Vol. XXXVI. No. 4 25 Cents a Copy October, 1928 ,76e MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE officid Tian ofthe P , UNION

The Chinese delegates U, the Pan-Pat:0k: Women.. Conference presenting the new National flag of China to Gov. W. R. Farrington. President of Pan-Pacific Union.

HMLIN CLOSED DU 00 o 62() o ,M5 '11111■1. JAVA ES AUSTRALIA HAWAII ORIENT Javasche Boekhandel ,,ewa t,o. AND NEW ZEALAND Pan-Pacific Union Kelly & Walsh Gordon & Gotch O Ct

aireveraarkimivinini • • vim • hrtroweireo • • rrinlivirerravrefd o • rriatevrav • • • - ,-■ tlrr ii_if. artfi r fifittga3tur • sX CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD i Volume XXXVI Number 4 • CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1928 • • Il • F! A Popular Science Number Containing Science papers prepared for the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference

• The Opening of a Women's Congress 303 • ■ By Jane Addams • • Medical Education for Women in Japan 307 • By Dr. Yayoi Yoshioka, President Tokyo Women's Medical College ■ • • Mental Health in New Zealand 313 • By Dr. Mildred Staley. • • Industrial Hygene in Australia 317 - By D. G. Robertson, M.D., D.P.H. • ■ School Medical Supervision in New South Wales - - 325 i • 5 The Eight Hour Day for Women in Industry - - - 333 • • EI By Alice Hamilton, M.D. • g* Women Workers in Tientsin, China 339 ti 5 Women in Industry 345 5 By Elizabeth Clapham. gI E' i 5 Meeting the Recreation Needs of the City Girls - - - 349 .1

The Model Village in Pootung 355 • The Living Wage for Women in Australia - - - - 359 5 1 5 By Persia C. Campbell. F. • t 011e flith-faritir IC agazitte • E Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Alexander Young Hotel Building, Honolulu, T. H. $3.00 in advance. Canada and . Yearly subscription in the United States and possessions, • E Mexico, $3.25. For all foreign countries, $3.50 Single copies, 25c. 5 Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. • • Permission is given to publish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. • ,-- ■ . ottlismAllxywigkr Aps.Awimir ipLAP._. mcgxiirm • , • . IP /Ma A„P DIPAD,..tmt,A • Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. 302 i THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 303

The Opening of a Woman's Congress By JANE .ADDAMS Before the Pan-Pacific Club in a first address in Honolulu

It has been a very great pleasure to be part of the Conference to be given under the auspices of the Pan-Pacific Union, which, as you know, has had so fine a record in the past. Getting the scientific people together to study the problems of the Pacific was a fine piece of international action, as was the con- vening of congresses to consider educa- tion and the conservation of the food resources of the Pacific. Women were present at these former conferences in small numbers, but the Union has waited until this year to call the women's con- ference. We hope at this conference, not only to approach our subjects from the woman's point of view, nor even from the outlook of the individual coun- try, but also to keep in mind the Pacific area as a whole. Jane Addams, from her latest photograph If the Food Conservation Congress or when in Honolulu. the Educational Conference had been held in pre-historic times, the convenors roles longer, this fact alone may give us would have found that the raising of certain depth and background which food and the training of children could European women more easily lose in have been discussed only by the women, their conferences. because they were the only people to do It is easy to review the attempts of that sort of work, and the only ones who women to create international organiza- considered such work important. There tions. I suppose the first time that may come to us at this Conference a sug- women became thoroughly interested in gestion of the part women played in the International affairs was through the beginnings of civilization. Because many early missionary societies. In a con- women in the Pacific have kept to these tinuous study of the "fields" and through 304 THE MID-PACIFIC

.1n Hawaiian pageant at Waikiki Beach, Honolulu, on the grounds of the Outrigger Club. A bit of the hedge of Night Blooming Cereus on the grounds at Punahou, where the first Pan-Pacific Women's Conference was held. THE MID-PACIFIC 305

A Parade in Honolulu of men of all Pacific Races. the letters of missionaries, women inter- cussed methods and policies and returned ested themselves in the historical and home cheered by good-will and a sense anthropological aspects of various of comradeship. A good many coun- countries. Next came the Women's tries represented in that council have Christian Temperance Union with its now secured woman's suffrage. Through branches in the Orient as well as in the League of Women Voters they bring Europe and America. Frances Willard back into the council, not so much the and Lady Henry Somerset were the difficulties they have met with in ob- first presidents of its world wide organi- taining their suffrage as their experiences zation considering moral problems every- in the first use of it, and their wide- where. Next we have the International spread conviction of the necessity or Council of Women. The national coun- study of political affairs. Among the cil in each country consists of a federa- later international organizations is that tion of all of the national organizations of the University Women. They are of women, and these national federations able to extend to each other, not only a in turn are federated into an inter- great many courtesies and opportunities, national body which is wide-spread in but they are putting forward on very its interests, not so much in the indi- carefully determined lines, what they vidual woman's achievements, but in the consider the more reasonable standards achievements of women as they are or- for the education of women, and from ganized into groups. Then came the In- their beautiful headquarters in London, ternational Suffrage Alliance, committed are carrying on research in certain coun- to securing suffrage for women. It was tries where women's education is lagging. interesting to see how the women at- There are many other international or- tending its international meetings dis- ganizations of women, for it is evident 306 THE MID-PACIFIC

that before we reach the place where least to the extent of making our inten- men and women may work in equality tion clear. side by side, it is necessary for women Honolulu is indeed a wonderful matrix to have organizations of their own. This, for such an organization as the Pan- I am sure, is what the Pan-Pacific Pacific Union. Perhaps it could have Women's Conference will do in relation been started nowhere else, for you have to other Pan-Pacific Bodies. In the past, here, through the mutual friendliness of women's organizations have met to fur- many races, settled problems which are ther the special interests of women, and perplexing the rest of the world. We to bring women together to discuss from like to point to Hawaii, and say "It is an international standpoint, their mutual possible for diverse races to live in problems. But this Pan-Pacific Con- amity, because it is being done in Hono- ference is of a somewhat different type, lulu." You have learned by doing. It for in addition to the other two purposes, may, too, be significant that you are, as we hope to consider not only our rela- Mr. Ford has pointed out, in the center tions with one another, but to discuss of the United States. the change throughout a large area As we gather together day by day in which such changed relations as we may Honolulu, may our Conference be touch- find possible may at length produce. ed by that large measure of racial good- Perhaps, in two weeks from now, we will, which characterizes these beautiful may be able to "deliver the goods," at islands.

The first flag of the Chinese Republic presented to the Pan-Pacific Union. The new Na- tionalist flag was presented during the session of the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. THE MID-PACIFIC 307

opv,Inw • 9 qmr441 • ystm Im.%,•) • • Will... • The Story of - Medical Education . for Women 1 . - in Japan By YOYOI YOSHIOKA President of the Tokyo Women's Medical College

linitreirtni I' a 1 hs IRV riii=t7arrid" 5e••-e, -i" -VI 7.- Wirat

I believe medical education for women in Japan has reached a high standard. To speak frankly, I am very proud of it. At the time of the Meiji Era (1868- 1912), a woman doctor in the true sense of the word first appeared in Japan. That pioneer was Miss Ginko Ogino. When she at that time was at a certain hospital in Tokyo, she dis- Dr. Yayoi Yoshioka, delegate to the Pan-Pacific liked the gynecological treatment per- Women's Conference, Honolulu, 1928. formed by men doctors of that in- was Mr. Tai Hasegawa, the first Japan- stitution. This revolt against existing ese to study European medicine after methods led her to become herself a doc- the Meiji Restoration of 1868 and who tor. But as the government at that time subsequently established this school in did not permit women to take the med- 1876. The number of graduates from ical license examination she found her- self confronted with much difficulty in that school reaches the neighborhood of the consummation of her desire. She 20,000, which is in number half the doc- consulted Mr. Sensai Nagayo, head of tors in Japan at the present time. the Department of Health of the Impe- In 1892 I graduated from the Saisei rial Government, and Viscount Chutoku Gakusha and passed the examination Ishiguro, M.D., who was Nagayo's for medical practitioner. However, in friend and also head of the Red Cross those days, rigid feudalistic codes held Hospital of Tokyo. At last, in 1884, sway, so that the men students oppressed the Government allowed women to be- the women students and the manners of come licensed and so, consequently, in the school were deplorably corrupt. Ac- the next year, she passed the required cordingly in 1900 the school did not per- examinations and became the first wo- mit women to matriculate. Girl students man medical doctor of Japan. who were refused admittance to that My own medical education was re- school then asked me to establish a wom- ceived at the Saisei Gakusha (Saisei en's medical school. As a senior who prac- Medical School), which happened to be ticed medicine, I felt it my duty to help co-educational, the principal of which them to become doctors, and founded 308 THE MID-PACIFIC

Dr. Yayoi Yoshioka, much respected woman in Japan, whose initiative has made possible Medical Education for women in that country. THE MID-PACIFIC 309 the beginnings of my Medical School in had to take the State examination in a room of my dispensary, to which were order to attain the degree of doctors. admitted only four girl students. This Accordingly we exerted ourselves to the is the origin of the Tokyo Women's utmost to be a college recognized by the Medical College of today. Afterwards Department of Education, since the grad- the number of candidates for admission uates of those colleges are not required increased, necessitating in 1904 the es- to take the State examination. During tablishing of The Tokyo Women's Med- this period of expansion and growth, ical School, at 6 Kawada-cho, Ushigo- equipment became better, school affairs me-ku, Tokyo. A dormitory and class- were arranged and many free patients rooms were built there and many lectur- admitted. Consequently after eight ers for each department appointed ; thus years, as the equipment of the college the school grew larger and larger. But had become almost completed, we pro- as there were only twenty or thirty stu- posed an application for authorization dents in the school it may seem strange by the Department of Education, in Oc- to you that the number of lecturers at tober of 1919. In the next year, the that time was greater than that of the 12th of March, 1920, to be exact, we re- students. Further, there were few peo- ceived at length the coveted authoriza- ple who felt the necessity of professions tion. We were in high delight. At last for women in those days, so the man- we had the only woman's medical col- agement of the school was difficult for lege in Japan. us. Nevertheless in spite of annoying Lately we have also received generous difficulties, in 1908, we had our first suc- support from the State. As the free dis- cessful examinee in the medical license pensary of our college has displayed in- examination. Since that time the num- creased activity lately, the Department ber of successful women-examinees has of the Imperial Household, the Depart- been more than that of men-examinees, ment of Home Affairs, Tokyo-fu and and the question of women's professions Tokyo municipality have subsidized that has attracted the attention of the public, phase of our work. thus increasing the candidates for ad- mission every year. Unhappily, two years after we were But out of the frying pan into the granted authorization by the Depart- fire—for the examination for medical ment of Education, my husband died. practitioners was to be abolished in the But as I believe that I must complete my near future by an official ordinance work—to educate many girl students pertaining to technical schools, chang- into fine woman doctors ; to promote ing all medical schools into tech- public health in Japan, and to raise the nical schools. My husband, Arata Yo- standard of our college to that of a uni- shioka, who was a professor of physiol- versity, which was the last and only will ogy and German language in the Tokyo of my husband, I have not been dispir- Women's Medical School, and myself, ited by this unhappiness and have con- contributed all our property to our tinued to exert all my efforts in this school and thus it became a foundation- direction. al juridical person. Moreover we ex- Perhaps you will be interested in panded our hospital and bought many knowing about the present status of specimens. Then, happily, in March, my college. This college consists of 1912, our school became a Technical a preparatory course of one year and a School recognized by the Department of regular course of four years. The num- Education. But our work for the future ber of students enrolled this year reached was not yet completed, for the graduates 802. The enrollment of students during of the colleges recognized by the State previous years indicates the following : 310 THE MID-PACIFIC

Biochemical Laboratory of the Tokyo Women's Medical College.

Year Students Enrolled Candidates for New 1912 249 Year Admission Students Graduates 1914 118 96 18 1913 229 1915 110 88 30 1914 247 1916 126 106 56 1915 295 1917 127 105 42 1916 308 1918 195 130 70 1917 340 1919 203 138 58 1918 342 1920 344 131 1919 353 98 1921 357 130 1920 457 71 1922 449 137 113 1921 566 1923 478 138 120 1922 579 1924 505 138 107 1923 583 1925 427 162 1924 597 84 1926 450 162 1925 646 97 1927 435 165 1926 702 106 1928 568 184 1927 764 109 1928 807 When my school became, as above In 1920 we established a preparatory mentioned, a College authorized by the department, and the number of students Department of Education in 1920, the increased remarkably following that year. number of graduates and candidates for admission notably increased. From the The number of graduates, the candi- above we see the sum-total of all the dates for admission, and the number of graduates of my school has reached al- new students during this same period ready 1,247. They work not only in Ja- shows the following: pan proper, but in Formosa, Korea, THE MID-PACIFIC 311

Dormitory for the acommodation of students in the Tokyo Women's Medical College, built since the earthquake.

Hokkaido, Saghalien, China, U. S. A. connected with the Medical College is and other countries. And we think that that of the Shisei-Kai (Shisei Associa- our efforts towards admitting Chinese tion), which is a group of our graduates. women to our College will further rela- This alumni association was founded in tions between Japan and China. 1910, then called Kofu-Kai. During the My college is located, as above men- terrible earthquake of September 1, 1923, tioned, at 6 Kawada-machi, Ushigome- my private hospital located at 4-chome, ku, Tokyo. Two hospitals which are 31 Iidamachi Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, was attached to the college, and have 100 reduced to ashes. I bought a hospital, beds, are also at the same place. In the head of which was Dr. Shoko 1925 I built a dormitory with accom- Azuma and which had 60 beds. Then modation for 500 students, at a cost I contributed the site of the old hospital which reached to about $300,000. Be- at Iida-machi, and a barrack-like hos- sides the above I have two more hos- pital at the same site, which was built pitals, as mentioned below, in Tokyo, for the Alumnae Association, which then one of which is located at 4 Shimomi- changed its name to Shiseikai and this yabi-cho, Ushigome-ku, and is my pri- hospital is called Shiseikai Hospital. In vate hospital, the other located at 31 1926 the Association was incorporated, 4-chome, Iidamachi, Kojimachi-ku is the and thus gradually has been put on a property of our Alumnae Association. firmer business basis. Its chief aims are Thus I have four hospitals in Tokyo. to treat patients of people of moderate The buildings of the college cover an means and to treat the poor free of area of 640 tsubo (2560 square meters), charge. So far the number of patients and that of the hospitals attached to the treated in this hospital have reached to College covers an area of 473 tsubo about 40,000. Besides, the Association (1892 square meters). has arranged courses of lectures of pub- One of the most interesting activities lic health in various parts of Tokyo and 312 THE MID -PACIFIC

has published an alumni bulletin every Education. Consequently there are now month which is called Joikai (the World two women's medical colleges in Japan. of Women Doctors), the aim of which is In May of 1920 the Lord Steward of to promote public health in Japan. More- the Empress, by the Empress' wishes, over, it has made strenuous efforts for inspected the college. I was greatly the improvement of public health in touched, for I supposed that her Maj- Tokyo and the training of mid-wives and esty the Empress honored us by encour- nurses. In the near future the Associa- aging medical education for women. tion will build a maternity hospital and Since that time I have made up my mind a nursery. I think this Association is to make utmost efforts towards the med- the only institution for public health ical education for women and to devote directed by women in Japan. I have myself to the services of the state. the honor of being president of the As- sociation. Thus in conclusion, the ideals set be- fore me are to raise my college to a uni- In 1925 another women's medical col- versity, which is, as above stated, the lege was founded and called the Imperial will of my husband ; and to train Women's Medical College, the president women medical professors for that uni- of which is Dr. Susumu Nukada. Thus versity. If my college were to become a far it has not been given the official university, it will be the only women's authorization of the Department of medical university in the Orient.

Japanese people are known to be lovers of beauty in nature. Japanese women are now playing their part in making for a healthful nation. THE MID-PACIFIC 313

11MIA_WAKAIIMOYMOVVVVIMPVVNY1PSYMIMPA Mental Health ti in New - ,, Zealand, ? a Study of • Causes :-, By DR. MILDRED STALEY i4 il Of Auckland, New Zealand E i alriNtriil treNt •

The term "mental hygiene" is usually considered to mean the treatment of mental symptoms, the cure of mental disease. But fortunately a wider view is developing, and stress is laid now on prevention. Much attention is being Dr. Mildred Staley of Auckland,New Zealand, delegate to the Pan-Pacific Women's given to study of the causes that lead Conference, 1928. to mental stress and breakdown, and to the correction of failures in making the population, only 172 million people to social and personal adjustments which an area of 103,285 square miles. so often end in pathological conditions There are few large cities, Auckland, of the mind. the largest, having a little over 200,000 Such study is well worth while, par- inhabitants with ample room to expand ticularly if it is true—as a well known without any crowding. As compared director of mental hygiene recently with that in towns, the rural population stated—that statistics from general hos- is about two-thirds of the whole. In pitals show that "60 per cent of the in- traditions, government, social and com- dividuals who ask for treatment have mercial institutions, the country is no organic disease, but are suffering closely attached to Great Britain ; ex- from a state of mind which incapacitates cept for 50,000 Maoris, only 1.5 per them as thoroughly as does physical cent of the population is not British by disease alone." One thing we know for birth. certain, that most nations show an in- Together with her aim to preserve creasing percentage of persons under her racial purity, New Zealand accords treatment for mental symptoms. equal opportunity and equality of status It is worth while therefore to make a to all her sons and daughters ; the na- short critical study of mental ill-health tive Maoris are well cared for, and rep- as it exists in one small country, New resented in parliament and in the cabi- Zealand, with special reference to the net. possible causes. The proportion of wage-earners to New Zealand has a temperate climate, employers is curiously small ; "every a fertile well watered soil, and small man his own boss" seems to be the pre- 314 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID- PACIFIC 315 vailing ideal. For 1926 there were 140,- Italy has 0.78 per 10,000, Great Britain 705 wage earners, of whom only 21,562 has 0.8 per 10,000, U. S. A. has 1.15 were women and girls. There are few per 10,000, New Zealand has 1.30 per who are either very rich or very poor ; 10,000. all classes mingle freely, and social life Another symptom of mental ill health generally presents few problems. lies in the high proportion of "preju- Women having long had the right to diced" and illegitimate births which are vote upon the same terms as men, so- steadily increasing. In 1921 illegitimate cial legislation is very advanced. By first births, including prejudiced, were their organized child welfare activities 27.48 per cent of total births. In 1925 they have tried to ensure that every this rate was 31.28 per cent of total child born shall have the best possible births. Australian statistical figures, chance of life up to manhood. formerly higher, are declining and have As a result, New Zealand has now the fallen below those of New Zealand. In lowest infant death rate in the world this connection also we find an increase (39.76 per 1000)—and the general death of divorces in proportion to the number rate is also low, 8.96 per 1000 of the of marriages. The last records show population. that in 1926, 723 divorces were granted, In this country, so lovely and while 10,419 marriages took place, about naturally healthy, having within its one divorce to every eighteen mar- borders a physically vigorous well-edu- riages. Petitions from the wives were cated community fond of sport and the most numerous ; "desertion and open-air life, and with good social con- drunkenness" figure as the chief grounds ditions, one would naturally expect the for the divorces. The marriage rate is mental health of the people to be above low compared with many countries, only the average, their mental equilibrium 7.8 per 1000 of the population. stable, nerve and mental defects rare. Crime is an important symptom of Strangely enough this is not the case, mental ill health, and here too we find at any rate of late years. The propor- the same unfortunate increase. While tion of the population to be found in other countries, England, France, Aus- mental hospitals is high as compared tralia, are reducing their crime, statis- with other countries ; first admissions tics of New Zealand crime show a def- were (in 1926) 5.43 per 10,000 of the inite yearly increase, both of convictions mean population as compared with a and of prison population. norm of about 4.5 in 10,000 in Great Britain and U. S. A. The proportion of distinct prisoners per 10,000 of the mean population has It is noticeable that if senile decay risen from 15.37 in 1919 to 21.8 in 1926. cases are excluded, nearly half these Moreover this is twice the percentage first admissions are ascribed to con- that are found in English prisons, and genital and hereditary causes, syphilis ten times as many as in Australian and alcohol, both of them race poisons. prisons. This is partly due to modern Of the feeble minded no complete psy- methods of penal reform adopted in chometric survey has yet been made. those countries, which include an ex- But partial surveys of retarded chil- tended use of probation for first of- dren in the schools of some districts has fenders in place of short sentences in shown a high per centage of permanent prisons, and good aftercare of those dis- mental defectiveness. There is no men- charged—with small, open-air, self-gov- tal defective registration act. erned penal institutions. In suicides New Zealand also is well ahead of European countries, and the In connection with crime statistics we rate is increasing yearly. Thus while may note that convictions for drunken- 316 THE MID-PACIFIC

ness have also increased since 1922,— Mental hygiene must concern itself with from 4.8 per 1000 to 8.7 in 1926. tackling syphilis which is responsible Among these are not included the for mental and nerve defects of all merely technical convictions involving kinds. the issue of "prohibition orders" which The mental health of the child too is consign the offender to a suitable insti- all-important. Both in schools and in tution for treatment. pre-school life it is easily impaired, and Unfortunately this increase of both it is now that mental as well as physical crime and drunkenness is chiefly among defects can be detected, and intelligent the younger males of the nation—be- plans laid for stabilizing the emotional low 40 years of age. Here we may well life, and preventing mal-adjustments consider the "Drink bill" of New Zea- both personal and social, which induce land. This also has risen from £8,- mental stress. For all such work, a Bu- 093,089 in 1923 to £8,425,051 in 1926— reau of 1VIental Hygiene coordinating all or 40 and 42 million dollars. This rep- activities is necessary. Also Psychiatry resents an expenditure of £27,177 (or clinics are essential, not only for investi- $135,000) every day that hotel bars gating mental equipment of the children were open, too heavy an expenditure but for the treatment of abnormalities for the small population of this young of behavior. More attention should be country. If we take the consumption given to recreational facilities for the of wine and spirits per head of the young, and the right use of their leisure population, we find the same increase. hours on playgrounds, in community In 1922 the consumption of wine was welfare clubs and youth movements. .092. In 1926 the consumption of wine Child guidance agencies in general can was 0.169. Similarly the consumption do much to give some creative outlet to of spirits per head increased from 0.29 the emotional urges which so often are in 1922 to .539 in 1926. misdirected and lead to delinquency. In In New Zealand there is no prohi- New Zealand there is sad lack of these bition and no power of "local option," facilities. i.e., districts and cities cannot keep out The courts and prisons offer a great the liquor traffic, which is on the whole field for preventive mental hygiene. It lawless, and tends to manipulate every should not be possible in these days to department of public life in its own find many mentally irresponsible offend- favour. ers in prison, being presently let out and State control is not a popular issue, free to pass on their defects to their as the people fear that the government, children, so breeding a fresh generation in order to increase the monetary re- of feeble-minded wastrels and criminals! turns, will multiply centres for sale ir- If the feeble-minded boy was to be com- respective of the wishes of the people. pletely sterilized (castrated) at the age of 11 to 13, when he has attained his The consumption of alcohol is closely full mental equipment for life, this prob- connected with the incidence of venereal lem would be fairly solved, and he might disease, which is fairly high, but ac- be safely left to a happy and useful life curate statistics are not available. A in his own home, earning his living in registration act for venereal diseases, some craft. It is along some such lines with notification by doctors made com- as are here indicated that mental hygiene pulsory, was passed in 1924, and treat- will direct its efforts, and strive to in- ment centers were opened at city hos- vestigate and improve the mental health pitals in most towns. But these are not of each nation in the future, though made use of to the full, i. e., till cure re- adapting its methods to the special con- sults, and follow-up work is lacking. ditions existing in each country.

THE MID-PACIFIC 317

The dining room in a modern factory in Australia. Provision of good meals at moderate cost is one of the phases which makes for a healthful working force.

999 1•14 • 999 .11,11M4 9 999 •4,3V • • •41•411,1•4 Industrial Hygiene in Australia By D. G. ROBERTSON, M.D., D.P.H. Director, Division of Industrial Hygiene, Commonwealth Deparmtent of Health, Australia

ltitnt A A In Ann TA cTCOTAitAirel • • 4-iiirif • idu AN • •

Industrial hygiene is the branch of Victoria was the first Colony in Aus- public health that has to do with the tralia to undertake manufacture on an application of the principles of hygiene appreciable scale, and in 1870 20,000 per- and public health engineering to con- sons were so employed. Under the stim- struction, equipment and management of ulus of a protective tariff this number working places so as to prevent injury showed a large increase each year. No and disease and to advance and to de- corresponding provision was made, how- velop the physical fitness and well-being ever, for the accommodation of the new of the worker. Its sphere is a very wide workers, and there existed a general dis- one, embracing not only the factory and regard of cleanliness, a lack of sanita- workshop but also the farm, the mine, tion, and in many trades an overworking the railway, the warehouse, the counting of women and children. This state of room, and, in fact, all places where work affairs gave rise to serious public con- is carried on. In this article a brief de- sideration, and in 1873 the Victorian scription will be given of the measures Parliament passed the Supervision of taken in Australia to safeguard the life Workrooms and Factories Statute. This and limb of the Australian worker. Act limited the hours of employment to 318 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 319 not more than 8 hours in one day, and ical practitioner of the district. The Act gave the central or local board of health dealt not only with factories but with power to make regulations respecting the hours during which shops might re- factories or workrooms, as to the max- main open for the sale of goods, and imum number to be employed in any one required seating accommodation or in- room, and for enforcing provision for tervals of rest to be provided. the necessary warmth, ventilation and Many amending Acts have been cleanliness therein. The enforcement of passed since 1885, the principal features this Act proved unsatisfactory, and in of the latest Acts including the forma- 1883 a Royal Commission was appointed tion of wages boards to determine the to investigate its working. The Com- & in imum wage to be paid for a max- mission found that men were frequently imum number of hours, provision for compelled to toil for as many as 18 hours the better control of dangerous trades, and women for 16 hours a day, and that raising the age of employment of girls there was an urgent need for improving to 15 years and boys to 14 years, extend- the hygienic conditions of some of the ing the power of factory inspectors, the factories, particularly as regards over- keeping of first aid ambulance chests, crowding, faulty ventilation and the restriction of weights to be lifted by mixing of the sexes. Pointed attention girls under 18 years of age, and the was also drawn to the evils arising from provision of dining rooms, rest rooms the sweating of out-workers. The report and seating accommodation. The other of this Commission was shortly followed Colonies followed the lead set by Vic- by the passage of legislation to correct toria and adopted similar legislation. the conditions exposed. A study made by the Division of In- The Factories and Shops Acts, 1885, dustrial Hygiene, Commonwealth De- made provision for insuring cleanliness, partment of Health, in 1922 showed, air space, sanitation, and the require- however, that in connection with many ments of decency, and for maintaining important matters safeguarding the the health of the workers and their health of the worker there was consid- safety. The employment of children erable diversity in standards and prac- under the age of 13 years was prohib- tice. ited. Forty-eight hours a week for fe- In September, 1922, at the invitation males and males under 16 was pre- of the Prime Minister a conference of scribed, but this number of hours could delegates from the State Health and be extended under special permission. Labour Departments and the Common- The Act also required certificates of fit- wealth Department of Health met in an ness to be obtained by persons under endeavor to arrive at uniformity in the age of 16 years before employment standards and practice with regard to in factories. The employment of per- the administration of State laws, and sons under certain ages in certain classes similar conferences have been held in of factories and workrooms was prohib- 1924 and 1927. These conferences have ited, and without special permission proved highly successful, and gratifying boys under 14 years of age and girls progress has been made in the various under 16 years of age were not permit- States in the directions contemplated by ted to work in any factory or workroom the recommendations adopted. As a between the hours of 6 p. m. and 6 a. m. direct result of these conferences may be Provision was made for the legislation mentioned the appointment of a Medical of factories and inspectors were ap- Officer of Industrial Hygiene to the New pointed. Notices of accidents of a speci- South Wales Department of Health, and fied severity were required to be sent to a woman Medical Inspector to the Vic- the inspector, and to the certifying med- torian Department of Labour. Both 320 THE MID-PACIFIC

dental clinic in an industrial plant in Tasmania. This phase of industrial hygiene is re- garded as increasingly important in modern thinking.

these officers have since their appoint- Western Australia and Northern Terri- ment' carried out important investiga- tory. In the industrial legislation of tions on the working conditions of sev- New South Wales, Queensland and eral industries, and action taken on their South Australia, both systems are em- findings has caused considerable im- bodied. Industrial Wages Boards as provement from the hygienic aspect. well as Industrial Courts being insti- The Commonwealth Department of tuted. There is also the Arbitration Health through its Division of Industrial Court of the Commonwealth which has Hygiene which was created in 1921, has power, however, to deal only with mat- also carried out several valuable investi- ters extending beyond the limits of a gations into the physical condition of single State. The chief aims of a Wages workers in different industries. Some of Board System are to regulate hours, these enquiries have been undertaken at wages, and conditions of labour and em- the request of the Commonwealth Court ployment by the determination of a of Conciliation and Arbitration with a board usually brought into existence for view to assisting the Court in its de- any specified industry or group of in- termination as to the working hours to dustries by petition or application. be adopted in the particular industries Under the Industrial Arbitration Court investigated. system an industry does not technically Two systems, based upon different come under review until a dispute has principles, exist in Australia for the actually arisen. The powers of the Court regulation of wages and general terms are both numerous and varied. It hears of contract for employment. A "Wages and makes awards upon all matters con- Board" system exists in Victoria and cerning employers and employees. In Tasmania and at the seat of government some awards definite hygienic standards of the Commonwealth of Australia, and have been prescribed and working hours an Industrial Arbitration Court in are reduced in establishments failing to THE MID-PACIFIC 321

Office of the medical superintendent in a large department store in Australia. Experimental effort on the part of employers, voluntarily undertaken, sometimes precedes the adoption of a practice under legal enactment. comply with the conditions set forth. by the Commonwealth, and the other to Many of the awards prescribe sick pay, all seamen working on ships registered the total allowance in any one year as in Australia. a rule being limited to 12 days' pay, sub- The Employers' Liability Acts im- ject to the provision that the employer posed on the employer liability for acci- in all cases may require the employee dents causing injury or death brought concerned to produce a medical certifi- about by defects in works, plant, or ma- cate that he is unable to work. Annual chinery due to the employer's negli- leave is prescribed under many awards. gence, or negligently left unremedied by Other awards grant rest periods, and him, or caused by the similar negligence where the nature of the work warrants of his servants. it, protective clothing must also be pro- The Workmen's Compensation Acts vided. In certain cases the awards de- impose a liability upon the employer to mand that qualified first aid attendants pay compensation to an injured work- be employed to treat any cases of acci- man, or to his dependents in case of dents that may occur. death, independently of negligence on In each of the States Acts have been the part of the employer or of any one passed allowing compensation as re- employed by him. The Acts of five of gards workers who have been killed or the States and of the Commonwealth injured while engaged in industrial oc- specify that compensation shall he paid cupation. Two Commonwealth Acts have if in any employment personal injury by also been enacted, one providing for accident arising thereout in the course compensation to all workers employed of the employment is caused to any 322 THE MID-PACIFIC

Provision with a modern plant for the prompt handling of industrial accidents is becoming recognized as important. Legal enactments in Australia provide for workers' compensation, but the public conscience of employers provides such accommodation as is shown, in many cases.

