Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management

Canada 1 1

Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada:

Identification and Management

2 3 4 Photo Credits: 1. Pea leaf weavil (Sitona lineatus) and leaf damage - Jonathon Williams, AAFC 2. Pteromalus puparum parasitizing an imported cabbage worm cocoon (Pieris rapae) - T. Haye, CABI 3. Lacewing (Chrysopa sp.) adult - John Gavloski, Manitoba Ministry of Agriculture Canada 4. Grasshopper - Jesse MacDonald, AAFC

Prepared for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada by Hugh Philip, IPM 2 GO Consulting Service.

Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide

Publication history: 2015 - 1st publication 2018 - 2nd publication, expanded

© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (2018).

Electronic version available at www.publications.gc.ca Catalogue No. A59-23/2018E-PDF ISBN 978-0-660-25561-3 AAFC No. 12766E

This publication may be cited as follows: Philip, H., B.A. Mori and K.D. Floate. 2018. Field crop and forage pests and their natural enemies in Western Canada: Identification and management field guide. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK.

Paru également en français sous le titre Guide d’identification des ravageurs des grandes cultures et des cultures fourragères et de leurs ennemis naturels et mesures de lutte applicables à l’Ouest canadien

For more information, reach us at www.agr.gc.ca or call us toll-free at 1-855-773-0241. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication is the result of a collaborative effort Project Team by many field-experienced extension and research ento- Hugh Philip, PAg – Writer, IPM 2 GO Consulting Service, mologists who recognized the need for an up-to-date Kelowna, BC field guide for the accurate identification of field and Dr. Kevin Floate - Writer, AAFC, Lethbridge, AB forage crop pests and their natural enemies. Dr. Boyd Mori - Writer, AAFC, Saskatoon, SK Erl Svendsen – Project manager/managing editor, AAFC, The information presented in this publication was Saskatoon, SK contributed by the project team members from their Dr. Owen Olfert – Project co-lead, AAFC, Saskatoon, SK own research or field experiences as well as that of other researchers who have made their research Collaborators available for educational purposes. I wish to thank the Dr. Hector Carcamo, AAFC, Lethbridge, AB team members for sharing their valuable time to submit Dr. Alejandro Costamagna, University of Manitoba, information and images, and to review and provide Winnipeg, MB feedback on the many draft documents. A special thanks Mike Dolinski, Edmonton, AB to Erl Svendsen for coordinating the development and Dr. Lloyd Dosdall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB submission of the project proposal, for stick-handing Dr. John Gavloski, Manitoba Agriculture, the exchanges of draft documents, and for applying Food and Rural Development, Carmen, MB his excellent editing skills to ensure the publication will Scott Hartley, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, provide a useful and accurate reference for producers Regina, SK and their advisors, researchers, educators and others Scott Meers, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, associated with field and forage crop production in Brooks, AB Western Canada. Dr. Chrystel Olivier, AAFC, Saskatoon, SK Jennifer Otani, AAFC, Beaverlodge, AB The team is most appreciative of the support and Dr. Julie Soroka, AAFC, Saskatoon, SK encouragement of Dr. Cezarina Kora, Senior Strategies Peter Walsh, Lakeland College, Vermillion, AB Coordinator in Pest Management at Agriculture and Dr. Tyler Wist, AAFC, Saskatoon, SK Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Pest Management Centre , Dr. Kevin Floate, AAFC, Lethbridge, AB and for the financial assistance of the Pest Management Centre which made this project possible. The project team also acknowledges the valuable input Design and production: gordongroup of the following colleagues for sharing their specialized knowledge to improve the accuracy of the information contained in this guide:

Dr. Swaroop Kher, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Dr. Fredrick Beaulieu, AAFC, Ottawa, ON

i DEDICATION: TO LLOYD DOSDALL (1952–2014)

Lloyd devoted his career to studying field crop insect pests and their natural enemies. He was known for his contagious enthusiasm and his entomological passion was divided between pesky crop bugs and aquatic entomology.

Throughout his work, his goal was to lay the ecological foundation of plant-insect relationships in order to develop sustainable pest management practices that incorporated host plant resistance, cultural strategies and natural enemies. He, his students, and post-doctoral fellows completed numerous meticulous studies on plant-insect interactions for a number of insect pests including Bertha armyworm, flea beetles, diamondback moth, root maggots, cabbage seedpod weevil and cereal leaf beetle. Thanks to these efforts, plant breeders have the information and tools Education & Background: for including resistance traits into new cultivars. Lloyd studied the diversity of stoneflies (MSc) and black fly control (PhD) at the University of Saskatchewan. Lloyd left us an enormous legacy in integrated pest management that will benefit He then spent two years working on biting flies at the many generations of farmers on the Prairies. Lloyd was very careful to ensure that the University of Manitoba before moving to Vegreville information from research studies in agroecosystems found its way to the farming in 1989 to start work on crop insects at the Alberta community. This was in part accomplished by collaborating wholeheartedly with Environmental Centre. In 1999, he accepted a teaching agronomists, completing numerous seminal and innovative research projects with and research position at the University of Alberta, where them. In addition, he took exceptional care to take photos, record videos, and write he was active until his death. practical articles to extend the results of his work to help farmers manage crop pests in a more sustainable manner.

One of Lloyd’s greatest legacies will be the people he trained either formally as a supervisor or informally through collaborations. Lloyd was highly valued and respected as a mentor by his students, post-doctoral fellows and colleagues. He gave generously of his time and worked side by side with his students to instill in them the pride and passion for entomological research. Somehow, he also found time to actively serve the regional and national entomological societies! We are fortunate that he trained many entomologists in his lab and we will see the fruits of his labour expressed in their contributions for years to come.

May this dedication be a small tribute to the work and legacy of Lloyd—friend, colleague and mentor.

ii Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... i DEDICATION: LLOYD DOSDALL ...... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... iii INTRODUCTION ...... 1 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT ...... 3 KEY TO THE ORDERS OF PESTS OF FIELD CROPS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES ...... 7 DESCRIPTIONS OF FIELD CROP PESTS Acarina ...... 14 Coleoptera ...... 17 Diptera ...... 35 Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) ...... 45 Hemiptera: Heteroptera ...... 48 Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) ...... 59 Hymenoptera ...... 72 Lepidoptera ...... 73 Orthoptera ...... 103 Thysanoptera ...... 107 DESCRIPTIONS OF NATURAL ENEMIES Arachnid Predators ...... 110 Coleoptera Predators ...... 115 Diptera Predators ...... 118 Diptera Parasitoids ...... 123 Hemiptera Predators ...... 124 Hymenoptera Parasitoids ...... 129 Neuroptera Predators ...... 139 Raphidioptera Predators ...... 140 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...... 141 INTERNET INFORMATION RESOURCES ...... 142 APPENDICES Appendix A: Index of Common and Scientific Names of Field Crop Pests ...... 145 Appendix B: Crop-Pest Index ...... 148 Appendix C: Cross Index to Parasitoids and their Hosts ...... 150 Appendix D: Cross Index to Predators and their Prey ...... 152 Appendix E: Relative Toxicity Rating of Insecticides to Common Natural Enemies of Field Crop Pests . . . . . 153

iii iv Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide INTRODUCTION The accurate identification of (a) pests, (b) the damage To encourage greater use of the other IPM elements, they cause, and (c) their natural enemies is one of six information about hosts, life cycle, monitoring, economic elements of a sound Integrated Pest Management thresholds, and management options are included for (IPM) approach to suppress pest populations (p. 3). This each pest. For natural enemies, the guide describes field guide is designed to help you apply this element their hosts/prey, life cycles, monitoring and conserva- to make more informed decisions to control important tion methods, and provides general comments to aid in harmful insects and mites of field and forage crops in their identification and to describe their role as biological Western Canada. Informed decisions will help save time control agents. This guide also contains a cross-reference and effort and eliminate unnecessary pesticide applica- index (p. 148) listing the major agronomic field and forage tions, all of which can help reduce costs. Identification of crops in Western Canada with their associated pests and natural enemies is important in order to recognize and to natural enemies. foster their role in keeping or reducing their host or prey (i.e. pest) populations below economic levels. Only economically important field and forage crop pests and their known natural enemies are described in this Use the quick identification key (p. 7) to narrow your field guide. These represent only a small fraction of all search to identify the order (i.e. major taxonomic classi- insects found in Western Canada. If you have found an fication ranking or group) to which the unknown insect, insect or mite that you believe is causing significant mite, or spider specimen belongs. The key directs you to economic damage that is not included in this guide, the starting page of a specific order. There you will find contact the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, your descriptions and images of important pests or beneficial provincial Ministry of Agriculture, or regional diagnostic species belonging to that order to help you determine lab (see Resources, p. 142, for contact information) for or confirm the identity of your specimen. The text assistance on identification. describes diagnostic characteristics to enhance accurate identification and to reduce confusion with “look-alike” species. Each species description is accompanied by several images of the pest/beneficial insect and/or the damage they cause to help you confirm the identification of your specimen.

Technical terms are kept to a minimum. However, they are used where necessary to ensure accuracy of the species descriptions. The terms are used mainly to describe developmental life stages and insect body parts. Technical terms are defined in the Glossary (p. 141).

Uhler’s stink bug – adult Chris Hedstrom, Oregon Department of Agriculture

1 Insect Development Insect Body Structures

Insects and mites develop from eggs to reproduct- Adults Immature (nymphs, larvae, pupae) ive adults through a process called metamorphosis The adult insect body consists of the following charac- Nymphs share the same body parts and structure as (changing body form). There are two types of meta- teristics that distinguish insects from all other groups adults except their wings appear as short buds that morphosis among winged or secondarily wingless of animals: gradually lengthen with each moult until becoming func- insects—incomplete (partial) and complete. The change • Three body segments (head, thorax, and abdomen) tional in the adult stage. External reproductive append- in form may also involve a change in habitat or food that form a jointed, stiff exoskeleton ages (genitalia) do not appear until the adult stage. hosts, depending on the species. • Three pairs of jointed legs • One or two pairs of wings (if present) In larvae, the body appears to have only two parts—a Insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis go • One pair of compound eyes and often simple eyes head and abdomen. However, larvae also have a through three developmental stages: egg nymph (ocelli) thorax, immediately behind the head, which may have adult. Nymphs often resemble adults except for size, • One pair of jointed antennae no or 3 pairs of jointed legs. The legs can vary greatly colour, and lack of functional wings and reproductive • Air breathing through internal air tubules (tracheae) in length. The remaining segments constitute the appendages. Examples of this group include grass- and openings along the sides of the body (spiracles) abdomen. To aid in mobility, some larvae have short and hoppers, true bugs, aphids, and leafhoppers. Nymphs fleshy legs called prolegs on the underside of the final moult a set number of times (usually 4–5 times) to grow The head contains the mouthparts and sensory organs segment and one or more of the abdominal segments. and gradually develop into the adult form. The stages (compound eyes, ocelli, and antennae); the thorax The body is usually very soft and flexible. between moults are called instars. Nymphs and adults contains the locomotory appendages (legs and wings); often share the same food hosts. and the abdomen contains the digestive, excretory, Pupae can be covered by a protective case (flies, moths, and reproductive organs and appendages. Mouthparts butterflies, wasps, bees, and ants); sometimes encased Insects that undergo complete metamorphosis go are variously modified for chewing (e.g. grasshoppers), in a cocoon, or exposed (beetles); and usually hidden through four developmental stages: egg larva pupa piercing and sucking (e.g. aphids), siphoning (e.g. moths), within or near the host plants. adult. Larvae do not resemble their adult stage and rasping and sucking (e.g. thrips), and sponging or lapping usually feed on different hosts than adults. Larvae also (e.g. flies). The number, structure, and appearance of moult 4–5 times (also called instars between moults) wings are important characteristics for classifying before transforming into the non-mobile pupal stage. insects and form the basis for the quick identification During this stage, the larvae transform into their adult key to adult insects (p. 6). form. Examples of this group include moths and butter- flies; bees, wasps and ants; beetles; and flies. Insects grow only during their nymphal or larval stages.

