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Radical Religion and the Background to the Development of the Quaker

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Radical Religion and the Background to the Development of the Quaker Radical religion and the background to the development of the Quaker movement in the area of Pendle, the Ribble Valley, Craven, Westmorland and the Yorkshire Dales c1570 to 1652 A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2020 Roy S. Hickey School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents Figures and Illustration ………………...…………………………… 5 Abstract ……………...………………...…………………………….. 6 Declaration ..…………………………………………………………. 7 Copyright Statement ………………………………………………… 7 Acknowledgements ..………………………………………………… 8 Introduction ..……………………………………………………...… 9 Scope and methodology …………...……..………………………………….. 13 Poverty hardship and social change ...….……….……………………………….16 Landlords and tenants ..…...…………………………………………...……….. 18 Doctrine of judgements ....…………………………...…………………………. 21 Puritans preachers and teachers .………...… …………….….…………………. 22 Puritanism in the north-west of England ..………………………………………29 Grindletonianism ..………………………………..……………………………..33 From Seekers to Quakers …….………………………………………………….35 The Way to Firbank Fell ...…………………...……….…………………………38 Religious radicalism and military activity ………………………………………40 The nature of radicalisation ….………………………………………………….42 Thesis Structure ..…………………………………………………….………….44 Chapter One: A Century of Hardship.……………………………. 49 Financial hardship and natural disasters ....…………………………………….. 49 Economic hardship around Pendle and north-east Lancashire …...…………..... 51 The rise of the yeoman farmer …………………………………………………. 61 Hardship and disputes in Westmorland, Craven and the Yorkshire Dales ..………….…………………….…………………. 68 Poor harvests, famine and crisis mortality ...…………………..…..…………… 80 The economic difficulties of a gentry family …...……………………………… 93 Interpreting great hardship …………………………..………………………….. 96 Summary .......……………………………………………………………………100 2 Chapter Two: Puritans Preachers and Teachers ...…..………… 104 Education: Establishing Puritanism …………………….……….…….…….. 109 Craven: Puritans, radicals and Grindletonians ....…………………..………… 113 Sedbergh: Establishing Puritanism ..…………………………………...…….. 131 Schools: The Puritan connection …………………………………………….. 144 Kendal: ‘A Protestant island in an unreformed sea’ ……..…..………………. 157 Freedom of Religion: Seeking a Way ..………………………………………. 166 Summary ………………………………………………………………………. 171 Chapter Three: Freedom of Religion: From Seekers to Quakers ..……………… 174 The Established Church and the rise of sects ………………………………... 176 The separatists in Westmorland and the Dales ..……………………………... 181 Separatist ideas and Liberty of Conscience ...………………………………... 196 Summary ……………………………………………………………………… 214 Chapter Four: The Way to Firbank Fell ……………………….. 217 An informal network ………………………………………………………….. 221 Called to arms ……………………………………………………………….... 224 The Northern Association Army …………………………………………….… 232 Establishing a godly network …………………………………………...…..… 244 God’s party ………………………..…………………………………….……. 244 John Lambert ……………………..…………………………………….……. 246 William Erbery ………………………………..……………………….……... 250 Transformative meeting and a new direction for Fox ................................…… 253 James Nayler ………………………………………………………..….……. 255 The ‘olde preist’ ……………………………………………………………… 259 Pendle Hill …………..………………………………………………….……... 261 John Webster …………………………………………..…………….……..… 264 Through the Dales to Westmorland …………………...………………..…….. 267 Summary …………………………………………………….………………... 274 3 Conclusion …………………...…………………………………… 278 A people’s history ….………………………..…………………………....….. 282 A culture of radicalism ..……………………………………………………… 286 A Puritan network and religious independence …..……………..…………… 288 A military connection and the ‘olde preist’ …………………………….……. 292 Appendix One: George Fox’s route to Pendle Hill and Grindleton ……………………….….. 298 Appendix Two: George Fox’s route through the Yorkshire Dales .……..............................…. 299 Bibliography ……………………………………………………… 300 Word count: 87,988 4 Figures and Illustrations Figure One: Pendle Hill viewed from the Pennines ………………………… 262 Figure Two: The walk to Pendle Hill from Barley …………………..……… 264 Figure Three: Langstrothdale ………………………………………….……… 268 Figure Four: Dodd Fell Hill ………………………………………………..… 272 Figure Five: Fox’s Pulpit, Firbank Fell ………………………………..……. 274 Figure Six: Commemorative plaque, Fox’s Pulpit, Firbank Fell ..………..… 297 5 Abstract This thesis explores the social, economic and religious background of the independent religious community which developed across Westmorland, the Yorkshire Dales and north Lancashire in the years before 1652. This was the year when George Fox was introduced to the community at a historic meeting at Firbank Fell, near Sedbergh, in Westmorland. While this meeting is recognised as perhaps the most transformative event in the early history of the Quaker movement, the importance of the community and the individuals Fox met has been overlooked. The historical focus has always been on the activity of George Fox not on the people he met. But this was an established radical group, whose character had been strengthened by years of hardship, isolation and persecution, which had come together to form a simple church to worship God in the way they wished. There was no conversion at the feet of George Fox, this was instead a mutually beneficial meeting of like-minded people. In the following chapters I will explain how strength of character and an independent frame of mind developed, how radical puritanism and education shaped the lives of the people, how a closed isolated society opened in the 1640s during the civil wars to radical religious and political ideas, fermented within the ranks of the armies of Parliament. It was through an informal network of like-minded religious radicals, that George Fox became aware of the community in Westmorland and the Yorkshire Dales. This thesis outlines the importance of the network, its radical nature and the involvement of soldiers in the Parliamentarian army. It explains how Fox was introduced to the members of the network during his travels around Yorkshire and the significance of his meeting with the ‘olde preist’, William Boyes, who provides a direct link to religious radicalism across the area over a period of forty years. George Fox’s decision to travel to Westmorland was formed by these events, his journey was planned, it was not accidental. 6 Declaration No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. Copyright Statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trademarks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. iv. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property University IP Policy (see http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/display.aspx?DocID=24420), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Library’s regulations (see http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/about/regulations/) and in The University’s policy on Presentation of Theses. 7 Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisors Professor Sasha Handley, Dr. John Morgan and Dr. Jennifer Spinks without whom this PhD would never have been completed. I cannot thank you enough. Your expertise has been invaluable as has your encouragement and your patience. I would also like to thank Dr. Charles Insley for his insight on belief and his illuminating advice and Professor Daniel Szechi for his advice and encouragement at the beginning of this project. I would not have been able to undertake this work without the constant support and encouragement of my wife Anita, who with love and patience, sorely tested at times, has seen me through every step of the way. 8 Introduction In the spring of 1652, George Fox climbed to the top of Pendle Hill in north-east Lancashire. From here to the west he could see across Lancashire to the Irish Sea. Looking to the north, the Yorkshire Dales extended westward to Westmorland. Later in his Journal, written between 1673 and 1677, Fox said that standing there he had a vision when, ‘ye Lorde lett mee see a toppe of ye hill In what places hee had a great people [to be gathered]’.1 His search for the ‘great people’ took him through the Ribble Valley and the Yorkshire Dales to the town of Sedbergh, then in the county of Westmorland. Here
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