worker. The New South Wales and New South Wales Act the term "injury" Queensland Acts provide that compensa- is defined to include a disease which is tion shall be paid to all workers—or to contracted by the worker in the course their dependents in the case of death— of his employment whether at or away who are injured by accident, whether at from his place of employment and to the place of employment or on the jour- which the employment was a contribut- ney to or from such place or (being in ing factor. the course of employment or while under In only two of the States, however, employers' instructions) away from the are medical practitioners required by place of employment. The Common- statute to report cases of occupational wealth Government has also passed an disease coming under their notice. Ordinance relating to Workmen's Com- Acts governing the conditions of em- pensation in the Northern Territory. ployment in mines are in force in each Only one of the Australian States has of the States. The employment under- not as yet provided for the payment of ground of all females and of boys under compensation to sufferers from occupa- 14 years of age is prohibited. A mini- tional diseases, nor is this provision mum age, usually 17, is fixed for em- made in the Commonwealth Workers' ployment as lander or braceman at plats Compensation Act. and landing places. No lander, brace- In four of the States the occupational man, underground worker, or man in diseases for which compensation is pay- charge of motive power may be em- able are given in a schedule, but in the ployed more than 8 hours a day. Vari- THE MID-PACIFIC 323 ous provisions for the protection of the tion in buildings separate from the lives and health of miners are contained shearing shed, a dining room, proper in the Acts. These provisions include cooking and washing vessels, a good measures for the adequate ventilation'of drinking water supply, and latrines. mines, for dust control, lighting, sani- This Act was adopted later by the other tation, the provision of ambulance chests States. and stretchers, and the reporting of acci- The Workers' Accommodation Act, dents. 1921, Queensland, applies not only to The Workmen's Compensation shearing sheds, but also to construction (Broken Hill) Act, 1920, requires the works, meat works, pastoral occupations, medical examination of all mine work- sawmills, sugar works, and such works ers before employment. as the Governor in Council may from The West Australian Miners Phthisis time to time by order in council declare. Act, 1922, requires a physical examina- With the exception of New South tion of all metal miners when so called Wales and South Australia, the States upon and for the exclusion of tuber- have passed Workers' Homes Acts pro- culous miners from underground work. viding for advances out of moneys voted The Division of Industrial Hygiene of by Parliament, on prescribed securities the Commonwealth Department of Health to persons in receipt of an income below in 1925-1926 examined 4,067 metallifer- a prescribed sum for the purpose of ous mine employees under the provision enabling them to erect dwelling houses. of this Act, and an annual re-examination The Commonwealth Government under of these men is now being carried out. the power conferred by the Northern The Mine Inspection Act, 1901, of Territory Acceptance Act, 1910, and the New South Wales gives power to the Northern Territory (Administration) Governor to make regulations for the Act, 1910, adopted the Workmen's prevention of lead poisoning, and regu- Dwellings Ordinance, 1919. lations have been made accordingly. The Unemployed Workers' Insurance The Mines Rescue Act, 1925, New Act, 1922, Queensland, established an South Wales, provides for rescue opera- Unemployment Insurance Fund to which tions in coal and shale mines by the contributions are made by the workers, establishment, equipment and mainte- employers, and the Government. Meas- nance of rescue stations and rescue ures having for their object the remedy- corps. The control, maintenance and up- ing of unemployment are also pre- keep of each rescue station is vested in scribed. a district committee consisting of the The Commonwealth Government has miners, check inspector of the district under consideration at the present time and four persons elected by the owners the question of the introduction of a of the coal mines in the district. The national scheme to deal with unemploy- owner of every mine in the district is ment. required to contribute towards the cost The Commonwealth of Australia of the equipment and maintenance of the Navigation Act, 1912-1920, represents station. Similar legislation exists in an important advance in the field of in- Queensland. dustrial hygiene. The Accommodation The Shearers' Accommodation Act, Division of the Act requires in vessels New South Wales, 1901, provides for the of the Australian mercantile marine the proper and sufficient accommodation of provision of 140 cubic feet with a mini- persons employed in or about shearing mum floor space of 18 square feet for sheds in the shearing of sheep or in each man who lives in the space, irre- work connected therewith. This accom- spective of the space provided for mess- modation includes sleeping accommoda- rooms and bathrooms. Standards for 324 THE MID-PACIFIC

ventilation, lighting, bunks, mess-rooms, other establishments engage physicians sanitary arrangements, including prop- to attend at their institutions at certain erly constructed bathrooms with wash- fixed times during the day ; 33 estab- hand basins and showers, to which hot lishments employ full-time nurses, 23 of and cold fresh water are made available, these being fully-trained female nurses ; and hospitals, have been prescribed. As 42 additional establishments employ per- a result, the conditions on board Aus- sons qualified in first aid; 18 establish- tralian ships have been brought into ments provide both an ambulance roon. line with modern ideas of sanitation. and a dispensary, and 40 other establish- Under the "Health" Division of the ments provide an ambulance room. Five Navigation Act, the examination of sea- establishments provide a dispensary, and men by medical inspectors has been ar- 3 establishments provide both a house ranged. Scales of medical stores and ward and a rest room. books of instruction suitable for differ- Since 1925 very satisfactory progress ent classes of ships and voyages have has taken place in the direction of the been prescribed. Provision has been provision of medical services and nurses. made that where a seaman or appren- The Commonwealth Department of tice belonging to a ship registered in Health has now two full-time nurses en- Australia is left on shore in any place gaged in looking after the welfare of in Australia owing to illness or injury Commonwealth officers. in the service of the ship, he shall be The importance of industrial hygiene entitled, if landed at his home port, to in the field of preventive medicine has wages during his illness and for one not yet received recognition in the med- week after recovery, with a maximum of ical schools of Australia. The subject three months wages in all. If landed at is practically ignored in the ordinary a port other than his home port, he is curricula, and facilities are not available entitled to maintenance, medical ex- for post-graduate work. penses, and a free passage with wages The Department of Sanitation and to his home port. Hygiene, Technical Education Branch, The number of factories in Australia Department of Education, New South employing large numbers of hands is Wales, offers courses of training in In- very small. In 1922-23, only 660 out of dustrial Hygiene to meet the require- 19,173 factories in Australia, or 3.4 per ments of factory inspectors, welfare cent, engaged over 100 hands, but in workers, or supervisors and others en- these 660 factories 169,867 persons, or gaged in cognate work. The classes are 41 per cent, out of a total of 412,410 also available to students who desire to were employed. study any of the special subjects dealt In October, 1924, a questionnaire was with. addressed by the Commonwealth De- The Commonwealth Government has partment of Health to the larger em- recently made provision for the erection ployers of labour throughout Australia of a School of Public Health at the Uni- asking for particulars regarding their versity of Sydney. This will enable the system of medical service, if any, for introduction of courses of study on the the benefit of their employees. subject of industrial hygiene not only From the replies received, and other for the medical student but for the grad- sources of information, it would appear uate of medicine. that the position in Australia with re- Printed with this article are some il- spect to this matter at the beginning of lustrations representing certain of the 1925 was as follows : measures adopted by Australian em- The full-time services of 8 physicians ployers to promote the welfare of their are engaged by 5 establishments. Thirty employees. THE MID-PACIFIC 3 )5

•pumuummaulamcgIA- g . School 1 Medical g Supervision in New South Wales • A Contribution by a Woman Med- • ical Officer in the Education Department i :Mrtsll'• • • (• banal • 1 • • ' • pt

The Education system of New South Wales differs from that of many coun- tries in that the public schools, as our Two Young Australians. free primary schools are called, are not controlled locally but are all under the ers eliminates at the outset defects that direct supervision and control of a cen- might otherwise mar the child's whole tral Education Department in Sydney. school life, while the examination of Consequently the School Medical Service "leavers" affords a valuable opportunity has its headquarters in Sydney and of for vocational guidance in those children its nineteen medical officers nine are en- (not all, of course) who leave school at gaged in metropolitan work. At the head this age. The examination is a thorough of the Medical Branch is Dr. Harvey one ; vision and hearing are tested ; teeth. Sutton, O.B.E., and his staff includes throat and nose examined in detail ; the eighteen doctors, nine of whom are child is then stripped to the waist, heart women ; and is supplemented by ten and chest examined, general physique and school nurses, ten dentists and a corre- posture being noted at the same time. sponding number of dental assistants. The doctor of course makes any further The Metropolitan school area is di- examination that may be necessary in vided into districts ; and each school is any particular case. Defects are re- visited annually by the school doctor for corded on cards and parents notified sub- the district, who examines all "entrants," sequently by letter from the Head Of- i.e., children in the first or lowest infant fice. Each child brings two cards to the class and all "leavers," i.e., children doctor, on one of which his previous whose fourteenth birthday falls within medical history and any symptoms that the year. School attendance in New may exist at the time of examination South Wales is compulsory between the have been noted by his parents. (These ages of seven and fourteen. He (or she) cards are mentioned because in other also examines any other children whom countries parents are sometimes not well parents, teachers, or the school nurse enough educated to fill them in). The wish to bring under his observation, and second card is filled in by the teacher any children with persistent defects. The and records the child's height, weight. advantages of this system are two-fold ; chest measurements, conduct, posture, the routine examination of six-year old- etc. 326 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Museum, Brisbane, Queensland. This large state in the Australian Commonwealth is largely agricultural. The problem of the health of children in the scattered areas is similar to that described for the children of New South Wales.

The motor car which traverses the plains of Australia in modern days, does not supersede the bullock cart for certain phases of hauling work. THE MID-PACIFIC 327

Free dental treatment is available at but still untouched by school medical the School Dental Clinic ; no other actual work is the problem of the health of chil- treatment is undertaken by the school dren of pre-school age. It is during the medical officer whose work is supposed pre-school age that whoopingcough and to be purely diagnostic and preventive, diphtheria take their toll of child life. though, of course, a great deal of advice Dental caries, improper feeding, rickets and instruction is given to teachers and (though serious cases of rickets are rare to any parents who may wish to be pres- in Australia), gastro-enteritis, meningitis, ent at the examination of their children. broncho-pneumonia, all bulk largely in However, there are ample facilities for the vale of ill health and mortality before free treatment in Sydney, where besides the age of five years. Baby clinics and several large general hospitals there is a health centers guard a certain number of large modern Children's Hospital of 400 children during the first year or so of beds, the buildings and equipment of life, but no country in the world has as which are said to be equal to that of any yet applied the methods of preventive children's hospital in the world. medicine to the pre-school age, though Untreated cases are followed up by many valuable lives could be saved and school nurses who visit the children's much life-long ill health prevented by homes ; to find out why no treatment has regular medical inspection of children been obtained and incidentally to gain under the age of five years. This is a some idea as to whether home conditions problem for the future and one that a are satisfactory or not. Where the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference might mother is out working all day, the nurse well discuss. will often take the child to the hospital Another interesting side of school and bring him home ; and where the medical work is the examination of conditions are unsatisfactory the home would-be teachers, when at the age of is reported to and investigated by the seventeen or thereabouts they apply for State Child Welfare Department. The admission to the Teachers Training Col- right type of school nurse, tactful yet ef- lege. Each girl candidate is very fully ficient, is an excellent link between of- examined by a woman medical officer, ficialdom and the home. There is no and may be rejected when serious defects limelight about her work, hers is one of are present, admitted provisionally, sub- the many patient, unostentatious, yet ject to adequate medical treatment of satisfying jobs which are so admirably minor defects, or admitted uncondition- suited to women. I say this because very ally. It is suggestive to note that most few men are conscientious or patient of the latter class are girls or boys who enough to tackle them for a moment ! have attended high schools, been examined No doubt the Pan-Pacific Women's annually by school doctors, and whose Conference will be interested in one or physical defects, if any, have been ade- two other aspects of school medical work quately treated. This extrance examina- in Sydney, which dre intimately connected tion for teachers is known to be rather with child welfare. One that may be searching, and most candidates now take mentioned is the work at the Children's the precaution of visiting a dentist, and Court, where many youthful lawbreakers many visit a doctor or an oculist, or both, are examined by a doctor, the boys by a before submitting themselves to the bat- man, the girls by a woman, whose report tery, so to speak, of the official medical is sent to the magistrate in charge of the inspection. Which shows that their edu- case. In most cases psychological tests cation in preventive medicine has, at least, are applied and these have been found commenced ! It certainly commences in most useful. earnest once they are accepted as trainees, Another aspect of child welfare realised for physical education is compulsory and 328 THE MID-PACIFIC

Even the children of isolated homes in Australia receive the care of the School Medical Officers in that country.

if any necessary treatment is neglected, ulated, the distances travelled are con- their allowances as scholarship holders siderable and the travelling is often are stopped and obstinate souls, who arduous, and sometimes even dangerous. would otherwise cling to carious teeth or One school medical officer has on refuse to wear glasses, fly to dentist or two occasions spent the night in oculist when their pay cheque is withheld. his car on the black soil plains in the However, perhaps city school medical process of finding his way from one little work is very much the same in Australia bush school to another, or to the nearest as elsewhere, except that in a country township ; and others have been stopped where nine days out of ten are gloriously in their work by sudden floods or bogged sunny, we have no need of the ultra- when rain came unexpectedly. In spite violet ray clinics of colder climates ; and of these little things, which, after all, will the indoor swimming pools of American happen in a country which was only in- cities and schools are unknown in a city troduced to civilization a hundred and where a three-penny tram fare will take fifty years ago, every country school, one to harbour baths, or to wide, golden even the smallest, is visited at least every beaches where for two-thirds of the year three years by the school doctor who, in one can surf and sunbake to one's heart's the case of country schools, examines content. Every Sydney primary school every child (not merely "entrants" and has its weekly swimming afternoon, and "leavers" as in the city), by a school den- special swimming classes are held during tal clinic and, in the case of schools re- summer vacations. mote from large towns, by one of the But the problem of medical inspection two specially trained ophthalmic surgeons in the country is peculiarly Australian in who are attached to the Medical Branch. some ways. Apart from Sydney and The work of these latter officers, who Newcastle, the wide spaces of sunny New treat cases of ocular disease, carry out a South Wales are still but sparsely pop- full ophthalmic examination where re- THE MID-PACIFIC 329 quired, and prescribe glasses when neces- Several interesting statistical findings sary, protects country children from the are elicited by the routine school medical inefficient services of the travelling op- inspection. It has been shown, for in- ticians, often a mere unqualified bagman, stance, that Australasian children are and is also useful in mapping out the oc- considerably taller, heavier, and better currence of trachoma and instituting developed than children of the same age measures for its prevention. in any other parts of the world for which At one time trachoma or "sandy statistics are available. It has been blight," was a serious menace to the eyes argued, chiefly by Scottish observers, of out-back Australian children ; but as that this is not an actual improvement in the wheat belt advances from the slopes health but merely an earlier maturity. and tablelands into the interior, carrying Unfortunately the system of regular with it the comforts and conveniences of medical inspection has not yet been ex- civilization, such as flyproof doors and tended to the adult population of the windows and an appreciation of vitamins, globe, and it is impossible to say whether trachoma is becoming more and more the physical superiority of the Australian rare and is now seldom met with except continues throughout life. Yet the late C. in the far west in dry seasons. (For E. Montague, the noted English journalist, Australian observers have no doubt that said that he had never seen anything like a diet deficient in vitamins predisposes to the Australian soldiers who were in Eng- trachoma, and, of course, the fly is the land during the war, "radiantly alive as chief means of infection.) if they had absorbed unlimited sunlight." ("Disenchantment" by C. E. Montague). Another of our country problems is The effect of Australian sunshine on the that of endermic goitre, though this, of working man may not please manufactur- course, is not peculiar to Australia. This ers. Oh, yes, we have our faults, out is quite prevalent in certain districts, but here ! but its effect on children and young the goitre is usually small, never the mon- adults does undoubtedly produce some strous deformity of some Swiss districts, fine specimens of humanity. for instance, and almost invariably of the simple symptomless type that is now Another interesting finding is that in usually considered to be due to an iodine Australian cities over 80 per cent of the deficiency in the soil and diet of the dis- children are brown-eyed. roughly speak- trict. It rarely occurs in children from ing, brunette types. In country towns the better-class homes, where diet is the percentage of brunette types is less, ample and varied and seaside ("iodising") while in remote rural districts, the per- holidays are frequent, so that its success- centage of blonde individuals rises as ful eradication is merely a problem of high as 95 per cent. This is a curious adaptation to environment. It is hoped finding in a country where the strictest in the near future to treat a group of immigration laws in the world have kept affected children with iodised salt, used the stock very largely British. The bru- at table instead of ordinary salt, and to nette is, of course, the dominant type. record the results. the blonde the recessive. The blue-eyed Hookworm disease has been found to type might be expected to make for the be present in certain parts of Northern open spaces and the adventures that were New South Wales. The highest re- the breath of life to its viking forbears, corded incidence is 2 per cent and this while the brown-eyed type clings to the is rare. Regular examination of school cities and civilization beloved of its re- children for hookworm is carried out by mote Roman ancestry. In English cities, the Commonwealth Health Department, however, the majority of children are and all cases discovered are investigated b:ue-eyed and fair haired, and the ap- and treated. parent variation of Australian city chil- 330 THE MID-PACIFIC

dren from the Anglo-Saxon type is an cows morning and evening and although interesting little problem in ethnology. some observers have painted sorrowful On the whole, Australian children are pictures of child "dairy slaves," the work very healthy indeed. Dental caries is does not seem to harm or even to tire far more common than it should be, en- children provided the home conditions larged tonsils and adenoids are fairly are good. Here and there, where a common—though the typical adenoid "cocky" farmer is poor, or shiftless, or facies, prominent teeth and high arched both, his children seem rather careworn, palate, is not nearly so common as in but this is very rare. At Gladstone, for colder countries. Hearing is occasionally instance, on the Macleay river, where defective; myopia occurs, but much less Nestles have a large factory, the "dairy frequently than in Europe. Tuberculosis slaves" are rosycheeked, happy young- of the chest is practically non-existent in sters, well dressed and well fed, and Australian children of school age, and possessed of ponies, cameras, fountain bone tuberculosis is also very rare. Acute pens and all sorts of tokens of prosperity. rheumatism, the most serious and dis- They are often quite proud of each milk- abling disease of the school age, is rarer ing a dozen cows every day, and also than in colder countries. Postural de- proud of the fact that father's cream fects, spinal curvature, flat feet, and so cheque is often £250 a month, as well on, are not very common, for the Aus- it might be, in a district like the Macleay, tralian child is usually a sturdy, healthy, where that broad river winds its leisurely outdoor little being. way through green paddocks where fat An interesting comment on the physi- cows stand knee-deep in clover. que of Australian girls was made avail- Mustering cattle or sheep, rabbiting- able when, last year, all the entrants to the skins bring good money—blackberry- the Teachers Training College were ex- ing, fishing, bean-picking, "droving with amined for flat feet, by an ingenious and dad"—all these and many other occupa- accurate arrangement of plateglass and tions fill in the holidays and encroach on mirror by which the exact footprint the school days of these embryo men and could be observed. Now it has been women, for the Australian girl can gen- commonly thought that the high heels of erally turn her hand to most men's jobs if civilized women make flat feet very com- need be, and to all women's jobs as a mon indeed. Australian women are criti- matter of course. For wages are high cised for the high heels and flimsy foot- and labour is scarce, and it is a singularly wear they affect, partly because their lucky—if you call it lucky—Australian shoes do not often need to keep out cold girl who has not had to wash up dishes. or wet, and, I regret to say that some of and wash and iron clothes at some time the girls wore very high heels indeed. or other, while most of us can scrub a Yet flat foot was extraordinarily rare, wooden verandah, and all of us can chop almost disappointingly rare in view of the wood. ingenious device we possessed for its de- This adaptability and independence of tection. Almost without exception these Australian children gives them an en- girls were keen on surfing and swimming viable air of composure. It is impossible or tennis. to subdue an Australian youngster or to Physically and mentally Australian make him feel abashed. With no respect children mature early, and in the country of persons, he takes his care-free way they are often as busy, and learn as through life and sometimes his elders much, outside school as inside it. Many wish he were more "squashable ;" but on of them walk, ride, or drive several miles the whole his frank independence is an to school each day ; in the dairy country excellent quality and inevitable in a land they quite often milk twelve or fourteen where good food, clothing, and shelter THE MID-PACIFIC 331

Buildings of the University in Melbourne. Sydney has kindred edifices for the work of the University in that city.

are as abundant as sunshine, fresh air, under ideal conditions, and no other per- and outdoor games. Casual we may be, son except, perhaps, the school inspector, and our accent is not quite like that of sees the country so thoroughly. For Oxford, yet Lord Frederic Hamilton, wherever settlement has penetrated, there that noted traveller, speaks of the "na- are children, and wherever there are a turalness that makes most Australians dozen or so children there is a little bush so charming," and this naturalness is due school. And no school, however small, to the fact that opportunities and living is left out of the regular medical inspec- conditions are very even and Jack has tion. In this matter I fancy Australia is the same chance of enjoying life as his ahead of some other countries. master. In some districts Australian children are For nearly three years the writer, who monotonously healthy, though possibly had previously lived in Sydney, led the our steady supervision has something to nomadic life of a country school medical do with this fact. Australia and New officer, and can vouch most gratefully for Zealand are fortunate in that the world the friendliness and hospitality of the has realized the importance of prevention outback Australian from the service car in the problems of racial intermixture and drivers, who frequently went out of their national health while they as nations are still young enough to apply the principles • way to find little bush schools for her, and uncomplainingly affixed her heavy of prevention. Here, if anywhere, the weighing machine to the sides of their modern science of preventive medicine cherished Hudsons, to the wealthy station has a chance to prove its worth. (ranch) owners who so of ten made her Travelling as I did, one realizes the welcome to their pleasant homesteads. immense possibilities of Australia as a The school medical officer is a govern- huge holiday place—as a natural reserve ment tourist, travelling to some extent of happy and healthy living. One sees 332 THE MID -PACIFIC it as a wide, sunny playground whose re- come and sit in this sunshine." But few sources are still largely unrealized and would agree with him that it is a good unexploited. thing, for there really is room for all There is the North Coast with its the world to come and sit in the sunshine glorious winter sunshine, so warm that for its holidays, when it grows tired of one can surf and swim with comfort at its cold, grey Northern winters. Even if midday in midwinter. A chain of heavily the North Coast were crowded out, there timbered mountains shelters this fa- is all the sunny back country, thousands voured strip from the cold westerlies, of square miles of it, where in winter the and the scarlet of coral trees and poin- air is clear and dry as crystal—or cham- settia, with the darker red and purple of pagne, which ever simile you prefer. bougainvillea make another summer out There are hot springs at Moree, very of the so-called winter. Soft breezes pleasant for a swim on a crisp, sunny scented by July wattle herald spring three winter's morning. There are unexplored or four months before our calendars mountains on the plains near Narrabri. mention that season. Cakes for fishing, And above all else there is room to rivers for swimming and boating, wide, breathe and move about. Certainly here, unspoilt creamy beaches for surfing and if anywhere, school medical inspection "sunbaking"—as a Belgian wool-buyer and all our other modern schemes for said, "Feet ees a good thing that no racial betterment should succeed in ap- one has written a book about your proaching that utopia of which so many North Coast, else all the world would men have dreamed.

The hospitality of the station owner is proverbial. It is freely extended to the Medical of the Education Department while traveling to supervise the health of the children of the country.

THE MID-PACIFIC 333 ,;„....k,,,,,.„,,A,k„...... A...,.., • -,-, The Eight- • t '4 (4): Hour Day • :5 +. t for Women • in Industry -.-. al :47 By ALICE HAMILTON, M. D. Harvard School of Public Health, F, Boston, Mass. • •t lveltrecricrtml • • tritartsibilmtriNtraNiNta a 170W1

The movement for shortening the working day of women in industrial and mercantile work is known as the eight- hour day movement. It has been chosen by most of those who champion the cause of protection for these women rather than the forty-eight hour week, because the lat- ter allows far too many hours of work in one day, and the fatigue of excessive hours is not made up for even by rest Chinese women need to discover new voca- from work on one day. But a week of tional and industrial occupations. Few are six days, eight hours each, seems to me open to them. Under these circumstances, the coming of standards of hours is delayed. too long, and even the forty-four hour The picture shows a woman barber, week, which means five eight-hour days newly trained. and Saturday half holiday, is not ideal, though it is much the best that can be goes into industry and then see what in- expected now. dustry does to her. When we speak of I would prefer a still shorter work day. men workers we see an army of men of Why? Because modern industrial meth- all ages, grouped, except for those over ods demand of women workers sustained fifty, much as are men in all walks of life. effort of an unchanging kind, which Not so with women workers. Frances makes little use of skill and affords al- Perkins of New York says that when she most no place for satisfaction or pride, speaks on "Women in Industry" she al- which is barren of interest and stunting ways wishes she could change the title to to both body and mind. Work under "Flappers in Industry," and really this is modern conditions is at once fatiguing little exaggerated, as all of us know who and unrewarding, except for the pay en- see women actually employed in industrial velope. Nobody can go through our fac- work. They fall largely into two groups, tories, laundries, department stores, tele- the youthful and the middle-aged, with phone exchanges, and feel that there is the first predominating greatly. Very any truth in the praises which men have few last to 45 years and the 20-25 year always sung about the beauty and dignity group is much larger than the 30-35 year. of work. Such work gives back nothing Take the figures of the Commonwealth- to mind or body. Edison Company in Boston. The per- Let us consider first the woman who centage of the women who are under 20 334 THE MID-PACIFIC

Eight-hour days make possible sufficient leisure for recreation for the employed girl. They thus contribute to her healthful life.

years is twice as great as the percentage because of diseases peculiar to women, of the men who are as young as that. dysmenorrhea does not appear as an im- Almost one-half the women are under 25 portant cause of absenteeism, but from all years, less than one fourth of the men. the diseases common to both sexes, except The United States Census report showed pneumonia, hernia and rheumatism, women that of female clerks and typists in the suffer more than men. The United States country, 61 per cent were in the 15 to 24 Public Health Service has studied the year group. records of 133,000 men and women in in- Women in industry, then, are more dustry, taking only the diseases common youthful than mature. This is a distinct to both sexes and only absences of eight handicap, making them less organizable, days and more. Women have 144 ab- less able to have a voice in determining sences to 100 for men. They lead in hours, wages, and conditions of work, and almost all the diseases, they have 7.9 per also making them less resistant to the cent nervous diseases, as compared with physical strains of industry. These strains the men's figure or 1.5 ; 21 per cent res- do not produce their effect at once, of piratory diseases, with the men only 14 course, the age group with the highest sick- per cent, and 33 per cent as against 18 1)e-- ness rate is not the most youthful, it is the cent digestive diseases. The Metropolitan one between 25 and 30 years when the Life Company has studied its 10,000 strain has lasted 10 or 15 years. The clerks, men and women, doing similar handicap of sex is an even heavier one work in same surroundings. The women than that of youth, as all our recent re- have more than twice as many days of searches into the sickness records of big sickness absence as the men, 226 against industrial plants are showing. This is not 100. The difference does not come from THE MID-PACIFIC 335

the youth of the women, for the contrast tuberculosis deaths from a late to an comes out in the same age groups. Thus early age, that is, the highest mortality in the group under 20 years, 46 per cent rate for women coming to be found in of the men had no sickness days lost, but the twenties instead of the forties. This only 34.7 per cent of the women had has been noted in Sweden since the in- none. In the 25-year old group the con- troduction of modern industry, it is now trast was much greater. Forty-one per taking place in Czecho-Slovakia and in cent of the men had no illness absences, Japan ; Drolet finds it true for New York all but 17.5 per cent of the women had. City and the Chicago Department of Colds incapacitated 40 per cent of the Health has recently announced that the Commonwealth Edison men, but 70 per same thing is taking place in this city. cent of the women. Women in industry, then, have the Certainly harder work cannot account handicap of youth often, or sex always, for this difference. In a Bridgeport ma- and those that are older have the handicap chinery plant, the men stand and have of family cares besides their industrial heavy work, the women sit and have light work in a way men do not have. What work, yet the men, who make up 35 per does industry do to them after they get cent of the force had only 24 per cent of into it ? Let us compare for a moment the sickness, while the women making up labor as it is now and as it was for untold 65 per cent, had 76 per cent of the sick- centuries before the industrial era. Arthur ness. Pound of Flint wrote some years ago in The Metropolitan study of its own the Atlantic an article which impressed clerks showed that 31.6 per cent of the me deeply. He drew a picture of work deaths among the males fell in the early before the machine came in, work which age group, 15 to 24. This is shocking had enough of sameness to permit of the enough, but it is worse for the female development of skill, but a variety which clerks, no less than 56.6 per cent of whose kept it interesting. A man might chop deaths came before 24 years of age. trees all day, but no two trees are felled Tuberculosis was the cause of death in in exactly the same way, he might plow almost half. Here the contrast between or plant or herd cattle, but always one the sexes is great and is apparently in- day's work would be a little different creasing. Among the industrially in- from the last, yet enough alike to let sured population the deaths (up to 1915) him grow increasingly skilful at it. In among women in the 20-25 years group the same way a woman's work about her was lower than that of the men of the house, with the care of children, the prep- same age, 90 in 1913, to 100 men. But aration of food, the making of clothes by 1915 it had risen to 126 to 100 men and household things, the care of chick- and in 1925 and 26 it was over 150, more ens and cows, all hard work, but varied. than half again as high. The tuberculo- At the end of the day man and woman sis death rate fell in these ten years in were weary, perhaps to the point of ex- the industrial class, but less among women haustion, but it was a wholesome fatigue, than among men. The men's rate went which made them long for food and then down by 65 per cent, the women's by 46 sleep, a fatigue of the whole body. And per cent. The only explanation offered they could see of the fruits of their work by the statisticians is the increasing en- and be satisfied. Now the worker is far trance of young women into industry. less weary at the end of the day, but it is An English statistician points to a phe- an irritable, nervous fatigue, the work has nomenon which has been noted in several brought into play a few muscles only, countries to follow the introduction of perhaps only wrists and fingers, the whole women's labor in modern mechanized in- of the body is restless and longs for mo- dustry, namely, the falling of the peak of tion and excitement, not for food and 336 THE MID-PACIFIC

Cotton mills in China work two shifts of eleven to twelve hours each, from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m.

sleep. And there is no satisfaction in the was five years ago, nevertheless there work done, except for the fact that it are many in which the girls are driven as will be translated into dollars and cents. fast as they will allow themselves to be Lately I have been visiting three in- and they have not the stubborn defensive- dustries employing young women in large ness of men against over-exploitation, numbers, the making of Mazda lamps, for either they are too young to be wise box making, and making tin cans for or too burdened with family responsibili- food. As I have watched these indus- ties to dare rebel. It is notorious that tries through five years or so I have seen married women in factories are the worst a steady increase in labor-saving ma- material for the trades union organizer. chinery, which is also brain-saving, for Now we cannot turn back the wheels the skilled work has disappeared and in of time. No William Morris can carry us its place is the wonderful machine, with back to the point which we have passed, a skilled man to keep it in order and a however pleasanter and more normal that stupid little girl to keep it fed. She may point may be than the one we have now make no motion all day long, but that re- reached. The mechanization of industry quired to push something into the ma- is here and we know that it is destined chine. No possible interest can inhere in to far greater development, that the ten- such work except the initial one of in- dency we see already, to substitute the creasing her speed. Of course, speed is mechanical for the human finger, the un- the important element in modern indus- thinking machine for the human mind, try and although there is distinctly less will increase and with it will increase the pushing in the better plants than there deadening effect of factory work. We THE MID-PACIFIC 337 have seen that this effect shows itself in railway telegraphers, pharmacists, skilled ill health on the part of just that class workers in machine shops, women who in the community which is increasingly are intelligent enough and courageous entering the factories, the younger enough to know and demand their rights. women. We cannot keep them out, we We are working for the great mass of cannot protect them from the effect of women in labor who are utterly inarticu- the work itself, however much we strive late and who can be exploited without to render their surroundings pleasant making any audible protest. These women and healthful. What we can do is to do not come into competition with men. shorten their hours, to diminish the time They have jobs men do not want ; they in which these harmful influences exert form the majority of textile workers ; their influence. Industrial hygiene can- they are in the laundries, canneries, bis- not be expected to do much more for the cuit, box and candy factories, telephone prevention of illness than it is at present exchanges ; they are hotel chambermaids, doing in our best plants. The next step and office scrubwomen. No restrictive therefore is to shorten the hours of fac- legislation ever drives them out, for who tory work, and then to give girls and would take their places ? They belong boys during their school life some fur- chiefly to two groups, both extremely nishing for their minds so that leisure will difficult .to organize—the very young who mean something of value aside from phys- do not take their work seriously, for they ical rest, or the passive amusement of the hope to marry out of it, and the married movies. women with children, who are incapable The women for whom we desire pro- of revolt, no matter how great their bur- tective laws do not belong to that select den. It is for them that we ask the minority which joins the Woman's Party restriction of working hours to eight a —the linotypists in newspaper offices, day at the most.

The Hawaiian woman still weaves her mats regardless of the eight hour rule. 338 THE MID-P kCIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 339

wr 4.1..J.I.S.A.4,141.5...) • 4.11%4 MVP IX•VSAMIISVI • • • • l'UTIV/VJT • • 4SSI • •MVP 4MVPSAt Women Workers in Tientsin, China Excerpts from a Study Made by the Tientsin Y. W. C. A. in 1927-1928

Making braid hats in the city of Tientsin, China.

Tientsin an Industrial Center land by which goods are brought to the Tientsin's population is estimated at city, ample railway facilities, nearness to 800,000 people. To the north lies the coal supplies, make Tientsin an export, old Chinese city, whose walls, now razed, import, distributing and manufacturing were erected more than 500 years ago center of great importance. during the reign of Yung Lo. The grow- For the purpose of this study it is ing population has long since spread out chiefly the export and manufacturing far beyond the old city. Between the phases that are of interest. old city and Tientsin Central Railway Women in Export Industries Station lies the district of Hopei, where In handling these products, women a number of industries are located. are employed chiefly in four lines—in South of the old city, and along the cotton sorting, in walnut and peanut go- Hai River front, are the foreign conces- downs, and to a slight extent in wool sions, where most of the important im- sorting. Approximately 2000 women port and export business is carried on. and girls were found in these occupa- The possibility of direct ocean shipping tions. All this work is highly seasonal, via the Hai Ho, waterways leading in- most of it being done between October 340 THE MID-PACIFIC

The traditional idea of the women of China has to be modified. In larger industrial cen- ters, they are to be found at work in large numbers. THE MID-PACIFIC 341

The Tientsin Railway Station. The women of the city make the uniforms for the railway employees.

