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Course Outline

Introduction, Overview of Industry

I. Nutrient Analysis II. Digestive Tract Anatomy / Function - Anatomy - Digestive enzymes III. Classes of Nutrients

Classification based on site of fermentation

Class Species Dietary Habit Hind gut fermentors Cecal fermentors Rat Omnivore Rabbit Selective herbivore

Colonic digestors Horse Grazer Pig, human Omnivore Dog cat carnivore Pregastric fermentors Ruminants Cattle, sheep, deer Herbivore

Nonruminants Colobine monkey, hamster, Herbivore kangaroo, hippo

More general term is ruminant and non-ruminant (monogastric)

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Classification based on diet: birds Carnivore Faunivore Macrofaunivore: carnivore (mammals) Hawk piscivores (fish) Pelican Microfaunivore: insectivore Swallow crustacivore Penguin molluskivore Kiwi planktonivore Flamingo Herbivore Florivores Nectafivore (nectar) Hummingbird Frugivore (fruit) Toucan Granivore (grain) Sparrow Graminivore (grass) Ostrich Folivore (leaves) Hoatzin Leaves, buds, grasses Geese, grouse, duck Omnivore Generalist feeder Quail, crows, pheasants

Classification based on diet: Primates

• Frugivore (fruit): orangutans

• Folivore: leaf eating monkey

• Insectivore: Tarsiers (also eat snakes, lizards)

• Gumminivore (sap and gums): tammarins and marmosets

• Omnivores: most species (diet includes other mammals)

Fish Digestive Tract Anatomy

Rainbow Trout (carnivore)

Catfish (omnivore- animals)

Carp (omnivore-plants)

Milkfish (microphagous Planktove, plankton)

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General aspects of digestive tract anatomy in non-ruminants

Primary Components Sub-regions Accessory organs

Mouth Teeth Pharynx Esophagus Salivary glands Stomach Esophogeal Cardiac Body or corpus Liver pyloric Gall bladder pancreas Small intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Large intestine Colon Cecum Rectum

Digestive capacities (% of total) Small Large Animal Stomach Intestine Intestine

Cow 70 19 11 Sheep 67 21 12 Horse 8 26 66 Pig 30 33 37 Dog 63 23 14 Cat 69 15 16 Human 17 67 17

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Cell Wall Digestibility and Fiber Retention Time

Red (ruminants) b Eland g giraffe i, j Buffalo, bison k, l camels Blue (hindgut, colonic a, b, c Zebras fermenters) g, h Elephants (africa, asia) I, j, k rhinos Yellow (foregut fermenters) 1 Red kangaroo 2, 3, 4 Hippos on different forages

The Pig ______

Stomach (2 gal)

Large Intestine (16’, 2 gal) Esophagus Mouth Cecum Small intestine (10”, 0.5 gal) (60’, 2.5 gal)

Human Digestive Tract

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Horse Digestive Tract: • Stomach and small intestine are structurally similar to the pig or human. • Horses do not have a gall bladder. Bile is continuously secreted into the duodenum.

• Fermentation occurs in the cecum and colon (similar to what happens pre-gastrically in the ruminant). • VFA are produced and absorbed. These provide a major portion of the energy needed by the animal.

• Microbial protein produced in the hind gut, but the resulting amino acids are not absorbed. • Water soluble vitamins ???

The Horse ______

Small Colon (12’, 3 gal) Small intestine (70’, 12 gal)

Esophagus

Large Colon (12’, 19 gal) Mouth Cecum (4’, 8 gal) Stomach (3.5 gal)

Digestive Tract of the Horse

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