Mites and spiders undergo very simple metamorphosis and, at immature stages, resemble adults except for size, colouration and presence of genitalia. Like insects, mites and spiders only grow during their nymphal stages.

2 Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT Integrated Pest Management (IPM), a component of proposed 50 years ago because of increasing public IPM consists of six elements. To ensure maximum crop management, relies on appropriate and timely concerns over potential risks posed by pesticides. effectiveness and cost savings, they should be inte- information to select and apply available pest manage- The original emphasis on reducing reliance on pesticide grated into the overall crop management system as ment practices for effective, economic, and environ- intervention, to avoid development of pesticide resist- much as possible and not performed in isolation. It is mentally-sound suppression of pests. One of the ance, by adopting alternative pest management prac- also important to keep records of all control practices primary purposes of IPM is to encourage the use of tices remains unchanged. Pesticide resistance can lead and products used during the season in order to assess crop and pest management practices that encourage to increased crop losses and increased costs associated the performance of the inputs and to identify deficien- the development of natural enemies. This field guide with higher application rates, more frequent applica- cies that need to be corrected. provides the latest information on recommended crop tions, or the use of more costly alternative chemicals. and pest management practices to promote greater adoption of IPM in field crop production.

IPM has greater relevance today than when first

Elements of IPM 1. Prevention 2. Accurate identification and knowledge 3. Monitoring pests, pest damage, natural Plan and manage crop production to prevent pest prob- of pests, pest damage, and natural enemies enemies, and weather conditions lems from developing Because there is no “one size fits all” solution for all Knowing the distribution and abundance of pests, their • Select crops and varieties suited to the local growing pest problems, it is important to correctly identify the damage, and their natural enemies in crops is essen- conditions and soils pest and its natural enemies, understand its behaviour, tial to determine if a crop is at risk of economic injury. • Optimize crop health to improve tolerance to pests and identify the damage it causes in order to select and Monitoring involves the timely and correct application of • Preserve native and introduced natural enemies to apply prescribed pest-specific monitoring/sampling and scouting methods during the growing season to assess prevent or slow growth of pest populations management practices (Elements 3–5). Application of pest pressure (density of pests and natural enemies), • Recognize and eliminate practices that can lead to this element results in: crop phenology (susceptible growth stage), and weather pest problems • Capacity to identify pests, their damage, and (suitable for damage to occur). natural enemies • Understanding how pests are impacted by their natural enemies, the environment, and crop management practices • Efficient use of time and labour to monitor/sample and to apply appropriate pest management control options • Earlier detection of newly introduced pests leading to more rapid development of management programs to minimize crop losses

3 For some insects, temperature and moisture data can 4. Applying economic thresholds 5. Suppressing pest populations be used in computer-based development models to The economic threshold is the density of pests (or Suppressing pest populations relies on information track and forecast the appearance of pest and natural damage measurement) at which control measures collected from Elements 2 (Identification), 3 (Monitoring/ enemy life stages. The model outputs can then be used should be applied to prevent an increasing population Scouting), and 4 (Economic Threshold) to select and to better time pest management activities that target from reaching the economic injury level (the density properly apply one or more suppression options to specific life stages. Producers can obtain this informa- of the pest or its damage that causes losses equal to reduce or suppress pests to densities below the tion themselves, contract for this service, or, in some the cost of the action(s) taken to suppress the pest). economic threshold. areas, consult published/posted government and/or Economic thresholds are based on a combination of producer organizations’ reports of regional monitoring/ factors: the prevalence of a pest or its damage, the crop forecasting programs [see Resources p. 142]. Suppression options include stage and vigor, cost of the control action(s), value of the crop, and, in some cases, the prevalence of natural • BIOLOGICAL CONTROL (BIOCONTROL): conservation, Monitoring is also useful for evaluating the effectiveness enemies. The economic threshold value or level is augmentation, or introduction of natural enemies of control actions by comparing pre- and post-treatment expressed as the number of insects or observed crop (parasites, predators, and diseases) to keep pest pest or damage levels, or comparing levels in treated damage (e.g. insects/trap or insects/unit area, % leaf populations below economic levels or to help reduce and untreated (check) strips. loss). Unfortunately thresholds are not available for pest densities below economic levels. many crop/pest combinations. In many cases producers - Conservation: protecting existing populations of Insect, damage, and weather information is collected by: must rely on their own experience or local knowledge. natural enemies by using the practices/insecticides • Using recommended pest monitoring tools and which are least toxic to natural enemies or applying disruptive practices/products when protocols (e.g. pheromone traps, yellow-sticky traps, Applying economic thresholds can: natural enemies are not present or less active pitfall traps, sampling procedures) or participating in/ • Reduce the use of insecticides because they are only - Augmentation: releasing artificially reared natural consulting area-wide pest monitoring programs applied if there is an economic benefit enemies to an existing population (e.g. purchase • Conducting visual inspection or systematically • Reduce the cost of crop protection by eliminating and release of lady beetles) sampling crops using prescribed methods and timing, unnecessary insecticide applications - Introduction: releasing a new natural enemy to recording results for later reference, and determining (i.e. “comfort sprays”) control a new pest (e.g. introducing Tetrastichus julis economic thresholds • Reduce risks associated with unnecessary insecticide to control cereal leaf beetle) • Setting up a weather station to monitor and collect data applications (e.g. development of insecticide resistance, to be used in pest development forecast models for loss or disruption of natural enemies, unacceptable The conditions for the development and improving timing of monitoring and control activities crops residues, and potential loss of markets, etc.) establishment of natural enemies are not as favour- able in annual crops as in perennial crops such as alfalfa. However, they do play an important role and this guide describes how they can contribute to a successful pest management program. • CULTURAL CONTROL: purposeful manipulation of a cropping environment to prevent or suppress pest development and damage. Examples include crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, trap cropping, adjusting seeding rates and timing, minimizing tillage to conserve soil-inhabiting natural enemies, and managing alternate hosts.

4 Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide • PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL CONTROL: using barriers It is also imperative to maintain, calibrate and oper- Information required for a meaningful evaluation includes: and devices that exclude or control pests. Tillage ate spray equipment properly to ensure thorough and • Preventative or proactive actions considered is a form of mechanical control, destroying soil- uniform crop coverage by applying the correct field rate when making cropping plans (e.g. avoided planting inhabiting stages. in sufficient volume. Leaving 1 or 2 check (untreated) a crop forecasted to be at risk of high pest pressure strips is useful to not only assess the performance of that season) • BEHAVIOURAL CONTROL: taking advantage of pest the control product, but also to compare yields and to • Pest monitoring or sampling activity records: activity responses (attraction or repulsion) to specific odours, determine the economic benefit of the treatment. date, crop and stage of development, insect species lights and colours in order to disrupt important normal and life stage, sampling unit, number found, and behaviours like mating, host finding, and feeding. weather conditions Insect monitoring makes great use of behavioural 6. Evaluating results • Prevalence of natural enemies: crop, dates, species, responses (e.g. attraction to pheromone traps, yellow Evaluation is an important but often ignored element. and life stages sticky traps, light traps). However, exploiting behav- It involves looking back at what worked or did not work • Insecticide application: dates, product names and ioural responses for pest control in field crops has not as a result of your pest management actions for each amount mixed/tank, spray volume/acre, target been applied commercially to date. pest, and to determine what needs to change to improve the future outcomes of those actions. This is not simply species and life stage, and weather conditions • CHEMICAL CONTROL: applying registered insecticides evaluating the effectiveness of insecticide treatments, • Insecticide efficacy assessments: measured against produced synthetically (i.e. most insecticides) or but also assessing the information generated from pre- and post-application pest monitoring/sampling derived from natural sources (bio-pesticides) at the identification, monitoring, and economic threshold • Damage and yield assessments in sprayed crop specified rates, volumes, and timing. Where possible, analysis (IPM elements 2–4) you used to make your and unsprayed checked strips (i.e. estimate of crop insecticides should be chosen that are selective pest prevention and control action decisions. Evaluation quality/yield loss) (killing specific groups of insects only) and not broad requires accurate and up-to-date record-keeping of all spectrum (killing most insects, including natural pest management inputs. This means time and commit- Taking an IPM approach promotes adopting a variety of enemies). The use of broad spectrum insecticides can ment on your part. strategies to prevent pest build up through integration lead to the development of secondary pest problems of agronomic practices and natural enemies; it does not when natural enemies are killed. Consult Appendix For many pest/crop combinations, not all IPM elements mean abandoning use of insecticides or achieving 100% E, Relative Toxicity Rating of Insecticides to Common (i.e. 1 through 5 above) are available, or they are poorly control. IPM encourages selective and judicious use of Natural Enemies of Field Crop Pests (p. 153), for developed. However, you can always evaluate the the least disruptive insecticides when other options are guidance on selecting the least toxic insecticides. actions you took and assess their expected versus not available or when non-chemical options have failed actual outcomes. After evaluating the outcome of a to keep pest levels below economic damaging levels. Pests can be killed directly through contact or indirectly pest management program, you then need to (1) find Complete control is never economically justified unless through ingestion of residues. In an IPM program, the information necessary to correct deficiencies and the pest is of quarantine importance. chemical control is used only when the non-chemical (2) prepare a new IPM plan to address future similar control options have failed to prevent the development pest problems. Sub-economic pest populations not only maintain popu- of economic-level pest populations. There are no “silver lations of their natural enemies, but can also stimulate bullets.” An over-reliance on a single insecticide or group some plants to overcompensate for feeding damage and of insecticides (e.g. Group 4—neonicotinoids) can soon yield more. Natural enemies build up over time and if lead to the development of resistance by the target pest, left undisturbed can often prevent pests from reaching making that insecticide or group obsolete. It is therefore economic levels; or they can shorten the severity and important to adopt an insecticide resistance manage- duration of insect pest outbreaks. ment program that involves employing a combination of non-chemical control options and rotating chemical control products.