1st and March 1st. Work may be rather women and girls are used in grading, in intermittent, depending upon amount of cracking shells, in sorting and grading raw material on hand, on demand from nutmeats. foreign markets, on shipping facilities. Wages for this type of work range The number of workers may vary from from 3o coppers a day for children and day to day, as indicated by the reply beginners to 70 coppers a day for fast often met with—"Oh, anywhere from workers. At present exchange rates, 38 twenty to two hundred — depends on coppers equal io cents Mex. (1 dollar cargo." Recruiting of workers is done Mex., 5o cents gold). Working hours for the most part by a woman "head are from 7 a. m. to 6 p. m., an eleven- worker," who is told to get a certain hour day, although two places reported number for a certain time, and often 13 hours. payment is also made through her. Manufacturing Industries The raw cotton shipped from Tientsin Of the six cotton mills in Tientsin, five is short staple cotton, used to mix with employ women. This constitutes the wool in making wool-mixed goods. The largest group in any one industry. Of huge loosely packed bales come down the total of 16,900 operatives, 350o are the river in barges. The cotton is picked women and girls, and of these 3500 over, at the godowns and bits of seed, about 1400 are girls under 14 years of foreign matter and discolorations re- age. The mills work under an appren- moved, before it is baled for shipment ticeship system, which means that at by hydraulic presses. This sorting is least one-third of their male workers done almost entirely by women and girls. are boys between 8 and 14 years of age. The workrooms are large godowns, un- The wages paid to women and girls der fair conditions as to light and air. range from zo cents Mex. a day for In the walnut and peanut industries, starters (which means most of the chil- 342 THE MID-PACIFIC

dren) to 4o and 6o cents a day for which results in a noticeably high grade skilled workers. The average wage is 35 of worker. to 4o cents a day for the women. Un- Wages for women workers are on a der the apprenticeship system the boys piece-work basis, so calculated that the are contracted for three years ; board average worker can earn from 45 to 5o and lodging is furnished by the factory, cents Mex. a day (big money). The and a small monthly wage ranging from average rate is 4 cents for packing moo 4o cents to $2.00 is paid. The factories cigarettes, and production charts show provide housing for the apprentices, and that the average output per worker is most of them have houses also for the 12,000 cigarettes per day, the faster ones families of workers, where several mem- doing more. Payment of wages is made bers of the family work in the mill. One directly to each worker, upon presenta- mill charges no rent for families ; others tion of production card at the end of charge a monthly rent of from so cents each pay period (two weeks). The to $1.20 per chien (room). The rest of Company maintains a ten-hour working the workers live in the neighborhood of day, but in rush seasons, when overtime the mills. Four of these mills are on the is necessary, extra pay is allowed for riverfront below the ex-German and ex- overtime. Russian concessions ; this means that in In three out of six match factories this district, on the two sides of the visited, 250o workers were found, most river at this point, there is a community of whom were men and boys, but 145 of some 12,000 mill operatives. The were girls, many of them under 12 other two mills are in Hopei. years of age. They fill boxes with Work is reported steady all the year matches at incredible speed, while others round. The mills work day and night, wrap the boxes into packages. Work- in two shifts of 12 hours each, with ing hours are 1% to 12% per day, the time off for meals. Rest days occur workers standing all the while. The with the changing of shifts from day wages for girls range from 40 coppers to night work. The shift changes once a day for slow ones to 100 coppers for a week in two mills, once in ten days fast workers. in another, and once in two weeks in two Girls and women are also numbered others. These factories are housed in among the "outside" workers. Com- large, modern, well-lighted and airy paratively few come to the factory to buildings and are equipped with mod- work, but in the homes near by most of ern American machinery. Machines on the women and children of the families which children work is made to accom- make match boxes. It is difficult to get modate their height. Since the thread figures as to the exact number of work- must not be allowed to become dry, ers employed in this home industry, but there is a fine steam spray which keeps one factory reported that they had 400 the air moist, and in the winter keeps outside families doing this work. Wages the workrooms fairly warm. for this home work are on piece-rate, Among the several cigarette factories the factory paying $1.00 Mex. for 10,000 in Tientsin, the smaller ones employ men boxes, of which the worker gets 300 and boys, but the largest one reports coppers, the remaining 6o to 8o coppers that out of 3600 workers, 2000 are going to the headworker who distrib- women. Women are engaged in packing utes the work. cigarettes in packages and then into car- The making of Military Uniforms is tons. No workers under the age of 14 supplying work for many women in Ho- are employed, and each applicant for pei. In three out of five establishments work must come up to certain standards that were possible to enter, about 1,800 of cleanliness and general intelligence, women and girls were found. It is esti-

THE MID-PACIFIC 343

mated that about 2,500 women are em- on the floor, very much crowded. The ployed in these five places. These work- air is foul with the odor and dust from the furs and cotton. Women bring rooms are hastily set up in unoccupied their babies, who can be seen sleeping on houses or godowns taken over by the piles of garments or playing beside them. military, and are most inadequate, both Wages are paid by piece work, for put- as to room and arrangement. The cut- ting in fur lining 20 coppers per coat, ting and machine stitching are done by padded lining 26 coppers, assembling and men, and the putting in of padded or fur finishing one suit 52 coppers. The aver- linings, sewing on of buttons are done age workers make from 60 to 100 cop- by women and girls by hand. They sit pers a day; the fast ones more.

• DAILY WORKING HOURS Of 9340 Women and Girls in 30 Establishments 15 No Hours 8 9 10 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 16 Limit Steady work... 58 22 2040 65 1010 2580 70 12 50 Seasonal work 1155 58 320 w750 w1050 1050 Totals 58 22 2040 1220 1010 2580 128 332 800 (w = war-work) It will be noted that 6150 out of the total, or nearly two-thirds, have a working day of 111/2 hours or over. REST DAYS Of 9292 Women and Girls in 31 Establishments

1 in 14 Occasional Days None % in 7 1 in 7 1 in 10 1170 22 Steady work 118 74 3880 600 Seasonal 2178 1250 1170 22 Totals 2296 74 5130 600 As shown above, 2296 workers (in 12 establishments) are allowed no regular rest day. Of these the great majority are in seasonal industries. The majority of those having one day's rest in seven are steadily employed. Most of the seasonal workers in this 1-day-in-7 group are in for- eign owned exporting firms. DAILY WAGES Of 6357 Women and Girls in 25 Establishments

Under 20 cts. Mex. 20 to 40 cts. 40 to 50 cts. 1553 50 3022 Seasonal work 2532 Steady work 200 2582 3022 Total 1753

work also in China. They drive and tend geese and ducks. Women are engaged in agricultural , 344 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 345

NILAWRADVVIAPIY • JAVIMNI-V4K•AMMt•ta, • • Women in Industry By ELIZABETH CLAPHAM Inspector of Factories, Western Australia A Contribution to the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference

n WAY A A !A IIA ItAl A AVAII A A

The question of protective legislation for women in industry is of vital im- portance to a Pan-Pacific Conference. In the countries bordering on the Pacific are demonstrated the beneficial effects of such protection as shown in Australia and certain parts of America ; also the urgent need of protective measures for the women in industry in Japan, China, India and Persia, and other countries. Women have been engaged in industry since the beginning of civilization. Their aggregation in In the eastern countries organization large numbers has brought many problems. among the women themselves is so slight that little can be achieved by such means to amend any bad conditions in industry. is of recent date—and then in only a few Women in industry in all countries form countries. the majority of women gainfully em- ployed. The conditions of labor show The prohibition of night work and lim- urgent reasons for protection to be itation of working hours is of more im- granted by legislative enactments. portance to women than to men. What- ever may happen in the future, it is true The health of women and girls as that, at present, women in industry often mothers and potential mothers should be carry a double burden—their work in the safeguarded for the benefit of the race. factory and their work in their homes. It is claimed by certain sections of To ensure satisfactory conditions for women — professional and others — that both men and women, it is necessary first no legislation should exist to grant special to improve conditions for the lowest protection to women in industry until branches of industry, where, unfortunate- men also are granted exactly the same ly, women are employed. Only by a conditions of employment. This claim is gradual levelling up of industrial condi- made on the score of "equality first." It tions can improvement be gained_f or all. is not recognized by these opponents of protection that women are less able than At the present stage of industrial de- velopment, measures of protection must men, by their own efforts, to bring about the better conditions so urgently needed. first be obtained for those who are the Men have been organized in their trades most helpless and downtrodden in the unions for nearly a hundred years. The labor market, in order that the position organization of women in trades unions may be safeguarded for those who have 346 THE MID-PACIFIC

Modern business enterprises consider time spent in educational work by their junior force to be of value to the individual and to the organisation.

Wives of men in industry, themselves engaged in the oldest occupation of women, for which no country has yet seen the feasibility of paying upon the basis of its worth. THE MID-PACIFIC 347 already obtained improved conditions. employ women. The fixing of minima, This applies between the different coun- both wages and hours, which has, tries, between the sexes, and also between therefore, been of special benefit to the different grades of employment. women : Would the feminist 'organiza- The opposition to protective legislation tions regard it as 'restrictive' ? Would by certain groups of feminist organiza- they prefer that the employer maintain tions, on the plea that it prevents equality his right to sweat his workers in the between the sexes, has aroused the women name of equality ? trade unionists the world over, to defend "These considerations apply to in- their own interests, and the welfare of dustrial workers in factories and work- their sister women in less industrially de- shops. They do not apply to the pro- veloped countries. fessional and clerical workers. We are Resolutions passed at the International also entirely against prohibition of the Conference of Women Workers at Paris employment of married women on the in July; 1927, and previously at the Na- ground of marriage. It is because we tional Women's Trade Union League of believe in the emancipation of women, America in July, 1926, leave no doubt as economic, social and political, that we to the attitude of industrial women in stand for the protection of industrial favor of special protection for women. A women workers against the ruthless ex- report issued by the joint standing com- ploitation of women's employment mittee of industrial women's organiza- which has marred their history in in- tions in Great Britain states inter alia : • dustry." . . . "In the present state of affairs, it is Reported in "Industrial and Labor In- often easier to secure protection for formation," published by the International women than for men, while conditions Labor Office of the League of Nations, which men's stronger organizations can Geneva, under date October, 1926, the gain for them, can only be won for following resolutions were passed among women by legislative enactment. others, by the Women's Trade Unions "The worker who cannot be exploit- League of America: ed at the employers' will because the Reaffirmation of support of the Fed- law does not permit it, gains a stronger eral Child Labor Amendment now and not weaker position in the indus- pending ratification by the States. trial world. Legislation has had to step Continued opposition to the so-called in to give women a chance of achieving "Equal Rights" Amendment. a more equal footing with men. With- With reference to the "Equal Rights" out such protection it is not equality Amendment, supported by the National that the women achieves but far greater Women's Party of America, the follow- inequality. . . . ing resolution was adopted : "The greatest evil in the industrial Whereas, a group of women com- employment of women is low wages— posed very largely of professional, whether of men or women. The low semi-professional and non-wage earn- wages of men often compel married ing women have taken it upon them- women who are already fully occupied selves to dictate to wage-earning wom- at home, and who are bearing children, en in the matter of special legislation to compete for employment in indus- dustry ; and try. Low wages of women is an im- Whereas, industrial equality does not portant factor in dragging down the necessarily imply "identical" conditions wages of men. In our efforts through nor identical laws for women and men ; trade boards to abolish sweating, regu- and lation affects both sexes—but the worst Whereas, no group should seek to sweated trades are those which mainly impose upon another group its ideas, 348 THE MID -PACIFIC

or its methods of procedure, but should Factories and Shops Acts of the various recognize the right of each to be the states prescribe limitation of hours for judge of its occupational needs ; there- women and young persons ; prohibit night fore be it work for women and young persons, and Resolved, that we call attention to cause prohibition of labor in dangerous the fact that those women of better economic position who seek to dictate and unhealthy trades. They also restrict policies to working women have aligned the labor of pregnant women for periods themselves with the organized oppo- before and after childbirth. nents of labor and especially with the Fixation of a wage below which no exploiters of women's labor ; that they person can be employed is prescribed by are in no sense representative of the the "Factories and Shops" Acts. The labor movement of this country latter must not be confused with the basic (America) or any bona fide labor or- wage, which is prescribed by Industrial ganization; and that their tactics are Arbitration Acts. The basic wage cannot arousing class feeling and tending to be claimed unless through an organized force class divisions among women. industry. In other words, only organized Resolved, further, that the National industrial unions of men and women have Women's Trade Union League, in the right to approach arbitration courts convention assembled, declare that the and thus claim the benefits of the basic women of the organized labor move- wage, which is prescribed by the same ment of this country (America) are arbitration courts. the only group which, through indus- The ratio for the whole of Australia is trial experience and understanding of one female to three males employed in the real needs of working women, is industry at the present time. In Australia competent to determine the best meth- a 44 hour week or 8 hour day is the ods to employ to bring about real standard for women and young persons. equality of the sexes in industry. . . . A large proportion of men work the same, In all states of the Australian Common- i. e., 44 hours. Some few industries still wealth the employment of female labor is work 48 hour weeks for men. Child labor regulated by Acts of Parliament. The is illegal in Australia.

The first stage in the development of the factory system in any country is the aggregation of small groups at work under one mas- ter. Many Oriental country districts are beginning to show these early steps. THE MID-PACIFIC 349

4 Meeting the Recreation l• Needs of the l• City's Girls I• l• By MARGARET S. WATTS Chairman of the City Girls' Sports Association, Sydney A Contribution to the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference

The recreation needs of the younger girls in business and industry have re- ceived growing consideration during re- cent years, particularly in Sydney, by a group of keenly interested women who received their torch of enthusiasm from Margaret S. Watts, Chairman, City Girls' the early work of Eleanor M. Hinder, Sports Association, Sydney, Australia. who made a special study of the needs of the adolescent girl in Australia as well one year, 1920-1921, steadily increased, as a careful investigation of social and when they totalled 4603 in the year 1926- industrial conditions in America, Europe 1927. The same increase occurred with and the East, and, for a period of seven girls of twenty-one and over. years, helped in organizing work in sev- The average girl in Australia marries eral phases relating to the life of employ- at twenty-five years of age, which means ed women in Sydney. that she is at work some ten years. When her The city boy in previous years was she leaves school and begins to earn considered rather than the city girl, in living, new adjustments of far-reaching respect to training, vocation, and recrea- nature have to be made by her. tion. The girl is regarded as a temporary One of the most interesting experi- unit in industry, her work an incident ments in Australia of recent years, in before marriage. Sports grounds for meeting the wide need for organized the younger girls in Industry are rare recreation of the younger girls in In- facts, every available piece of ground be- dustry, has been the formation of the ing allotted for boys' cricket or football. City Girls' Amateur Sports Association But during the last decade a growing in Sydney. Apart from well-known and emphasis has been made on the needs and excellent work of the Young Women's claims of the adolescent girl—her de- Christian Association and Girl Guide velopment and requirements in work and Movement, there has been a need in this City of a million inhabitants for such an play. organization providing for sport and or- Compared with the year 1918-1919, ganized games for the city's girlhood. when 2387 girls under sixteen years of It is a self-governing body of employ- age in manufacturing work were employ- ed girls which was begun five years ago ed in the metropolitan area of Sydney, by an attempt to hold an Inter-Firm the numbers have, with the exception of 350 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID -PACIFIC 351

Sports Meeting, when six business Amateur Sports Association, Lady de houses took part. Several leading busi- Chair (wife of the Governor of New ness houses had their welfare schemes, South Wales) and her daughter will be which provided club activities and limited present. In addition, there will be the sport for their respective employees. But, Ministers for Health and Education, La- by the formation of an independent or- bour and Industry, Directors of many of ganization, it was realized that girls the City business houses, and a large as- working in any factory, store, office, or sembly of girls, all wearing their sports in domestic employment, could partici- costumes. The Clubs will have their in- pate in team games and competition dividual tables decorated with Club matches. Thus a community code of Colors. There will be fifteen Hockey health and comradeship could be realized, Teams, forty-three Basket Ball Teams, with a high standard of sport and service, five Tennis Clubs, and eight Vigoro enriching and re-creating the life of the Teams. city girl. The Association began with Steady progress of the Association's twelve affiliated business house clubs, activities in 1927-1928 is revealed. Among and, year by year, doubled its affiliations the most significant is a Swimming until, in 1928, there are fifty-three af- School at the City Swimming Baths, filiated Clubs—touching both large and where, this past year, four hundred girls small business and manufacturing houses, have learnt swimming, life saving, or where hundreds of girls are employed. diving. There have been six Athletic The activities are many and varied, each Clubs, whose girl members train every sport organized by a strong Sub-Com- week on the Sydney Sports Ground. For mittee of girls, aided by an advisory the first time in the history of Australia, member (an expert in her particular two members of the City Girls' Amateur sport, sometimes of international fame) Sports Association have been sent to rep- and supervised by a very capable employ- resent their county in Athletics and ed Secretary of the Association. The Swimming at the Olympic Games—Miss whole control of the organization is in Edie Robinson of Anthony Hordern & the hands of the City's employed girls. Sons, Ltd., and Bonnie Mealing of the They make and direct its policy, and con- Telephone Exchange of the Postmaster trol its finances. Each Club pays an af- General's Department. Another member filiation fee of 10 shillings, and each of the City Girls' Amateur Sports Asso- member pays 2 shillings for her yearly ciation, Esme Field of Beard Watson & badge. Sport is thus provided at a Sons, holds the women's sculling champ- minimum of cost, and is entirely self - ionship of New South Wales. supporting, managing to pay its way each Health Education holds an important year. Special financial efforts are made place in the Association's purpose. Spon- by means of fetes and dances. sored by it, a Health Clinic has been do- There is no organization in town ing valuable work, where six women doc- where such interest and enthusiasm is tors give their services aided by six phy- displayed in routine business—the reason sical culture instructors, giving medical being that it is pulsating with human in- examination and remedial exercises for terest. It concerns the welfare of the minor defects. A card index is kept of City girls, and these girls feel that it is the health classification and record of their affair and responsibility. The con- each girl, showing in what grade of sport sequent training in group leadership is she can participate. A card register is of fundamental value. being compiled of each member's sport Two days after this article is mailed, record and interests. the General Meeting for 1928 will be Each year an Athletic Sports Meeting held. The Patronesses of the City Girls' is held. At the last meeting there were 352 THE MID-PACIFIC five hundred entries. A seaside cottage at Narrabeen is rented by the Associa- tion for Club weekend parties, costing each girl 5 shillings. Holiday Camps are held at Easter and Christmas, on the mountains or at the seaside, for from sixty to eighty girls, when the real spirit and life of the City Girls' movement is experienced to its fullest extent. The Camp includes excursions, moonlight sup- per parties, fancy dress dinner and dance. Sunday Camp Service, and talks on lead- ership, health, and education. Motor Lorry weekend camping parties are fre- quently arranged for the more adventur- ous spirits. The greatest need of the Association has been a Sports Ground of its own. Vor some years, the Association has versity Women's Sports Ground, but girls were able to have only limited play on account of the great numbers demanding space. By the persistent efforts of the "Caught!" Experiencing great achievement. City Girls' Amateur Sports Association, the Municipal Council of Sydney at last money and the many appeals for charity. turned a big sandhill into a Women's Being an organization to promote good Hockey Ground for the City Girls and health and citizenship, the appeal did the Women's Hockey Association of not grip the public imagination to the New South Wales. This, although a extent that a hospital or disaster appeal partial achievement, is quite inadequate. would have done. In 1927 the City Girls' Amateur Sports Association organized a most ambitious The educational appeal of the demon- undertaking with the cooperation of all stration exceeded all expectations and, the outstanding Womens' movements. aroused enormous interest. The spec- It promoted a "Girls' Week," whose pur- tacular official opening in Martin Place, pose was twofold : the scene of many national celebrations, 1. To demonstrate the field of girls' was a novel undertaking. A giant imita- work and leisure time pursuits. tion safe was erected, labelled "The Na- 2. To raise sufficient money to purchase tion's Wealth," which was unlocked with a much needed Sports Ground for the a great golden key by Miss Elaine de City Girls' Amateur Sports Association. Chair who, in her car, led the proces- A business men's Advisory Committee sion of the thousands of girls who was formed, to whom the challenge was emerged from the safe. The band played put of their privilege and responsibility as they marched in fours, carrying aerial in supporting Girls' Week to supply a balloons and banners bearing their Sports Ground for the employed girls of slogan "Women's Health Is the Nation's Sydney. Wealth." They were received by the Four thousand five hundred pounds Lord Mayor as custodian of the city's was cleared by the week's functions and welfare, and prominent members of the subscription list, which was acclaimed a Government. good result considering the tightness of The Girls' Week Exhibition at the THE MID-PACIFIC 353

Hockey, a team game, provides opportunity for comradeship and the give-and-take of sport.

Sydney Town Hall, for three days and lightening experience to those who saw nights, gave an excellent demonstration of it. The Girl Guides demonstrated their the wide range of girls' work, hobbies out-of-door recreation and camp life, the Young Women's Christian Association and educational facilities. Its success was largely due to the solid backing of screened their many activities, the Girls' the State Education Department. On the Friendly Society exhibited their fine opening day hundreds were unable to needle work, the work of women archi- gain admission on account of the vast tects, nurses, health clinics, Red Cross, crowds. School girls were given time St. John's Ambulance, were all well featured. The exhibition cleared £ 500. off from school work to attend the ex- hibition, because of its educational value . A Pageant of Womanhood throughout From the kindergarten stage to the fin- the Ages was displayed, in which the ished work of the Technical College, in- Secondary Schools, High School, Teach- cluding Art and Sculpture and all the ers' Training College and University were applied arts, there was an amazing variety responsible for the sequence of arresting and high quality of work. Domestic episodes. Further to emphasize the deep- Science classes of the State schools were est needs of the City Girl, an impressive well demonstrated by rooms fitted up as united Sunday Service was held, when a home with girls doing housework, representatives of the City Girls' Amateur laundry, cooking, packing school lunch Sports Association, Young Women's baskets, dressmaking. The kindergarten Christian Association, and Girl Guides, classes and Sydney Day Nursery creche gave of their best. aroused special interest. An Industrial The City Girl, who does so much to Section, where girls were employed at move the wheels of industry and com- merce, is slowly realizing her power and their daily occupations, proved an en- 354 THE MID-PACIFIC

Some of many hundreds of Australian girls who play regularly in organized games.

responsibility. At present, only the fringe care to come for the afternoon and of the employed girl is touched, and there evening. Fifty to seventy girls flock is every indication that the association across to the loveliest part of Manly will make its spirit felt throughout the Harbour. In the afternoon a picked city. Whenever the secretary addresses speaker, selected by the girls, gives a a lunch room of girls, there is a warm talk on some topical or international sub- response and a big demand for sport. ject, which is followed by discussion and The City Girls' Amateur Sports Asso- questions. After tea there is music, ciation has brought into being the Basket reading aloud, and a very informal fel- Ball Association of New South Wales, lowship meeting. In this way an at- and interstate matches are played each tempt is made to fulfill the needs of mind year, and the standard of girls' sport is and spirit in the happiest and friendliest being raised. Many lonely country girls surroundings. in the city find wholesome recreation The City Girl is worth understanding and companionship in the Association. and helping, for she has a rich and full On the last Sunday of each month, the contribution to give to her country and president opens her home to all girls who the world. THE MID-PACIFIC 355

The Bund, Shanghai, in 1928. Opposite the Bund, on the Eastern Side of the Whangpoo River, is the industrial district of Pootung.

The Model Village in Pootung Experiments in the Housing of Workers in Shanghai

One of the accompaniments of large Factories offer continuity of employ- scale industry, which demands the pres- ment for those who are fortunate ence and services of large aggregations enough to obtain work therein, and to of men and women within modern fac- the country dweller, these prospects are tory buildings, is the problem of the ade- very alluring. Hence there is a continu- quate housing of these workers. The ous flow to the city. But the city is not growth of urban population, whereby equipped to take care of increasing num- country dwellers became town dwellers, bers of inhabitants. In few cities of the has been a significant feature of the so- world do we find that there is adequate cial change in the life of every nation housing accommodation, and in Shang- which has, during the last one hundred hai, where high rate of interest is ac- and fifty years, used machine methods customed to be paid upon capital, there of production. Japan, in 1926, reached are few who are prepared to put their a stage when her urban population out- money into building houses for rent, numbered her rural population for the since return upon this type of invest- first time-51 per cent of her people be- ment is less and more uncertain than in ing now town dwellers and 49 belonging other uses of money. Hence in existing to the country. China is exhibiting in houses there is serious overcrowding certain large cities a factory development with accompanying danger to life and which, within those cities—even though health, and the houses available are poor- the bulk of China's population remains ly built and little attention is given to rural—creates for these cities housing their general condition. It is hard to and population problems which are very imagine that there is any city in the great indeed. Shanghai is a city where world where worse housing conditions this may be seen most potently at this would exist, though competent observers record very had conditions in Indian cit- time. 356 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 357 ies which are becoming industrialised, the workers, and therefore the manage- and the slums of Kobe and Osaka are ment is repaid for the investment of this extremely bad. In the latter places, how- money in the health of the workers. ever, a Government subsidy of five mil- Prior to the building of these houses, lion yen for a period of five years is be- workers used to travel long distances be- ing made available for a constructive fore and after working hours, and this, programme which will help to rid Japan added to the twelve-hour shift, night or of these festering spots. day, produced a fatigue which had its What does a worker in Shanghai do, results in poor work. Large aggrega- to obtain shelter for himself and his f am- tions of houses have been built, the larg- ily ? He comes to the city, and can find est containing some five hundred houses. no place within his means, in which to But there are accompanying problems for live. Accordingly he seeks out a land- the owners responsible for the adminis- owner, and pays ground rent, thereby tration of these schemes which are very obtaining permission to erect upon the great indeed. It is literally impossible land his own "shack" or house. He has to supervise them and prevent serious no money for building material ; if he overcrowding. Rents are difficult to has been able to meet the ground rent collect, and general good order difficult he has been fortunate—it is probable to maintain in so large groups of houses. that he has already borrowed for this A second effort which is attracting purpose at high rate of interest. He much notice in Shanghai is the Model proceeds to mortgage his future earnings Village which has been begun in Pootung, to his landowner by borrowing Mex. the industrial district which lies across $50.00 from him at five cents per dollar the Whangoo River from the Shanghai per month, and therewith gathers bam- Bund. This is not a record, as yet, of a boo, cloth, matting, and other material serious attempt to meet the actual shel- with which to construct his poor dwell- ter needs of the many people who need ing. He is henceforth bound by a bur- this, as the Japanese Mill Owners have den of debt in the payment of interest attempted to do. It is rather an experi- such that his wage is largely eaten up in ment in building costs, and a demonstra- meeting it. A more hopeless existence tion of housing types, which, it is than such a debt-ridden one would be claimed, present a housing proposition hard to imagine. And the housing he on a commercial basis. Upon an area of gets for such price of mental concern is six mow of land, purchased at Tls. 1,000 wholly inadequate for human needs. per mow, the first unit of twelve houses A condition of this kind is not easily has been erected. These are of one met, but more than one effort is being storey, in groups of four, each house made in Shanghai. The housing schemes containing two rooms, a small kitchen, of the Japanese Cotton Mill Owners are and a toilet room. Three sides of each efforts to meet the actual need of hous- house are open to light and air, the ing accommodation, and thousands of fourth wall being shared in common with houses have been built. These have been the adjoining house. upon the usual tenement plan common in The houses have been built at a cost the city, for which a nominal rental of of $300 each. An extra hundred dollars Mex. $4.00 for a house of two storeys, is calculated as the value of the land, and $2.00 for a single storeyed house thus bringing the cost to $400. Rental has been charged. This sum does not at the rate of $3.00 per month is being represent a return for capital invested, charged. It is calculated that the houses, but in the words of one of the owners which are of light structure, will have it is designed to reduce fatigue among completely depreciated in fifteen years, 358 THE MID -PACIFIC

and will then need replacing. Hence tories or on the docks in Pootung. No part of the earnings of each year are be- one is admitted as a tenant whose month- ing put to a depreciation fund, and the ly income exceeds $30.00. Within the rising value of the land will, it is claimed, first twelve months of the history of the provide the remainder of the original administration there was no record capital invested in the buildings, for a of defalcation in rent payment. Efforts are being made to increase social facili- repetition of the scheme. But making al- ties for the residents of the village ; there lowances thus for depreciation, a net re- is a "Hut" with provision for night turn of 5 per cent will be available dur- school and recreation. Opium smoking ing the ensuing years. Thus, if there and gambling are forbidden within the may be found men of honest intent who village. Strict attention is given to are seeking for the investment of their health measures by those in charge of the money in ways which can be productive Village, and excellent results are being of social good, who will be content with obtained. modest interest return, it is claimed that Problems increase with the size of a there here has been demonstrated a hous- venture of this kind, in the words of Mr. ing proposition which can be indefinitely G. Okada of the Nagai Wata Kaisha, "in repeated. It is now proposed to com- geometrical progression." It is not plete the first unit of sixty houses as claimed that twelve houses thus con- soon as the necessary $15,000 can be ob- structed relieve the deplorable housing tained. It is proposed to obtain by gifts conditions of the workers in Shanghai. a first $5,000, after which the remaining But it is claimed that a demonstration $10,000 will be borrowed at small interest has been made which remains a chal- from interested friends of the venture. lenge. A challenge to the private in- The inhabitants of the present village vestor ; a challenge to municipal author- number 61—men, women and children. ity; to meet the housing problem of The householders are workers in the fac- Shanghai.

Passed on the way to the Model Village in Footling. Food is cooked and sold on the open streets.

THE MID-PACIFIC 359

In Australia, though the living wage for women is fixed by law, its application does not apply to their employment in a home. Open spaces do not lure women to do- mestic employment there.

