Dietary Practices and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women in West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia
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Demilew et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2020) 20:18 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2702-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Dietary practices and associated factors among pregnant women in West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia Yeshalem Mulugeta Demilew1*, Getu Degu Alene1 and Tefera Belachew2 Abstract Background: The optimal dietary practice is a critical requisite for maternal nutrition. However, the majority of Ethiopian pregnant women have inadequate nutrient intakes. These may be due to their poor dietary habits. Identifying factors affecting the dietary practices of pregnant women is crucial to design appropriate interventions. In this country, the dietary practices of pregnant women and determinants are not well studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the dietary practices and associated factors among pregnant women in West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 712 pregnant women from May to August 2018. Quantitative data complemented with a qualitative method. Pregnant women were selected using a cluster sampling technique. Structured questionnaires were utilized for data collection. Data were entered into Epi- Info version 7.2.2 and exported to SPSS version 23 software for analysis. Data were described using frequencies and mean. A logistic regression analysis was done. Three focus group discussions and 17 key-informant interviews were conducted for the qualitative data. Focus group discussion participants were mothers, husbands, and health professionals. Typical case and homogeneous sampling techniques were used for the key-informant interviews and focus group discussions, respectively. Thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data. Results: Only 19.9% of respondents had appropriate dietary practices. On the multivariable logistic regression analyses, being food secure [AOR = 2.25, 95% CI: (1.1, 4.5)], having high edible crop production [AOR = 2.00, 95% CI: (1.2, 3.2)] and a favorable attitude [AOR = 1.69, 95% CI: (1.1, 2.6)] were significantly associated with the appropriate dietary practices of pregnant women. In the qualitative study, lack of knowledge on maternal diet, cultural prohibition, and knowledge gap of the professionals were barriers that interfere with dietary practices during pregnancy. Conclusion: Pregnant women in the study area are found to have suboptimal dietary practices. Therefore, health professionals should give regular nutrition counseling using cards and role models for promoting diversified food production and consumption. Keywords: Pregnant women, Dietary practice, Dietary diversity, Food variety score * Correspondence: [email protected] 1School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Demilew et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2020) 20:18 Page 2 of 11 Introduction Among these factors, individual (psychological and During pregnancy, women’s bodies undergo anatomical, socio-demographic) and environmental (economic, so- physiological, and biochemical changes [1, 2]. These bio- cial, cultural, availability, and accessibility of nutritious logical changes increase women’s nutrient requirements food) factors are amendable [21, 22]. Socio-demographic [2]. Thus, pregnant women should eat diversified food- factors were assessed by previous researchers, whereas stuffs that contain an adequate amount of energy, pro- psychological and environmental factors affecting dietary tein, vitamins, minerals, and water [3]. practices of pregnant women were not assessed in the Despite this, the majority of pregnant women in devel- Ethiopian context. oping countries have inadequate nutrient intakes com- Thus, this study adds to the literature on predictors of pared to the standard recommended by the World dietary practice by assessing environmental (enabling) and Health Organization (WHO) [4, 5]. Especially, diets of psychological (predisposing and reinforcing) factors. Enab- Asian and African pregnant women are predominantly ling factors were livestock possession, edible crop, vege- cereal-based with infrequent consumption of animal table, and cash crop production. Predisposing factors were products, vegetables, and fruits [6]. perceived susceptibility to and severity of the conse- Few studies done in Ethiopia have shown that nutrient quences of poor maternal diet, attitude, and intention to intakes of pregnant women aren’t sufficient to meet their take a balanced diet, behavioral control, perceived benefit, nutrient demand. Nutrient inadequacies are as a result and barrier of taking adequate diet during pregnancy. Re- of poor dietary practices (observable action of dietary inforcing factors were family support to take a healthy habits) [7, 8]. According to the literature, good dietary diet, women’s autonomy, and subjective norms. practices of pregnant women vary within the country About 34.5% of pregnant women who attend antenatal ranging from 26.9% in the Ambo district to 40.1% in the care at public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Gondar town [9–12]. reported good dietary practices. The same study also To assess the dietary practices of pregnant women, identified education, monthly income, attitude, and gra- some of the literature in the country used frequency of vidity as factors associated with the dietary practices of meal, while others utilized questions on the nutrient con- pregnant women. This study used the above study as a tents of the food which is not feasible to use in the Ethiop- reference to calculate the sample size using single and ian context since the majority of pregnant women didn’t double population proportion formulas. know the nutrient contents of the food. Nutrition infor- Identifying factors that affect the dietary practices of mation, education, monthly income, dietary knowledge, pregnant women is timely to design appropriate inter- family size, age, ownership of radio, having an illness, and ventions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess husband occupation were independent factors for the the dietary practices and associated factors among preg- dietary practices of pregnant women [9, 10, 12, 13]. nant women in West Gojjam Zone. The result will be a Inadequate dietary intakes are associated with intrauter- helpful baseline data about pregnancy & nutrition in the ine growth retardation, low birth weight, and premature Amhara region, as it may be the first study of its kind in delivery [14, 15]. These problems remained the foremost the region. It could be used as an input to policymakers public health concern in Ethiopia and associated with the and planners at the national, regional, and zonal level to high neonatal and infant mortalities [16]. Conversely, ex- design nutrition interventions important for improving cessive consumption of energy-dense foods linked with maternal diet during pregnancy. The health service pro- excessive gestational weight gain [17, 18] that, in turn, in- viders can take account of the findings of this study to creases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes [19]. modify the way nutrition education is delivered. Taking this into consideration, the Ethiopian govern- ment continuously showed its commitment to avert nu- Methods tritional problems by developing food and nutrition Study area and period policy, strategy, and programs. Furthermore, the govern- The study was conducted in West Gojjam Zone from ment designed the “Seqota Declaration” to end stunting May to August 2018. The zone is one of the 11 zones in by 2030 [20]. the Amhara Region. In Ethiopia, region and zone are the Despite the effort of the government to improve nutri- first and second level administrative divisions, respect- tion, few studies done on maternal nutrition in the ively. Zones are further divided into a number of wore- country revealed suboptimal nutrient intakes of pregnant das. Woredas (the third-level administrative divisions in women compared with the standard recommended by the country) further divided into kebeles (the smallest the WHO [7, 8]. administrative unit in the country). The dietary practices of pregnant women are influ- West Gojjam Zone has 15 woredas with a total popu- enced by a set of complex biological, physiological, psy- lation of 2,641,240, of which 50.7% were females. The chological, economic, social, and environmental factors. number of estimated pregnant women was 61,072. Teff, Demilew et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2020) 20:18 Page 3 of 11 maize, millet, bean, pea, grass pea, pepper, barley, wheat, eight woredas were excluded from the study because cabbage, collard green, tomato, potato, papaya, mango, dietary practices of pregnant women in these woredas and avocado are foodstuffs commonly produced in the may not be representative of the dietary practices of all zone. Cattle, chicken, sheep,