) (21) 2213433, 2213477, 2225112, 2225012 Fax: (+963) (21) 2213490, 2225105, 5744622 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.icarda.org Contents Foreword v Introduction vi 1. Theoretical Framework for Assessing Adoption and Impact of Improved Technologies 1 Kamil H. Shideed 2. Regional Synthesis of Adoption and Economic Impact of Improved Technologies in Mashreq and Maghreb Countries 31 Kamil H. Shideed and Mohammed El-Mourid 3. Adoption and Impact Assessment Studies in Algeria: Cactus Production and Ram Effect 43 Mustapha Rejdal, Mustapha Malki and Kamel Menasria 4. Adoption and Impact Studies in Iraq 55 4.1 The Impact of Barley Varietal Technology in Iraq 55 Kamil H. Shideed and Khairi K. Salem 4.2 Economic Assessment of Barley Forage Legume Rotations within the Framework of Risk Analysis 73 Kamil H. Shideed and Saad Hateem 4.3 Monitoring the Adoption of Feed Block Technologies 78 Kamil H. Shideed and Khazi K. Khatab 5. Adoption and Impact of Improved Technologies in Jordan 83 Samia Akroush and Faisal Awawdeh 6. Impact of Improved Barley Varieties in Lebanon 97 Fadi Naddaf, Salah Hajj Hassan, and Sleimen Skaff 7. Adoption and Impact Studies in Morocco 107 A. Laamari, M. Boughlala, and A. Chriyaa 8. Adoption and Impact Studies in Syria 119 Haitham Al-Ashkar, Ahmed Mazid, and Aden Aw-Hassan 9. Adoption and Impact Studies in Tunisia 139 Mohamed Elloumi, Salah Selmi, Hichem Ben Salem, Sonia Bedhiaf, Hammadi Hassen, Mouldi Felah, Salah Chouki, Naziha Atti, and Ali Nefzaoui iii Foreword The low rainfall areas (200–350mm) of West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region are char- acterized by low levels of economic activity, high incidence of land degradation, and a high concentration of rural population. Agriculture accounts for nearly 30% of the total labor force in the region. Adoption rates of improved technologies are very low due to low public and private sector investment in agricultural research and technology transfer. This, coupled with increased incidences of drought, has resulted in increased poverty and hardship among small producers of rural populations. More than 38 million of the total WANA population live in rural areas, and depend mainly on farming for their livelihoods. Crop-livestock systems are the predominant enterprise, with major household income generated from small ruminant production. Livestock feed on extensive rangeland during winter and spring, and are moved to cultivated areas for grazing of cereal stubbles and other crop residues in summer and fall. The contribution of native rangeland to animal feed requirements has decreased from 70% five decades ago to no more than 25% at present. This is due mainly to increased number of animals and the demand for their prod- ucts. Inappropriate land use policies and the absence of secure property rights have often contributed to unsustainable use of land and rangeland resources. Land degradation resulting from the loss of vegetation through overgrazing, ploughing and fuel wood extrac- tion, and consequent soil erosion via wind and water, is also common in WANA countries. This problem is exacerbated by land ownership and tenure issues, where land is collective- ly owned by the public. To address these challenges, therefore, the Mashreq/Maghreb (M&M) project was initi- ated and designed as an adaptive research program for the development of integrated crop-livestock production systems in the low rainfall areas of WANA. The M&M project has succeeded in developing and disseminating several technological options, among which are improved barley varieties, introduction of forage legumes into barley rotation, fodder shrubs (Atriplex and cactus), improved rams, feed blocks, and other flock management practices. This publication documents the empirical results of uptake by end-users, constraints to adoption, and impact of the technologies. The results have important research and policy implications toward increased investment in the dry areas of WANA region. I therefore rec- ommend it to the major players in agricultural development in WANA region, including stu- dents of agriculture, researchers, policymakers, the general public, and most especially governments of the WANA countries. We are grateful to the following institutions for providing financial support for the proj- ect: International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD), the International Development Research Center (IDRC), the Ford Foundation, the CGIAR System-wide Program on Property Rights and Collective Action (CAPRi), and the Forum Euro-Mediterranean des Institute Economiques (FEMISE). We also appreciate the efforts of the researchers who collaborated on the project. Prof. Dr Adel El-Beltagy Director General v Introduction The Mashreq/Maghreb Project The Mashreq/Maghreb (M&M) Project was designed as an adaptive research pro- gram for the development of integrated crop-livestock production systems in the low rainfall areas of West Asia and North Africa (WANA). It was established in 1995 with the main objective of developing more productive and sustainable small rumi- nant systems through the integration of crop and livestock production within and across the barley and rangeland-based systems of Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria – Mashreq – and Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia –Maghreb. The project evolved from a technology component-testing program to one of integrated adaptive research that addressed technical, socioeconomic, cultural, institutional, and policy options issues for communities in the dry areas. Expected outcomes included improved income and welfare of farmers and pastoralists, increased production to meet the demands for small ruminant products, and improved conservation of the natural resource base. Successful technologies included improved barley varieties, multinutrient feed blocks, forage legume-barley rotations, multipurpose cactus and shrubs, improved sheep fertility and reproduc- tion, and the rehabilitation of degraded rangelands. The Mashreq/Maghreb (M&M) Project was initiated and designed as an adap- tive research program for the development of integrated crop-livestock production systems in the low rainfall areas of WANA. During the first phase of the project (1995–1998), participatory approaches were used with individual farmers and through farmer-managed field trials of technology components. During the second phase (1999–2002), the approach evolved into an integrated natural resource management (INRM) approach. The initial entry points were the technologies that addressed the constraints of limited feed resources and increasing land degrada- tion. Technological, institutional and policy options were developed by a multidisci- plinary and multi-institution team consisting of two CGIAR centers (ICARDA and IFPRI); the national teams of Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, and Tunisia; and two rural communities from each of the eight participating countries. The M&M Project was supported by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD), the International Development Research Center (IDRC), the Ford Foundation, the CGIAR System-wide Program on Property Rights and Collective Action (CAPRi), and the Forum Euro-Mediterranean des Institute Economiques (FEMISE). vi Study Background Technology is the most important force in increasing agricultural productivity in the long-term. However, to affect productivity, technology must be adopted in the production processes. Largely, the rate of adoption of a new technology is subject to its profitability, degree of risk associated with it, capital requirements, agricultural policies, and socioeconomic characteristics of farmers. New technology adoption is an important source of productivity gains in various production systems. Producers benefit from the adoption of new technology through opportunities to lower their production costs, either by increasing outputs from the same inputs or by maintaining the same output from reduced inputs. One of the short-term impacts of a new agricultural technology is an increase in the incomes of farmers adopting the technology. However, the most important aspect is the effect of the technology on the pattern of income distribution among farmers. Previous studies have attempted to measure
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