G. The Living Wage for Women in Australia By PERSIA C. CAMPBELL Research Worker, Industrial Commission of New South Wales

ilysdrtilmtraltriAl • a atalrel • lrpcbilripctire,A •

Historically, it seems, women in indus- their lack of organization, or to the fact try have always had an inferior economic that average wages reflect the cost of status to that of men. Australian experi- living at an accepted standard and that ence bears out this statement. In New on the whole the cost of living for females South Wales, for example, in 1897-8, be- has been from 40 to 50 per cent that of fore there was state regulation of wages, males, taking into consideration family wage-rates in comparable trades show a responsibilities. considerable scatter in the ratio of female This last interpretation is of special to male rates, especially in the lower importance in considering the female liv- grades ; the average percentage ratio ing wage in Australia. An examination varied from 49 in the lower grades to 56 of the practice of wage-fixing tribunals in the upper grades, with a general aver- shows that they have never departed age of something over 50. This inferior widely from the average ruling rates, economic status may have been due to though the theoretical basis of their liv- physiological differences resulting in a ing wage findings for both males and lesser efficiency among females, or to females has been not "fair, i. e., average, 360 THE MID-PACIFIC

Women vote in Australia and in the old Parliament building at Melbourne she has influenced men to protect the wages of women workers. Citys are growing in that country very rapidly. THE MID-PACIFIC 361 market value," but "a reasonable stand- sider satisfactory) he arrived at an esti- ard of living." The following analysis mate of the cost of living for an average indicates that the two have run very close female employee without attempting to together. relate it to the wife's allowance in a man's The wage-fixing tribunals in the differ- wage. In determining the amount re- ent states and the Commonwealth differ quired for board and lodging (assessed at considerably in power and constitution. £1.2.6) he would not assume that "a The Commonwealth Arbitration Court, girl must share a room with another girl which at present consists of four judges, —she may not always be able to find one has power to conciliate and arbitrate in suitable." In the matter of clothing, he industrial disputes extending beyond the was of opinion that "probably it is not limits of any one state. It can only bind fair to force the employers to pay for all the actual parties to a dispute, i. e., em- that a girl may fancy as being for neces- ployers cited before it, and members of sary human requirements. At the same unions cited before it. This results from time, we must not forget the important the provisions of the Commonwealth social function of a girl's dress as a bul- Constitution, which reserves to the states wark to self-respect ; and it is for women power to legislate directly in industrial who can afford it to show the way of matters. There is therefore no statutory simplicity and good taste." The wage was federal living wage, apart from the wages determined at 35s, a sum approximately fixed in particular awards made by the 54 per cent of the male basic wage (65s) ; court. The judges of the court, however, the 35s was subsequently increased to 37s tend to act on uniform principles so that by agreement to cover lost time incident in fact, at any one time there is a recog- to the clothing industry. The ratio of nizable basic or living wage, below which 54 per cent between male and female no wages are fixed. basic rates established in 1919 has formed The first case in which the Common- the basis of subsequent awards made by wealth Arbitration Court dealt with the the judges of the court, with some slight question of a minimum wage for adult modifications. The male basic or living females was in 1912, in connection with wage is derived by bringing up to date fruit-picking, etc. But the evidence be- by the use of the Commonwealth statis- fore the president as to the cost of living tician's price index numbers for rent, for females was very meager, and his food and groceries, a 1907 finding of 7/- finding, 9d per hour, was declared to be per day declared by the then president of tentative; the male rate was 11- per hour. the court to be "fair and reasonable," and There was no extensive inquiry into the adding thereto an arbitrary 3/- per week female cost of living by the federal court allowed since 1921. until 1919, when the president made an In the State of New South Wales, since award for the clothing trades. 1918, provision has been made for the In his preliminary judgment given in declaration, by the Board of Trade until May of that year, he stated his problem 1926 and subsequently by the Industrial to be "to find, in cases where a minimum Commission, of a statutory living wage wage has under the plaint to be prescribed for females. No award can lawfully be for an adult female, what is the sum per made fixing a wage lower than this de- week necessary to satisfy the normal clared living wage. It should be noted needs of an average female employee, that women in an unorganized industry, who has to support herself from her own i. e., an industry not covered by an exertions ; and on the basis of the reason- award or agreement, as, for example, ably necessary requirements of a woman private domestic service, are not entitled living in a civilized community." After by law to this wage. hearing evidence (which he did not con- The Board, opened its first inquiry in 362 THE MID -PACIFIC

October, 1918, and made its declaration Board and lodging (presumably sharing a room 16s. Od. in December. It stated the problem be- Clothing, boots and toilet requisites 8s. 8d. fore it to be the determination of the Miscellaneous 5s. 4d. cost of living for "the humblest class of It is interesting to compare this first pub- adult female worker. . . . "Adult we lic declaration of the cost of living for take to mean 21 years old or over." The adult females in New South Wales, with Board's interpretation of the meaning of an official estimate (the only previous "humblest class" can only be inferred one known) made in 1898 by Miss Dun- from argument during the hearings to can, a factory inspector : mean "the class of girls who would marry Board and lodging in a family (sharing room) 10s Od. wharf laborers"! or The Board decided that "cost of living" Rent of unfurnished room 4s. Od. Food 7s. Od. should include the cost of living away Clothing and extras 4s. Od. from home, although evidence seemed to 25s. Od. show that a large majority of female workers (including juniors and adults) In making this estimate, Miss Duncan had in mind out-workers in the clothing lived at home with their parents . . . trades. Comparing her estimate with the this decision was determined mainly by Board of Trade's wage by means of in- the fact that the basic wage for males dex numbers of food and groceries (the was fixed on the assumption that chil- only index numbers available for 1898) dren over 14 were able to maintain viz., 83 and 162, it appears that a wage themselves. Cost was not to include cost approximately the same as that declared of dependents, the majority of women by the Board would have been found by having only themselves to support. To bringing Miss Duncan's estimate up to sum up : the Board set itself to fix a date by the use of index numbers. minimum wage "to cover the cost of In 1919, the Board of Trade increased living of the adult female worker of the the adult male living wage from £3 to poorest class maintaining herself but hav- £3.17s. When inquiring into the female ing no other responsibility and living living wage it adopted the same sub- away from home in lodgings." To arrive division as was adopted in 1918, increased at a figure the Board heard evidence of the amount for board and lodging to £ 1. female workers and also took into con- 1s. (a sum in excess of an amount that sideration the fact "that the living wage would have been found had the sixteen for men, based upon the cost of living shillings allowed in 1918 been reduced by of man and wife and two dependent index numbers), for clothing, hoots and children, has been fixed at i3 per week, toilet requisites to 10s. 6d., and miscel- of which the share of the wife, accord- laneous (including allowances for fares, ing to statisticians, would be about friendly society, union fee, church and one-third, and we have had to recognize charity, newspapers, stationery, stamps, that a woman living alone, and having amusements, laundry and dental atten- every day to go and return from busi- tion) to 7s. 6d. In connection with the ness is under greater expenses than when clothing inquiry, the Board, after reject- she was one of a family and going to ing an application that it should sit with school or spending all or nearly all her women assessors, suggested that the time at home." The wage declared was parties themselves might endeavour to 30s—a sum in a ratio of one-half to the come to some agreement on the clothing State male basic wage. In the following regimen : this was acted upon, a com- year the Board stated this total to be mittee of women representing both em- made up of : ployers and employees being appointed. THE MID-PACIFIC 363

They agreed on a list of articles deemed the bachelor or spinster to pay for do- to be essential for a working woman's mestic service, if industrial efficiency is wardrobe, but except in a few instances, to be maintained," he arrived at the con- failed to agree as to their quality. Evi- clusion that on the basis of the adult dence was then taken by the Board, as male's living wage of 100 units of money, to the quality and cost of the articles a single woman, in order that she might listed. The wage was declared at £1. 19s. receive the same total value of goods and It will be seen that the ratio between the services, should receive about 41 units of male and female living wages established money, if the value of the services ren- in 1918, was approximately maintained. dered by the wife were equal to her cost In 1920, an attempt was made "strictly of subsistence, and if those services were to relate the elements of the wage for distributed among the members of the adult females to those of the wage pay- family, in the same ratio as their relative able to adult male employees." This expenditure ascertained as above. The question had been considered in 1919. Statist recognized that this logical argu- when the Statist of the Board of Trade ment did not take into account such ques- prepared a memorandum on the subject. tions as whether the woman going daily The Statist considered it "essential that to business required more clothing than the determination of the adult female the wife, etc., etc. living wage should be consistent with the determination of the living wage for the The Board decided to assess the cost, adult male, founded, as that is, on the for a single woman, of food, shelter, fuel, family system which has come down light, proportionate to the amount allowed through the ages." He pointed out that for the man's wife, and to add to those "from the point of view of food require- values "a marginal allowance adequate to ments the Board's standard family of provide a return for the enterprise and man, wife, and two children under 14 is other services of the boarding-house equivalent, according to various authori- keeper . . . it proceeded to assess cloth- ties, to between 2.8 and 2.9 units, while ing requirements strictly in relation to the the adult female is equivalent to between allowance under that head in the male or .8 and .9 units. . . . As to clothing, the family wage, again with the marginal ad- Canadian Civil Service Commission, in ditions that appeared to be necessary. The 1919, after what would appear to be miscellaneous items of the women's wage careful inquiries assessed clothing costs in were also reviewed in relation to the mis- the following ratios : Man, 1.00 ; Wom- cellaneous section of the male or family an, 1.05; Boy, aged 7 to 13, .56 ; Girl, wage." The relation between the differ- aged 7 to 13, .58; Child, 4 to 6, .40. ent elements in the female living wage Men's and women's clothing costs are during 1918-21 was as follows: thus roughly equal, and the average child's clothing costs half of that for the 1918 1919 1920-21 adult. Expenditure on clothing is less Board and Lodging 53.3 53.8 55.0 than half of that on food. Perhaps we Clothing, boots and toi- let requisites 28.9 26.9 23.3 may take, as a guide for comparison of Miscellaneous 17.8 19.2 21.7 total expenditure, the basis that the man is the unit, the woman is equal to 0.9 The results of the change in method of a unit and the average child is equal in arriving at the female living wage did to 0.5 of a unit. Taking into considera- not, however, appreciably affect the per- tion the fact that "a portion of that part centage ratio between the female and of a man's wages which goes to the sup- male living wages as is shown by the port of his wife, is equally required by following figures:

364 THE MID-PACIFIC

Percetage the normal and reasonable needs of the Date Ratio average employee, living in the locality 1918 50. 1919 50.65 where the work under consideration is 1920 50.59 done, or is to be done." 1921 50. 1922 50.64 The first extensive inquiry into the 1923 50.63 female cost of living was made in 1918, 1924 50.60 1925 the amount fixed being 27/6 per week. In 50.60 1919 the President (sitting with women In June, 1927, the Industrial Commis- assessors) endeavoured to fix a wage that sion, established in 1926, declared a new would bear a definite relation to the living wage for females at 6s. Od. per amount allowed for the "industrial week, by adopting the Commonwealth mother," the wife of the male basic wage Arbitration Court's method of fixing the earner and arrived at a sum, 30/- per week, in a ratio of 44% to the existing female basic wage at 54% of the male basic wage. male living wage. In 1924 this ratio was increased to 46%. In the President's The only other State in which there opinion the fixing of a 50% ratio implies has been an elaborate inquiry into the liv- that when a woman marries "she must ing wage for adult females is South Aus- immediately and substantially lower her tralia, Queensland, has adopted the prac- standard of life, or else refuse the re- tice of New South Wales, Western Aus- sponsibility of bearing children." tralia, the 54% ratio, and in Victoria It is not claimed that Australia has and Tasmania there is no central wage- found an ideal solution for the problems fixing machinery, only wage boards. In involved in the determination of a just South Australia, since 1912, the Court has relation between the male and female been statutorily obliged to fix a living living wage—based as they are on needs, wage not less than "a sum sufficient for not on output.

NORTHER /, TERRITORY. / 7.wasvIlle Australasia (1863). SOUTH QUEENSLAND. since (1861). / WESTERN- - - - 523,620 sq. m. - - - - 1861. El AUSTRALIA. (1829). 670,500 sq. m,/ // AUSTRALIA. erlsInafl. FI4 (1861). // / 975,920 sq. m. , 380,070:A. m. NEW SOUTH Tenn • / WALES, %, • 310,372 sq. yda•A ti 1

VICT RIA (1851). 87,884 sq. m.

TASMANIA. 'O 26,215 sq. m. (1825). Betmet. VOLUME 3 OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1928 NUMBER 4

JOURNAL

OF THE Pan-Pacific Research Institution

A Periodical Record of Investigations Bearing on Problems of Food Production, Distribution, Conservation and Consumption, as well as on Public Health, and Race and Population Problems as Related to the Countries Bordering on the Pacific.

Agricultural Experiment Stations and Botanical Gardens in Ceylon - 2

A Check List of Agricultural Experiment Stations in the Pan-Pacific and Indian Ocean Areas, including Africa 3

Some Nematode Problems in the Pineapple Industry 14 By Helene Tsurnyo Morita

AT PRESENT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT HONOLULU, HAWAJI BY THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION More frequent publication as acceptable material is contributed. 2 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION Agricultural Experiment Stations and Botanical Gardens in Ceylon

The Pan-Pacific Research Institution Kegalle Experiment Station and the Journal will be glad to receive Maho Rotation Station any information as to Agricultural Ex- Damana Citronella Station periment Stations in the Pacific not listed Vavuniya Rotation Station Allai Sugar Station in the check list published in this issue. Bibile Experiment Station Any corrections of or additions to the list printed will be appreciated. Nursery Blocks: From the Department of Agriculture. Kumbalgamuwa Nursery Block Mahaoya Nursery Block Peradeniya, Ceylon, the Director of Agri- Lahugala Nursery Block culture, F. A. Stockdale, writes : Uhana Nursery Block Sir, Damana Nursery Block With reference to your letter of April Paddy Seed Stations: 17, 1928, addressed to the Librarian of Peradeniya Paddy Experiment Station this Department, I now have pleasure in Kotmale Paddy Seed Station forwarding to you a list of the Experi- Katugastota Paddy Seed Station ment Stations and Botanic Gardens un- Nalanda Paddy Seed Station der the administration of this Depart- Godakawela Paddy Seed Station ment of Agriculture. Batapola Paddy Seed Station Borala Paddy Seed Station. Major Experiment Stations: Ratnapura Paddy Seed Station Central Experiment Station, Pera- Kegalle Paddy Seed Station deniya Akminana Paddy Seed Station. Anuradhapura Experiment Station Tissamaharama Paddy Seed Station Jaffna Experiment Station Matugama Paddy Seed Station Galle Agricultural Station Bandaragama Paddy Seed Station Wariapola Agricultural Station Belunmahara Paddy Seed Station Ambalentota Cotton Experiment Sta- Kurunegala Paddy Seed Station tion. Madampe Paddy Seed Station Anuradhapura Paddy Exp. Station Minor Experiment Stations: Uyilankulam Paddy Seed Station Borala Experiment Station Kanniyal Paddy Seed Station Batapola Experiment Station Paranthan liaddy Farm Bata-ata Rotation Station Vavuniya. Paddy Seed Station Middeniya Rotation Station Illuppaddaichenai Paddy Seed Station Dabarella Cotton Station Sengapadai Paddy Seed Station Bandaragama Rubber Station Badulla Paddy Seed Station. Nalanda Experiment Station Dambulla Rotation Station Botanic Gardens Controlled by the Balangoda Experiment Garden Department of Agriculture Godakawela Experiment Garden Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. Kuruwita Experiment Station Hakgala Bontanic Gardens. Embilipitiya Cotton Station Heneratgoda Botanic Gardens. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 3 A Check List of Agricultural Experiment Stations in the Pan-Pacific and Indian Ocean Areas, including Africa Stations in Canada and mainland U. S. omitted. PANAMA Estacion Experimental de Algodon, Lima. Agricultural Experimental Institutions Estacion Experimental de Zootecnia, Lima. Sr. Jose Marie Fernandez, Ministerio de Fo- Jardin Botanico, Parque de la Exposicion, mento, Panama. Lima. Bureau of Agriculture, Panama, Republic of Laboratorio de Plagas Algodoneras, Piura. (Cotton diseases) Panama. Agricultural Experiment Station, Moquegua, MEXICO Peru, South America. Estacion Agricola Experimental, Tuxtla Guti- BOLIVIA errez, Chiapas. Estacion Agricola Experimental, Guerrero, Agricultural Experimental Institutions Chihuahua. Experiment Station, TJcha-Ucha. Estacion Agricola Experimental, Durango, CHILE Durango. Agricultural Experimental Institutions Estacion Agricola Experimental, San Rafael, Agricultural Experiment Station, Quinta Guadalajara, Jalisco. Normal, Santiago. Estacion Agricola Experimental, Toluca, Botanical Garden, Quinta Normal, Santiago. Mexico. Estacion Enologica, Santiago. Estacion Agricola Experimental, Monterey, Estacion Experimental, Casilla 537, San- Nuevo Leon. tiago. Jardin Botanico, Oaxaca, Oaxaca. Instituto BiolOgico de la Sociodad Nacional Camara Agricola Nacional Jalisciense, San de Agricultura, San Francisco 2291, San- Rafael, Guadalajara, Jalisco. tiago. Estacion Agricola Experimental, Zapopan, Ministerio de Industrias y Obras Publicaz, Guadalajara, Jalisco. Santiago. Estacion Agricola Experimental, Rio Verde, Meteorological Station, Temuco. San Luis Potozi. HAWAII Estacion Agricola Experimental, Villa Her- Agricultural Experimental Institutions mosa, Tabasco. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Ex- Estacion Agricole Experimental, Tlacote- periment Station, Honolulu. pec-Tecamachaleo, Puebla. Experiment Station, Association of Hawai- Estacion Agricola Experimental, Jalapa, ian Pineapple Canners, Honolulu, T. H. Vera Cruz. U. S. Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. Estacion Agricola Experimental, Rio Grande, GUAM Zacatecas. U. S. Agricultural Experiment Station, COLOMBIA Island of Guam. Agricultural Experimental Institutions AUSTRALIA Estacion Agronomica Tropical, Bogota. Ministerio de Obras Publicas y Formento, Agricultural Experimental Institutions Apartado 122, Bogota. New South Wales Escuela Experimental de Agricultura y Narara Viticultural Station, Hogan's Brush, Agronomia, San Lorenzo, Tolima. near Go sf ord. Escuela Inferior de Agronomia, Apartado Viticultural Station, Howlong. 635, Bogota. Hawkesbury Agricultural College and Ex- perimental Farm, Richmond. ECUADOR Botanic Garden and Government Domains, Agricultural Experimental Institutions Sydney. Estacion Experimental, Quinta Normal, Bureau of Microbiology (Station of Vege- Ambato. table Pathology), Sydney. Laboratorio Municipal de Guayaquil, Guaya- Technological Museum, Sydney. quil. State Farms: PERU Experimental Farms, Bathurst. Agricultural Experimental Institutions Demonstration j'arm, Coonamble. Experiment Station, Chuquibambilla, Experimental arm, Cowra. (Sheep) Experimental Farm, Glen Innes. Estacion Experimental de Viticultura Experimental Farm, Grafton. Enclogia, Ica. Demonstration Farm, Temora. Escuela Nacional de Agricultura y Veterin- Experimental Farm, Trangie. aria y Granya-Eucuela, Lima. Wagga Experimental Farm, Wagga-Wagga. Estacion Central Agronomica del Peru, Experimental Farm, Wollongbar. Lima, (?) Yanco Irrigation Farm, Yanco. 4 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Queensland Ashburton Experimental Farm, Ashburton, Acclimatization Society, Brisbane (with ex- Canterbury. perimental grounds at Lawton and Rock- Colonial Botanic Garden, Auckland, Auck- ingham). land. Botanic Department, Brisbane. Colonial Botanic Garden, Christchurch, Can- Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, Bris- terbury. bane. Department of Agriculture, Christchurch, Sugar Experiment Station, Bundaberg. Canterbury. Kamerunga State Nursery, Cairns. Papanui Experimental Orchard, Christ- Agricultural College and Experiment Farm, church, Canterbury. Gatton. Colonial Botanic Garden, Dunedin, Otago. Central Sugar Experiment Station, Mackay. Colonial Botanic Garden, Invercargill, Otago. Botanic Garden, Port Darwin. Canterbury Agricultural College, Lincoln, Sugar Experimental Station, South John- Canterbury. stone. Colonial Botanic Garden, Napier, Hawkes Stock Experiment Station, Townsville. Bay. Stock Experiment Station, Yeerongpilly. Cawthron Research Institute, Nelson. State Farms: Waikato Experiment Station, Ruakura, Roma State Experimental Farm, Bungewor- Auckland. gorai Horticultural Station, Tauranga, Auckland. Gindie Farm, Central District. Horticultural Station, Te Kanwhata. State Farm, Kairi. Moumahaki Experimental Farm, near Wav- Warren Experimental Farm, Stanwell. erly, Wellington (Sheep). Hermitage Farm, Warwick. Colonial Botanic Garden, Wellington, Well- South Australia ington. Botanic Garden, Adelaide. New Zealand Department of Agriculture, Hackney Road Orchard, Adelaide. Wellington. Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Uni- Seed Testing Station, Wellington. versity of Adelaide, Glen Osmond (3% Central Development Farm, Weraroa. miles from Adelaide). FIJI Experiment Orchard, Berri, River Murray. Government Experimental Orchard, Black- Agricultural Experimental Institutions wood. Botanic Gardens, Suva. Booborowie Experimental Farm, Booboro- Department of Agriculture, Suva. wie, via Buria. JAPAN Experimental Farm, Kybybolite. Government Experimental Farm, Minnipa, Agricultural Experimental Institutions Central Eyre Peninsula. Aichi Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Kohosu-cho, Fullarton Experimental Orchard, Mitcham. Nishi-Kasugai-gun, Aichi-ken. Central Poultry Station, Parafield. Akita Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Ushijima- Agricultural College and Experimental cho, Kawabe-gun, Akita-ken. Farm, Roseworthy. Aomori Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Kuroishi- Government Experimental Farm, Turret- cho, Minami-Tsugaru-gun, Aomori-ken. field. Chiba Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Nakayama- Experimental Farm, Veitch's Well. mura, Higashi-kadsuragi-gun, Chiba-ken. Ehime Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Dogo-mura, Tasmania Onzen-gun, Ehime-ken. Botanic Garden, Hobart. Nokwai Noji Shikenjo, Fukui-shi, Fukui-ken. State Farm, Hobart. Fukuoka Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Sumiyo- Victoria shi-cho, Tsuku-shi-gun, Fukuoka-ken. Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. Fukushima Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Kori- National Herbarium, Melbourne. yama-cho, Asaka-gun, Fukushima-ken. Experimental Farm, Rutherglen. Gifu Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Kano-mura, Central Research Farm, Weribee. Inaba-gun, Gifu-ken. Western Australia Gunma Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Maebashi- Experimental Farm, Chapman. shi, Maeshiroda, Gunma-ken. Experimental Farm, Merredin. Hiroshima Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Saijo- cho, Kamo-gun, Hiroshima-ken. TERRITORY OF NEW GUINEA College of Agriculture, Sapporo, Hokkaido. Agricultural Experimental Institutions Hokkaido Imperial University, College of Botanic Gardens, Rabaul. Experimental Forests, Sapporo, Hok- Experimental Station, Depaktment of Agri- kaido. • culture, Rabaul. Hokkaido Noji Shikenjo, Kotoni, Sapporo- NEW ZEALAND fu, Hokkaido. Agricultural Experimental Institutions Hyogo Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Akashi-cho Horticultural Station, Arataki, near Hast- no uchi Oji-mura, Akashi-gun, Hyogo-ken. ings. Ibaraki Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Sakado- Northern Territory mura, Higashi-ibaraki-gun, Ibaraki-ken. Ishikawa Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Sanma- Botanic Garden, Port Darwin. mura, Ishikawa-gun, Ishikawa-ken. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 5

College of Agriculture, Morioka, Iwate-ken. Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Iwate Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Motomiya, Kashiwara, near Osaka. Morioka-shigwai, Iwate-ken. Ryuko Mensaku Shikenjo, Ryuko-gun, Hein- Kagawa Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Kuribaya- nand°, Chosen. shi-mura, Kagawa-gun, Kagawa-ken. Tochigi Kenritsu Shikenjo, Udsu-no-miya- College of Agriculture, Kagoshima. shi, Imaidzumi-cho, Tochigi-ken. Kagoshima Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Kami- Tokushima Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Kamo- arata-cho, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima- myo-mura, Hagashi-myoto, Myoto-gun, ken. Tokushima-ken. Kanagawa Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Ofune, College of Agriculture, Tokyo. Kamakura-gun, Kanagawa-ken. Imperial University, Botanic Garden, Tokyo. Karafuto-cho Nojo Shikenjo, Namikawa, Jueki Chisasho, Tokyo. (Animal disease in- Karafuto (Sachaline). vestigation.) Kochi Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Nagaoka- Nishigahara Noji Shikenjo, Takinokawa- mura, Nagaoka-gun, Kochi-ken. mura, Kita-toyoshima-gun, Tokyo-fu. Kumamoto Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Idsumi- Station Experimentale de Fermentation, mura, Hotaku-gun, Kumamoto-ken. Tokyo. Kyoto Furitsu Noji Shikenjo, Katsura-mura, Tokyo Furitsu Noji Shikenjo, Nakano-cho, Kadono-gun, Kyoto-fu. Toyotama-gun, Tokyo-fu. Mie Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Tsu-shi, Mie- Tokyo Furitsu Sangyo Shikenjo, Nakano- ken. cho, Toyotama-gun, Tokyo-fu. Miyagi Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Naga-cho, Tottori Kenritus Noji Shikenjo, Miho-mura, Natori-gun, Miyagi-ken. Iwami-gun, Tottori-ken. Miyazaki Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Akae, Toyama Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Horikawa- mura, Miyazaki-gun, Miyazaki-ken. mura, Kami-niigata-gun, Toyama-ken. Nagano Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Serida- Ugo-Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Omagari, Ugo- mura, Kami-minochi-gun, Nagano-ken. ken. Nagasaki Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Naka- Wakayama Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Tsuru- gawa-go, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki-ken. tachi-jima, Miya-mura, Wakanoura-cho, Nara Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Aburazaka- Kaiso-gun, Wakayama-ken. cho, Nara-shi, Nara-ken. Yamagata Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Yama- Niigata Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Kesajiro, gata-shi, Mikka Machi, Yamagata-ken. Nagaoka-shi, Niigata-ken. Yamaguchi Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Ouchi- Okayama Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Takamat- mura, Yoshiki-gun, Yamaguchi-ken. su-mura, Kibi-gun, Okayama-ken. Yamanashi Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Ise-cho, Ohara Institute of Agricultural Investiga- Kofu-shi, Yamanashi-ken. tion, Kurashiki, Okayama-ken. Department of Agriculture of the Govern- Okinawa-ken Togyo Shikenjo, Nishihara ment Research Institute, Taihoku, For- mosa. Omura, Gaja, Nakagan-gun, Okinawa- Chara Institute for Agricultural Investiga- ken. Osaka Furitsu Noji Shikenjo, HaranochaYa, tions, Chara, Japan. Henomatsu, Sakai, Osaka-fu. INDO CHINA Osaka Furitsu Noji Shikenjo, Izukitagori, Agricultural Experimental Institutions Henomatsu-mura, Osaka-fu. Annam Imperial Agricultural Experiment Station, Atelier de Grainage, Binh-dinh, Annam, In- Kashiwara, near Osaka. dochine. (Silkworms) Kinai Branch Imperial Agricultural Experi- Station d'Arbres Fruitieres, Dalat (Lang- ment Station, Osaka-fu. bian), Annam, Indochine. (Fruits) Saga Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Kono-mura, Station Agricole, Dang-kia (Lang-bian), An, Saga-gun, Saga-shi, Saga-ken. nam, Indochine. Saitama Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Tamai- Bureau Central, Hue, Annam, Indochine. mura, Osato-gun, Saitama-ken. Station Sericicole, Hue, Annam, Indochine. Shidzuoka Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Kano- (Silkworms) mura, Abe-gun, Shidzuoka-ken. ***Atelier de Grainage, Quang-ngai, An- Imperial Horticultural Experiment Station, nam, Indochine. (Silkworms) Toyoda-mura, Okitsu, Shidzuoka-ken. Station Sericicole, Song-cau, Annam, Indo- Shiga Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, Beppo, Zeze- china. (Silkworms) cho, Shiga-gun, Shiga-ken. Station Sericicole, Thanh-hoa, Annam, Indo- Shimane Kenritsu Noji Shikenjo, En'Ya- chine. (Silkworms) mura, Hikawa-gun, Shimane-ken. Station Sericicole, Vinh, Annam, Indochine. (Silkworms) Sotokufu Togyo Shikenjo, Kaimokko, Tai- wan. Cambodge Government Forestry Experiment Station, Champs de Demonstration pour la Culture Taihoku, Taiwan. du Riz, Battambang, Cambodge, Indo- chine. (Rice) Taiwan Noji Shikenjo, Chonaiho-sho, Taika- Champs de Demonstration pour la Culture zei-ho, Toen-cho, Taiwan. du Riz, Kampot, Cambodge, Indochine. Taiwan Sotokufu Noji Shikenjo, Chonaiho- cho, Taihoku-shi, Taiwan. (Rice) 6 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Champs de Demonstration pour la Culture Laboratoire de Chimie, Jardin Botanique, du Riz, Kandal, Cambodge, Indochine. Saigon, Cochinchine, Indochine. Dir. M. (Rice) Basset. (Chemical research work) Champs de Demonstration pour la Culture Jardin Botanique de Saigon, Saigon, Cochin- du Riz, Kompong-Chnang, Cambodge, chine, Indochine. **Xavier Salamon. Indochine. (Rice) Musee Economique, Saigon, Cochiqchine, Champs de Demonstration pour la Culture Indochine. **Henri Pretre. du Riz, Kompang-cham, Cambodge, Indo- chine. (Rice) Laboratoire d'Analyses et de Recherches Agricoles et Industrielles de Saigon, Champs d'Essais, Krabao, Cambodge, Indo- Saigon, Cochinchine, Indochine. chine. (Cotton, coffee and coconuts) Institut Scientifique, Saigon, Cochinchine, Station Agricole et Sericicole, Petit-Takeo, Indochine. Cambodge, Indochine. (Farm crops and Service de Riziculture—Laboratoire, Saigon, silkworms) Cochinchine, Indochine. (Rice) Etablissement Sericicole, Pnom-Basset, Station Rizicole, Soctrang, Cochinchine, In- Cambodge, Indochine. (Silkworms) dochine. Dir. M. Pham-dang-De. (Rice) Musee Agricole et Commercial, Pnom-Penh, Magnanerie et Grainage, Tan-chau, Cochin- Cambodge, Indochine. chine, Indochine. **Dinh-manh-Triet. Bureau Central, Pnom-Penh, Cambodge, In- (Silkworms) dochine. Magnanerie Modele, Thudaumot, Cochin- Station d'Etudes Agricoles et Sericicoles du chine, Indochine. **Lt. Imbert. (Silk- Val d'Emeraude (Chaine de l'Elephant), worms) Popok-Vil, Cambodge, Indochine. (Crops Station Rizicole, Vinhlong, Cochinchine, In- and silkworms) dochine. Dir. Louis Bouillere. (Rice) Champs de Demonstration pour la Culture Laos du Riz, Pursat, Cambodge, Indochine. Station Sericicole, Saravane, Laos, Indo- (Rice) chine. (Silkworms) Champs de Demonstration pour la Culture Station Sericicole, Savannakhet, Laos, In- du Riz, Takeo, Cambodge, Indochine. dochine. (Silkworms) (Rice) Station Sericicole, Tchepone, Laos, Indo- Cochinchine chine. (Silkworms) Station Rizicole, Baclieu, Cochinchine, In- Jardin d'Essais, Vientiane, Laos, Indochine. dochine. *Dir. M. Pham-tan-Man. (Rice) (Miscellaneous crops) Magnanerie Modele, Batri, Cochinchine, In- Station Sericicole, Vientiane, Laos, Indo- dochine. Dir. Nguyen-van-Diau. (Silk- chine. (Silkworms) worms) Station Agricole, Kieng-Khouang, Laos, In- Magnanerie Modele, Bencat, Cochinchine, dochine. (Fruit and tea) Indochine. Dir. Vuong-van-Khue. (Silk- Tonkin worms) Champs d'Essais pour le Tabac, Bac-Kan, Station Agricole, Bencat, Cochinchine, Indo- Tonkin, Indochine. (Tobacco) chine. Dir. Marcel Lelarge. (Rubber) Station Entomologique, Cho-ganh, Tonkin, Station Rizicole, Cailay, Cochinchine, Indo- Indochine. (Coffee insects) chine. Dir. M. Huynh-van-Lieng. (Rice) Station de Demonstration Agricole, Hai- Magnanerie Modele, Cailay, Cochinchine, duong, Tonkin, Indochine. (Rice) Indochine. Dir. M. Huynh-van-Lieng. Musee Agricole et Commercial Maurice (Silkworms) Long, Hanoi, Tonkin, Indochine. Station Rizicole, Cantho, Cochinchine, Indo- Laboratoire d'Analyses Agricoles, Hanoi, chine. Dir. M. Tran-van-Huu. (Rice) Tonkin, Indochine. Magnanerie Modele, Cap St. Jacques, Coch- Bureau Central, Hanoi, Tonkin, Indochine. inchine, Indochine. **Lt. Tabalon. (Silk- Etablissement de Grainage avec Magnanerie worms) Annex, Kien-an, Tonkin, Indochine. Motoculture Station, Cau-an-ha, Cochinchine, (Silkworms) Indochine. Dir. Maydell Legras. (Trac- tor farming) Station Experimentale Agricole et Forestiere. Phu-ho (Pres de Phu-tho), Tonkin, Indo- Magnanerie Modele, Cauke, Cochinchine, chine. (Field crops, especially tea and Indochine. **Le-van-Dong. (Silkworms) coffee) Magnanerie et Grainage, Chomoi, Cochin- Etablissement de Grainage avec Magnanerie chine, Indochine. **Nguyen-duc-Hoa. Annex, Phu-Lang-thuong, Tonkin, Indo- (Silkworms) chine. (Silkworms) Station Rizicole, Phu-my, Cochinchine, Indo- Station de Recherches Sericicoles, Phy-lang- chine. (Rice) thuong, Indochine. Station Central de Sericicole et de Grainage Magnanerie d'Altitude, Ta-Phing (Laokay), de Saigon, Saigon, Cochinchine, Indo- Haut-Tonkin, Indochine. (Silkworms) chine. Dir. M. Louis Angles. (Silk- worms) * Director. ** In charge. Laboratoire de Genetique et de Selection de Semences, Jardin Botanique, Saigon, *** Atelier de Grainage, Nha-trang, An- Cochinchine, Indochine. Dir. M. Edmond nam, Indochine. (Silkworms) Carle. (Selection and breeding—seeds) *** Station Sericicole, Quang-nam, Annam, Indochine. (Silkworms) JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 7