Integrated Pest Management 5 ACARINA1 DIPTERA4 HYMENOPTERA7 ORTHOPTERA10

Cephalothorax Abdomen Head Thorax Abdomen Head Thorax Abdomen Head Thorax Abdomen

Wings (4) Antennae Antennae Eye Wings (2) Eye

Eye

Legs Legs Legs Wings Legs

ARACHNID2 HEMIPTERA: LEPIDOPTERA8 RAPHIDIOPTERA11 HETEROPTERA5

Cephalothorax Abdomen Head Thorax Abdomen Head Thorax Abdomen Head Thorax Abdomen

Scutellum Antennae Wings Wings Eyes Antennae Antennae Eye Hind wings

Legs Legs Legs Forewing

3 HEMIPTERA: 9 12 COLEOPTERA HOMOPTERA6 NEUROPTERA THYSANOPTERA

Head Thorax Abdomen Head Thorax Abdomen Head Thorax Abdomen Head Thorax Abdomen

Antennae Cornicles

Eye

Eye Antennae Antennae Eyes

Elytra Antennae

Wings Legs Legs

Legs Legs Wings

6 1. Gilles San Martin, Flickr.com 2. Don Buckle, Sasksatoon, SK 3. Didier Descouens, Muséum de Toulouse 4. Muhammad Mahdi Karim, Wikipedia 5. Scott Bauer, Bugwood.org 6. Tyler Wist, AAFC 7. Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org 8. Mark Schwarzlander, University of Idaho, Bugwood.org 9. Stephen Ausmus, USDA-ARS 10. DW_Ross, Flickr.com 11. Phil Meyers, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 12. Desley Tree, PaDIL KEY TO THE ORDERS OF PESTS OF FIELD CROP AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES This key is designed to help you identify the order a To begin, compare your unknown specimen to the first If you are unable to identify your specimen using this pest or natural enemy to which an unknown insect, group of statements (1). At the end of each statement field guide, submit several specimens to a local expert spider or mite specimen belongs. You will not identify there is either (a) a page number that directs you to or to one of the diagnostic services listed on page 144. the species of your unknown specimen but you will the group to which your unknown specimen belongs be directed to where you can compare your specimen or (b) the number of the next set of statements to the descriptions and images included in this guide. (“Go to line” column) to use to narrow down the range A 10–16X hand lens is very useful for finding and of possibilities. The keys identify adult and immature examining some of the structures described in the key, (nymphs and larvae) stages of development. especially for small specimens.

Adult Characteristics

Line Description of characteristics Go to line Order Pest Natural Enemy

1 a) Body with 4 pairs of legs (except 3 pairs in mite larvae); 2 Acari: mites appears to have only 1 or 2 body parts Araneae: spiders

b) Body with 3 pairs of true legs (segmented); 2 or 3 body sections evident 3 (head+abdomen; head+thorax+abdomen)

2 a) Body usually 0.1 – 1 mm long (some beneficial species larger), Acari: mites pp. 14-16 p. 110 with essentially one main body part

b) Body >1 mm long, with 2 well-divided body parts, Araneae: spiders pp. 111-114 the cephalothorax (head+thorax) and the abdomen

3 a) Wingless, small (<5 mm) soft-bodied, may be covered with 4 white waxy secretion

b) Appearance otherwise 5

4 a) Body covered in white waxy secretion, greatly reduced legs and antennae, Hemiptera: mealybugs p. 71 very slow moving if at all.

b) Body bare, antennae and legs obvious, occur in colonies on plants Hemiptera: wingless aphids pp. 59-70

7 Adult Characteristics

Line Description of characteristics Go to line Order Pest Natural Enemy

5 a) Wings present, front pair (forewings) may be patterned, membranous, 6 hard, leathery, or parchment-like, and covering the hind pair

b) Appearance otherwise (immature stages) 16

6 a) One pair of wings (forewings) present, the second pair reduced to Diptera: flies pp. 35-44 pp. 118-123 small knobs; wings membranous, transparent with occasional markings; 2–15 mm body length

b) Two pairs of wings, size variable; if the forewing is hard, leathery, or 7 parchment-like, assume second pair may be present beneath them

7 a) Body < 2 mm long, very narrow; short flight when disturbed Thysanoptera: thrips p. 107

b) Body > 2 mm long, variously shaped body and wings 8

8 a) Forewings covered in minute scales that create unique colour patterns; Lepidoptera: moths and butterflies pp. 73-102 hind wings may or may not have colour patterns

b) Forewings otherwise 9

9 a) Wings held roof-like over body when at rest; may be clear, semi-transparent 10 or with net-like venation; size variable

b) Wing position otherwise 12

10 a) Tubular structures (cornicles) present on rear of abdomen; Hemiptera: winged aphids pp. 59-70 body up to 4 mm long

b) Appearance otherwise 11

8 Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide Adult Characteristics

Line Description of characteristics Go to line Order Pest Natural Enemy

11 a) Forewings semi-transparent, usually patterned; hop-like flight when Hemiptera: leafhoppers pp. 45-47 disturbed; body 5–7 mm long

b) Lace-like transparent wings with net-like venation; greenish or brownish wing Neuroptera: lacewings p. 139 and body colour; may have long “neck”; body 10–20 mm long Raphidioptera: snakefiles p. 140

12 a) Transparent wings folded flat over body when at rest; size variable; egg-laying Hymenoptera: Ichneumons, p. 72 pp. 129-138 appendage (ovipositor) may extend from abdomen parasitic wasps, sawflies

b) Wings otherwise 13

13 a) Forewings parchment-like, held flat over the body appearing overlapped; Hemiptera: true bugs pp. 48-58 pp. 124-128 forewings parchment-like, held flat over the body and appearing overlapping, basal half with some patterning, outer half usually transparent; piercing and sucking mouthparts

b) Wings otherwise 14

14 a) Forewings parchment-like, somewhat transparent and folded along the body Orthoptera: pp. 103-106 when at rest; membranous hind wings folded beneath forewings and may grasshoppers, crickets have some patterning; hind legs modified for jumping; chewing mouthparts

b) Forewings otherwise 15

15 a) Forewings opaque, hard, shell-like, and meet over the centre line of the Coleoptera: leaf beetles, weevils, pp. 17-34 pp. 115-117 abdomen; may or may not extend to the end of the abdomen; transparent ground beetles, lady beetles membranous wings may be present beneath; chewing mouthparts

b) If no order selected, repeat the process

Key to the Orders of Pests of Field Crop and their Natural Enemies 9 Immature stages

Line Description of characteristics Go to line Order Pest Natural Enemy

16 a) No obvious 3-segment body (head, thorax and abdomen); 17 head and legs may be present; does not resemble any adult forms

b) Body appears to have 3 body segments and 3 pairs of legs; 22 may or may not resemble adult insects

17 a) Legless, maggot- or grub-like with no obvious head; mobility variable; 18 feeds in or on insects or plants

b) Appearance otherwise 21

18 a) Found in or on insects 19

b) Found on plants 20

19 a) Very small, whitish grub-like (1–3 mm); no distinctive head or body structures; Hymenoptera: parasitic wasp larvae pp. 129-138 found within or on a host insect

b) Small to moderate size, whitish found within host bodies; have a distinctive Diptera: tachinid fly larvae p. 123 pair of dark openings (spiracles) at end of body

c) Small to moderate size, somewhat flattened, maggot-shaped; Diptera: syrphid fly larvae p. 122 various colours and patterns; two distinct breathing holes at end of body; found with aphid colonies

20 a) Small to moderate whitish maggots feeding in or on plant parts, usually roots Diptera: root maggot larvae pp. 35-44

b) Appearance and hosts otherwise 21

21 a) Body fleshy, usually with distinctive markings; short and fleshy legs (prolegs) 22 present under some or all of the abdominal segments

b) Body appearance otherwise; prolegs absent 23

10 Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide Immature stages

Line Description of characteristics Go to line Order Pest Natural Enemy

22 a) Six or more pair of prolegs present Hymenoptera: sawfly larvae p. 72

b) Two to five pairs of prolegs; moves in a crawling or looping motion; chewing Lepidoptera: moth and pp. 73-102 mouthparts; may curl up or drop on a fine silk thread when disturbed butterfly larvae

23 a) Body somewhat hard, wiry; very short true legs; yellowish to orange colour; Coleoptera: click beetle larvae – pp. 33-34 lives in the soil wireworms

b) Appearance otherwise 24

24 a) Very small (<1 mm), orange-coloured, mobile, somewhat flattened oval body, Hemiptera: mealybug nymphs p. 71 reduced antennae; no wing stubs

b) Appearance otherwise 25

25 a) Small (1.5–2 mm long), variously coloured, soft-bodied, slow moving; Hemiptera: aphid nymphs pp. 59-70 two tubular structures (cornicles) extend from top of end of abdomen (various lengths); wings absent or reduced to stubs, never covering body; lives in colonies on plants; piercing and sucking mouthparts

b) Appearance otherwise 26

26 a) Small (1–2.5 mm long), somewhat narrow, pale coloured body, Hemiptera: leafhopper nymphs pp. 45-47 with pointed abdomen often tilted upward; appears to move slightly sideways when walking; piercing and sucking mouthparts

b) Appearance otherwise 27

27 a) Very small (1–1.5 mm), narrow, white or yellow coloured; Thysanoptera: thrips nymphs p. 107 somewhat fast moving, hiding among plant parts

b) Appearance otherwise 28

Key to the Orders of Pests of Field Crop and their Natural Enemies 11 Immature stages

Line Description of characteristics Go to line Order Pest Natural Enemy

28 a) Body with somewhat flattened, variously coloured, piercing and sucking Hemiptera: true bug nymphs pp. 48-58 pp. 124-128 mouthparts; wings vary in length according to nymphal stage (instar)

b) Appearance otherwise 29

29 a) Small to moderate sized, laterally flattened, with hind legs modified Orthoptera: grasshopper and pp. 103-106 for jumping; chewing mouthparts cricket nymphs

b) Appearance otherwise 30

30 a) Body fleshy, grub-like, slight C-shaped posture; whitish colour; distinctive Coleoptera: weevil larvae pp. 24-32 head and short legs; not very mobile; present in soil or in plant hosts

b) Appearance otherwise 31

31 a) Body shape and mobility variable, abdomen often pointed, may be Coleoptera: beetle larvae pp. 17-23 hump-backed; chewing mouthparts; antennae reduced; no wing stubs

b) If no group selected, repeat the process

Potato aphid – adult, nymph Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org

12 Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide DESCRIPTIONS OF FIELD CROP PESTS

13 14 Acarina Bugwood.org Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Brown wheatmite–adultsandeggs Petrobia latens Műller Mite, brown wheat Brown wheatmite–stipplingdamageonleaves Mary Burrows, Montana State University, Bugwood.org quickly underdryconditions. numbers andriskofdamage.Infestations develop them. Rainfallof7–10mmwill reduce mite parallel totheleafveins, stunting plants orkilling include yellow togray-white streaks on the leaves ness are alsoreduced. Characteristicsymptoms yield ofboth; in barley, kernel weight andplump- infects both springwheatand barley, reducing the causing barley yellow streak mosaic.Thevirus stressed. Themitecan alsotransmitthevirus pling) whichisaggravated when crop ismoisture appearance (bronzed oryellowish colour, finestip- on cell contents, givingplants adrought-stressed plants whendisturbed. midline ofthebody. Very mobileanddrop from other three pairoflegs.Lighter banddown the yellow toorangelegs;front pairmuchlongerthan but are smaller. 3 pairs oflegs;nymphal stagesresemble adults berries, legumesandfruit. Identification hosts includevarious vegetables, melons,straw Wheat andbarley are preferred cereals; other Hosts Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Brown wheatmite–adultcloseup Feeding Damage hatch thefollowing spring. in thefallifsoilmoisture isadequate,butmost ing eggsinJune.Someofthesemay hatch the springbefore females begintolay overwinter been found. There are two orthree generationsin clods, stones,andplant debris.No maleshave Overwinter aswhiteeggsinthesoilunder Life Cycle ADULTS: ADULTS AND NYMPHS: LARVAE AND NYMPHS: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 0.5mmovate brownish bodieswith Larval miteshave only Puncture tissuetofeed - - stressed orpoorlytillered. threshold isreached, andplants are moisture newly hatched larvae anddeveloping nymphs. Eliminate volunteer wheatinthespringasfood for p. 139). feed onallstages ofthemite(e.g. green lacewing, several speciesofpredatory mitesandinsects Management Options 200 ormore mitesper25cmofrow. Economic Threshold presence ofmites,especiallyduringdryconditions. Scout young crops weekly for signsofinjuryand Monitoring/Scouting produces webbing. neither theclover northebrown wheatmite on cereals. Unlike thetwo-spotted spider mite, and several ornamental plants butisnot common osa Koch) whichisfound onsomegrasses,clovers Closely resembles theclover mite(Bryobia praeti - Similar Species BIOLOGICAL: CHEMICAL: Consider ifdamageisobvious, CULTURAL: Crop rotation withnon-hostcrops. Dependingoncrop andlocation, Acarina 15 - PESTS Consider a spray if mites are numer if mites are a spray Consider Depending on crop and location, Depending on crop BIOLOGICAL: through stress Minimizing plant CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: Similar Species None. Monitoring/Scouting weekly host crops examine springs, warm In dry, areas, to grassy adjacent along the margins and greenhouses production areas, residential Check overwintered. have mites may areas other on webbing injury and characteristic feeding for alfalfa regrowth Also check undersides of leaves. persist. dry conditions when hot Threshold Economic established. None Options Management several species of predatory mites and insects species of predatory several lacewing, green on all stages of the mite (e.g. feed p. 139). and cultural irrigation, fertilization, improved is beneficial. harvest such as timely practices ous and plants are beginning to develop a bronzed a bronzed beginning to develop are ous and plants be required may spray A second appearance. mites that hatched later to kill any 7–10 days sprays or spot eggs. Border laid previously from mite flare-ups, avoid be all that is needed. To may pests that kill against other products using avoid mite natural enemies. Larval mites have only mites have Larval Motile stages create stages create Motile ADULTS AND NYMPHS: NYMPHS: AND ADULTS 0.5 mm long, eight legs, greenish, legs, greenish, 0.5 mm long, eight ADULTS: NYMPHS: AND LARVAE Twospotted spider mite – stippling damage on corn Twospotted Bugwood.org University, State Iowa Mueller, Daren Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life immatures sites as eggs, in protected Overwinter hosts and habitat. or adults depending on food plant to emerging and adults move Immatures hosts in the spring and, depending on temperature - overlap many produce conditions, and moisture seeking overwintering ping generations before spinning a silk disperse by sites in the fall. They the wind. by caught that’s thread Damage Feeding Twospotted spider mite – adult closeup adult mite – spider Twospotted Bugwood.org University, State Michigan Cappaert, David Hosts fruit alfalfa, vegetables, dry beans, soybean, Corn, ornamentals, and woody berries, herbaceous trees, crops. and greenhouse Identification pairs of legs; nymphal stages have 4 pairs of 4 pairs have stages 3 pairs of legs; nymphal and smaller adults, but are legs and resemble paler. are black spots they where of leaves on the undersides webbing causing contents, on cell to feed cells puncture Leaves of leaves. or browning stippling, yellowing crop which can further reduce dry and drop may start at the field edge and yields. Infestations favour dry conditions Extended hot, inwards. move feeding rapid population build up and acerbate alfalfa drifting onto field roads Dust from injury. spider mite flare-ups. favors plants yellowish to orange oval body with two dark spots dark spots body with two to orange oval yellowish legs. Visible to the eight on their abdomen and only as small specs. unaided eye Twospotted spider mite – stippling damage on bean Twospotted Bugwood.org University, State Colorado Cranshaw, Whitney Koch urticae Tetranychus , twospotted spider Mite, twospotted 16 Acarina Gary Hein, University ofNebraska Wheat curlmite–damage Aceria tosichella Keifer Mite, wheatcurl a 10–20power hand lens. body withforward pointing legs.Canbeseenwith are smaller. new generations. through infected plants, not through theeggsto were infected. Thevirusistransferred tomites depending onhow earlyindevelopment theplants be killed,stunted, orhave low tonoseedset, most severe onolderleaves. Infected plants may yellow withgreen linesorsplotches; damage wheat streak mosaicvirus causesleaves toturn the leafbladestocurlupward andinward. The Large populationsofmitesonwheatwillcause because ittransmitswheatstreak mosaicvirus. Identification susceptible. green foxtail, other cereals, andgrassesare less Wheat mostatrisktoyieldloss;barnyard grass, Hosts Gary Hein, University ofNebraska Wheat curlmite–adult Feeding Damage slows inhot (>27°C),dryconditions. virus throughout theyear. Population growth stages ofthismiteandthewheatstreak mosaic provide available hostsfor thesurvival of alllife and springwheat,wild,cultivated grasses ature >18°C.Theoverlapping occurrence ofwinter Mites are spread by winds>25kphwhentemper Life Cycle LARVAE AND NYMPHS: ADULTS: 0.25mmlong,yellowish, cigar-shaped ADULTS AND LARVAE: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide This miteisimportant Resemble adultsbut - extremely fastrateofincrease inpopulations. because mitesare inprotected areas ofplant and wheat variety withwheatcurlmiteresistance. planting AC Radiant whichistheonlywinter where thevirushas causeddamage,consider Mites canonlysurvive ongreen tissue.Infields which willbepicked upby theemerging mites. tissue. Volunteer plants may contain somevirus more than8–10hoursaway from green plant 2 weeks priortoplanting. Themitecannot survive spring wheatvolunteers andgrassweeds atleast wind, itisimportant tocontrol winter wheatand rust mites. emerge. Green lacewing (p. 139)may alsoprey on rust mitesinthespringuntil larger hostspecies Management Options None established. Economic Threshold scope for thepresence oftheminutemites. and examine damaged leaftissueunderamicro- Examine young plants for signsoffeeding damage Monitoring/Scouting without theaidofamicroscope. and damaging.They are difficulttodistinguish occur oncereals andgrassesbutare lesscommon another eriophyid mite,Aculodes mckenziei (Keifer), The cereal rustmite,Abacarus hystrix (Nalepa),and Similar Species CHEMICAL: CULTURAL: Becausethispestisdispersedby BIOLOGICAL: Predaceous miteswillfeed on Insecticides/miticides are not effective Coleoptera 17 PESTS spp. of Epicauta larvae Blister beetle BIOLOGICAL: health, to livestock threats avoid To CULTURAL: alfalfa and for Insecticides registered CHEMICAL: Similar Species with be confused adults can Black coloured mealworms and adult 115) (p. beetles ground head or thorax. rounded the have which do not Monitoring/Scouting adults to collect net a sweep Use developed. None on plants. congregating Threshold Economic established. None Options Management are useful predators of grasshopper eggs. of grasshopper predators useful are with alfalfa. adult beetles harvesting avoid clover. sweet - About 13–25 mm long, mouth- long, 13–25 mm About 12–25 mm long; elytra are flexible and flexible are 12–25 mm long; elytra ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE in groups found frequently are Adults ADULTS: above). (see on crops feed Do not LARVAE: Alfalfa, broad beans, faba beans, canola, faba beans, canola, beans, Alfalfa, broad ADULTS: on grasshopper spp. feed Epicauta LARVAE: ation per year. blister beetle – adult Nuttal’s Laura Hubers, USFWS Moutain-Prairie Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Identification Identification Cycle Life emerged in the soil. Newly as larvae Overwinter and to feed plants on food adults congregate batches of or five four lay mate. Females 2–3 weeks 200–400 eggs in the soil which take early June from present adults are to hatch. Most depending on species. One gener to mid-August Damage Feeding sp.) – adult sp.) (Epicauta beetle Blister Bugwood.org University, State Colorado Cranshaw, Whitney Hosts thorax is usually narrower than the round head than the round thorax is usually narrower metallic adults are beetle and elytra. Nuttall blister purplish (16–28 mm long). or green through pass reduced; parts and legs generally which mouthparts during forms soft-bodied four smaller. and legs gradually get but rarely crops and mating on flowering feeding blister on. However, moving cause damage before It can cause cantharidin. the toxin contain beetles especially livestock, in sensitive distress severe containing horses, after eating baled alfalfa hay blister beetles. potato, sweet clover (low coumarin), sugar beets sugar coumarin), (low clover sweet potato, in nests of feeds blister beetle eggs. Nuttall bees. and bumble leaf-cutter ground-dwelling

Dec Nov Oct

Sept Adults Aug Pupae July

June Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Pupae Adults Eggs Larvae Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . ! Overwintering Larvae Jan spp. and Epicauta Say nuttalli Nuttall, Lytta Beetle, blister Overwintering 18 Coleoptera Overwintering Boris Loboda Cereal leafbeetle–adult Oulema melanopus(Linnaeus) Beetle, cereal leaf Jan Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec Pupae Larvae Eggs OverwinteringAdults Feb

Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June July Pupae Teneral Adults Aug Teneral Adults Sept

Oct Nov Adults Dec

have frosted appearance. the flagleafisstripped.Severely damagedcrops mature. Yieldquality andquantity isdecreased if The rateoffeeding damageincreases aslarvae causing elongatedwindow pane-like damage. if any economic injury. causing uniform longitudinalincisions,butlittle thorax between metallic blueheadandelytra. body covered inslimy faecalmaterial. Identification oats, andmillet. (brome, orchard, foxtail, blue,timothy, quack),wild canarygrass, ryegrass, rye, fescue, other grasses Oats, barley, wheat(preferred), corn, triticale,reed Hosts Rural Development Alberta Agriculture and Cereal leafbeetle–larva University, Bugwood.org Bob Hammon,Colorado State Cereal leafbeetle–damage Feeding Damage year. seeking overwintering sites.Onegeneration per 3 weeks. New adultsfeed for 2–3weeks before to theground topupateinearthencells for about of leaves. Larvae feed for 2–3weeks thendrop of 3–4touchingendtoontheuppersurface yellowish orangeoval eggssinglyorinbatches protected sites.Eachfemale lays 50to275 material, tree bark,buildingsiding,andother Adults overwinter outsidefieldsunderplant Life Cycle LARVAE: Feed ontheuppersurface leaftissue ADULTS: MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 6–8mmlongwithreddish legsand Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Feed onuppertissuebetween veins, 4–5 mmlong,hump-backed parasitoid tomultiply. a shelterbelt and/or water bodytoallow the unsprayed inoneortwo corners adjacent to warranted. IfT. julisfound, leave upto1acre management) toreduce impactoflarval feeding. julis is present. small yellowish parasitelarvae todetermine ifT. larvae. Dissectmature larvae for thepresence of below economic levels. Ladybeetles alsofeed on successfully reduced andmaintained populations Tetrastichus julis(Walker) (p. 134) , has Management Options more perflagleaf. leaf emergence. At theboot stage:1larvae or plant, includingallthetillerspresent before flag Pre-boot stage:3eggsand larvae ormore per Economic Threshold plant for thecrop. Calculate theaverage number oflarvae andeggs/ across thecrop, beginningfrom afieldmargin. 10–20 plants at5sitesfollowing a“W”pattern Beginning justbefore theboot stage,examine Monitoring/Scouting green elytra. in colour withanorangethoraxandmetallic measures about5mmlongandisgreen-blue (Linnaeus), alsoresembles thecereal leaf. It in colour. Theleafbeetle, Gastrophysa polygoni basal segment oftheantennae are alsoreddish The firstsegment offirst2pairslegsandthe hairs whichare absent inthecereal leafbeetle. with orangetoreddish thorax;elytraalsohave These beneficialinsectshave adarkelytraoften Collops spp.are similarinappearance andsize. Similar Species CHEMICAL: Applyrecommended products if CULTURAL: BIOLOGICAL: Theintroduced larval parasitoid, Optimize crop development (nutrition Coleoptera 19