Station Agronomique, Tuyen-quang, Tonkin, Scientific Department, Caledonia Estate, Indochine. (Field crops) Province Wellesley. (Rubber and coco- Etablissement de Grainage avec Magnanerie nuts) (Straits Settlements) Annex, Vietri, Tonkin, Indochine. (Silk- Coconut Experimental Station, Klang, Se- worms) langor, Fed. Malay States. Station de Demonstration Agricole, Vinh- Experimental Plantation, Kuala Kangsar, yen, Tonkin, Indochine. (Rice) Perak. (Minor products) (Fed. Malay States) PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Department of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Poultry-swine stations are maintained by Selangor, Fed. Malay States. the Bureau of Agriculture at Malacca Rice Testing Station, Malacca, Dingle, Iloilo. Straits Settlements. Balayan, Batangas. Titi Serong Experiment Station, Perak. Naic, Cavite. (Rice) (Fed. Malay States) Tisong, Tayabas. Rubber Growers' Association Laboratory, Santa Barbara, Pangasinan. Petaling Estate, Selangor, Fed. Malay Palo-Leyte. States. Bayamboug, Nueva Vizcaya. Experimental Plantation, Serdang, Selangor, Bilai, Bohol. Fed. Malay States. Amulong, Cagayan. Botanic Gardens, Singapore, Fed. Malay Vigan, Ilocos Sur. States. Los Banos, Laguna. Castleton Estate, Teluk Anson, Perak. San Jose, Antique. (Rubber) (Fed. Malay States) Ibagan, Isabela. Government Experimental Plantation, Batu- San Antonio, Zambales. Tiga, Selangor, Fed. Malay States. Alabang Central Rice Breeding Station, Ala- Government Experimental Plantation, Gu- bang, Rizal. nong Angs, Negri Sembilan, Fed. Malay Alabang Stock Farm, Alabang, Rizal. States. Batangas Breeding Station, Batangas, Ba- Experimental Plantation, Kuala Lumpur, Se- tangas. langor, Fed. Malay States. Batangas Commercial Citrus Station, Batan- Government Plantation, Kuala Tembeling, gas, Batangas. Straits Settlements. Bayomboug Cattle Breeding Station, Bayom- Government Experimental Plantation, Pe- boug, Nueva Vizcaya. kan, Trengganu, Unfed. Malay States. Bongaton Stock Farm, Bongaton. Padi Test Station, Permatang To'Jaya, Botonc Semi-temperate Fruit Station, Bon- Prov. Wellesley, Straits Settlements. toc, Lepanto-Bontoc. Government Plantation, Pondok Tanjong, La Carlota Experiment Station, Carlota, Straits Settlements. Negros Occidental. (Plant industry and Government Coconut Plantation, Sapintas,, animal husbandry work) Straits Settlements. Cebu Breeding Station, Cebu, Cebu. DUTCH EAST INDIES Cebu Corn Breeding Station, Cebu, Cebu. Cottahato Tobacco Station, Cebu, Cebu. Agricultural Experimental Institutions Dammao Tobacco Station, Gamu, Isabela. Java Isabela Corn Breeding Station, Isabela, Isa- bela. Algemeen Proefstation van den Landbouw, Lamao Experiment Station, Lamao. (Plant Batavia. industry) Department van Landbouw, Batavia. La Paz Demonstration Station, La Paz. Kina Proefstation, Batavia. (Cinchona) Lipa Demonstration Farm, Lipa, Batangas. Proefstation Middenjava to Salatiga, Ba- Experiment Station of the College of Agri- tavia. culture, University of the Philippines, Proefstation van Thee, Batavia. Los Banos, Laguna. Proefstation voor Rijst, Batavia. Singalong Propagation and Testing Station, Agricultuur Chemisch Laboratorium, By,i- Manila. tenzorg. Negros Oriental Breeding Station. Algemeen Proefstation voor Thee, Buiten- zorg. Pangasinan Rice Breeding Station, Pangasi- The Central Rubber Station, Buitenzorg. nan. San Pablo Station, San Pablo, Laguna. Cultuurtuin, Buitenzorg. (Plant propagation) Experiment Station for Forestry, Buiten- Santa Cruz Demonstration Station, Santa zorg. Gouvernements Kina-Ondernening, Buiten- Cruz, Laguna. zorg. (Cinchona) UNFEDERATED MALAY STATES Instituut voor Plantenziekten, Buitenzorg. also Laboratorium voor Agrogeologie en Gron- donderzoek, Buitenzorg. FEDERATED MALAY STATES AND Proefstation voor den Landbouw, Buiten- STRAITS SETTLEMENTS zorg. Agricultural Experimental Institutions Proefstation voor Rijst en Tweede Gewas- Malay Peninsula Agricultural Association, sen, Buitenzorg. 8 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC R4ESEARCH INSTITUTION

Proefstation voor Vorstenlandsche Tabak, Plantation Research Department of the Buitenzorg. United States Rubber Plantation, Inc., The Rubber Experimental Station, "West Kisaran, Sumatra. Java," Buitenzorg. Experiment Station for Tobacco, Klaten, Seed Culture Department (Afdeeling Zaad- Java. Director, Dr. A. D'Agremond. teelt), Buitenzorg. General Experiment Station of the A. V. s'Lands Caoutchoucbedrijf, Buitenzorg. R. 0. S. (Experiment Station of the Gen- s'Lands Planteatuin, Buitenzorg . eral Association of East Coast Sumatra Besoekish Proefstation, Djember. Rubber Planters), Medan, Sumatra. Di- Proefstation voor Vorstenlandsche Tabak, rector, Dr. A. W. K. de Jong. Klaten, Soerakarta. Melang Experiment Station, Melang, Java. Government Rubber Estate, Langsa. Director, Dr. A. J. Ultee. (Acheen) Sugar Experiment Station, Pasoroean, Java. Experimental Station "Malang," Malang. Director, Dr. P. van Harriveld. Proefstation voor Suikerriet in Cost Java, Government Cinchina Experiment Station, Passoeroean. Cinchona Plantations, Tjinjiroean, Pen- Trial Garden of the Proefstation voor Vor- galengan, near Bandoeng, Java. Direc- stenlandsche Tabak, Samangkak. tor, Dr. M. Kerbosch. Central Java Experiment Station, Samarang. Experiment Station for Tea (Malabar), Pen- Proefstation voor de Java-Suiker-industrie, galengan, near Bandoeng, Java. Direc- Samarang. tor, Mr. K. A. R. Bosscha. Proefstation Malang, Soerabaja. Experiment Station for Central Java, Sala- Proefstation voor de Java-Suiker-industrie, tiga, Java. Acting director, Dr. C. J. Ber- Soerabaja. nard. Gouvernements Kina-Proefstation, Tjinji- Rubber Experiment Station, West Java— roean (Bandoeng). Combined with the Central Rubber Sta- Gutta-Percha Estate, Tjipetir near Tjibadak tion at Buitenzorg Jan. 1, 1926. (Preangar Regencies). Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Welte- Proefstation voor het Vorschwegan, Welte- vreden (bei Batavia), Java. vreden. Sumatra PORTUGUESE INDIA Algemeen Proefstation, Algemeene Vereen- Agricultural Experimental Institutions iging van Rubberplanters Oostkust Direccao dos Servigos Agricolas e Flores- Sumatra, Medan. tats, Nova Goa. Algemeen Proefstation der Avros, Medan. Deli Proefstation, Medan. CEYLON JAVA AND SUMATRA Agricultural Experimental Institutions Ambalantota Experiment Station, Ambalan- . Agricultural Experimental Institutions tota. (Cotton) Royal Magnetic and Meteorological Observa- Anuradhapura Experiment Station and tory, Batavia, Java. Director, C. Brock. Branch Botanic Garden, Anuradhapura. Central Rubber Station, Buitenzorg, Java. Badulla Branch Botanic Garden, Badulla. Director, Dr. 0. de Vries. Bakgala Branch Botanic Garden, Bakgala. Laboratory for Veterinary Research; Bui- Benaratgoda Branch Botanic Garden, Ben- tenzorg, Java. Director, Dr. C. Bubber- aratgoda. man. Nawara Eliija Branch Botanic Garden, Na- Forest Research Institute, Buitenzorg, Java. wara Eliija. Director, Dr. R. Wind. Director of Agriculture, Ceylon Department- Institute for Plant Diseases, Buitenzorg, of Agriculture, Perandeniya. Java. Director, Dr. C. J. J. van Hall. Experiment Station, Perandeniya. General Agricultural Experiment Station, Royal Botanic Garden, Perandeniya. Buitenzorg, Java. Director, Dr. P. J. S. Cramer. INDIA GOvernment Botanical Gardens, Buitenzorg, Agricultural Experimental Institutions Java. Director, Dr. W. M. Docters van Assam Leeuwen. Indian Tea Association, Scientific Depart- Physiology Fund, Buitenzorg, Java. Physiol- ment, Cinnamara. ogist, Dr. W. Bobilioff. Sugar Cane Station, Jorhat. General Experiment Station for Tea and Rice Station, Karimganj. Rubber in West Java, Buitenzorg, Java. Fruit Experiment Station, Shillong. Director, Dr. C. J. Bernard. Government Rice Station, Titabar. Experiment Station, Cheribon, Java. Direc- Tocklai Experiment Station of the Indian tor, Dr. B. J. Konigsberger. Tea Association, Tocklai. Potato Station, Upper Shillong. Agricultural Experiment Station, Deli, Java. Director, Dr. B. T. Palm. Bengal Agricultural Station, Bankura. Scientific Service of the Rubber Culture Agricultural Station, Barisal. Maatschapij (Amsterdam), Galang, near Agricultural Station, Berhampur. (Local Medan, Sumatra (East Coast). crops; sugar cane)

• JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 9

Sericultural Research Station, Berhampur. Agricultural Station, Dohad. (Wheat and Agricultural Station, Bogra. irrigation crops). Agricultural Station, Burdan. Agricultural Station, Gadag. Agricultural Station, Burirhat (Rangpur). Agricultural and Botanical Station, Ganesh- Agri-Horticultural Society of India, Calcutta. kind, Kirkee. (Horticultural course Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory, Mukte- given) sar, Calcutta. Ganeshkind Botanical Garden, Poona Dis- Royal Botanic Gardens, Botanical Survey of trict. (Horticultural investigations and India, Calcutta. wheat) Agricultural Station, Chinsura. Botanic Garden, Gharpuri, Poona District. Agricultural Station, Comilla. Experiment Station, Hatkhamba. (Branch Agricultural Station, Dacca. (Fiber plants, of the Ratnagiri Station) sugar cane, dairy cattle) Agricultural Station, Jacobabad. (Wheat). Maharajah's Garden, Darbhangah. Agricultural Station, Jalgaon. (Cotton) Lloyd Botanical Garden, Darjiling. Municipal Garden, Karachi. Agricultural Station, Dhanbari. Willingdon Cattle Farm, Malir, Karachi. Agricultural Station, Gosaba. (Red Sind and Thar Parkar Breeds) Agricultural Station, Jamalpur (Mymen- Rice Breeding Station, Karjat. singh). Rice Research Station, Karjat. Agricultural Station, Jessor. Agricultural College Dairy, Kirke. Agricultural Station, Kalimpong. (Field Agricultural Station, Kopargaon. (Fodder crops, fruit and animal husbandry) and sugar cane) Sericultural Research Station, Kalimpong. Agricultural Station, Kumta. (Rice and Agricultural Station, Kishoregunj. green manure crops) Sericultural Research Station, Kurseong. Agricultural Station, Landhi. (Field Corps, Government Cinchona Plantations, Mung- vegetables and fruits. [Substation of poo. Willingdon Cattle Farm, Malir, Karachi] Agricultural Station, Mymensingh. Agricultural Experiment Station, Larkana, Agricultural Station, Pabna. Sind. (Rice and other crops; soil) Agricultural Station, Rajshahi. Manjri Farm, Manjri. (Sugar cane) Agricultural Station, Rangpur. (Cattle farm) Agricultural Station, Mirpur-Khas. (Cotton, Agricultural Station, Rangpur. (Demonstra- fruit, farm implements, irrigation) tion Station) Seed Farm, Mirpur-Khas. (Cotton, wheat, Department of Royal Botanic Gardens, Sib- fruits) pur. Teaching Garden, Modi Bag, Poona. Agricultural Station, Suri. Mohol Plot, Mohol. (Multiplication of cotton Bihar and Orissa seed and testing methods of dry cultiva- Agricultural Station, Angul. tion) Agricultural Station, Balasor. Rice Station, Mugad. (Substation of Dhar- Agricultural Station, Chaibasa. war Station) Agricultural Station, Chianki. Botanic Garden of the College of Science, Agricultural Station, Cuttack. Poona. Agricultural Station, Jamui. Empress Botanical Gardens, Poona. Poona Agricultural College Station, Poona. Agricultural Station, Khurdha. Agricultural Station, Neterhat. Rice Station, Ratnagiri. (New crops and im- Agricultural Station, Purulia. provement of cultivation) Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa. Agricultural Station, Sukkur. Agricultural Station, Ramgarh. Agricultural Station, Surat. (Cotton, soil im- Agricultural Station, Ranchi (Kanke). provement, cattle—Kankrej Breed) College Home Farm, Sabour. (Jute, sugar Agricultural Station, Tegur. (Cattle breed- ing farm) cane, rice and other farm crops) Agricultural Station, Sambalpur. Cotton Breeding Station, Viramgam. Cattle-Breeding Farm and Sugar Cane Sta- Burma Agricultural Station, Akyab. (Crop improve- tion, Sipaya . ment, cocoanuts, rice). Bombay Presidency Agricultural Station, Allanmyo (Thayetmyo) Agricultural Station, Alibagh. Agricultural Station, Hmawbi. (Field crops Sugar Cane Station, Amalsad. and rice) Cattle-Breeding Farm, Bankapur. Amrit Agricultural Station, Hoping, (Jute, sugar Mahal Breed) cane and other field crops) Sugar Cane Station, Baramati. Agricultural Experiment Station, Lashio, Municipal Gardens, Bombay. Northern Shan States. Agricultural Station, Broach. (Substation Cotton Experiment Station, Mahlaing (Meik- of the Surat Station.) (Cotton and soil tila). improvement) Cattle Farm, Chharodi, Upper Gujrat, Agricultural Station, Mandalay. (Rice, irri- gation, dairy cattle—Sindhi). (Kankraj Breed) Cotton Station, Dharwar. Burmese Agricultural College, Mandalay Agricultural Station, Dhulia. (Cotton and (Seed selection, plant pathology, sericul- peanuts) ture). 10 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Agricultural Station, Nagu Plats. (Cotton. Agricultural Station, Yeotmal. (Seed and sugar cane, vegetables) demonstration farm. Agricultural Station, Nyaunglebin (Pegu). Government Experimental Farm, Kheri Agricultural Station, Padu. (Wheat, grain. (Jubbulpore), Central Provinces, India. cotton and peanuts) Madras Presidency Agricultural Station, Pakokku. Agricultural Station, Anakapalle. (Rice and Agricultural Station, Pwinbyu ( Mimbu) other field crops) (Rice, non-irrigated crops, methods and Government Sheep and Seed Farm, Ban- implements) tanahal. Botanic Garden, Rangoon. Government Cattle Farm, Chintaladevi. Agricultural Station, Tatkon. (Cotton, sugar Agricultural College, Research Institute and cane) Experiment Station, Lawley Road P. 0., Agricultural Station, Taungtha (Myingyan). Coimbatore. Agricultural Station, Thilawa (Hantha- Government Pomological Station, Coonoor. waddy). Agricultural Station, Guntur. (Rice and Agricultural Station, Yawghe. (Rice, wheat, other field crops) potatoes, sugar cane, etc.) Agricultural Station, Hagari. (Rice and Agricultural Station, Zigon (Tharrawaddy). other field crops) Central Provinces Agricultural Station, Kasargod. (West Coast Government Experimental and Cattle Breed- Coconut Station) ing Farms, Adhartal (Jubbulpore). Agricultural Station, Koilpatti. (Rice and (Malvi Breed; also sugar cane, rice, other field crops) wheat, indigo, etc.) Madras Agri.-Horticultural Society, Madras. Agricultural Station, Akola. (Cotton and ro- Agricultural Station, Manganallur. tations) Government Rubber Station, Mooply (Co- Cattle Breeding Farm, Balaghat (Raigarh). chin) (Gaolao Breed.) Agricultural Station, Nandyal. (Rice and Agricultural Station, Basim. (Seed and other field crops) demonstration farm; cotton and wheat) Government Seed Potato Farm, Nanjangad, Government Seed Farm, Betul. The Nilgiris. Agricultural Station, Bilaspur. (Seed and Government Botanic Garden, Ootacamund. demonstration farm and cattle breeding Government Cinchona Plantations, Oota- station; rice, peanuts, cotton and wheat). camund. Seed and Demonstration Farm, Borgaon. Agricultural Station, Palur. (Rice and other Also cattle—Khamgaon Breed) field crops) Experimental Farm, Chandkhhuri. (Seed Government Tea Station, Peermade (Tra- and demonstration farm; also cattle- vancore). Chhattisgarhi and Malvi.) Agricultural Station, Samalkota. Agricultural Station, Chhindwara. (Field Government Coffee Station, Sidapur. crops and fruits) (Coorg.) Agricultural Station, Damoh. (Government Agricultural Station, Sirvel. seed and demonstration farm) Agricultural Station, Taliparamba. (Rice Agricultural Station, Drug. (Rice, sugar and other field crops) cane, cotton, peanuts; cattle) Government Rubber Station, Tenmalai Powarkhera Farm, Hoshangabad. (Cattle (Travancore). —Malvi Breed) Native States Agricultural Research Institute, Indore, Cen- Baroda Botanic Garden, Baroda, Baroda Na- tral India. (Crop improvement, cotton) tive State. Seed and Demonstration Farm, Khandwa Department of Agriculture, Baroda, Baroda (Also cattle—Nimari Breed) Native State. Horticultural Gardens, Nagpur. Gwalior Botanic Garden, Gwalior, Gwalior Nagpur College Farm, Nagpur. (Field crops) Native State. Government Cattle Breeding Farm, Raigarh (Gorhi). Morvi Botanic Garden, Morvi, Morvi Native State. Labhandi Farm, Raipur. (Rice and wheat) Government Cattle Breeding Farm, Richhai Botanic Gardens, Bangalore, Mysore Native (Jubbulpore), Central Provinces. State. (Malvi and Samival breeds) Mysore State Department of Agriculture, Government Seed and Demonstration Farm, Bangalore, Mysore Native State. Saugor. Agricultural Experiment Station, Sakrand, Government Seed Farm, Seoni. near Nawabshah, Sind. (Field crops, Agricultural Station, Sindewahi. (Seed and cotton, soil studies, duty of water, ferti- demonstration farm; also cattle, Umarda lizers, etc.) [Now a part of Bombay and Gaolao Breeds) Presidency] Government Dairy Farm, Telinkheri. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Agricultural Station, Tharsa. (Sugar cane, Trivandrum, Travancore. (Field crops wheat, other field crops and fruit) and animal husbandry) Agricultural Station, Wara-Seoni. (Seed and Museum and Botanic Gardens, Trivandrum, demonstration farm) Travancore. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 11

Udiapur Botanic Garden, Udiapur, Native Agricultral Station, Gorakhpur (Northeast- States. ern Circle). (Wheat, sugar cane, rice, Northwest Frontier Provinces etc.) Agricultural Station, Haripur. (Field crops, Agricultural Station, Hardoi (Central Cir- fruit, cattle, sheep) cle). Demonstration farm—wheat, cot- Agricultural Station, Tarnab (Peshawar). ton, peanuts, etc.) (Field crops, fruit, cattle, sheep) Demonstration Farm, Jachonda, Muttra. Agricultural Experiment Station, Peshawar. (Western Circle). (Sheep) Agricultural Station, Jaitpur (Hamirpur). Punjab Wheat, sugar cane, cotton, corn, etc.) Demonstration Farm, Baas. (Seed Farm) Agricultural Station, Kalianpur (Cawnpore), Government Seed Farm, Chillianwalla. (Central Circle) (Demonstration Farm) Experiment Station, Ganji Bat Government Gardens, Kumaun (Ranghur). Demonstration Farm, Gujrat. (Forestry work) Experimental Station, Gurdaspur. Cattle Farm, Lakhimpur Kheri. (Cattle Experimental Station, Hansi. (Cotton and breeding—Kherigarh Breed; also Murrah crop improvement) buffalo) Agricultural Station, Harappa Road. (For Experimental Farm, Lucknow (Sullage the reclamation of saline soils) Farm). (Eastern Circle) Government Cattle Farm, Hissar. Government Horticultural Garden, Lucknow. Demonstration Farm, Jalalabad. (Seeds for Agricultural Station, Mainpuri (Central Cir- distribution; improved methods.) cle) (Demonstration Farm) (Wheat, Demonstration Farm, Jullundur. cotton, corn, rice, sugar cane, etc.) Agricultural Station, Kahuta. (For reclama- Demonstration Farm, Marna, Fyzabad. tion of saline soils.) (Eastern Circle) Rice Farm, Kala Shah Kaku. Demonstration Plat, Mirzapur (Bisandar- Lawrence Botanic Garden, Lahore. pur). (Eastern Circle) Demonstration Farm, Ludhiana. Agricultural Station, Muttra. (Cattle Farm; Agricultural Station, Lyallpur. Hissar, Kosi, Montgomery and English Demonstration Farm, Rohtak. Montgomery cattle; Murrah buffalo. Cot- Government Seed Farm, Sargodha. ton, wheat and sugar cane) Demonstration Farm Sialkot. Agricultural Station, Muzafarnagar (West- ern Circle). (Demonstration Farm) United Provinces (Sugar cane, cotton, peanuts, wheat, Agricultural Station, Agra. (Cotton, Peanuts, rice) Corn, etc.) Agricultural Station, Nawabganj (Bareilly). Taj Garden, Agra. (Western Circle) (Sugar cane, wheat, Agricultural Station, Aligarh (Western Cir- rice, etc.) cle). (Cotton, corn and wheat.) Agricultural Station, Naugawan (Sultan- Agricultural Station, Aligarh (Kalai). (Cot- pur). (Eastern Circle). (Seed Farm) ton, wheat, sugar cane; seed farm) Agricultural Station, Partabgarh. (Eastern Government Gardens, Allahabad. Circle) (Rice, sugar cane, wheat, barley, Agricultural Station, Atarra (Banda). peanuts, etc.) (Wheat, peas, rice, cotton, corn, sugar Demonstration Plat, Rai Bareli. (Eastern cane.) Circle) (Turner Farm) Agricultural Station, Bahraich. (Corn, pea- Research Farm, Raya (near Muttra). (Cot- nuts, sugar cane, wheat.) ton) Demonstration Plat, Ballia. (Jopling Farm) Government Botanic Gardens, Saharanpur. Demonstration Plat, Balatal, Hamirpur Shahjahanpur. (Central Circle). Benares Agricultural Station, Benares, SEYCHELLES ISLAND (Eastern Circle). (Wheat, sugar cane, Agricultural Experimental Institutions cotton, rice.) Botanic Garden, Seychelles Island, Indian Demonstration Farm, Bichpuri, Agra. (Wes- Ocean. tern Circle.) MAURITIUS Agricultural Station, Bulandshahr (Wes- tern Circle). (Cotton, wheat, corn, sugar Agricultural Experimental Institutions cane) Botanic Gardens, Curepipe. Botanic Farm, Cawnpore (Central Circle). Botanical Gardens, Pampelmousses. (Wheat, sugar cane, cotton, corn, etc.) Botanic Gardens, Reduit. Botanic Gardens, Cawnpore. Director of Agriculture, Reduit. Demonstration Plat, Charbagh, Lucknow. FRENCH COLONIES IN AFRICA (Eastern Circle). Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. Agricultural Experimental Institutions Agricultural Station (Demonstration Farm), Algeria Etawah, (Central Circle). Ecole Menagere Agricole d'Algerie, Algiers. Agricultural Station, Fyzabad (Eastern Cir- Institut Agricole d'Algerie, Algiers. cle. (Seed Farm). Laboratoire de Chimie Agricola et Indus- Demonstration Plat, Ghazipur (Eastern Cir- trielle du Gouvernment General, Faculte cle) des Sciences, Algiers. 12 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

Service Botanique d'Algerie, Algiers. Station de M'Bao, Centre Dakar et Rufisque. Station Agronomique, Algiers. (Forestry) Station Entomologique, Algiers . Jardin d'Essais de Sor (Banlieue de Saint- Station de Pathologie Vegetale, Algiers. Louis). (Pomology and truck crops) Station de Recherches Forestieres du Nord Bergerie de Richard Toll, Tourcoing. de l'Afrique, Algerie, Algiers. Bergerie de Tourcoingbam (Mission des Champ d'Essai des Arcades, Arcades. Peres Blanes), Tourcoingbam. Ferme-Ecole de Ben-Chicao, Ben-Chicao. Soudan (French) Station d'Aquiculture de Castiglione, Castig- Ferme de Baroueli (entre Koulikoro et Se- lione. gou). (Cotton) Agricultural Experiment Station, Ferme- Station d'El Ouladji (entre Niafunke et Blanche. (Forage and field crops, etc.) Tomboucton). (Cotton and sheep) Ferme-Ecole de Guelma, Guelma. Station de Koulikoro, Koulikoro. (Cotton, Jardin d'Essai de Hamma, near Algiers. peanuts, rice, etc.; Pomology) Institut Agricole de Maison-Carree, Maison- Station Cotonniere de Nienebale, Nienebale. Carree. Laboratoire de la Service Textile, Segou, Station Botanique, Maison-Carree. Soudan Francais (via Paris et Dakar). Station Ampelographique de Mondovi, Mon- Tunis dovi. Service Botanique de la Direction Generale Station Experimentale d'Orleansville, Or- de l'Agriculture, Ariana, pres de Tunis, leansville. (Cotton, etc.) Tunis. Station Viticole de Rouiba, Rouiba. Direction Generale de l'Agriculture, du Com- Station d'Elevage de Tadmit. merce et de la Colonisation, Boulevard Dahomey Bab-Benat, Tunis. Station d'Essais de Niaouli (Cercle d'Al- Station Agronomique, Tunis. lada). (Coffee, cocoa, maize) Station Cenologique, Tunis. Station Experimentale du Palmier a Huile, Pobe. BRITISH COLONIES IN AFRICA Jardin d'Essais de Porto Novo, Porto Novo. (Exclusive of Union of South Africa) Ferme Cotonniere de Savalou, Savalou. Agricultural Experimental Institutions Guinea (French) Gold Coast Jardin d'Essais de Camayenne, Camayenne Government Coconut Plantation, Abra, Cen- (a proximite de.Conakry) (Coffee, cocoa, tral Province. bananas, pineapples) Government Agricultural Station, Aburi. Haute-Volta Botanic Garden, Aburi. Ferme Cotonniere de Banakilidaga, Banaki- Mycological Laboratory, Aburi. lidaga (a 18 Km de Bobi Dionlasso, sur Government Sisal Plantation, Accra. la route de San). Horticultural Nursery, Accra. Station de Banfora (Cercle de Bobi Dion- Government Firewood Plantation, Achimota. lasso). (Cotton, coffee, tobacco) Experimental Rice Farm, Adebrem, Eastern Station de Saria, Saria. (Cotton, coffee, to- Appolonia. bacco) Government Cocoa Farm, Asamangkese. Ivory Coast Government Agricultural Station, Assuantsi, Station d'Essais de Bingerville, Bingerville. Central Province. (Coffee, cocoa, oil palm) Communal Coconut Plantation, Atuabo, Station Experimentale du Palmier a Huile Western Province. de La Me, La Me (a proximite de Binger- Communal Coconut Plantation, Cape Coast, ville). Central Province. Madagascar Government Agricultural Station, Coomas- Station d'Ambatondrazaka, Ambatondra- sie, Ashanti. zaka. (Rice and peanuts) Agricultural Training Centre, Coomassie, Station d'Ambavahibe par Diego 0 Suarez, Ashanti. Ambavahibe. Agricultural Substation, Ejura, Ashanti. Station d'Essais de Antsirabe, Antsirabe. Motor Cultivation Experiment Station, (Potatoes and maize) Ejura, Ashanti. Station Agricole de l'Ivoloina, L'Ivoloina Agricultural Substation, Gambaga, Northern (pres de Yamayave). (Coffee, vanilla, Territories. sugar cane) Agricultural Substation, Hemang, Central Station Agricole de Nanisana (pres de Tan- Province. anarive). (Silk, fruit, rice, tobacco) Government Plantations, Ho, Eastern Prov- Institut de Biologie de l'Afrique Occidentale ince. (Cocoa, cola and teak) Francais, Dakar. Agricultural Substation, Juaso, Ashanti. Direction de l'Agriculture, du Commerce et Government Plantation, Kete Krachi, North- de la Colonisation, Rabat. ern Territories. Senegal (French) Agricultural Substation, Kibbi. Station Forestiere et Maraichere de Hann, Government Plantations, Kpandu, Eastern Hann. Station Experimentale de l'Arachide de Province. (Cocoa, cola and teak) Agricultural Experimental Station, Kpensu, M'Bambey (Cercle de Diourbel). Togoland. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 13

Communal Coconut Plantations, Kpone- Director of Agriculture, Njala, Central Prov- - Prampram. ince, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Agricultural Station, Kumasi. Sudan Communal Coconut Plantations, Labadi. Shambat Experimental Farm, near Khar- Moseaso Food Farm, Moseaso, near Anyi- toum, Sudan, East Africa. nam. Wellcome Tropical Research Labora- Agricultural Substation, Peki-Blengo, East- tories, Gordon Memorial College, Khar- ern Province. toum. Provincial Nursery, Salaga, Northern Terri- Gezira Research Farm, Wad Medani, Sudan. tories. Tanganyika Territory Government Agricultural Substation, Ta- Botanic Gardens, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tangan- male, Northern Territories. yika Territory, British East Africa. Government Agricultural Station, Tarquah, Department of Agriculture, Dar-Es-Salaam, Western Province. Tanganyika Territory. Communal Coconut Plantations, Temma. Morogoro Agricultural Station, Tanganyika Communal Coconut Plantations, Teshi. Territory. Agricultural Substation, Wa, Northern Ter- Mpanganya Agricultural Station (Rufigi), ritories. Tanganyika Territory. Agricultural Substation, Wioso, Western Uganda Province. Government Plantation, Bukalasa. (Cotton Provincial Nursery, Yeji, Northern Terri- and other crops) tories. Experimental Wheat Station, Butoroga, Mu- Government Plantation, Yendi, Northern bendi. Territories. Botanic Gardens, Entebb'e. Kenya Colony Government Plantation, Fort Portal, Toro. East Africa Department of Agriculture, (Field crops, horticulture) Nairobi, Kenya Colony, East Africa. Government Plantation, Kakumiro, Mu- Mycological Laboratory, Nairobi, Kenya bendi. (Cotton and other crops) Colony, East Africa. Government Plantation, Kampala. (Cotton Nigeria and other crops) Experimental Farm, Benin. Kumi Seed Farm, Teso District. (Sun- Research Station, Ibadan. flowers) Experimental Farm, Ilorin. Cotton Seed Selection Station, Serere Farm, Experimental Farm, Kano. Teso District. (Also field crops) Agricultural Department, Lagos, South Ni- Simsa Seed Farm, Teso District. (Cotton geria. and general crops) Botanic Station, Lagos, South Nigeria. Zanzibar Botanic Garden, Old Calabar, South Nigeria. Agricultural Department, Dunga, Zanzibar, Experimental Farm, Umuahia. East Africa. Experimental Farm, Zaria. Dunga Experiment Station, Dunga, Zanzi- Nyasaland Protectorate bar, East Africa. Department of Agriculture, Zomba. Victoria Gardens, Zanzibar, East Africa. Rhodesia (Southern) Bulawayo Municipal Experiment Station, The M'Tao Forest Reserve, Southern Rho- Bulawayo. (Field crops) desia. Government Experiment Farm, Gwebi. Forest Nursery, Salisburk, Southern Rho- (Crops and rotations) desia. Botanic Garden, Salisbury. Tobacco Experiment Station, Salisbury, Department of Agriculture, Salisbury. Southern Rhodesia. Experiment Station, Salisbury. (Field crops Gwelo Municipal Experiment Station, Gwelo, and rotations) Southern Rhodesia. Sierra Leone Municipal Experiment Station, Gatooma, Commissioner of Lands and Forests, Free- Southern Rhodesia. town. Biological and Agricultural Institute, Amani, Botanic Station, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Tanga, Tanganyika Territory. 14 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION Some Nematode Problems in the Pineapple Industry HELENS TSURUYO MORITA Assistant Nematologist, Association of Hawaiian Pineapple Canners' Experiment Station, University of Hawaii. Delegate to the Industry Section Pan-Pacific Women's Conference

While the modern science of ne- matology is still in its infancy, the ser- ious losses caused by nematodes is too well known to most men engaged in any agricultural pursuit. The field of nematology is one almost as broad as that of entomology. It deals with thousands of minute animals called ne- matodes. These nematodes or eel- worms, as they are popularly called, are true round-worms belonging to the Phy- lum Nemathelminthes, Class Nematoda, Order Nernatoidea. They are more or less cylindroid, unsegmented and with- out locomotor appendages. The body nearly always tapers at one or both These round bodies are the fe- ends and nearly all the tissues are com- males of Heterodera radicicola. paratively colorless and transparent, Note the many eggs (500 or more) whatever decided color it possesses be- in one female. ing usually confined to the intestinal In connection with the pineapple in- region. Nematodes travel by means of dustry, the most destructive nematode a more or less rapid whip-like lashing we have to contend with is the root of the entire body, this movement bring- knot nematode, ing about progress in water-containing Heterodera radicicola Greeff. Its seriousness not only to pine- debris, or in moist soil, but little or none apple plants, but also to a wide range in pure water. They vary in size from of cultivated crops cannot be over- microscopic minuteness to a centimeter emphasized. The disease is causing or more in length. Under the micro- great alarm, especially in the warmer scope, they show fine transverse stria- regions of the world because of its wide tions, variable in numbers and fineness. distribution. Careful estimates made on These markings are used as specific, the basis of actual surveys by Dr. G. and in some cases, as generic charac- ters. H. Godfrey of the Association of Ha- waiian Pineapple Canners' Experiment They occur in the soil, water and sea Station have shown that in 1917 in and infest, as parasites, an immense Southeastern United States the loss variety of plants and animals. Nema- was figured as high as 80 per cent in todes from an infested ten-acre field, if some cases. arranged single file, would form a pro- The principal symptoms are malfor- cession long enough to circle the globe. mations consisting of enlargements or More than 80,000 different species are "knots" in the roots of plants. These known to exist. galls are usually very prominent both JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 15

Test soy bean, as trap crop, twenty-eight days from planting. Literally thousands of nema- tode larvae have entered the root and will die with the root if the plant is destroyed on the twenty-seventh day or earlier. First, the root of a wild bean, Phaseolus latryroides pulled from the center of a Panicum field. The heavy infection with root knots is very evident. Next a single root from the plant. Fifty or more maturing female nematodes can be seen on the ex- posed surface where the gall was broken open. The entire gall undoubtedly contains thousands. dnother plant of wild bean, absolutely free from root knot. The swellings shown on the roots in this case are the beneficial legume nodules caused by bacteria. in size and number but at other times upon the function of the host is pro- are small, few and inconspicuous. Their duced principally in two ways : first, by number depends entirely upon the the general interruption of all the func- abundance, of the nematodes. The galls tions, and second and particularly, by vary in size from a half millimeter in the interruption of the normal flow of diameter in mild cases to two inches in sap from the roots, caused by the dis- extreme infestation. One investigator tortion of the ducts. The nematodes reported that he had seen galls as large also depend upon the plant juices for as a duck's egg. In pineapple roots the food. Furthermore, the diseased tis- galls are rarely more than one half inch sues would more easily permit the en- in diameter. trance of fungi or bacteria which cause Gall formation is the result of stimu- decay, hence, the death of the plant may lation of the root tissues by the nema- be due immediately to the nematodes tode, Heterodera radicicola. The effect themselves, or to other sources of sec- 16 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

ondary infection. In any case, plants Once established in a field, the eradi- badly infested become dwarfed and cation of the nematodes is a very dif- sickly and in severe cases they may be ficult problem. Several means of con- entirely killed. One can easily realize trol come into consideration but one that this by examining the roots of the yel- is efficient and at the same time prac- lowed or wilted plants in the pineapple fields. In examining pineapple roots ticable enough to be carried out on a from a badly infested field we find a large scale is yet in the process of ex- very wide assortment of nematode perimentation. Various chemicals are species associated with them. Most of being tested out both in the laboratory these nematodes are armed with "spears" and in the fields. Other experiments in their mouth parts—a definite indica- now being conducted are those which tion of their parasitic relationship. No- take into consideration the various body knows nor nobody has any way of weaknesses in the life history of the na- estimating exactly how much loss is matode, that is, the trapping possibility, due to any one species. A great deal is the susceptibility to killing by drying, surmised but little is definitely known. It is certain, however, that the produc- as well as the possibility of starving tive life of an infested pineapple field is them out by the use of immune plant- shortened. ings between crops. Then, too, the Root knot control is not as simple a possibility of developing resistant va- proposition as the control of many plant rieties comes into consideration. The diseases, for the attacked parts of the matter of natural enemies also is not plants are entirely underground and being neglected. One genus of nema- therefore difficult to reach with pro- todes, Mononchus, is known to possess tective materials. Means of eradicating the cannibal habit. Fifty-seven species nematodes must also be based upon a of this genus have been identified as knowledge of the life history of the being predatory on other nematodes. organisms and the effects of environ- These savage little monsters either suck mental factors, such as soil moisture, out the vitals or swallow other nema- soil temperature, soil acidity, the state todes whole. No work has yet been of colloidal matter in the soil, the soil carried out with these cannibals to de- population in general, the amount and termine the economic possibilities. Fungi condition of organic matter in the soil, and bacteria have also been found to be the concentrations of oxygen and carbon parasitic on nematodes. Dr. Godfrey dioxide, the effects of light and of des- recently discovered a fungus playing sication. In the nematode literature lit- havoc on a Heterodera. Further work tle or no exact information on these with this fungus is in the process of de- points appears to he available. Hence velopment to determine its economic pos- it is the object of our investigations to sibilities. determine the effect and importance of We are encouraged to believe that the each of these environmental factors on results obtained in our various experi- the larvae and eggs of the nematode in ments will greatly reduce the losses due relation to the pineapple roots. to the nematodes in the pineapple fields. 1mPAvs/4 94uummonmixtexitosimmusewsmasuk4tmonm •41■94AgxlyvvzwrivAMMIttIMM_Mk_■4.- ■51 "at BULLETIN OF THE

PAN— PACIFIC UNION An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all in 4-„ bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative effort for the advancement of the interests common to the Pacific area.

CONTENTS

New Series No. 105, October, 1928

Ideals of the Pan-Pacific Union 2

Conference Officers 3

Committees 4

Program 5

List of Delegates 7

Delegates in Sections 9

Voting Delegates 10

Associate Delegates 11 Delegates According to Countries 13

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

HONORARY PRESIDENTS Calvin Coolidge President of the Unitea States S. M. Bruce Prime Minister, Australia J. G. Coates Prime Minister, New Zealand W. W. Yen Chief Executive of China Dr. D. Fock Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies W. L. Mackenzie King Prime Minister of Canada Prince I. Tokugawa President House of Peers, Japan His Majesty, Prachatipok King of Siam P. Elias Calles President of Mexico Don Augusto B. Leguia President of Peru HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENT H. L. Stimson Governor of the Philippines OFFICERS IN HONOLULU President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington Governor of Hawaii Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 1928

• • VinfrisTrtel 41(fritarial4 e • • •Trsitriarrntrgi AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly un- official Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is fol- lowing up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establishment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area,—land and sea. Added to this, will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who in- habit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the goodwill of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropria- tions and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its loca- tion at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advancement of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance interna- tional justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and if pos- sible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peo- ples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material re- sources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men to- gether who can understandingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understand- ing and cooperative effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advancement, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial cooperation. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3

Third Edition, August 15, 1928 PA N-PACIFIC WOMEN'S CONFERENCE UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION HONOLULU, HAWAII, AUGUST 9-19, 1928 CONFERENCE OFFICERS International Chairman: MISS JANE ADDAMS HEALTH: Honorary Chairman: Dr. Yayoi Yoshioka. Chairman: Dr. Ting Me Iung. First Vice-Chairman: Dr. Maria Paz Mendoza-Guazon. Second Vice-Chairman: Dr. Ethel Osborne. EDUCATION : Chairman: Miss Emily Chaplin. First Vice-Chairman: Dr. Louise Stanley. Second Vice-Chairman: Mrs. Sumi Oye. WOMEN IN INDUSTRY Chairman: Miss Mary Anderson. AND PROFESSIONS: First Vice-Chairman: Kyong Bae-tsung. Second Vice-Chairman: Miss Muriel Swain. WOMEN IN SOCIAL Chairman: Dr. Valeria Parker. SERVICE: First Vice-Chairman: Mrs. Tsune Gauntlett. Second Vice-Chairman: Mrs. T. E. Taylor. WOMEN IN GOVERN- Honorary Chairman: Mrs. J. P. Morgan. MENT: Chairman: Miss Kikue Ide. First Vice-Chairman: Mrs. B. Rischbeith. Second Vice-Chairman: Miss A. Viola Smith. SECTION ROUND TABLE LEADERS HEALTH : Dr. Maria Paz Mendoza-Guazon. Dr. Ellen Stadtmuller. Dr. Anna Rude. Dr. Ethel Osborne. EDUCATION: Mrs. E. E. Kiernan. Mrs. E. D. Amos. Dr. Melicent Waterhouse. Miss Jean Flickinger. Dr. Louise Stanley. INDUSTRY : Miss Grace Coyle. Miss Muriel Swain. Mrs. Katherine Philips Edson. SOCIAL SERVICE: Mrs. Emily Noble. Mrs. T. E. Taylor. Miss Nell Findley. GOVERNMENT: Mrs. C. A. Fraer. Mrs. G. L. Buland. Miss A. Viola Smith. 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

CONFERENCE PROGRAM COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF THE FIVE SECTION CHAIRMEN

Dr. Ting Me lung. Miss E. Chaplin. Miss Mary Anderson. Dr. Valeria Parker. Miss Kikue Ide.

Executive Committee of the Conference—five section Chair- men together with the Chairmen of National delegations. Miss Jane Addams. Dr. Ting Me Iung. Miss E. Chaplin. Miss Mary Anderson. Dr. Valeria Parker. Miss Kikue Ide. Mrs. B. Rischbeith. Mrs. Tsune Gauntlett. Mrs. Hide Inouye. Mrs. C. A. Fraer. Mrs. Sofie R. de Veyra. Mrs. F. R. Wilson. Mrs. A. L. Andrews. Eleanor M. Hinder.

RECORDERS FOR PROCEEDINGS Health Section: Section Committee. Education Section: Mrs. W. C. Pohlmann. Industry: Miss Katherine Van Etten. Social Service: Miss Margaret Frantz. Government: Miss Sarah E. Mathews.

RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE Chair: Eleanor M. Hinder. Representatives from Sections: Health: Dr. Ethel Osborne. Education: Dr. Melicent Waterhouse. Industry: Miss Elisabeth Christman. Social Service: Mrs. Frances P. Parks. Government: Mrs. C. A. Fraer. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5

CONTINUATION COMMITTEE Representatives chosen from the personnel of Vice-Chairmen of Sections : Chair: A. Viola Smith. Kyong Bae-tsung. Mrs. T. E. Taylor. Mrs. B. Rischbeith. Dr. Maria Paz Mendoza-Guazon. Mrs. Tsune Gauntlett. Dr. Louise Stanley. Mrs. A. L. Andrews. ANNOUNCEMENTS AND PROGRAM The subjects of the General Addresses of the Conference are listed, but the Round Tables are reserved for day-to-day announcement. MONDAY. Aug. 13, "The Legal and Political Relationships of NVomen in Japan : 9:30-10:30 An Interpretation." Kikue Ide. 10:30-11:30 "Home Economics and Education." Dr. Louise Stanley. 8:00— 9:00 p.m. "The Story of Medical Education for Women in Japan." Dr. Yayoi Yoshioka. "The Status of Preventive Medicine in China." Dr. Ting Me Jung. TUESDAY, Aug. 14, "The Philippines Women in Social Work." 11 a.m.—1 2 noon Mrs. Jaime C. de Veyra. 4:30— 5:30 p.m. "The Development of Child Hygiene in California." Dr. Anna Rude. 8:00— 9:30 pap. "The Social Significance of the Employed Woman." Miss Grace Coyle. Miss Mary Anderson. A moving picture, prepared by the Women's Bureau of the Department of Labor of the United States, will be shown. A film showing Silk Industry in Japan, will also be presented. WEDNESDAY, Aug. 15, "Industrial Hygiene in the Philippine Islands." 11 a.m.-12 noon Dr. Paz Mendoza-Guazon. "Child Hygiene in New Zealand." Dr. Emily Siedeberg.

3:30 p.m. The trustees of the Honolulu Art Academy will be at home to the Conference at the Academy.

4:30 p.m.-5 :30 p.m. "Education in Art Appreciation." Mrs. Norman C. Schenck. 8:00— 9:00 p.m. "Special Trends in the Field of Family R.elationships." Dr. Valeria Parker. 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

THURSDAY, Aug. 16, "China's Industrial Women. 11:00 a.m.-12 noon Kyong Bae-tsung.

From 3:30 p.m. The "Daughters of Hawaii," Mrs. Francis M. Swanzy, Re- gent, will entertain at Queen Emma's Home.

8:00— 8:45 p.m. "The Influence of Women in Government." Mrs. B. Rischbeith.

8:45— 9:30 p.m. "Modern Attitudes in Education." Dr. Melicent Waterhouse.

FRIDAY, Aug. 17, "The Trade Union Woman. 11 a.m.-12 noon Elisabeth Christman. Muriel Heagney.

8:00— 9:00 p.m. "Japan and Her Social Problems." Mrs. Tsune Gauntlett. Miss Take Fujita.

SATURDAY, Aug. 18, The Conference will consider questions of possible outcomes.

From 3:30 to 5:30 p.m. Mrs. Gerrit P. Wilder will be at home to the Conference at 1930 Ualakaa St. From 4:30 to 8:00 Mrs. T. Fukuchi will entertain the Japanese delegates at reception and dinner, 1920 Manoa Road. From 8 p.m. The Japanese delegation, and Japanese residents of Honolulu will give an entertainment in the Auditorium of Bishop Hall. MONDAY, Aug. 20, From 3:30 to 5:30 The Chinese Community of Honolulu will entertain the dele- gates, by invitation, at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel. From 8 p.m. Historical Play in celebration of the Captain Cook Sesqui- centennial, will be staged in the Kapiolani Park. TUESDAY, Aug. 21, Palama Settlement will entertain the Conference at tea, at the Settlement.

FT OM 8:00 p.m. Second performance of the Historical, Play in Kapiolani Park. WEDNESDAY, Aug. 22, Mrs. George Marvel will be at home to the Delegates at her home at Pearl Harbor.

THURSDAY, Aug. 23, Mr. and Mrs. Clifford Kimball will be at home in the Hale- kulani Hotel.

Castle Hall will close to oversea d elegates on Tuesday, August 21, after luncheon is served, except in the case of those leaving for the Mainland on the "Manoa." PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLE TIN LIST OF DELEGATES TO THE PAN-PACIFIC WOMEN'S CONFERENCE HONOLULU, AUGUST 9-19, 1928 For the interest of the Conference, the list includes the name, address, professional occupation, and realm of interest of the delegates. ADDAMS, MISS JANE INTERNATIONAL CHAIRMAN HONORARY DELEGATES Mrs. Francis M. Swanzy Honorary Chairman P. 0. Box 3020, Honolulu Mrs. E. M. Adams Mrs. J. P. Cooke 3227 Diamond Head Road Nowewehi Street Mrs. Riley H. Allen Mrs. C. M. Cooke, Sr. 981 Prospect Street Makiki Heights Mrs. Charles N. Arnold Mrs. C. Montague Cooke 3467 Maunaloa Avenue 2859 Manoa Road Mrs. Frank C. Atherton Mrs. Raymond S. Coll 2234 Kamehameha Avenue c/o The Honolulu Advertiser Mrs. H. A. Baldwin Mrs. C. B. Cooper Paia, Maui Aiea Mrs. H. P. Baldwin Mrs. Fox Conner Makawao, Maui Ft. Shafter Mrs. Samuel A. Baldwin Mrs. David L. Crawford 1936 Nuuanu Avenue 2355 Oahu Avenue Mrs. Clyde E. Boyer Mrs. Frank W. Damon 1020 S. Beretania Street Moanalua Mrs. Alice P. Broughton 2913 Park Street Mrs. J. Merle Davis 2353 East Manoa Roar Mrs. Raymond C. Brown 2818 Kawahai Street Mrs. James D. Dole 1046 Green Street Mrs. G. Fred Bush Kailua, Oahu Mrs. J. M. Dowsett 1360 Punahou Street Mrs. George P. Castle 2937 Kalakaua Avenue Mrs. W. R. Farrington Washington Place Miss H. Ethelwyn A. Castle 1250 11th Avenue Mrs. Walter F. Frear 1434 Punahou Street. Mrs. A. D. Castro 1642 Kewalo Street Mrs. Tsuneo Fukuchi 1920 Manoa Road Mrs. George R. Carter 472 No. Judd Streit Dr. Caroline Furness Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Miss Renny Catton 2236 Vancouver Avenue Mrs. Ada Gartley Nuuanu Valley Mrs. Dai Yen Chang 1139 9th Avenue MrS. C. S. Goodknight Kahala Miss Grace Channon Y. W. C. A., St. Louis, Mo. Mrs. H. E. Gregory 423 Wyllie Street Mrs. George P. Cooke 472 No. Judd Street Mrs. Seichi Harada Makiki Heights 1901 Adolph Street 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Mlle. Cecyl Holliday Mrs. L. Tenney Peck Punahou School Honolii Mrs. Victor Houston Mrs. G. H. Phipps c/o Mrs. John C. Lane 2316 Oahu Avenue Miss Margaret Hopper Mrs. James A. Rath 1404 Heulu Street 1361 Palama Street Mrs. L. C. Howland Mrs. E. A. R. Ross Punahou School 2524 Ferdinand Avenue Mrs. S. C. Huber Mrs. Doo Wai Sing 2006 Keeaumoku Street 1030 S. Beretania Street Mrs. J. Jorgensen Mrs. F. E. Steere 1675 Kalakaua Avenue 2330 Beckwith Street Miss Agnes Judd Mrs. George F. Straub 66 Wyllie Street Aloni Drive Princess David Kawananakoa Mrs. Philip A. Swartz 1438 Pensacola Street 2207 Oahu Avenue Mrs. John C. Lane Wilcox Road Mrs. A. P. Taylor 2463 Manoa Road Mrs. N. P. Larsen Kaalawai Mrs. H. C. Tennent 2288 Liliha Street Mrs. E. Fullard Leo Queen and Ward Streets Mrs. Wade Warren Thayer 944 Alewa Drive Mrs. A. Lewis, Jr. 2211 Kamehameha Avenue Mrs. K. Y. Tsao Mrs. F. J. Lowrey 1325 Piikoi Street Nuuanu Valley Mrs. Wilfred C. Tsukiyama Mrs. George R. Marvell 1495 River Street Pearl Harbor Mrs. Robert Twitchell Mrs. Auguste Marques Punahou Schools 1928 Wilder Street Mrs. John Waterhouse Mrs. B. L Marx 1944 Keeaumoku Street 1250 11th Avenue Mrs. Lincoln L. McCandless Mrs. J. M. Westgate 2290 Liliha Street U. S. Agr. Exp. Station Mrs. C. J. McCarthy Mrs. W. D. Westervelt Donna Hotel 2963 Kalakaua Avenue Mrs. C. A. McIntosh Mrs. Charles Wilder Box 2953 1556 Piikoi Street

Mrs. B. E. Newcomb Mrs. Gerrit Wilder Box 3349 1930 Ualakaa Street Mrs. L. W. de Vis Norton Mrs. Arthur Withington 2464 East Manoa Road 2122 Atherton Road Mrs. Naoji Ohoka 949 10th Avenue Mrs. J. Frank Woods 2479 Kalakaua Avenue Mrs. Julio Brando Paes 1298 S. King Street Mrs. Wm. K. F. Yap 3465 Waialae Road PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 List of Delegates According to Sections HEALTH SECTION VOTING DELEGATES Alexander, Dr. Ruth (Hawaii) Physician and Surgeon Appleton, Dr. Vivia B. (Hawaii) Physician and Surgeon Bass, Dr. Elizabeth (United States) Physician Baukin, Helen M. (Hawaii) Dental Hygienist, Dept. of Public Instruction Bulkley, Dorothy (New Zealand) School Nurse, Department of Health Cortezan, Mrs. Josephina A. (Hawaii) Y. W. C. A. Secretary and Filipino Nurse Gates, Dr. Amelia L. (United States) Retired Physician Hooker, Laura P. (Hawaii) Nurse Jones, Dr. Martha R. (United States) Research Worker in Health Leong, Dr. Ellen (Hawaii) Physician and Surgeon Li, Dr. K. F. (Hawaii) Physician and Surgeon Mendoza-Guazon, Dr. M. Paz (Philippines). _Physician and Professor of Pathology and Bac- teriology, University of the Philippines Mori, Mrs. Yae (Hawaii) Leading Japanese Woman Osborne, Dr. Ethel General Practitioner and Industrial Hygiene Consultant. Pepe, Grace (American Samoa) Nurse Potter, Dr. Ada (Netherlands East Indies) Physician Rude, Dr. Anna E. (United States) Physician—Los Angeles County Health Dept. Siedeberg, Dr. Emily H. (New Zealand) Physician Smith, Mrs. Mary E. R. (New Zealand) Plunkett Society for the Health of Mothers and Babies Smyth, Mabel L. (Hawaii) Public Health Nurse Stadtmuller, Dr. Ellen S. (United States) Chief, Bureau of Child Hygiene, California State Board of Health Ting, Dr. Me lung (China) Medical Director Peiyang Hospital, Tientsin, China Wilcox, Mabel (Hawaii) Field Superintendent, Board of Health Yoshioka, Dr. Yayoi (Japan) Physician and Principal of Tokyo Women's Medical College; President of Japan Wom- en's Medical Society; Head of Yoshioka Hos- pital AASSOCIATE DELEGATE Faus, Dr. Marie Keim (Hawaii) Physician Godfrey, Mrs. Lois S. (Hawaii) Research Worker in Chemistry Hutchinson, Miss Helen (Hawaii) Nutrition Teacher, Dept. of Public Instruction Ikeda, Mrs. Hiroko (Hawaii) Jackson, Hortense (Hawaii) Instructress of Nurses, Queen's Hospital EDUCATION SECTION VOTING DELEGATES Amos, Mrs. Elizabeth A. D. (Australia) Principal of Girls' Grammar School in Queens- land; President, Women's Electoral League of Bundaberg, Queensland Babcock, Marjorie E. (Hawaii) Assistant Director, Psychological Clinic, Uni- versity of Hawaii Boyum, Mrs. Louise V. (Hawaii) Principal of Puunene Girls' School Chaplin, Emily A. (New Zealand) President, Women's Teachers Association of New Zealand Dizon, Mrs. N. C. (Hawaii) Filipino Church Worker Dutton, Nellie (New Zealand) Principal, Free Kindergarten Association Ely, Mrs. Ella P. (China) Teacher ; American Women's Club, Shanghai Erwin, Ada (Hawaii) Director, Home Economics Dept., Punahou Schools. Flickinger, Jean (Hawaii) Educational Director, Y. W. C. A. Harada, Mrs. Saki (Hawaii) Holden, Joan (Australia) Teacher of Mentally Deficient Children Inouye, Mrs. Hide (Japan) Dean and Professor of Household Science De- partment of Japan Women's University Ishikawa, Mrs. Fusa (Japan) Teacher Jay, Mar (Australia) Journalist Kiernan, Mrs. E. E. (United States) Corresponding Secretary, National Parent- Teachers' Association; Bureau Manager, In- ternational Federation of Home and School Associations; Member of Pennsylvania State Board of Education Kim, Shinsil S. (Honolulu) Teacher Teacher in Primary Schools; Association of Kiuchi, Mrs. Kyo (Japan) Elementary School Women Teachers 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Kurosaki, Miss Yetsu (Japan) Teacher; Association of Elementary School Women Teachers Lawrence, Miss Frances (Hawaii) Superintendent of Kindergartens, Free Kinder- garten and Children's Aid Association Osborne, Mona Martha (New Zealand) School Organizing; Secretary and Member New Zealand Federation of University Women Otawa, Mrs. Taki (Japan) Teacher in Girls' High School Oye, Mrs. Sumi (Japan) President of Tokyo Domestic Science College Seaton, Mary (New Zealand) Free Kindergarten Association Shoda, Yoshi (Japan) Professor of Japan Women's University, Tokyo ; Secretary of Y. W. C. A. Stanley, Dr. Louise (United States) Appointed by the President of the United States as his personal Representative; Chief, Bureau of Home Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture Stewart, Mrs. Guy R. (Hawaii) Authoress Su'a, Mrs. Elizabeth (British Samoa) Wakefield, Mrs. F. M. (Hawaii) Principal; President of Women's Club, Hilo, Hawaii Waterhouse, Dr. Melicent E. (Hawaii) Supervisor of Tests and Curriculum on Kauai Wilcox, Miss Elsie H. (Hawaii) School Commissioner Wilson, Mrs. Helen A. (American Samoa) Research Worker Winne, Miss Mary P.. (Hawaii) Principal, Punahou Elementary School Yamaguchi, Mrs. Kimi (Japan) Teacher in Primary School Yap, Mrs. Albert K. F. (Hawaii) Teacher ASSOCIATE DELEGATES Babbitt, Adeline E. (Hawaii) Principal, Castle Memorial Kindergarten Chung, Clara (Hawaii) Librarian, Institute of Pacific Relations Edwards, Mrs. Caroline W. (Hawaii) Territorial Superintendent of Home Economics Gawthrop, Elizabeth S Kindergarten Teacher Heen, E. Lulu (Hawaii) Principal of August Ahrens School Horn, Mrs. A. G. (United States) Representative, American Association of Uni- versity Women, Honolulu Branch Lo, Mrs. John C. (Hawaii) Teacher Jannie K. J. (Hawaii) Teacher Newman, Margaret E. (Hawaii) Librarian Ozaki, Mrs. Suga (Hawaii) Pope, Mrs. W. T. (Hawaii) President, Parent-Teacher Association Pratt, Helen Gay (Hawaii) Assistant Director of Research, Department of Public Instruction Russell, Mrs. N. A. (Hawaii) Director of Nutrition, Free Kindergarten and Children's Aid Association Veronica, Sister Mary (Hawaii) Principal, Maryknoll. School WOMEN IN INDUST RY AND PROFESSIONS VOTING DELEGATES Anderson, Mary . (United States) Director of Industry, Women's Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington Andrews, Harriet C. (Hawaii) Chairman. of Conference Committee Bond, Mrs. B. D. (Hawaii) Broughton, Miss Esto (United States) Attorney Brown, Alice C. (Hawaii) Welfare Superintendent, California Packing Corporation Christman, Elisabeth (United States) Executive Secretary, National Women's Trade Union League of America Coffin, Jo (United States) Monotype Operator, Typographical 'Union Coyle, Grace L. (United States) Education Research Division, National Board of the Y. W. C. A. New York Edson, Mrs. Katherine Philips (United States) Chief, Division of Industrial Welfare, Califor- nia Department of Industrial Relations Ford, Lucie G. (Hawaii) Y. W. C. A. Secretary Heagney, Muriel A. (Australia) Trade Union Organizer Hinder, Eleanor Mary (China) Program Secretary, Pan-Pacific Women's Con-. ference; Joint Committee of Shanghai Wom- en's Organizations, Pan-Pacific Association of China Kyong, Bae-Tsung (China) Y. W. C. A. Secretary PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11

Mercer, Olive (New Zealand) Authoress and Teacher Manning, Caroline (United States) Industrial Supervisor, Women's Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. McLean, Miss R. A. (Canada) Cashier, Continental Life Insurance Co. Min, Mrs. C. H. (Hawaii) Korean Church Worker Morita, Miss Helene Tsuruyo (Hawaii) Assistant Neuratologist, Experiment Station, Pineapple Association of Hawaii, University of Hawaii Swain, Muriel (Australia) Department of Labor and Industry, N. S. W. Tiffen, Mrs. Jessie J. (Australia) Women's Club; National Committee, League of Nations Union Van Etten, Katherine (Hawaii) Employment Secretary, Y. W. C. A. Yee, Mrs. T. K. (Hawaii) Chinese Worker in International Institute, Y. W. C. A.