PESTS No specific natural enemies identified – specific natural enemies identified No

Rotate host and non-host crops; and non-host crops; host Rotate CULTURAL: insecticides registered. No CHEMICAL: BIOLOGICAL: Similar Species None. Monitoring/Scouting fields infested inspect previously May, In April and and weed crop on volunteer feeding larvae for crops host of nearby the margins hosts. Monitor the first fields for infested previously nearest of presence for emergence after crop 2 weeks adults. invading Threshold Economic established. None Options Management cultivate infested fields in late fall or early spring infested cultivate hatching larvae it difficult for to bury eggs, make hosts food and to eliminate volunteer to emerge, will Late spring cultivation larvae. emerged any for and crushing, predation, by pupal survival reduce crops under seeding non-host Avoid desiccation. of beetles a source with canola which can provide host crops. nearby to invade year the following see also Integrated Pest Management (IPM) section Management Pest see also Integrated 3). (p. 10-12 mm long, hump-backed, 10-12 mm long, hump-backed, When adults consume volunteer hosts volunteer When adults consume 7-10 mm long, distinctive red body with body with red 7-10 mm long, distinctive Red turnip beetle – adult beetle turnip Red Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Feed on volunteer host plants in host plants on volunteer Feed LARVAE: ADULTS: ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life in the eggs oval brown as reddish Overwinters pupae orange bare bright form larvae soil. Mature for feed adults emerged Newly in earthen cells. the soil to escape the and then enter 2–3 weeks Upon emergence about a month. summer heat for and to the crop flying throughout disperse by they eggs (300–400/ to mate and lay host crops other One generation at the base of host plants. female) per year. Damage Feeding Hosts cruciferous and crops, cole Canola, mustards, stinkweed). (but not weeds Identification at their emergence sites, they walk to nearby to nearby walk sites, they at their emergence in a the field margins in from Moving host crops. causing delayed on host seedlings feed band, they killed to replace re-seeding or need for harvest leaves, on feed Later in the season they plants. to prone pods are stems and pods. Attacked shelling. premature the spring. slow moving. slow black markings on head and thorax and three and thorax and three black markings on head back. black lines down Dec Nov Oct Sept Adults

Aug Pupae Red turnip beetle – pupa Red AAFC July June Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Overwintering Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults Eggs Jan Red turnip beetle – larva Red AAFC Brown americana Entomoscelis , red turnip Beetle, red Overwintering 20 Coleoptera Overwintering ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Adults Pupae Larvae Eggs OverwinteringAdults Jan Zygogramma exclamationis (Fabricius) Beetle, sunflower Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June July Pupae Aug Adults Sept

Oct Nov Dec

with brown head,hump-backed, slow-moving. exclamation point. of theelytrainasmalldot thatresembles an elytron, thefourth ofwhichendsatthemiddle flower budbractsandinleafaxilsduringtheday. late summer. in thespringanduppermostleaves (bracts) inthe Identification Wild andcultivated sunflower. Hosts Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Sunflower beetle–adult,larva Bugwood.org Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Sunflower beetle–larva, damage Feeding Damage per year. digging into thesoiltooverwinter. Onegeneration emerged adultsfeed for aboutamonth before form bare, yellow pupaeinearthencells. Newly and stems.Mature larvae drop totheground to female lays upto1000eggssingly onleaves sunflowers begintoemerge inthespring.Each Adults overwinter inthesoilandemerge as Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 6-8mmlongwith4darkstripesoneach LARVAE: Feed onleaves atnight, hidingunder ADULTS: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Feed onemerging sunflower seedlings

8-10 mm long, yellowish-green plants examined tocalculate average/plant. flowers; record total numberoflarvae found and least 5sitesby pealingbackbractsaround the sites nearthecentre. 2 locations oneachsideofafieldwithsampling satisfactory control ifrequired. populations. (Fabricius)) feed onthelarvae. and thetwospotted stinkbug(Perillusbioculatus larvae feed onboth eggsandlarvae; damselbugs Ladybird beetles feed oneggs;green lacewing (Riley) are important naturalenemiesofthelarvae. Myiopharus macellus (Reinhard) andM.doryphorae Erixestus winnemanaCrawford). Thetachinidflies attack allstages(e.g. thepteromalid wasp, populations below damaginglevels. Parasitoids Management Options 10-15 larvae perplant duringthesummer. 1-2 adultbeetles/seedling atthe2-6leafstageor Economic Threshold Monitoring/Scouting its thorax. lines down itsbackandabroad blackbanddown (Chrysomela scripta Fabricius) whichhasbroken also resemble adultcottonwood leafbeetle sunflower beetles donot feed onpotatoes. Adults potato beetles donot feed onsunflowers, and However, sunflower beetles are smaller, Colorado beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)). Adults closelyresemble adultColorado potato Similar Species BIOLOGICAL: LARVAE ADULTS CHEMICAL: Asinglespray shouldprovide CULTURAL: Delayed planting may decrease (May–June): examine 10seedlingsat (Julytomid-Aug.): examine 10plants at Naturalenemiescanoftenkeep Coleoptera 21 PESTS Specific natural enemies are not not Specific natural enemies are BIOLOGICAL: host plants Eliminate volunteer CULTURAL: if seed treatments Apply foliar CHEMICAL: Similar Species not that are of flea beetles species other Many in western present are crops pests of cruciferous for been introduced species have Canada; some of weeds. biological control Monitoring/Scouting emerging examine field margins, from Starting damage to feeding shot-hole in spring for plants true monitoring after second Cease cotyledons. ceases. appear or adult activity leaves Threshold Economic when 25% cotyledon treatments foliar Consider a lower Use present. are leaf damage and adults which slow dry conditions under hot, threshold of exposure and prolong seedling development to attack. plants Options Management known that can regulate pest populations. that can regulate known in the spring hosts) weed (including cruciferous good quality seed and plant possible. Use where germination and vigorous seed to optimize to lessen impact of flea seedling development adjusting seeding Consider feeding. beetle risk of damage (conventional rates to reduce width; tillage—10 g seed/ha and 25 cm row less with zero seed/ha). Damage is till, 8 kg zero tillage. tillage than conventional especially plants, young fail to protect treatments is delayed. development when plant Up to 6 mm long with whitish, Up to 6 mm long with Feed on roots of host plants with of host plants on roots Feed Striped fleabeetle – adult, damage – adult, fleabeetle Striped Dolinski, [email protected] Mike Feed on cotyledons and first true leaves and first true leaves cotyledons on Feed ADULTS: LARVAE: 2–3 mm long, oval; crucifer flea beetle is flea beetle crucifer 2–3 mm long, oval; ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life material along as adults under plant Overwinter eggs in the soil near lay Females field margins. feed in batches of about 25. Larvae host plants then pupate in earthen cells. weeks 3–4 for seeking until on host plants adults feed New sites in September. overwintering Damage Feeding Hosts plants cruciferous related and Canola, mustard, and weeds. Identification minimal impact on plants. slender body, brown head and anal plate, and head and anal brown slender body, 3 pair thoracic legs. also appearance; a shot-hole in spring creating damp on seedling stems under windy, feed on or wilting. Feed causing breakage conditions bark of maturing pods in late summer; premature ripening under high populations. shiny bluish black; striped flea beetle is black with flea beetle bluish black; striped shiny a flea along back. Jumps like lines yellow wavy two when disturbed .

Dec Nov Oct

Sept Adults Aug Pupae Fleabeetle – damage [email protected] Dolinski, Mike July June Larvae May Apr Eggs

Mar Feb Overwintering Adults Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . ! Jan Crucifer fleabeetle – adult, damage Crucifer AAFC (Goeze) cruciferae Phyllotreta beetle striped flea striolata (Fabricius) Phyllotreta Flea beetles flea beetle crucifer Overwintering 22 Coleoptera Brassicogethes viridescens (Fabricius) Pollen beetle,Bronzed blossom C. Noronha, AAFC Larva beetle–larva abdominal segment. black head;two smallblackspots ontopofeach with yellowish basalsegments. antennae are clubbed(lastsegments swollen) green toblueorbrownish-red elytra(wing covers); orange-yellow mouthpartsandlegs;metallic present inNova Scotia, PEI,andQuebec. known tobeestablishedinWestern Canadabut spp.) anddogmustard (Erucastrum spp.).Not spp.), rockcress (Arabis spp.),wildradish( Raphanus (Brassica spp.,Sinapsis),bittercress (Sinapis Canola andoilseedrape(Brassica spp.),mustards Hosts C. Noronha, AAFC Pollen beetle–adult generation peryear. seeking overwintering sitesinlatesummer. One feed onthepollenofother hostplants before the soil.Adults emerge afterabout4weeks and days before dropping totheground topupatein buds tofeed. Larvae have two instarsover 20-30 about 12days andlarvae enter developing flower eggs inthedeveloping buds.Eggs hatchafter eggs duringtheirlife spaninsmallclustersof2-3 bloom stage.Female canlay upto250oval white in search ofhostplants thatare inbudthrough about 15°Cinthespring.They willflyupto3km become active whenairtemperature reaches and canaggregate innearby forested areas. They Adults overwinter inthesoilunderplant debris Life Cycle Identification MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 2-2.5mmlongelongate-oval bodywith Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Note: this isonlyapotential pestandhas not yet been 4 mmlong,grayish-white with found inWestern Canada. mature atharvest (green seed). may compensate butseedissmallerandless 70% by larval andadultfeeding damage.Plants blossoms. Seedproduction canbereduced upto pollen andsecond instarfeed onpolleninopen overwintering. several non-crop hostsinthespringandpriorto and pollenofcrop hosts;alsofeed onpollenof shoot. Also calculatethenumberofplants/m of shoots sampled todetermine average beetles/ Divide thetotal beetles observed by thenumber long) from thecrop margin towards thecentre. of 10plants alongfive transects (at least30m the numberofbeetles onthebuddingshoots (stages 3and4),at5-to7-day intervals, count During canolabuddevelopment andbloom Monitoring/Scouting active at11°C. 2-3 weeks earlierinthespringasitbecomes segments are not yellow. Italsoemerges about green, legsare blackandthebasalantennal are mainlyshiny blackwithahint ofmetallic appearance anddamage.However, B.aenusadults closely resembles B.viridescens inlife cycle, The rapepollenbeetle (Brassicogethes aeneus) Similar Species Feeding Damage each transect. LARVAE: Firstinstarlarvae feed insidebudson ADULTS: Feed onbuds,developing flower parts, 2 for Coleoptera 23 PESTS C. Noronha, AAFC C. Noronha, Pollen beetle – clutch of eggs of – clutch beetle Pollen Descriptions of Field Crop Pests C. Noronha, AAFC C. Noronha, Pollen beetle – damage C. Noronha, AAFC C. Noronha, Pollen beetle in canola found in Western Canada. in Western found to 25 beetles/ 2 . 2 Note: this is only a potential pest and has not yet been yet pest and has not is only a potential this Note: Ground beetles are reported as reported are beetles Ground BIOLOGICAL: infestations Eliminate potential CULTURAL: in Canada. registered None CHEMICAL: shoot at 30 plants/m shoot Management Options Management Economic Threshold Economic Canada. Western for been developed have None per is 0.2-3 beetles the threshold In Denmark, threshold (lower on precipitation depending plant threshold In Britain the moisture). lower for density (from to budding shoot according varies at 70 plants/m 7 beetles/shoot predators of both adults and larvae. In Britain In Britain adults and larvae. of both predators mortality in 50% larval cause up to parasitic wasps crops. unsprayed canola hosts such as volunteer sources/alternate and mustards. 24 Coleoptera Overwintering ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Adults Pupae Larvae Eggs Overwintering AdultsActive Jan University, Bugwood.org Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State Alfalfa weevil –damage Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) Weevil, alfalfa Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June