ASSOCIATE DELEGATES Brown, Mrs. Elsie Kuhn (Hawaii) Secretary, Chamber of Commerce Dutot, Miss Elizabeth (Hawaii) Registered Nurse and Hotel Manager Edmondson, Mrs. Charles H. (Hawaii) Chairman, Employment Committee, Y. W. C. A. Harada, Miss Fumi (Japan) Y. W. C. A. Secretary Hatchell, Mrs. Helen (Hawaii) Nurse Lee, Mrs. W. S. (Hawaii) Student Ozawa, Mrs. Shizu (Hawaii) Randall-Collyer, Dr. Isabel (Australia) Journalist Trout, Daisy June (United States) Secretary, Mission Board SOCIAL SERVICE SECTION VOTING DELEGATES Ai, Mrs. C. K. (Hawaii) Leading Chinese Woman Bryning, M. E. (Australia) Chairman, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Catton, Margaret M. L. (Hawaii) Social Service Department—Queen's Hospital Cole, Mary W. (New Zealand) General Secretary, Y. W. C. A., New Plymouth de Veyra, Sofia R. (Philippines) Dean of Domestic Science, Dept. of El Centro Escolar de Senoritas; President of the Na- tional Federation of Women's Clubs Dixon, Emma (New Zealand) Emers3n, Evelyn (United States) Assistant Director, Telegraph Hill Settlement, San Francisco Findley, Nell (Hawaii) Manager, Social Service Bureau Fujita, Taki (Japan) Professor Tsuda English College; Chairman, Industrial Committee, National Y. W. C. A., Japan Gauntlett, Mrs. Tsune (Japan) Vice-President Japan W. C. T. U.; President Japan Woman's Suffrage Association Gibson, Mrs. F.W. (Australia) Country Women's Association Grannadosin, Feliza (Hawaii) Filipino Church Worker Griffin, A. Maud (Fiji) Teacher Mibai, Sugi (Japan) Teacher at Kobe College, Kobe Noble, Mrs. Emily (United States). Assistant, Department of. Economics, Univer- sity of California Parks, Mrs. Frances P. (United States) Official Representative at the Conference of the National Council of. Women; Past Corre- sponding Secretary (for 19 years) of the W. C. T. U.; Secretary for the Mainland Dele- gation Parker, Dr. Valeria H. (United States) Social Hygiene Expert; Chairman, U. S. Main- land Delegation; Chairman, National Coun- cil of Women of the United States Quinlan, Florence E. (United States) Executive Secretary, Council of Women for Home Missions Roberts, Mrs. A. V. (Australia) Federation of Women Voters, N. S. W. League of Nations Union Randall, Martha (United States) Superintendent, Women's Protective Division of the Police Bureau of Portland, Oregon Siedeberg, Isabel M. (New Zealand) Nurse Swann, Lena A. (Australia) Federation of Women Voters Soga, Mrs. Sei (Honolulu) Leading Japanese Woman 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Staley, Dr. Mildred (New Zealand) Physician; Howard League of Penal Reform, League of Nations Union Steward, Sylvia (India) Sterritt, Sadie C. (Hawaii) Superintendent, Girls' Industrial School Taylor, J. P., Mrs. E. B. (New Zealand) President, W. C. T. U. of New Zealand Wilson, Mrs. E. Norrie (New Zealand) Ward, Lucy K. (Hawaii) Director of Humane Society Whang, Miss Ha Soo (Hawaii) Y. W. C. A. Secretary, International Institute ASSOCIATE DELEGATES Barnes, Constance (Hawaii) Hospital Social Service Worker Beattie, Helen (Hawaii) Social Worker at Palama Settlement Frantz, Margaret P. (Hawaii) Medical Social Worker at Leahi Home Lange, Nora (Hawaii) Social Worker Nakano, Mrs. Tei (Japan) Editor Nelson, Mrs. Walter (Hawaii) Commissioner, Girl Scouts of Oahu Noda, Mrs. Alice Sae (Hawaii) Paris, Ethel V. (Hawaii) Social 'Worker Siebert, Miss Frances (Hawaii) Social Worker Smythe, Mrs. Ellen D. (Hawaii) Clerk, First Circuit Court Tambe, Miss Tomo (Japan) Teacher in Kobe College WOMEN IN GOVERNMENT SECTION VOTING DELEGATE,S Arneill, Mrs. James Rae (United States) Ashford, Marguerite K. (Hawaii) Attorney Buland, Mrs. G. L. (United States) Club Worker Blankenburg, Mrs. L. L. (United States) Dillingham, Mrs. Walter F. (Hawaii) Past President, League of Women Voters Fraer, Mrs. C. A. (New Zealand) Chairman, New Zealand Delegation; President, National Council of Women of New Zealand Hyde, Mrs. Jeannette A. (Hawaii) Collector of Customs Ichikawa, Miss Fusaye (Japan) Writer; Director Women's Suffrage League Ide, Kikue (Japan) Professor in Lambeth College James, Mrs. Britomarte (Australia) Federation of Women Voters, Victoria Kishimoto, Mrs. Tsuru (Hawaii) Y. W. C. A. International Institute Leech, Mrs. E. F. Denton (New Zealand) ...... __Dominion Secretary for the League of Nations Union of New Zealand Ligot, Mrs. Petro V. (Hawaii) Wife of Filipino Labor Commissioner Mellen, Mrs. George (Hawaii) Moore, Eleanor May (Australia) Secretary, Australia Section, Women's Interna- tional League for Peace and Freedom, Victoria Morgan, Mrs. J. P. (Hawaii) Past President, League of Women Voters Robertson, Mrs. W. K. (Australia) Journalist Rischbieth, Mrs. B. M. (Australia) Chairman, Federation of Women Voters Roth, Mrs. Frederick (United States) League of Women Voters, Missouri Seton, Mrs. Grace Thompson (United States) Authoress, Lecturer, Explorer Spitz, Mrs. C. W. (Hawaii) Smith, A. Viola (China) American Trade Commissioner, U. S. Depart- ment of Commerce; Director, Pan-Pacific Association of China Webb, Mrs. E. Lahilahi (Hawaii) Former Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Liliuokalani; now with Bishop Museum Wild, Mrs. U. E. (Hawaii) President, League of Women Voters Yap, Ruth L. P. (Hawaii) Teacher

ASSOCIATE DELEGATES Bennett, Mrs. G. Y. (Hawaii) Bissinger, Caroline M. (Hawaii) Y. W. C. A. Secretary Green, Elizabeth (Hawaii) Editor, Institute of Pacific Relations Kawaguchi, Mrs. Ai (Japan) Principal Girls' High School Keppel, Ella (Hawaii) Social Worker and Welfare Nurse Vitousek, Mrs. R. A. (Hawaii) von Holt, Mrs. Herman (Hawaii) Councillor, Industrial Reform School Waugh, Mrs. Julianne B. (Australia) Yamamoto, Mrs. Suto (Hawaii) PAN-PACIFIC UNNION BULLETIN 13 List of Delegates According to Countries AUSTRALIA ASSOCIATE DELEGATES Amos, Mrs. Elizabeth A. D Lyceum Club, Edward St., Brisbane, Australia Bryning, M. E 9 Park Cres. Fairfield, Melbourne Gibson, Mrs. F. W Trundle, New South Wales Heagney, Muriel A Trades Hall, Melbourne Holden, Joan 70 Newcomen St., Newcastle, N. S. W. James, J. P., Mrs. Britomarte Middle Park, Canter Crere Road, Melbourne, Australia Jay, Mary Hotel Metropole, Sydney, N. S. W. Moore, Eleanor May 40 Evelina Road, Toorak, Melbourne Osborne, Dr. Ethel E University, Melbourne Rischbieth, J. P., Mrs. B. N 191 Murray St., Perth Roberts, Mrs. A. V 74 Gerard St., Cremornte, Sydney Robertson, Mrs. W. K Kirribilli Ave., Kirribilli, Sydney Swain, Miss Muriel Raylan St., Mossman, Sydney Swann, Miss Lena A Woodville Road, Woodville, S. A. ASSQCIATE DELEGATES Randall-Colyer, Dr. Isabel Bourne St., Katoomba, N. S. W. Waugh, Mrs. Julianne B 28 Harbour St., Mossman, Sydney CANADA VOTING DELEGATE McLean, Miss R. A 736 Granville St., Vancouver, B. C. CHINA VOTING DELEGATES Kyong, Bae Tsung 19 Yuen Ming Yuen Road, Shanghai, China Ting, Dr. Me Iung East Gate, Tientsin, China RESIDENT DELEGATE WITH VOTING STATUS Ely, Mrs. Ella P St. John's University, Shanghai Hinder, Eleanor Mary 60 Young St., Cremorne, Sydney, Australia Smith, A. Viola 3 Canton Road, Shanghai DUTCH EAST INDIES VOTING DELEGATE Potter, Dr. Ada Soekoen, 4 A Malang, Dutch East Indies FIJI Griffin, A. Maud Suva, Fiji HAWAII VOTING DELEGATES Ai, Mrs. C. K 1028 S. Beretania St., Honolulu Alexander, Dr. Ruth 51 Young Building, Honolulu Andrews, Mrs. Harriet C 2346 Liloa Rise, Honolulu Appleton, Dr. Vivia B 2006 Keeaumoku St., Honolulu Ashford, Marguerite K Lanikai, Honolulu Babcock, Marjorie E University of Hawaii, Honolulu Baukin, Helen M 2159 Kalakaua Ave., Honolulu Bond, Mrs. B. D Halaulani Place, Hilo Boyum, Mrs. Louise V Puunene, Maui Brown, Alice C 1955 Kakela St., Honolulu 2236 Vancouver Highway, Honolulu Calton, Margaret M. L Cortezan, Mrs. Josefina A Koloa, Kauai Dillingham, Mrs. Walter La Pietra, Diamond Head, Honolulu Dizon, Mrs. N. C 594 S. Hotel St., Honolulu Erwin, Ada 2627 Kaaipo Ave., Honolulu Findley, Nell 1134 Miller St., Honolulu Flickinger, Jean 1518 Thurston Ave. 1911 Keeaumoku St., Honolulu Ford, Lucie G Grannadosin, Mrs. Feliza 1330 Liliha St., Honolulu 1728 Rocky Hill St., Honolulu Harada, Mrs. Saki 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

Hooker, Laura P 2159 Kalakaua Ave., Honolulu Hyde, Mrs. Jeannette A Federal Building, Honolulu Kim, Shinsil S 258-1 S. Vineyard St., Honolulu Kishimoto, Mrs. Tsuru Y. W. C. A., Honolulu Lawrence, Frances 2721 Puunui Ave., Honolulu Leong, Dr. Ellen 1464 Emma St., Honolulu Li, Dr. K. F 52 Kukui St., Honolulu Ligot, Mrs. Petra V 560 S. Queen St., Honolulu Mellen, Mrs. George Makalei, Honolulu Min, Mrs. C. H 3611 Sierra Ave., Honolulu Morgan, Mrs. J. P P. 0. Box 3020, Honolulu Mori, Mrs. Yae 702 Wyllie St., Honolulu Morita, Helene Tsuruyo 1021 Kama Lane, Honolulu Soga, Mrs. Sei 1518 Spreckles St., Honolulu Smyth, Mabel L 1734 Beckley St., Honolulu Spitz, Mrs. C. W 1629 Wilder Ave., Honolulu Sterritt, Sadie C Girls' Industrial School, Honolulu Stewart, Mrs. Guy R 2115 Oahu Ave., Honolulu Van Etten, Katherine 300 E. Tremont Ave., New York City Wakefield, Mrs. F. M 314 Ileahi, Hilo Ward, Miss Lucy K 959 King St., Honolulu Waterhouse, Dr. Melicent E Koloa, Kauai (P. 0. Box 191) Webb, Mrs. E. Lahilahi c/o Bishop Museum, King St., Honolulu Whang, Ha Soo 1709 S. Beretania St., Honolulu Wilcox, Elsie H Lihue, Kauai Wilcox, Mabel I Lihue, Kauai Wild, Mrs. U. E 2572 Jones St., Honolulu Winne, Miss Mary P 2030 Nuuanu St., Honolulu Yap, Mrs. Alfred K. F 1646 Liholiho St., Honolulu Yap, Ruth L. T 3465 Waialae Road, Honolulu Yee, Mrs. T. K 1225 10th Ave. ASSOCIATE DELEGATES Babbitt, Adeline E 1330 Koko Head Ave., Honolulu Barnes, Constance 2425 Vancouver Highway, Honolulu Beattie, Helen Palama Settlement, Honolulu Bennett, Mrs. G. Y Hilo, Hawaii Bissinger, Caroline M 2435 Burbank Road, Honolulu Brown, Mrs. Elsie Kuhn Chamber of Commerce, Honolulu Chung, Miss Clara 1028 Beretania St., Honolulu Dutot, Elizabeth General Delivery, Honolulu Edmondson, Mrs. Charles Howard 2019 Vancouver Highway, Honolulu Edwards, Mrs. Caroline W Room 1211, Dept. of Public Instr., Honolulu Faus, Dr. Marie Keim 2323 Ferdinand St., Honolulu Frantz, Margaret Pinkney Leahi Home, Honolulu Gawthrop, Elizabeth S 1726 Anapuni St., Honolulu Godfrey, Mrs. Lois S 2561 Malama Way, Honolulu Green, Elizabeth 2741 Manoa Road, Honolulu Hatchell, Mrs. Helen 2649 Kaaipu St., Honolulu Heen, E. Lulu Brookland Hotel, Honolulu Hutchinson, Miss Helen_ 4199 Black Point Road, Honolulu Ikeda, Mrs. Hiroko P. 0. Box 780, Honolulu Jackson, Hortense Queen's Hospital, Honolulu Keppel, Ella 725 12th Ave., Honolulu Lange, Nora 2261 Liliha St., Honolulu Lee, Mrs. W. S 813 Kapahulu Ave., Honolulu Lo, Mrs. John C 1901 Beretania St., Honolulu Luke, Jannie K. j 1308 Date St., Honolulu Nelson, Mrs. Walter 2466 Oahu Ave., Honolulu Newman, Margaret E 1116 Lunalilo St., Honolulu Noda, Mrs. Alice Sae 2528 Waolani Ave., Honolulu Ozaki, Mrs. Suga 134 Makee Road, Honolulu Ozawa, Shizu Paris, Ethel V 1050 16th Ave., Kaimuki, Honolulu 1134 Miller St., Honolulu Pope, Mrs. W. T= U. S. Experiment Station, Honolulu Pratt, Helen Gay 1500 Kapiolani St., Honolulu Russell, Mrs. N. A 1038 Spencer St., Honolulu Seibert, Frances Alexander Settlement, Wailuku, Maui PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15

Smythe, Mrs. Ellen D 1534 Makiki St., Honolulu Veronica, Sister Mary 1707 Wilder Ave., Honolulu Vitousek, Mrs. R. A 2476 E. Manoa Road, Honolulu Von Holt, Mrs. Hermann 900 Alewa Drive, Honolulu Yamamoto, Suto 941 6th Ave., Honolulu INDIA RESIDENT DELEGATES WITH VOTING STATUS Steward, Sylvia 6 Portland Road, Oxford, England JAPAN Fujita, Miss Taki 16 Gobancho Kojimachi, Tokyo Gauntlett, Mrs. Tsune 845 Totsukamachi, Tokyo-fu Ichikawa, Miss Fusaye Kojimachi, Tokyo Ide, Miss Kikue 1003 Morigu, Shinkugawa, Hyogo Ken Inouye, Mrs. Hide Japan Women's University, Koishikawa, Tokyo Ishikawa, Mrs. Fusa Ishikawa-Sho-Gakko, Yokohama . Kiuchi, Mrs. Kyo Nakano, Yato, Tokyo-fu Kurosaki, Miss Yetsu Kobinata Dai machi, Koishikawa, Tokyo Mibai, Miss Sugi Kobe College, Kobe Otawa, Mrs. Take Takatsu-machi Zoshigoya, Tokyo-fu Oye, Mrs. Sumi 13 Sanbancho Kojimachi, Tokyo Shoda, Miss Yoshi Japan Women's University, Koishikawa, Tokyo Yamaguchi, Mrs. Kimi Taiho-Sho-Gakko, Osaka Yoshioka, Dr. Yayoi Miyabisho, Ushigome, Tokyo

ASSOCIATE DELEGATES Harada, Miss Fumi Y. W. C. A., Kyoto, Japan Kawaguchi, Mrs. Ai Nihon Koto fo Gakko, Koishikawa, Tokyo Nakano, Mrs. Tei 10 Honjo, Nishibatamachi, Tokyo Tambe, Miss Tomo Kobe College, Kobe

NEW ZEALAND VOTING DELEGATES Bulkley, Dorothy 34 Talavera Terrace, Wellington Chaplin, Emily A 42 Berwick St., Christchurch Cole, Mary W Powderham St., New Plymouth Dixon, Emma 241 Remuera Road, Auckland Dutton, Nellie 22 Passmore Crescent, Dunedin Fraer, Mrs. C. A Phillip St., Christchurch Leech, Mrs. E. F. Denton, J. P Dunedin Mercer, Olive Macandrew Bay Osborne, Mona Martha Diocesan High School, Williamson St.,Auckland Seaton, Mary Wadestown Road, Wellington Siedeberg, Dr. Emily H. 59 York Place, Dunedin Siedeberg, Isabel M Miro St., New Lynn Smith, Mrs. Mary E. R St. Andrews Square, Christchurch Staley, Dr. Mildred 28 Grand View Road, Auckland Taylor, Mrs. E. B., J. P Cashmere Hills, Christchurch Tiffen, Mrs. Jessie J Aberdeen Road, Gisborne Wilson, Mrs. E. Norrie Wilford, Mt. Eden, Auckland PHILIPPINE ISLANDS VOTING DELEGATES Mendoza-Guazon, Dr. Paz Calundun St., Manila, Philippine Islands De Veyra, Mrs. R. Sofia Taft St., Manila SAMOA VOTING DELEGATES Hospital, Pago Pago, American Samoa Pepe, Grace Wilson, Mrs. Helen A Leone, American Samoa Su'a, Mrs. Elizabeth Laie, Oahu (Resident Delegate from British Samoa) 16 PAN-PACIFIC U NION BULLETIN

UNITED STATES VOTING DELEGATES Anderson, Mary Women's Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. Arneill, Mrs. James Rae 1055 Pennsylvania Ave., Denver, Colorado Bass, Dr. Elizabeth 3513 Prytania St., New Orleans, La. Blankenburg, Mrs. L. L Hotel, Broad & Walnut, Philadelphia, Penn. Broughton, Miss Esto 428 Forum Bldg., Sacramento, Calif. Buland, Mrs. G. L Maple St., Portland, Oregon Christman, Elisabeth 311 So. Ashland Blvd., Chicago, Ill. Coffin, Jo 8602 Fort Hamilton Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y. Coyle, Grace L 10 Miller Place, Bronxville, N. Y. Edson, Mrs. Katherine Philips 620 State Building, San Francisco, Calif. Emerson, Evelyn Telegraph Hill Settlement, San Francisco Gates, Dr. Amelia L Carmel-by-the-Sea, California Jones, Dr. Martha R Pan-Pacific Research Institution, Honolulu Kiernan, Mrs. E. E 5996 Woodbine Ave., Philadelphia, Penn. Manning, Caroline Women's Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. Noble, Dr. Emily 96 Tamalpais Road, Berkeley, Calif. Parker, Dr. Valeria H 370 7th Ave., New York, N. Y. Parks, Mrs. Frances P 1730 Chicago, Ill. Quinlan, Florence E 205 E. 22nd St., New York, N. Y. Randall, Martha 514 Worcester Bldg., Portland, Ore. Roth, Mrs. Frederick 6400 Ellenwood Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Rude, Dr. Anna E 943 So. Hoover St., Los Angeles Seton, Mrs. Grace Thompson Greenwich, Conn. Stadtmuller, Dr. Ellen S 819 Eddy St., San Francisco, Calif. Stanley, Dr. Louise 3303 18th St., Washington, D. C.

ASSOCIATE DELEGATES Horn, Mrs. A. G 2545 Ferdinand Ave., Honolulu Trout, Daisy June 425 De Baleviene, St. Louis

Bishop Hall on Punahou grounds, Honolulu, where the main sessions of the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference were held. ADVERTISING SECTION THE MID-PACIFIC 1

CAPTAIN UCRAWFCAD, :,ecknimade, of the.krang,

M.S. "Aorangi," Queen of the Pacific. From Vancouver via Honolulu, Suva, Auckland to Sydney The Canadian-Australasian Royal Mail Union Steam Ship Co. boats for other line of steamers maintains a regular cruises. four-weekly service by palatial steamers The Niagara of the Canadian-Austra- between the Canadian-Pacific Railway lasian Royal Mail Line is one of the terminus at Vancouver, B. C., and Syd- finest vessels afloat on the Pacific. The ney, Australia, via Honolulu, Suva, Fiji, M.S. "Aorangi," the largest motorship in and Auckland, New Zealand. the world, makes the trip from Van- couver to Sydney in about three weeks. In itself this is a South Sea cruise de Either from Australia or Canada luxe, but at Suva one may rest a bit, there are tempting visits across the Pa- cruise by local steamer among the Fi- cific via the South Sea Islands. From jian Islands, then take a Union Steam Australia this is the richest and most Ship Co. of New Zealand palatial flyer comfortable route to London and the for a visit to Samoa, Tonga, and New European Continent. Zealand, or if the trip by the Canadian- Both the Canadian-Australasian Royal Australasian vessel is continued to Auck- Mail Line and the Union Steam Ship Co. land, here again by the Union Steam Ship of New Zealand have offices in the chief Co. vessels are cruised to every part of cities of the Pacific. In Honolulu, Theo. New Zealand, to the Cook Islands, or to H. Davies & Co., Ltd., are the agents. Tahiti. In fact, one may return by The steamers of these lines are famous these steamers to San Francisco via for their red smokestacks. In fact, this Papeete, Tahiti, with a stop-over at the affiliated company is known as the Red famous French possession. Funnel Line. The red funnel is familiar If the trip from Vancouver is con- in every port of Australia and the tinued to its terminus, Sydney, here South Seas, to say nothing of California again one may secure bookings on the and Pacific Canada. ADVT. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

AROUND ABOUT HONOLULU

The Moana Hotel at Waikiki

The Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd., gathers baggage from every part of the maintains the splendid tourist hotel at city for delivery to the out-going Waikiki Beach, the Moana, facing the steamers. This company receives and surf, as well as the Seaside family puts in storage, until needed, excess hotel nearby, and the palatial Royal baggage of visitors to Honolulu and Hawaiian Hotel, with its golf links at finds many ways to serve its patrons. Waialae. The Honolulu Motor Coach Co., The Honolulu Rapid Transit Co. Ltd., has brought Schofield Barracks maintains an electric train system to within hourly service of Honolulu. practically every portion of the city. The busses leave on schedule time The cars pass all of the hotels, so that from the office in the yard of the visitors may reach the city, mountains, Army and Navy Y. M. C. A. on Hotel or the beach by the commodious open Street, stopping at the Young Hotel. cars of the company, from which there These spacious safety coaches are is an ever-moving panorama of moun- splendidly equipped and travelers enjoy tain, sea; and valley, besides visions of every comfort and security during the the loveliest city in the Pacific. delightful ride. Round the island and other trips can be arranged by calling Ishii's Gardens, Pan-Pacific Park, on phone 3666. Kuakini street, near Nuuanu avenue, constitute one of the finest Japanese tea The Oahu Ice & Cold Storage Com- gardens imaginable. Here some wonder- pany has spacious buildings at Hustace ful Japanese dinners are served, and and Cooke streets. It receives all kinds visitors are welcomed to the gardens at of fruit, meats and vegetables, where all times. Adjoining these gardens are they may be kept in perfect condition the wonderful Liliuokalani gardens and for months at negligible cost and al- the series of waterfalls. Phone 5611. ways ready to be drawn upon. This Company has erected buildings for its The City Transfer Company at 833 cold storage service that are a credit to Nuuanu Street has its motor trucks any city and are well worth a visit. meet all incoming steamers and it Telephone No. 6131.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 3

About the Big Island

Twice a week the Inter-Island Steam The Hilo Boarding School, Levi C. Navigation Company dispatches its pala- Lyman manager, is a school for boys tial steamer, the "Haleakala" to Hilo, which combines academic and industrial leaving Honolulu at 4 P.M. on Tuesdays training. The afternoons are given to and Fridays, arriving at Hilo at 8 A.M. the learning of blacksmithing, carpentry, the next morning. This vessel leaves wood-turning, automobile polishing, Hilo every Thursday and Sunday aft- printing, some crafts and agriculture. ernoon at four for Honolulu, a fifteen- This is a forty acre farm. A crafts shop hour run. From Honolulu, the Inter- Island Company dispatches almost daily is maintained at 130 Kamehameha Ave- excellent passenger vessels to the island nue, and sales rooms of Hawaiian goods of Maui and three times a week to the in koa, where the output of calabashes, island of Kauai. There is no finer cruise ukuleles, trays and novelties in koa may in all the world than a visit to all of the be obtained. Prices of these or informa- Hawaiian Islands on the steamers of the tion about the school is sent on request. Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company. The head offices in Honolulu are on The Bank of Bishop & Co., Ltd., has Queen Street, where every information its Hilo branch at 12 Waianuenue Street is available, or books on the different with sub branches at Kealakekua and at islands are sent on request. Tours of Alaa and Pahoa. Le Baron Gurney is the all the islands are arranged. branch manager at Hilo, and the Bank of Connected with the Inter-Island Steam Bishop & Co. serves the Island of Hawaii Navigation Company is the palatial Vol- through its branch at Hilo, as it does the cano House overlooking the everlasting house of fire, as the crater of Halemau- entire group, from its palatial quarters mau is justly named. A night's ride in the modern up-to-date Damon building from Honolulu and an hour by auto- in Honolulu, named after the long-time mobile, and you are at the Volcano president of the Bishop Bank. House, the only truly historic caravan- sary of the Hawaiian Islands, recently The Honolulu Dairymen's Association, reconstructed and turned into a modern Ltd., is represented by Russell L. Ran- up-to-date hotel of luxury for the tour- som as manager in Hilo, with dairy at ist and those from Honolulu and Hilo Piopio and Kamehameha Streets. spending vacations at the Volcano. Should you wish to continue at leisure Hawaii's Famous Coffee.—The Cap- your sightseeing or business trip around tain Cook Coffee Company produces and the Island of Hawaii, there are hotels handles the standard coffee of Hawaii, every few miles. and this product, "Kona" Coffee, has Building on the Island of Hawaii.— become known the world over for its The Hawaiian Contracting Company delicious mildness. The Captain Cook maintains working offices at the great Hilo pier, where all steamers discharge Coffee Company selects and ages its their freight for Hilo and the big island. coffee beans until they are ready to give This concern, with branches throughout forth that delicious aroma that makes the Territory, has for its aim building coffee grown within the radius of the for permanency. It contracts for build- spot where Captain Cook was slain, ings and highway construction, having a known to all devotees of good coffee. corps of construction experts at its com- The agency for the Captain Cook Coffee mand. In Hilo, Frank H. West is in Company in Honolulu is with the Henry charge of the company's affairs. Waterhouse Co. ADVT. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC HOME HOTELS IN HONOLULU

The Donna Hotel, 1286 S. Beretania, is delightfully situated within ten min- utes' ride from the center of Honolulu. Here, amidst the surroundings of a sub- tropical park, one may enjoy all the comforts of home. The rooms in the main buildings or in one of the attrac- tive screened cottages are cheery, well- furnished, and have hot and cold run- ning water. The delicious home cooked meals are served at little cozy tables Famous flau Tree Lanai which are grouped about an artistical- ly decorated open lanai. Permanent rates are $65 a month or $3.00 a day The Halekulani Hotel and Bunga- and up. lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach at Waikiki." Include Jack London's Gray's by the Sea is one of the most Bungalows and House Without a Key. delightful estates facing the surf at Rates from $5.00 per day to $115.00 Waikiki, a desirable family hotel in per month and up. American plan. tropical surroundings. Cottages for two, Clifford Kimball. three or four may be had at moderate prices, with the very best of sea bath- ing right at the door. Tourists as well The MacDonald Hotel is a stately as permanent guests receive a cordial mansion surrounded by cottages amid welcome. La Vancha M. Gray, pro- sub-tropical foliage. It is located at prietor. 1402 Punahou Street in the great resi- dence district of Honolulu. There are At Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restau- tennis courts on the grounds, and the rant, at Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, transient as well as the permanent resi- Child's Hotels and Apartment Service dent has here all the comforts of home accommodations are masters at getting at the reasonable rates of $3 a day or you settled in real home-like style. If you $65 a month. The guests enjoy deli- wish to live in town there is the Child's cious home-cooked meals, which are also Blaisdell Hotel in the very heart of the served to outsiders. This hotel is near city, with the palm garden restaurant Central Union Church and Oahu Col- where everything is served from a sand- lege. wich to an elegant six-course dinner. If we haven't the accommodation you de- Vida Villa Hotel and cottages are on sire we will help you to get located. the King street car line above Thomas Square. This is the ideal location for The Colonial Hotel and cottages on those who go to the city in the morn- Emma street are in the midst of a de- ing and to the beach or golfing in the lightful residence park district, on the car line, but within a moment's walk afternoon. The grounds are spacious of the business center of the city. An and the rates reasonable. This hotel has excellent cuisine under skilled direction been under the same management for a is maintained. Historic Honolulu is score of years, which speaks for itself. also but a moment's walk from the Both transient tourists and permanent Colonial, and it is but a brief stroll to guests are welcomed. the hills.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 5

Wonderful New Zealand I

Scenically New Zealand is the world's wonderland. There is no other place in the world that offers such an aggrega- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are in every way more magnificent and awe- inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. New Zealand was the first country to perfect the government tourist bureau. She has built hotels and rest houses throughout the Dominion for the bene- fit of the tourist. New Zealand is splen- didly served by the Government Rail- ways, which sell the tourist for a very low rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel on any of the railways for from one to two months. Direct information may be secured by writing to the New Zealand Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Wellington, New Zealand. An ancient Maori stockade SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY

Tangkangtzu Hot Springs. paths of the near-by mountains as an induce- HOT SPRINGS IN SOUTH MANCHURIA ment for occasional picnics and rambles. Tangkangtzu ("Hot Water Hill"), is an at- Wulungpei (Lit., "Five Dragons' Back") is tractive pleasure resort, possessing the typical a good health resort at all seasons. It is characteristics of Manchuria. It is visited by beautifully situated in park-like surroundings. increasing numbers of people annually, who go Thirty per cent reduced fare return tickets there for the baths and for the views on to these spas issued at the principal S. M. B. Chien-shan, one of the beauty spots of Man- stations. churia. Within a day's walk of this spa is more delightful scenery than is found in any Write for illustrated booklets and for infor- other district of the province. mation generally (post free). Hsungyaocheng (Lit., "Bear Mt. Castle"), SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY has not only hot springs, but also has the added attraction of pleasant nooks along the Dairen Tokyo Shanghai Peking New York ADVT. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC LEADING AUTOMOBILES IN HAWAII

The P. M. Pond. Company, with spa- The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., Im- cious quarters on Beretania and Alapai porters, Machinery Merchants, and lead- streets, act as distributors of the sturdy, ing automobile dealers, have their offiecs low-priced car for the tropics, of the and store in the Alexander Young finest quality, the Studebaker Standard Building, at the corner of King and Six Duplex Phaeton, the most powerful Bishop streets, and their magnificent car for its size and weight, with roller automobile salesroom and garage just side enclosures giving protection in in the rear, facing on Alakea Street. stormy weather by a move of the hand. Here one may find almost anything. The cash price of this exclusive car in Phone No. 6141. Honolulu is $1,485.00

The Royal Hawaiian Sales Co., The Universal Motor Co., Ltd., with with agencies in Honolulu, Hilo and spacious new buildings at 444 S. Bere- Wailuku, has its spacious headquarters tania street, Phone 2397, is agent for on Hotel and Alakea streets, Honolulu. the Ford car. All spare parts are kept This Company is Territorial Distributors in stock and statements of cost of re- for Star and Auburn passenger cars. pairs and replacements are given in ad- They are Territorial Distributors also vance so that you know just what the for International Motor Trucks, Delco- amount will be. The Ford is in a class Remy service and Goodyear Tires. by itself. The most economical and least expensive motor car in the world. The Graystone Garage, Ltd., at Bere- tania and Punchbowl streets, is agent The Schuman Carriage Co., besides for several exclusive cars : the Paige, handling the Ford car, is agent for the the most beautiful car in America ; the Essex car, Honolulu price $1,105, and Jewett, "in all the world no car like the Hudson Super-Six, Honolulu price this" ; the Willys-Knight, a marvel of $1,575. The Hudson-Essex is now the engineering in every detail, and the largest selling six-cylinder car in the Overland, with bigger engine, bigger world. On the island of Maui the Schu- power, bigger comfort and bigger value man Carriage Co. is represented at Wai- than any. All of these cars may be seen luku by the Maui Motors Co., and on and examined at the spacious ware- Kauai by the. Garden Island Motor Co., rooms. Lihue.

The Hupmobile, fours and eights, is The Chrysler Four and Six Cylinder represented in Honolulu by Burgess & Cars, the culmination of all past ex- Johnson, Ltd., 237-243 S. Beretania periences in building automobiles, is Street. This is the first time Hupmo- represented in Hawaii by the Honolulu bile has made a Six Cylinder and the Motors, Ltd., 850 S. Beretania street. motor-car buying public should see this The prices of Four Cylinder Cars range car before making a decision on anoth- from $1200 to $1445 and those of the er make of car in its class. This firm Six from $1745 to $2500. The Chryslers also represents the Pierce-Arrow Motor are meeting with remarkable sales rec- Car Co. and the Reo Motor Car Co. In ords as a distinct departure in motor cars. tires they find Mohawk Heavy-Duty Cords go farther.

AD VT. THE MID-PACIFIC 7 OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY

Leaving Honolulu daily at 9:15 A. M. given you three hours for luncheon and our modern gasoline motor cars take sightseeing at this most beautiful spot. you on a beautiful trip around the lee- You arrive at Honlulu at 5 :27 P. M. ward side of Oahu to Haleiwa. The train leaves Haleiwa, returning to No single trip could offer more, and Honolulu at 2 :52 P. M., after having the round trip fare is only $2.45. SEE OAHU BY RAIL

Lewers and Cooke, Ltd., lwilei Yard

Lewers & Cooke, Limited, have, since They are also agents for many build- 1852, been headquarters for all varieties ing specialties, Celotex, Colormix, Bish- of building material, lumber, hollow opric Stucco, corrugated Zinc, Los tile, cement, brick, hardwoods, oak Angeles Pressed Brick Company prod- flooring ; as well as tools of the leading ucts and architectural Terra Cotta, manufacturers, wall papers, Armstrong David Lupton Sons Company, Steel linoleums, domestic and oriental rugs, and the superior paints made by W. P. Windows, the Kawneer Company line, Fuller & CO. and prepared roofings and roofing tile. ADVT. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC MODERN BANKING IN HONOLULU

NEW HOME BANK OF BISHOP & CO., LTD. The S. M. Damon Building pictured above is occupied by the Bank of Bishop & Co., the oldest bank in the Territory. Organized in 1858, the name Bishop & Co. has long been known by travelers for its service and welcome. Bishop Street, Honolulu, T. H.

The First National Bank of Hawaii prominent part in furthering the inter- demonstrates the many ways in which ests of the government in the various a bank can serve. It has recently Liberty Loan drives and thrift cam- moved into its own building, one of the paigns in which its President, Mr. L. architectural splendors of Honolulu, on Tenney Peck, served as chairman of the Bishop and Fort Streets, where both the Territorial Central Committee. First National Bank of Hawaii and the The Bank of Hawaii, Limited, incor- First American Savings and Trust porated in 1897, has reflected the solid, Company of Hawaii, Ltd., closely affili- substantial growth of the islands since ated with the First National Bank and the period of annexation to the United functioning as a savings bank, are con- States. Over this period its resources tinuing their growing business in a have grown to be the largest of any home built to meet their exact require- financial institution in the islands. In ments. 1899 a savings department was added to its other banking facilities. Its home It was less than four months after business office is at the corner of Bishop Hawaii became a territory of the United and King streets, and it maintains branches on the islands of Hawaii, States that the First National Bank of Kauai, and Oahu, enabling it to give to Hawaii opened its doors. During the the public an extremely efficient Bank- war the First National Bank played a ing Service. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 9

THE WORLD'S MOST DELICIOUS PINEAPPLE Canned Hawaiian Pineapple is con- cooking. It is identical with the sliced sidered by epicures to possess the finest in quality and is canned by the same flavor in the world. Because of exceed- careful sanitary methods. ingly favorable conditions in soil and Many tasty recipes for serving Hawai- climate, and remarkable facilities for ian Pineapple in delicious desserts, salads canning immediately the sun-ripened and refreshing drinks are suggested in a fruit, the Hawaiian product has attained recipe book obtainable without cost at a superiority enjoyed by no other canned the Association of Hawaiian Pineapple fruit. Canners, P.O. Box 3166, Honolulu. Crushed Hawaiian Pineapple is meet- Readers are urged to write, asking for ing favor because of its convenience in this free book.