July Pupae Aug Adults Sept Oct Nov Dec head andwhitestripedown body. when disturbed. down themiddlefor 2/3ofthebody. Play dead characteristic darkbrown stripefrom front ofhead appearance. skeletonise upperleaves givingcrop afrosted and budsfolded terminalleaves; olderlarvae 3–4 days thenmove tofeed ondeveloping tips late summer;notched leaves characteristic damage. on developing plants inspringand againinmidto Identification Alfalfa; occasionally onvetches andclovers. Hosts Boris Loboda Alfalfa weevil –adult,damage (p. 26) . See Clover leafweevil, Brachypera zoilus (Scopoli) Similar Species Feeding Damage sites. Onegenerationperyear. feed onhostplants until seekingoverwintering late JuneorearlyJulyinearthencells. New adults (peak mid-June tomid-July) thenbegintopupate in 4-21days andlarvae feed for 3-4weeks of 5-25inplant stemsorinleaflitter. Eggs hatch 600–800 shiny yellow tobrown eggsinbatches and feed inApril–May; duringMay lay upto field margins andflyinto hostcrops tomate Overwinter asadultsunderplant materialalong Life Cycle ADULTS: MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 4-5mmlong,withweevil snoutand LARVAE: Young larvae feed withinstemfor Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide

Do not causesignificant crop injury; feed Up to10mmlongwithblack and re-apply ifnecessary. re-growth for larvae orsignsoffeeding damage prior tofirstcutifrequired; post-harvest, check re-growth for larvae ordamage. predators. more speciesoflarval andeggparasitoids are important larval parasitoids.There are several curculionis (Thomson) andB.anurus(Thomson) tips showing damage. stem requires actionregardless ofheight ofcrop. <40 cm plant height, 2larvae/stem; 3larvae per sweep net. damage, ordo90degree sweeps witha of alfalfa. larvae. Count larvae anddetermine average height pattern. Beatstemsinsideapailtoknockoff Alberta Agriculture andRural Development Alfalfa weevil –larva Management Options Economic Threshold Monitoring/Scouting CHEMICAL: Foliar sprays appliedagainstlarvae CULTURAL: Ifpossible,make firstcutearly. Check BIOLOGICAL: Parasitic wasp, Bathyplectes SEED CROPS: HAY CROPS: SEED CROPS: HAY CROPS: <30cmplant height, 1larva/stem; Collect 30stemsinanM-shaped Assesspercent oftipsshowing 20-25 larvae/sweep or35-50%leaf Coleoptera 25 PESTS For best results, make first treatment first treatment make best results, For Plant a trap crop of an earlier a trap crop Plant Minimal impact on populations. on populations. Minimal impact BIOLOGICAL: CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: Cabbage seedpod weevil – damage Cabbage seedpod weevil [email protected] Dolinski, Mike Economic Threshold Economic 3–4 adults/sweep. Options Management Microctonus melanopus Microctonus species of parasitoids: Two weevils adult that parasitizes , a wasp (Ruthe) , a (Walker) perfectus 130); and Trichomalis (p. within the pods larvae that attacks weevil wasp 137). (p. flowering canola variety, or seed a trap crop trap crop or seed a canola variety, flowering in order earlier 7–10 days of the same variety margins adults along field emerging concentrate if insecticide treatment efficient more for warranted. of plants (70% is in 10-20% flower when the crop egg to reduce 3-10 open flowers) minimum have later in the day pods. Spray formed in newly laying less active. beneficials are when bees and other Canola, brown and Canola, brown

2-3 mm long with whitish 2-3 mm long with whitish HOSTS:

Cole crops and flixweed, stinkweed, stinkweed, and flixweed, crops Cole 3-4 mm long, with long narrow snout. snout. narrow 3-4 mm long, with long (LARVAL)

MATURE LARVAE: MATURE ADULTS: on feeding Cause bud-blasting from ADULTS: to 5/larva seeds (up on developing Feed LARVAE: TRUE HOSTS: ADULT Monitoring/Scouting ten take flowering, early bud stage through From a samples at ten sites following net 180° sweep a field margin. the field from “W” pattern across Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life field material along under plant overwinter Adults and in April to feed beginning and emerge margins in pods, usually up to 250 eggs lay mate; females about for feed Larvae only one egg is laid/pod. to pupate in to the ground then drop 6 weeks per year. One generation earthen cells. Damage Feeding Similar Species weevil neglectus Blatchley—smaller Ceutorhynchus at same time on canola. present (2–3 mm) Cabbage seedpod weevil – adult weevil seedpod Cabbage Development and Rural Agriculture Alberta Hosts Identification Play dead when disturbed. Play and 3 pairs head and anal plate, brown body, of thoracic legs. and hoary cress. Yellow mustard is not a host. is not mustard Yellow cress. and hoary which flowers buds and young flower developing will also yields. Adults affect generally does not on pods in late canola crops. feed more pods are infested span); life week 2–3 over fungal infections to shattering and susceptible yields. marketable that further reduces wild mustard Dec

Nov Oct Sept Adults Aug Pupae July June Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Overwintering Adults Overwintering Adults !

Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Cabbage seedpod weevil – larva Cabbage seedpod weevil [email protected] Dolinski, Mike Jan (Marsham) obstrictus Ceutorhynchus , cabbage seedpod Weevil Overwintering 26 Coleoptera Overwintering Hypera zoilus (Scopoli) Weevil, clover leaf Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Eggs Adults Pupae OverwinteringLarvae Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June

July Pupae Aug Adults Sept

Oct Nov Dec

with brown headandwhitestripedown theback. colouration. similar toalfalfaweevil butnoeconomic injury. most severe duringlate,cool, drysprings. growth anddelaying development. Damageis plants (skeletonise leaves, terminals), stunting at risktocrop damageaslarvae feed onemerging However, crops withheavy residue cover are more Identification Alfalfa, clover. Hosts Boris Loboda Clover leafweevil –adult are muchlarger. which isabsent inadultclover leafweevils which weevil have adarkbrown banddown theback have ablackratherthanbrown head.Adult alfalfa Larvae resemble alfalfaweevil larvae (p. 24)which Similar Species Feeding Damage One generationperyear. stems, on stalksor near thecrowns of hostplants. eggs may alsooverwinter). Females lay eggsin Overwinters asyoung larvae inthesoil(some Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 5-10mmlongwithsnoutmottled LARVAE: ADULTS: Feed atnight, notching theleafmargins Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Generallynot aneconomic threat. 12-13 mmlong,green body an economic pest. product for thisspeciesasitis not considered been developed; seealsoIPMsection(p. 3). larvae turnyellow andthenbrown. Infected many Management Options rarely reach thislevel. Five ormore larvae/crown. Larval populations Economic Threshold of larvae /crown for thecrop. from afieldmargin. Calculatetheaverage number following a“W”patternacross thecrop, beginning When crowns appear, examine 20plants at5sites Monitoring/Scouting CHEMICAL: There isnoregistered control CULTURAL: Specificculturalmethods have not BIOLOGICAL: Duringwet orhumidweather, larvae are killedby afungaldisease. Coleoptera 27 PESTS Difficult to control with insecticides. Difficult to control Many natural enemies and diseases natural enemies and Many BIOLOGICAL: fields in the clover Burning of red CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: Similar Species and the 26) (p. as large is twice leaf weevil Clover the broken have 24) does not (p. alfalfa weevil body. the lines down Monitoring/Scouting the sparse for are flowers where Inspect areas of larvae. presence Threshold Economic than 3 larvae/ densities greater Larval None. can damage 50% of the buds and flowers. 5 shoots Options Management help suppress populations. help suppress adult decrease permitted) may spring (where natural important numbers but will also reduce enemies. damage has caused economic If the weevil apply an insecticide against year, the previous eggs, or after lay they the spring adults before moving are hatched larvae when newly pre-bud up to the buds and flowers. 6 mm long, somewhat 6 mm long, somewhat Feed on stipules, buds, and flower heads, buds, and flower on stipules, Feed Feed at night on leaves and leaf buds on leaves night at Feed ADULTS: LARVAE: About 4 mm long with snout almost About 4 mm long with ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life as adults under soil debris in host Overwinter laid in are Eggs areas. vegetated and nearby crops numbers peak about the time tissue. Larval plant on full bloom. Pupation occurs reaches clover red heads, in the flower cocoons in silken the plants area. leaf axils, or in the crown Damage Feeding Lesser clover leaf weevil – adult weevil leaf clover Lesser Boris Loboda Hosts and but white, alsike, host, is preferred clover Red also attacked. are clovers other Identification often preventing the heads from forming, reducing reducing forming, heads from the often preventing seed yields, especially in dry years. “C”-shaped, grayish to brownish yellow with a yellow to brownish grayish “C”-shaped, reduced. head; legs greatly brown leaf on notches characteristic rounded creating yields. forage affect does not Feeding margins. a short time before for Summer adults feed sites. seeking overwintering as long as its thorax; overwintered adults have adults have overwintered as long as its thorax; summer adults emerged tinge; newly blue-green Markings gradually darken. then brown pale are the length of the thorax include 3 pale lines down lines and a pale band along each and 6 pale broken side of the elytra.

Dec Nov Oct

Sept Adults Aug Pupae July June Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb ! Overwintering Adults Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Lesser clover leavf weevil – damage weevil leavf Lesser clover AAFC (Fabricius) nigrirostris Hypera , lesser clover leaf , lesser clover Weevil Jan Overwintering 28 Coleoptera Ken Gray Image,Courtesy ofOregon State University Pea weevil –adultlaying egg Bruchus pisorum(Linnaeus) Weevil, pea found inIdaho, Montana, andWashington, USA. known tobeestablishedinWestern Canada.Itis scentless chamomile,andcommon plantain. Not clover, dandelion,bittercross, shepherd’s-purse, extended weevil snout. pest isnot actuallyaweevil asitlacksthetypical abdomen iswhitewithtwo blackoval spots. This covering thethorax).Theexposed tipofthe the baseofpronotum (i.e.plate-like structure flecks andadistinctive triangularwhitespot at brownish bodymarked withgrey, blackandwhite and appearslegless. head andmouthparts;legsare greatly reduced cream-coloured bodyupto6mmlongwithbrown Hosts Bugwood.org cc by-nc 3.0MariuszSobieski, Pea weevil –adult inside thepeaseed. peas. Larvae feed for 5-6weeks before pupating eat through thepodwall toenter thedeveloping developing pods.Eggs hatchin8-9days. Larvae long oval eggssinglyorin pairsontheoutsideof stage. Eachfemale lays upto220orange1.5mm of peacrops thatare inbudthrough toblooom 20°C. They canflyseveral kilomeersinsearch the springwhenairtemperature reaches around lines, around buildings, etc. They become active in pea crops, undertree bark,posts,alongfence Overwinter asadultsinareas adjacent toprevious Life Cycle Identification ADULT HOSTS: LARVAL HOSTS: MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Stout, oval-shaped, 4-5mmlong Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Note: this isonlyapotential pestandhas not yet been Pollen andpetals ofpea,alfalfa, Field peaseed. Curved, grub-like, whiteto found inWestern Canada. © Western AustralianAgriculture Authority Pea weevil –larva insideseed germination andfeed value for livestock. consumption andreducing harvested seedweight, rendering peasunmarketable for human seed), oftenconsuming theentire contents in peaseed. Feeding Damage (55-66 days from eggtoadult). to promote activity. Onlyone generation peryear to dustifstoragetemperatures are warm enough Large populationscanliterallyreduce stored peas storage-entrepose/pip-irp/pip-irp-eng.htm). storage pests(see www.grainscanada.gc.ca/ overwinter insidepeaseedsare considered (mid-summer) afterplanting. Note: Adults that inside allwinter toemerge the following season may leave thepeaseedimmediatelyorremain Adults are ready toemerge in1-3weeks and LARVAE: Feed insidepeaseeds(one larva per ADULTS: Create a3mmdiameter emergence hole Coleoptera 29 PESTS

Eliminate potential infestation sources sources infestation Eliminate potential Several natural enemies reported natural enemies reported Several BIOLOGICAL: CULTURAL: in stored the temperature Lower PHYSICAL: before Apply insecticide treatments CHEMICAL: Descriptions of Field Crop Pests During bloom and before pod formation, use a pod formation, During bloom and before 10 to take intervals at 5- to 7-day net sweep margins to ten sites along crop at five sweeps sites. to hibernation adjacent especially in crops per 10 the number of adults collected Record sweeps. Threshold Economic is one or more threshold In Australia, the action 1 adult found US research adults per 10 sweeps. peas at in 10% infested result may per 25 sweeps harvest. Options Management Similar Species pests of with other to be confused Unlikely lineatus (Sitona as the pea leaf weevil peas such and black the grey, 30)) which lacks (p. (Linnaeus) white flecks. Monitoring/Scouting (Grese) senex (Grese) parasitoid Uscana Reared in Russia. of eggs in Chile. 50 to 80% between parasitized America of natural enemies to North Introduction to date. has been unsuccessful containing peas, pea hay such as volunteer peas peas, and weevil-infested weevil-infested seed or seed that weevil-free in storage. Plant peas early before has been fumigated. Harvest to moving them from to prevent adults emerge hibernation sites. of survival peas to 5°C minimum to reduce adults. overwintering eggs on the pods. adults lay found in Western Canada. in Western found Note: this is only a potential pest and has not yet been yet pest and has not is only a potential this Note: Pea weevil – damage, larval entry wounds – damage, larval Pea weevil University State of Oregon Image, Courtesy Gray Ken Pea weevil – damage, emerging adult – damage, Pea weevil Authority Australian Agriculture © Western 30 Coleoptera Overwintering Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Pea leafweevil –larva Sitona lineatus(Linnaeus) Weevil, pealeaf Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Adults Pupae Larvae Eggs OverwinteringAdults Feb Mar Eggs Apr

May Larvae June July Pupae Aug Adults Sept

Oct Nov Dec

(e.g. alfalfa,beans,clover, lentils, lupins,andvetch). 5 damage is non-economic. Not aproblem after and growing points ofhostseedlings,but thorax onto theelytra. coloured stripesextending length-wise down the long with ashortsnout.Characteristicthree light- legless withbrown head. Identification Hosts Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Pea leafweevil –adult,eggs Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Pea leafweevil –damage Feeding Damage before overwintering. search for any pulsecrops tocontinue feeding then pupateinthesoil.Newly emerged adults undergo 5instarsandfeed onRhizobium nodules move tothenoduleswhere they feed. Larvae or ondeveloping plants. Newly hatchedlarvae 300 eggs throughout thesummerinsoilnear walking short distances. Eachfemale lays upto the springadultsdisperseby flying(>17°C)or to alfalfaandother perennial legumecrops. In Overwinters asadultsinsoilwithinoradjacent Life Cycle and low seed yields. fixation by theplant, resulting inpoorplant growth causing partialorcomplete inhibition ofnitrogen ADULT HOSTS: LARVAL HOSTS: ADULTS: MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Slender, greyish-brown, about5mm LARVAE: Feed onthenitrogen-fixing nodules Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide th node stage. Feed onleafmargins (notching) Other cultivated andwildlegumes Field peas,fababeans. 3.5-5.5 mmlong,c-shaped, laid itseggsandit’s toolatetospray. on theclamleaf, thentheweevil haslikely already stage. If notches occur onthe lower leaves butnot when thepeacrop isatthesecond orthird node the fieldedgeandanother five siteswithinthefield 10 plants for thenotches ateachoffive sitesalong may re-invade fields. adults as required. Keep monitoringasweevils apply recommended foliar sprays againstthe leaf weevils are aconstant threat. Otherwise, nitrogen are not atriskofdamage. attack. Crops grown insoilswithsufficient mature, vigorous plants better withstandweevil as possibleandinoculatefertilize asmore can be sprayed ifnecessary. Seedcrop asearly field margins toattractdispersingadultswhich other natural enemiesfeed oneggs. Management Options on the clamleafduring2 30% ofseedlingswithdamage(leafnotching) Economic Threshold Up tothe5 Monitoring/Scouting the elytra. down thethoraxbutthey donot extend onto about thesamesize andalsohas3palestripes clover root curculio (Sitona hispidulus(Fabricius)) is lacks the3 linesonthoraxandabdomen.The (Fåhraeus) (p. 32))issimilarinsize andcolour but Sweetclover weevil (Sitonacylindricollis Similar Species 6 The crop isnot susceptible todamageafterthe CHEMICAL: Use seed treatments where pea CULTURAL: Trap crops ofwinter peasaround BIOLOGICAL: Ground beetles, rove beetles and th nodestageoritistoolatetoattempt control. th nodestage,examine theclamleafof nd to5 th nodestage. Coleoptera 31 PESTS Several species of parasitic wasps species of parasitic wasps Several BIOLOGICAL: of an earlier Seed a trap crop CULTURAL: should only insecticides If required, CHEMICAL: Monitoring/Scouting examine to appear, begin flowers ray When yellow pattern a “Z” or “X” 10 sites following 5 heads at Counts a field margin. least 30 m from beginning at level threshold the economic until should continue 70% pollen reached have or most plants is reached for suitable seeds are few shed at which time very of assessment, accuracy improve To egg laying. them with or spray brush the heads vigorously, to the the adult weevils to force a DEET product of the heads. surface Thresholds Economic oil, 12–14 weevils/head; for grown Sunflowers 1–2 weevils/head. confection, for grown sunflowers Options Management and flies and a fungus found in the soil. and flies and a fungus found to attract field margins around variety flowering which can be controlled females egg-laying Earlier seeding can the main crop. entering before moth. with banded sunflower lead to problems the tillage has reduced or spring moldboard Fall populations and adult weevil larval overwintering spring. the following emergence reach out of ten plants three be applied before Spray 40% bloom). reach all plants 40% bloom (not less active pollinators are when bees and other or early morning). (late evening Small, cream coloured, legless, coloured, Small, cream Larval feeding reduces seed weight seed weight reduces feeding Larval Feed on bracts (pin holes) and pollen holes) (pin on bracts Feed LARVAE: ADULTS: 2.5–3 mm long, covered with reddish- long, covered 2.5–3 mm ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Red sunflower seed weevil – larva, damage – larva, sunflower seed weevil Red Bugwood.org University, State Colorado Peairs, Frank Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life a lay in the soil. Females as larvae Overwinters 40% bloom when heads reach single egg/seed opened). Mature have florets (the outer 40% of the to to the ground the seed and drop leave larvae generation per year. pupate in the soil. One Damage Feeding Similar Species ; gray 128) Nymphs of minute pirate bugs (p. LeConte). sordidu (Smicronyx seed weevil sunflower cause and larvae (3–3.5 mm) larger are Adults sunflower the red unlike seeds to enlarge seed weevil. Red sunflower seed weevil – adult – weevil seed sunflower Red Bugwood.org University, State Colorado Peairs, Frank Hosts Sunflower Identification oil content. Partially damaged seeds cause Partially and oil content. seed. sunflower of confectionary downgrading prior to seed development; non-economic injury. non-economic prior to seed development; and C-shaped. orange, oval scales; long narrow snout. scales; long narrow orange, oval Dec

Nov Oct Sept Adults Aug Pupae July June Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb ! Overwintering Larvae Overwintering Larvae Pupae Adults Eggs Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Jan Smicronyx fulvus LeConte Smicronyx red sunflower seed sunflower red Weevil, Overwintering 32 Coleoptera Overwintering Jan AAFC Sweetclover weevil –damage Sitona cylindricollis (Fåhraeus) Weevil, sweetclover ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Adults Pupae Larvae Eggs OverwinteringAdults Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June July Pupae Aug Adults Sept

Oct Nov Dec

when disturbed. a shortsnout.Willdrop from plants andplay dead affect plant development orvigor. development onalfalfa. can bethinnedorstunted. Weevil cannot complete severely thinnedorkilled.Second-year stands severe indryyears. Seedlingcrops canbe developing seedsinpods.Damageismost of shaped andjaggednotches—is characteristic Identification of sweet clover. Sweet clover; alfalfaandcicer milkvetch inabsence Hosts Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Sweetclover weevil –adult thorax andelytra. coloration, butdiffers by having 3stripesonits resembles thesweetclover weevil inits size and The pealeafweevil (Sitona lineatusLinnaeus(p.30)) Similar Species Feeding Damage to pupate.Onegenerationperyear. larvae move towithin5–8cmofthesoil surface larvae develop inthetop15cmofsoil.Mature eggs inthesoilnearbaseofhostplants where in sweet clover fields.Females lay up to1600 Overwinters asadultsincrop debrisorsoilcracks Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 4-5mmdarkgray tobrown beetles with LARVAE: Feed onroots; however, feeding doesnot ADULTS: Feeding damagetoleaves—crescent- Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide this pest.Itmay alsofeed onstemsand 5-6 mmwhitish,grub-like.