FERTILIZING THE SOIL Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields.

The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the isl- ands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

ADVT. 10 THE MID-PACIFIC Banking and Business in Honolulu

The Hawaiian Trust Company, Lim- ciated the mutual Building and Loan ited, of Honolulu, is the oldest and Society, which promotes and finances largest trust company in the Territory the building of homes. of Hawaii. How successful it has be- come may be gathered from the fact The Bishop Trust Company, Limited, is one of the oldest and largest Trust that it has real and personal property Companies in Hawaii. It now shares under its control and management with with the Bishop Bank its new home on a conservative, approximate value of $50,000,000. The resources of this or- Bishop, King and Merchant Sts., known as the S. M. Damon Building, jointly ganization as of Dec. 31, 1927, amounted owned and occupied by the Bishop to $3,718,923.49, with a capital stock of Trust Company, Ltd., and the Bank of $1,250,000.00; surplus, $1,000,000.00; Bishop & Co., Ltd. One of the many special reserve, $50,000, and undivided attractive features of its new quarters is profits, $81,408.95, making the total sur- the Safe Deposit Vaults which are plus of resources over liabilities $2,381,- the largest, strongest and most conve- 408.95. The full significance of these fig- nient in the Territory. ures will appear when it is remembered that the laws of Hawaii provide that a The Henry Waterhouse Trust Co., Trust Company may not transact a bank- Ltd., was established in 1897 by Henry ing business. Mr. E. D. Tenney is pres- Waterhouse, son of a pioneer, incor- ident and chairman of the board and Mr. porated under the present name in 1902, J. R. Galt is senior vice-president and Mr. Robert Shingle becoming president, manager. and Mr. A. N. Campbell treasurer of the corporation. The company now has The International Trust Company, a paid-up capital of $200,000 and a sur- with offices on Merchant street, is, as plus of an almost equal amount. The its name indicates, a really Pan-Pacific spacious quarters occupied by the Henry financial organization, with leading Waterhouse Trust Co., Ltd., are on the American and Oriental business men corner of Fort and Merchant streets. conducting its affairs. Its capital stock is $200,000 with resources of over The Liberty Investment Company $500,000. It is the general agent for Ltd., at 942 Bethel Street, does a busi- the John Hancock Mutual Life Insur- ness in real estate, insurance loans and ance Company of Boston, and other in- investments. It has successfully handled surance companies. some of the choicest divisions in Hawaii including beautiful seaside coconut The Union Trust Company, Ltd., oc- groves that have been cut up into choice cupying a building on Alakea Street, be- building lots as well as city tracts that tween Hotel and King (1025 Alakea have been transformed into new resi- Street), was incorporated in 1921, en- dence areas for those who wish to own gages in all lines of trust business, and their own homes at a moderate price. as agents for individuals, firms and cor- Pacific Trust Company, Ltd., in Hono- porations, invites correspondence. Its lulu, and the Baldwin Bank, Ltd., Kahu- resources are well over a million. lui and Wailuku, Maui, are allied in- stitutions. The combined assets of The Trent Trust Company, with spa these two institutions amount to over cious offices on Fort street, grew from four and a half million dollars. Pacific the real estate and general agency busi- Trust Company, Ltd., has its offices at ness established in 1904 by Richard H. 185 S. King Street, in the Lewers & Trent, known as the Trent Company. Cooke Building, and is growing rapidly It was incorporated in 1907 under its under the careful management of a num- present name. With it is closely asso- ber of Honolulu's leading business men. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants.

Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills. ADVT. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC ON FASHIONABLE FORT STREET

The commodious and palatial sales- for your mansion, or a tiny upright rooms of Jeffs Fashion Co., Incorpor- Boudoir for your cottage ; and if you ated, Honolulu's leading establishment are a transient it will rent you a piano for women who set the pace in modern The Bergstrom Music Company, Phcne dress, is at the Mauka (Mountainward) 2294. Ewa corner of Fort and Beretania Hawaii Music Co., 1021 Fort Street, Streets, where all cars pass. This is handles high grade pianos and Sonora the head and beginning of Honolulu's Phonographs, together with a full line great shopping area on Fort Street. At of Victor, Vocalion and Odeon Records "Jeffs" the fashions in women's dress by the best orchestras in Europe ; but in Honolulu are set, and here the tourist its specialty is the new Pathex Motion and visitor may outfit and be sure of Picture Camera and Projector. The appearing in the latest styles. Pathex Camera takes motion pictures Diagonally across the street from just as easily and at no greater cost "Jeffs" is The Hawaii Photo Mate- than taking photographs, and you can rials Co., the home of the "Brownie screen them in your own home with Camera," and every supply in films and your Pathex Projector. Camera and photographs which the purchaser can Propector complete with tripod and car- conceive. Here may be secured the rying case, $102.50. wonderful color photos of Hawaii that The Bailey Furniture Co., Ltd., are have made the islands famous. now displaying at their store, 1180 Fort Street, the finest line of furniture and The Office Supply Co., Ltd., on Fort street near King, is as its name denotes, draperies that Honolulu has ever seen. the perfectly equipped store where every Their drapery department is under the kind of office furniture and supplies able management of Mr. Moreido. lie is are on display. This is the home of a master Interior Decorator and is al- the Remington typewriter and of type- ways pleased to submit plans for mak- writer repairing. Offices are completely ing your home "A Better Home." The outfitted at quickest notice. The Com- famous Nachman Mattress is also a fea- pany also maintains an up-to-date com- ture of this store. Try a Nachman for better sleep. pletely stocked sporting goods depart- ment. The "Flower Shop," at 1120 Fort Street, is Honolulu's leading floral es- There is one East Indian Store in Ho- tablishment. It is a complete palace nolulu, and it has grown to occupy spa- of flowers and well worth a visit, or you cious quarters on Fort Street, No. 1150 may call No. 2690 and have the choicest Fort, Phone No. 2571. This is the head- flowers sent to departing friends on the quarters for Oriental and East Indian boat, or to acquaintances at home or in curios as well as of Philippine embroid- the hotels, or to weddings or funerals. eries, home-made laces, Manila hats, The choicest gardens in Hawaii supply Oriental silks, pongees, carved ivories "The Flower Shop," and any flowers and Indian brass ware. An hour may grown in the islands may be ordered. well be spent in this East Indian Bazaar examining the art wares of Oriental E. 0. Hall & Son, Hawaii's oldest beauty. and most reliable establishment, carries a large selection of golf and sporting Bergstrom Music Company, the lead- goods, athletic outfitting, general hard- ing music store in Hawaii, is located at ware, household goods, and are dis- 1140 Fort Street. No home is complete tributors for the Sherwin-Williams line in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano of paints. Their fishing tackle depart- and a Victor talking machine. The ment carries a very fine line of deep sea Bergstrom Music Company, with its big rods, reels and lines of the finest manu- store on Fort Street, will provide you facture. The big retail store is at the with these ; a WEBER or a Steck piano corner of Fort and Merchant Streets. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 13 ALEXANDER & BALDWIN

A canefield in Hawaii years ago when the ox team was in use.

The firm of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., Union Insurance Society of Canton, (known by everyone as "A. & B.") is Ltd., New Zealand Insurance Co., Ltd., looked upon as one of the most progres- Switzerland Marine Insurance Co. sive American corporations in Hawaii. The officers of this large and progres- Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are sive firm, all of whom are staunch sup- agents for the largest sugar plantations porters of the Pan-Pacific and other of the Hawaiian Islands and second movements which are for the good of largest in the world, namely, the Ha- Hawaii, are as follows : waiian Commercial & Sugar Company W. M. ,Alexander, President ; J. Wa- at Puunene, Maui. They are also agents terhouse, Vice-President ; H. A. Baldwin, for many other plantations and concerns Vice-President ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice- of the Islands, among which are the President ; J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; R. T. Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd., Ha- Rolph, Assistant-Treasurer ; R. G. Bell, waiian Sugar Company, McBryde Sugar Assistant-Treasurer ; R. E. Mist, Secre- Company, Ltd., Kahului Railway Com- tary ; D. L. Oleson, Assistant-Secretary ; pany, Kauai Railway Company, Ltd., G. G. Kinney, Auditor. Directors : W. Baldwin Packers, Ltd., Kauai Fruit & M. Alexander, J. Waterhouse, H. A. Land Company, Ltd., Haleakala Ranch Baldwin, C. R. Hemenway, W. 0. Smith, Co., and Ulupalakun Ranch, Ltd. C. R. Hemenway, F. F. Baldwin, J. R. In addition to their extensive sugar Galt, H. K. Castle, E. R. Adams, R. T. plantations, they are also agents for the Rolph, S. S. Peck, J. P. Winne, J. P. following well-known and strong in- Cooke. surance companies : American Alliance Insurance Association, Ltd., Common- Besides the home office in the Stan- wealth Insurance Company, Home In- genwald Building, Honolulu, Alexander surance Company of New York, Newark & Baldwin, Ltd., maintain offices in Fire Insurance Company, Springfield Seattle, in the Melhorn Building and in Fire and Marine Insurance Company, the Matson Building, San Francisco ADVT. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC INFORMATION ON HAWAII

Honolulu Paper Company, successor oils that have been used for advertising to "The Hawaiian News Co.," deals purposes. What more natural than that in Books of Hawaii. At Honolulu's "Tom" Sharp should be elected presi- largest and most fashionable book dent of the "Ad" Club of Honolulu. store, in the Alexander Young Building, all the latest books may be secured, es- Every kind of sign is painted, built, or pecially those dealing with Hawaii. manufactured in the work shop of Tom Sharp at Punchbowl and Beretania Here the ultra-fashionable stationery streets. of the latest design is always kept in stock together with the Royal and Co- The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- rona typewriters, Merchant calculators tion supplies the pure milk used for and Sundstrand Adding Machines. children and adults in Honolulu. It Here, also, music lovers will find a also supplies the city with ice cream home for a complete line of musical for desserts. Its main office is in the instruments, including the Edison Pho- Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku nograph and records. streets. The milk of the Honolulu This store is one of the show places Dairymen's Association is pure, it is of Hawaii in the very center of the rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- great shopping district. ciation has had the experience of more than a generation, and it has called upon science in perfecting its plant and The Hawaii and South Sea its methods of handling milk and de- Curio Store on Bishop street, livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- in the Young Hotel is the tomers. largest and most var- ied curio store in Hawaii. It is open day and night, con- Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended venient to visitors, and has to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and branches in both the Alex- Benny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. ander Young Hotel and in the Moana Men of almost every Pacific race are Hotel at Waikiki. employed by this firm, and the men of each race seem fitted for some particular The Island Curio Company, at 170 part of the work, so that quick and effi- Hotel street, opposite the Alexander cient is the loading and unloading of Young Hotel, is the home of Hawaiian vessels in Honolulu. curios, stamps, coins, souvenirs and post cards. This spacious art store is well Brown's Shoe Repairing Store on worth a visit. Union, off Hotel street, is the one abso- lutely responsible place of its kind in Honolulu. Mr. Brown, a shoe man of a Sharp Signs have been known for quarter of a century's experience, is in half a century in Hawaii. "Tom" Sharp, personal charge and is known to all of as he is lovingly known to his thou- Honolulu's leading residents and to sands of friends, is an artist of no mean visitors who have need of shoe repair- order, and has done many paintings in ing.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 15

CASTLE & COOKE

The Matson Navigation Company, of the Hawaiian Islands. It acts as agent maintaining the premier ferry service for some of the most productive plan- between Honolulu and San Francisco, tations in the whole territory and has have their Hawaiian agencies with been marked by its progressive methods Castle & Cooke, Ltd., and here may be and all work connected with sugar pro- secured much varied information. Here duction in Hawaii. It occupies a spa- also the tourist may secure in the folder cious building at the corner of Merchant racks, booklets and pamphlets descrip- and Bishop Streets, Honolulu. The tive of almost every part of the great ground floor is used as local passenger ocean. and freight offices of the Matson Navi- gation Company. The adjoining offices is one of the Castle & Cooke, Ltd., are used by the firm of their business oldest and most reliable firms in Hono- as sugar factors and insurance agents ; lulu. It was founded in the early pioneer days and has been a part of the history Phone 1251.

C. BREWER & COMPANY

was established C. Brewer & Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Olowalu Company, Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company., Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance. ADVT. 16 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., Bishop and Halekauwila Sts., Phone 4981, dealers in crushed stone, cement, cement pipe, brick, stone tile, and explosives, have the largest and best equipped draying and storage company in the Islands, and are prepared to handle anything from the smallest package to pieces weighing up to forty tons. The Waterhouse Co., Ltd., in the Thayer Piano Co., Ltd., Alexander Young Building, on Bishop at 116 S Hotel St., is Honolulu's grand piano street, make office equipment their spe- headquarters. In this new and spac- cialty, being the sole distributor for the ious store may be tested the Steinway National Cash Register Co., the Bur- and other makes of Brands as well as roughs Adding Machine, the Art Metal Construction Co., the York Safe and uprights and player pianos. Here one Lock Company and the Underwood may obtain Brunswick and Victor Typewriter Co. They carry in stock phonographs and records from Bruns- all kinds of steel desks and other equip- wick, Victor and Columbia. They ment for the office, so that one might also handle a complete line of sheet at a day's notice furnish his office safe music and band instruments. You will against fire and all kinds of insects. feel at home while doing your musical Allen & Robinson have for genera- shopping at Thayer's. tions supplied the Hawaiian Islands Honolulu is so healthy that people with lumber and other building ma- terials that are used for building in don't usually die there, but when they do Hawaii ; also paints. Their office and they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- retail department are in their new liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number quarters at the corner of Fort and Mer- 1408, and he arranges the after details . chant Sts., Honolulu, where they have If you are a tourist and wish to be inter- been since June 1, 1925. The lumber red in your own plot on the mainland, yards are located at Ala Moana and Williams wilt embalm you ; Ward Sts., where every kind of hard or he will ar- and soft wood grown on the Pacific range all details for interment in Hono- Coast is landed by steamships that ply lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the from Puget Sound, and other Pacific Pacific for any other, but if you must, let and East Coast ports. your friends talk it over with Williams ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 17

Honolulu as Advertised

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 1850; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency. The Mellen Associates, Successors to The Honolulu Advertiser is Hawaii's The Charles R. Frazier Company, old- oldest newspaper and maintains a job de- est and most important advertising partment that has been built up with agency in the Pacific field, provide Ho- seventy years of effort of experience be- nolulu and the entire Territory of Ha- hind it. The Honolulu Advertiser gets out waii with an advertising and publicity all kinds of half-tone and color work, prints service of a very high order. The or- books and publishes a number of period- ganization, under the personal direction icals. The leading morning newspaper of George Mellen, maintains a staff of of Hawaii, it holds a unique position. writers and artists of experience and The Honolulu Gas Company has been exceptional ability, and departments for the pioneer in heating and in lighting handling all routine work connected. the city. Honolulu is now a city of with placing of advertising locally, na- nearly a hundred thousand population tionally or internationally. The organi- and more than ever the people of the zation is distinguished especially for city cook with gas. The mains and originality in the creation and presenta- pipes have been laid even in the out- tion of merchandising ideas. lying districts so that the Honolulu Gas The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 Company helps the city to grow. Merchant Street, prints in its job depart- The main office of this company is on ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that Hotel Street near Fort, with extensive speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- warehouses and repair shops in other Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- parts of the city. Gas is less expensive mercial printing plant, where all the de- in Honolulu than in almost any other tails of printing manufacture are per- city of its size in America. The gas is formed. It issues Hawaii's leading even- made from oil brought from California ing newspaper and publishes many elabor- and develops splendid lighting and heat- ate editions of books. ing qualities. ADVT. 18 THE MID-PACIFIC The Architects and Engineers of Hawaii

The Architects Society of Hawaii has faction of the owner. The main offices organized that the people of the Ter- are in the Yokohama Specie Bank ritory may be kept informed as to whate Building, with its mill and factory at the architects established in Hawaii South Street. Many of the leading busi- have done, what they are capable of do- ness buildings in Honolulu have been ing, and why employment of their serv- constructed under the direction of the ices should be profitable to those who Pacific Engineering Company. build in Hawaii. Examples of the work of Honolulu Wright, Harvey & Wright, engineers architects may be seen in the city and in the Damon Building, have a branch throughout the islands. Call 4476 or office and blue print shop at 855 Kaahu- 4468 for a list of residences and com- manu Street. This firm does a general mercial buildings designed and deco- surveying and engineering business, and rated by local architects and see for has information pertaining to practical- yourself what they are doing. ly all lands in the group, as this firm The architects of Hawaii are sincere has done an immense amount of work in their stand that the difference be- throughout the islands. The blue print tween a house and a home is decoration. department turns out more than fifty Four walls and a roof make a house. per cent of the blueprinting done in Honolulu. When they are arranged and augmented in a decorative way that subtly ex- Walker & Howland, with offices in the presses the personality of the family, new First National Bank Building on they become a home. King and Bishop streets are chiefly fire Architects in Honolulu become ac- protection engineers. They represent quainted with you. They can and will Grinnell Company of the Pacific, with consult with you on every development its main offices in Los Angeles, this firm of the house that is to be your home, producing automatic sprinklers, pipes, not only in its larger phases, which valves, and fittings, needed in architec- make it suitable to the island climate tural engineering work, and suited to a and habits of life, but in its decorative climate that has no winter and is ever features. gentle spring. Many of the finest residences and Lewis Abshire, consulting engineer in business and public buildings in Hawaii the Lincoln Building, is developing are the creation of those who constitute much needed lines of work in connection the Architects Society of Hawaii. They with landscape engineering, construction, will be glad to meet you, and informa- and surveying, as well as building. The tion regarding the society may be had office is at 178 South King Street, room by phoning to 4468 or 4476. 2 Liberty Building, telephone 2453, with In the Architects Society of Hawaii 79311 as a home number. With his past are Herbert Cohen, Damon Bldg. ; experience of many years in Honolulu, Davis & Fishbourne, Boston Bldg.; C. Mr. Abshire is well acquainted with W. Dickey, Damon Bldg.; Emory & local conditions and needs in building in Webb, James Campbell Bldg.; Furer & Hawaii. Potter, Hawaiian Trust Bldg., Roth- The J. L. Young Engineering Co., well, Kangeter & Lester, 82 Merchant Ltd., acts as consulting engineers and St.; Hart Wood, Castle & Cooke Bldg. contractors, with offices at Kawaihao The Pacific Engineering Company, and King Streets—telephone 2842 and Ltd., construction engineers and general 6247. J. L. Young is president and contractors, is splendidly equipped to general manager. The firm has a long handle all types of building construc- career of successful building for the tion, and execute building projects in Army, Navy, Government, and private minimum time and to the utmost satis- corporations and individuals. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 19

Some of Honolulu's Leading Business Firms

The Hawaiian. Electric Co., Ltd., with Harte's Good Eats is the name of the a power station generating capacity of restaurant in the Wolters Building on 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and Union Street, famous for its home cook- power service to Honolulu and to the ing. Miss Edna B. Harte has built this entire island of Oahu. It also maintains resturant up to its landmark position in its cold storage and ice-making plant, Honolulu by carefully supervising every supplying the city with ice for home department in person. consumption. The firm acts as electrical contractors, cold storage, warehousemen Alton J. Cohn, Realtor, 316-317 Ha- and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- waiian Trust Bldg., 116 South King plies, completely wiring and equipping Street, has entered the real estate field buildings and private residences. Its with the up-to-date modern ideas of this splendid new offices facing the civic business, handling the best properties center are now under course of con- and satisfying the customer. Choice struction and will add another bit of properties in every part of Honolulu to architectural beauty to the business suit every income are listed by this section of Honolulu. realtor, who has found that he had had to take others into partnership to take care of the increasing business. The Consolidated Amusement Com- as its name implies, is a consoli- pany, The Ben Hollinger Co., Ltd., with dation of all the leading theaters in Ben Hollinger as President and Mana- Honolulu, featuring two of the most ger, owns and operates the Hollinger luxurious theaters in the Pacific, the Garage, and is disbursing central for New Princess and the Hawaii Theater, the Vesta Battery Corporation, and where the latest first-run films are representatives for The Fisk Tire Com- shown to the Honolulu public. The Con- pany, Inc., in the Territory of Hawaii. solidated Amusement Company sup- The main offices of the company are plies practically all of the movie at Alakea and Queen Streets, adjoining theaters in Hawaii with their films and brings to the island everything that is the garage. worth bringing, showing the great run pictures while they are still being seen The Rycroft Arctic Soda Company, in New York and Chicago. Visitors can on Sheridan Street, furnishes the high always reserve seats at the theaters of grade soft drinks for Honolulu and the Consolidated Amusement Company Hawaii. It manufactures the highest by phoning to the theater selected. grade ginger ale—Hawaiian Dry—from the fresh roots of the native ginger. It uses clear water from its own artesian 1107 The Honolulu Music Company, well, makes its carbonated gas from Fort Street, is the home of the Mason Hawaiian pineapples at the most up-to- and Hamlin pianofortes in Hawaii. Here date soda works in the Territory of Dame Nelly Melba purchased two of Hawaii. these superb instruments. The superb Knabe piano also has its home here. A monument to the pluck and energy Mr. Bergstrom, of Hawaii's one great of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the family of music dealers, is manager of of which he is the Honolulu Music Company and here City Mill Company, treasurer and manager. This plant at one may be advised by experts as to the Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of kind of musical instruments suited to Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a Hawaii, as well as the kind of music to flourishing lumber and mill business. secure. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC

Honolulu Business Items

The Honolulu Planing Mill, of which Howard W. Laws, at Ala Moana John Lucas is President and Manager, Avenue and Ward St., is the general is the only planing mill in the Territory roofing contractor in Hawaii, being dis- electrically equipped, and it manufac- tributor for Carey's roofing and build- tures its own electricity. This pioneer ing materials, telephone 5949. Before planing mill of Hawaii, established in putting on your roof in Hawaii, it is 1864, has its workshops at Ala Moana wise to secure expert advice on the Coral and Keawe Streets, Honolulu, kind of roof the section you build in where it manufactures mouldings and needs. Howard W. Laws can give this every conceivable need in building the advice with years of experience behind house and home. his opinion.

The World's Dairy Farm is a title which New Zealand, the greatest ex- L. Fullard-Leo, the building con- porter of milk products, has truly tractor, with a factory at Queen and earned. A mild, equable climate, care- Ward streets, is Honolulu's manufac- ful herd selection, scientific manufacture turer of hollow concrete building tiles, and a rigorous grading system, account as well as of roof tiles and French floor for New Zeal an d's pre-eminence. tiles. A specialty is made of fibrous "Anchor" Brand Dairy Products repre- plaster cement plate walls and of every sent the cream of the Dominion's out- kind of ornamental plastering, model- put and in 30 countries are acclaimed ing, imitation stone, etc. Excellent ex- as the world's best. amples of this work may be seen in the new Castle & Cooke Building and in the Bishop Bank building. Bailey's Groceteria is the big success of recent years in Honolulu business. The parent store at the corner of Queen The Hub Clothing House, at 79 and Richard Sts., has added both a S. Hotel Street, is just around the meat market and a bakery, while the corner from Fort Street and in the bus- newly constructed branch building at iest portion of the city. Quick sales Beretania and Piikoi is equally well make it possible to dispose of the con- equipped and supplied, so that the stantly arriving stock of men's clothing housekeeper can select all that is needed and apparel at the lowest prices in the in the home, or, in fact, phone her city for the high class gentlemen's wear. order to either house. Walker & Olund, Ltd., The Metropolitan Meat Market on with headquar- King street, near Fort, is the most com- ters at 820 Piikoi St., build with Walker pletely equipped meat market in the & Olund's concrete tile, and build per- Territory of Hawaii, and the most sani- manently. This firm has contracts for tary. It occupies its own building, which many of the big new business and other is built and equipped on successful buildings now being erected in Hono- principles of sanitation. Its splendid lulu. Their feature of concrete tiling meats are carefully selected and sup- saves the trouble of double walls and plied by the Hawaii Meat Company, makes the home absolutely water-proof, which operates its own cattle steamers bug-proof, and by actual test more fire- between the islands, so that fresh and proof than the imported clay tile. Wal- perfectly fed beef is always on the ker & Olund's concrete tile is slightly counters, under glass, at the Metro- cheaper laid up in the wall than good politan Meat Market. double board construction, and a great ADVT. deal more weather resisting. THE MID-PACIFIC 21

Maui No Ka Oi (Maui is the best)

The Maui Chamber of Commerce is luku. The company is agent at Kahu- behind the plan for an auto road to the lui for the Inter-Island Steam Naviga- summit of Haleakala, earth's vastest tion Company and for the firm of Alex- crater, situated on the island of Maui, ander and Baldwin, Ltd. William Walsh its summit ten thousand feet above the is general manager. sea from which it will be distant, when the auto road is completed, scarce fifty miles of easy riding. The Chamber The Kahului Store, Wm. A. Sparks also advocates the round-the-island auto manager, is conducted by the Hawaiian road that now connects Wailuku and Commercial and Sugar Company. The Lahaina with Hana with the plan now immense store in Kahului carries every- to push the building of this auto route thing that is needed in plantation or entirely around the island of Maui. It home life, it maintains branches at was the Chamber that got behind the Puunene, Spreckelsville, and at Kihei. Maui Annual Fair, the best of its kind The plantation store is an institution in in the islands. All of the business men Hawaii, bringing everything that is of Maui are members of their Chamber, needed direct to the laborer and to and it stands for the progress of Maui workers of all kinds. No Ka Oi (Maui, Best Of All).

The Hawaiian Cooperative Poultry The Wailuku Hotel is the delightful Association with its poultry ranch and caravansary conducted by Mrs. George head offices at Wailuku, supplies the K. Trimble, enlarged from year to year island with its dressed poultry and eggs. until it is now one of the really up-to- It sometimes sends its produce to Hono- date hotels in the Territory with every lulu, where there is a quick demand. convenience for the visitors. This hotel This is an enterprise of Wm. F. Pogue has a clientele of many years standing, and his son. Mr. Pogue is also pro- drawing to itself the best of the travel- prietor of the Homelani Ranch with his ing public to which it caters. sons, who give it their personal service.

The Haleakala Ranch Company, with head offices at Makawao, on the Island The Paia Store, which is conducted of Maui, is as its name indicates, a by the Maui Agricultural Co., Ltd., is cattle ranch on the slopes of the great managed by Fred P. Rosecrans. This mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 is one of the very big plantation de- feet above the sea. This ranch breeds partment stores in Hawaii. Every con- pure Hereford cattle and is looking to ceivable need of the housekeeper or a future when it will supply fine bred homemaker is kept in stock. The store cattle to the markets and breeders in covers an area of more than a city Hawaii. block in a metropolitan city, and is the department store adapted to the needs of modern sugar plantation life. The Kahului Railroad Company, with its main offices at Kahului on the Island of Maui, serves the island both as re- gards passenger and freight service, The Honolulu Dairymen's Association, with regular trains running to the Ltd., is represented on Maui by Fred Haiku district, Paia, Puunene and Wai- Lamb at Wailuku. ADVT. 22 THE MID-PACIFIC

Hilo, Hawaii's Second City

Locate in Hilo.—The Chamber of miles distant from Hilo. It also sends Commerce of Hilo is now located in passengers by auto around the island the Volcano Building, Wainuenue ave- of Hawaii or to any part of the island. nue, the very center of Hilo's business Its cars meet the steamers at the wharf, district. Those desiring information or can be secured at any time by phon- concerning Hilo and its opportunities ing either 82 or 92. R. Sevier is presi- are invited to call at the Chamber, dent and manager. A letter or a mes- which represents the interests of a city sage to the Hawaii Transportation of 13,000 inhabitants, as well as the Company will assure prompt service general interests of the Island of and waiting cars. Hawaii, the largest island of the group forming the Territory of Hawaii. Hilo as a Manufacturing Center.— Those who contemplate visiting Hawaii The Hawaiian Starch Co. is a Hilo en- or doing business in Hilo are invited terprise that has the support of the en- to correspond with the Chamber of tire territory. This company puts out a Commerce of Hilo, Gordon H. Scruton, starch made from the edible canna that executive secretary. Hilo has many im- has twice the strength of other food portant business houses and from Hilo starches, so that only half the amount the various points of interest on the usually specified in cook books may be island are visited. used. This is the starch par excellent for a dull laundry finish. Hawaiian The Hilo Hotel is the rendezvous of sugar and Hawaiian pineapples are the tourist and the visitor. Almost hid- known the world over as the highest den in a tropical garden facing the sea, standard, and it now seems that Hawaii its bungalow cottages afford the maxi- will lead in producing a perfect starch. mum of comfort. At the Hilo Hotel rooms with or without baths may be Hilo as a Cattle Market.—The Hilo secured at moderate rates, and in the Meat Co. at 12 Keawe Street is the great dining hall the delicacies of Ha- town end of the Shipman ranch, V. D. waii are served. The Hotel is conducted Shutte, manager. This company supplies on the American plan. Hilo and sometimes Honolulu with meat from the famous Shipman ranch, of Hawaii Consolidated Railway, Ltd., which Mr. W. H. Shipman has been the Hilo, Hawaii, the Scenic Railway of experienced head for more than a Hawaii, one of the most spectacular generation. Hawaii has made herself trips in the world, thirty-four miles, independent of the mainland for meat of costing nearly $4,000,000; it crosses 10 all kinds, and in the Hilo market there sugar plantations, 150 streams, 44 is a choice of the very best cuts from bridges, 14 of which are steel from 98 home raised cattle from the Shipman to 230 feet high and from 400 to 1,006 ranch. feet long, and many precipitous gorges lined with tropical trees, and with wa- The Moses Stationery Co., Ltd., Hilo, terfalls galore ; sugar cane fields, vil- Hawaii, of which E. Moses is president, lages, hundreds of breadfruit and co- has its main office and store at No. 55 conut trees and palms along the way, Kamehameha Avenue. They also con- and miles of precipices. W. H. Huss- trol and operate the Hawaii Music Co. man, general freight and passenger in Hilo. In Honolulu two more stores agent. are controlled—the Moses Office Equip- ment Co., Ltd., at 1017 Fort St., also Motor Service from Hilo.—The Honolulu Music Company, 1021 Fort Hawaii Transportation Company main- Street, where the famous Sonora pho- tains a regular daily automobile service nographs and the Baldwin Piano are to the volcano of Kilauea, thirty-odd featured. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 23 Establish Your Business in Hilo

The First Trust Company of Hilo oc- Hilo's Department Store.—The E. N. cupies the modern up-to-date building Holmes Department Store on Waianue- adjoining the Bank of Hawaii on Keawe nue Street, near Kamehameha, is one of Street. This is Hilo's financial institu- the business landmarks of Hilo. Here tion. It acts as trustees, executors, audit- more than a generation of Hiloites has ors, realty dealers, guardians, account- bought its groceries, dry goods, men's ants, administrators, insurance agents, furnishings, crockery, household fur- and as your stock and bond brokers. niture, and all that goes to make home You will need the services of the First happy. Mr. Holmes is now assisted by Trust Company in Hilo whether you are his son in the management and the busi- a visitor, or whether you are to erect ness still expands and keeps up with the a home or a business block. times, keeping to the front as Hilo's one Own Your Home In Hilo.—The home big department store. or business builder in Hilo will need Own Your Own Car in Hilo.—The Charles H. Will, the foremost general Volcano Stables and Transportation contractor of the big island of Hawaii. Company, J. W. Webster, president ; and He is the first aid of the builder, with A. L. Ruddle, secretary and manager, is an office in the Old Bank Building on proprietor of the Volcano Garage. At Waianuenue Street. His work is in road Kamehameha and Pauahi Streets it has building, reinforced steel and concrete three acres of buildings and is agent and buildings, a builder of bridges and distributor for the two cars that stand wharves, streets and highways. Agent alone in their separate classes,—the Ford for the Polk System of Reinforced Con- for everybody and the Studebaker for crete, Charles H. Will erects the con- those who desire a high-class car at a crete chimneys, an important thing in a moderate price. The company is also lond of sugar mills. Estimates are furn- distributor for the Ford and White ished on every class of construction trucks, Fordson tractors, and the Good- year and Federal tires. work.

A cattle ranch on the Island of Hawaii. ADVT. Hawaii's Two Great Industries The Tourist and Sugar

The Royal Hawaiian Hotel at Waikiki.

.4 typical scene in Hawaii. The sugar mill, coconut palms, rice fields, ADVT. and the sugar plantation. 9 photograph of lane :LH/1ms taken q.;:hen she accepted the Chairmanshi p of the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. A grass house to be built on the grounds of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, for the use of Girl Scouts, begun under the auspices of the delegates to the First Pacific Women's Conference