noticeable thinningorstunting. predation, exposure, andcrushing. crops right afterharvest tokilllarvae onroots by better withstandweevil attack.Cultivate infested uniform emergence andearlydevelopment to at recommended depth toencourage rapidand other crops. Sow seedinafirmmoistseedbed sweet clover crops widelyapartinrotation with plants canoutgrow adultfeeding. Plant successive known thatcanregulate pestpopulations. Management Options stand: 9-12adultweevils/plant. (1/5 seedlingsunderdryconditions). Second-year First-year stand:1adultweevil/3 seedlings Economic Threshold Inspect seedlingcrops for signsofadultfeeding. Monitoring/Scouting CHEMICAL: Applyacontrol product ifcrop shows CULTURAL: Vigorously growing second-year BIOLOGICAL: Specificnaturalenemiesare not Coleoptera 33 PESTS Foliar sprays are not effective. Seed effective. not are sprays Foliar Predators of wireworms include of wireworms Predators BIOLOGICAL: of fields free summer fallow Keep CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: Economic Threshold Economic established. None Options Management Similar Species of with a number confused can be Beetles beetle the ground such as dark beetles different when flight take click beetles 115). However (p. can be Larvae beetles. ground unlike disturbed, but with those of the false wireworm confused the keyhole-shaped have the latter does not in the last abdominal segment. notch Monitoring/Scouting seed pieces, burying potato by larvae Detect or oatmeal mixture corn-wheat pre-soaked so locations through 5–10 cm in the soil at 10 or to mark Be sure planting. before a field 2–3 weeks for the baits after 2 weeks the locations. Examine supply food an abundant from Competition larvae. buried the baits are where in the soil around the number of wireworms reduce can greatly a through also be sieved Soil may recovered. wireworms. to look for screen , 117) (p. beetles 115), rove (p. beetles ground 121). (p. flies (Therevidae) of stiletto and larvae anisopliae can infect The fungus Metarhizium and kill wireworms. hatched newly to starve in June-July growth green that encourage seeding practices Use larvae. seedling growth. rapid germination and vigorous help reduce may with non-host crops Rotation development. and larval egg-laying damage. can help reduce treatments Elongated, cylindrical, wiry 8-12 mm long depending on species; 8-12 mm long depending ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE and weeds pollen of flowering on Feed ADULTS: seeds and on the on germinating Feed LARVAE: Hosts All field crops. Identification Cycle Life the larval however Only one generation per year, depending on species. stage can last 4 to 11 years Larvae overwinter. adults and larvae new Both adults remain the new and pupate in earthen cells, spring. the following until in the cell Damage Feeding body, 10-20 mm long; last abdominal segment 10-20 mm long; last abdominal segment body, notch. is flattened with a keyhole-shaped Descriptions of Field Crop Pests adults will characteristically make an audible make adults will characteristically themselves try to right clicking sound when they common (hence on their backs when placed dead when will also play They name-click beetles). captured. ornamentals. seedlings, parts of stems of young underground and thinned emergence crop causing reduced stands. Damage is often blamed on poor quality the spring. only in or dry soil, and occurs Wireworms – larva Wireworms Dolinski, [email protected] Mike destructor (Ctenicera wireworm Prairie grain are (Eschscholtz) bicolor and Hypnoidus (Brown)) in found species wireworm common most the two that can Prairies. Other species on the field crops Canada of Western some areas in be abundant lineatus (Agriotes lined click beetle include the sparsus (Agriotes wireworm western (Linnaeus)), mancus (Say)) (Agriotes wireworm wheat LeConte), (Linnaeus)). obscurus and the dusky (Agriotes

Dec Nov Oct

Sept Adults Aug Pupae July June Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Eggs Larvae Pupae Adults Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec ! Overwintering Adults

wheat wireworm mancus (Say) Agriotes dusky wireworm obscurus (Linnaeus) Agriotes Agriotes lineatus (Linnaeus) Agriotes wireworm western sparsus LeConte Agriotes (Brown) destructor Ctenicera (Eschscholtz) bicolor Hypnoidus lined click beetle Wireworms wireworm prairie grain Jan Overwintering 34 Coleoptera Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Wireworm –damage (continued) Wireworms Department ofAgriculture, Bugwood.org Eric LaGasa,Washington State Dusky wireworm–adult AAFC Prairie grainwireworm–damage Boris Loboda Lined clickbeetle–adult Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide AAFC Prairie grainwireworm–adult Hypnoidus bicolor –adult AAFC Diptera 35 PESTS Seed resistant varieties of wheat; or varieties Seed resistant Platygaster Platygaster The endoparasitoid BIOLOGICAL: CULTURAL: in Canada. registered None CHEMICAL: Similar Species during be present 43) may (p. Wheat midge other of Adults has an orange body. heading. It plant on decaying midges that feed species of also be present. fungi may matter and Monitoring/Scouting in the plants of poor stand and stunted In areas wheat spring and winter 50 young field, collect base of the at the stems and pull back leaves “flaxseed” puparia. any stems to expose Threshold Economic economic can suffer crops infested Heavily None. in host grasses in its presence damage; however phytosanitary prescribed require may crops forage for or fumigation) (bale compression measures markets. to some foreign export Options Management lays its eggs in Hessian fly its eggs in Hessian 136) lays (p. hiemalis Forbes in the fall. Another hatched larvae eggs and newly fly is the parasitoid that attacks the Hessian 134). (p. Pediobius eubius (Walker) to reduce wheat after mid-September seed winter of seedlings to flies. Early seeded spring exposure caused breakage to stem wheat is less susceptible fly than later seeded wheat. If practical, Hessian by to bury after harvesting disc in stubble right hosts available Eliminate volunteer larvae/pupae. seed wheat on wheat. Do not laying. egg for 4-5 mm long, with translucent 4-5 mm long, with translucent Wheat, quackgrass, timothy, timothy, Wheat, quackgrass, Nectar and plant sap, aphid and plant Nectar 4 mm long, delicate dark-bodied 4 mm long, delicate dark-bodied ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE None. ADULTS: causing stems tissue on crown Feed LARVAE: ADULT HOSTS: HOSTS: ADULT HOSTS: LARVAL Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life in “flaxseed” puparium as larvae Overwinters 250–300 lay Females at base of host plants. life their short (2-3 days) eggs over reddish of on the underside of leaves span in short rows July-August or tillers. Survives host plants young resuming within the puparium before as larvae generation. the second to produce development Damage Feeding Hessian fly – adult fly – Hessian Service, Research Agricultural USDA Bauer, Scott Bugwood.org Hosts Identification grasses, and western wheatgrass. western grasses, and rye legs and slender flies with slender long black beaded antennae. body. back of reddish-orange stripe down greenish or plants summer), fall or lodge (early to deform, Late spring (fall). stunted severely die or are the at will cause stem breakage infestations plants Injured the ground. node above lowest dark are plants of infested will yield less. Leaves of than those erect and stand more bluish-green plants. uninfested honeydew. Dec

Adults Nov Oct Sept Puparium Pupae Aug Hessian fly – pupa Hessian [email protected] Dolinski, Mike Pupae July June Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb ! Overwintering Pupae Overwintering Pupae Adults Eggs Larvae Puparium Pupae Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan Hessian fly – larva Hessian Research Agricultural USDA Greb, Peggy Bugwood.org Service, (Say) destructor Mayetiola Fly, Hessian Overwintering 36 Diptera Bugwood.org Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Alfalfa blotchleafminer–damage Agromyza frontella (Rondani) Leafminer, alfalfablotch moderate–severe feeding injury. yield loss; somelossinprotein content under cause premature leafdrop butnosignificant a “blotch” appearance. Severe feeding injurycan of theleaf, usuallybeginningatthebaseof by feeding andegglaying. Identification Alfalfa. Hosts Bugwood.org Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Alfalfa blotchleafminer–larva leaflet andwideningtowards theleafapex, creating Feeding Damage the soil. Mature larvae drop totheground andpupatein over theirshortlife span.Larvae are cannibalistic. lay atotal ofabout 140eggs,1–3eggsperleaf year depending onweather conditions. Females takes 30–40days, soupto4generationsper Overwinters aspupaeinthesoil.Eachgeneration Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 3mmlong,blackhump-backed fly. LARVAE: Feed between thetopandbottom layers ADULTS: Smallpinholepunctures created inleaves Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 3-4 mmlong,yellow maggots.

mining appears. is reached, spray crop before noticeable leaf but not adultfeeding damage.Once thethreshold reduce larval pupation. damage; remove hay assoonpossibleto harmful sprays. populations by up to98%intheabsence of (Dacnusa dryas (Nixon) (p. 130)) canreduce damage (pinholes). Management Options Economic Threshold with pinholes. selected sitesandrecord thenumberofleaflets each cutting, examine 5plants at10randomly Once leaves appearinthespringandafter Monitoring/Scouting importance. create thelarger blotch minesnorisofeconomic (Liriomyza trifoliearum Spencer) which doesnot that ofacommon native serpentine leafminer Larval feeding damagecanbeconfused with Similar Species CHEMICAL: Insecticidesreduce larval feeding CULTURAL: Earliercuttingtoreduce feeding BIOLOGICAL: Anative parasiticbraconid wasp HAY CROPS: 40%ofleaflets show adultfeeding Diptera 37 PESTS 115) and (p. Gyllenhaal bilineata Aleochara Several species of predators and of predators species Several Rotate host crop with non-host crop host Rotate CULTURAL: in Canada. registered None CHEMICAL: BIOLOGICAL: BIOLOGICAL: Similar Species 38)). (p. (Meigen) Delia platura ( maggot Seedcorn Monitoring/Scouting maggots root of all adult the presence for Scout sticky using yellow May starting in mid to late nets. or sweep cards Threshold Economic established. None Options Management (Polish canola) (Polish rapa Brassica planting Avoid crop. to damage susceptible more which are cultivars and canola) cultivars than B. napus (Argentine seeding Increased mustards. and yellow brown maggot root spacing can decrease rate and row fly reduce fall tillage may damage. Spring and/or In puparia to predation. exposing by emergence be could damaged crops severely some instances ploughed under and immediately reseeded. parasitoids attack all root maggot life stages and life maggot parasitoids attack all root maggot against root protection the greatest provide beetles in canola. Ground depredation (e.g. beetles rove and puparia; eggs, larvae, on 117)) feed (p. Some fungal and nematodes attack the larvae. some control. bacterial pathogens also provide 8 mm long, whitish maggots. None; feed on the nectar of various on the nectar of various feed None; ADULTS: more and damage are Infestations LARVAE: 4-6 mm long, light gray flies; wings gray 4-6 mm long, light ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Cabbage maggot – larva, damage Cabbage maggot – larva, [email protected] Dolinski, Mike Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life as pupae in the soil of host crops. Overwinters white eggs at up 200 elongate lays Each female one generation, Usually the base of host plants. possible generations are overlapping but two summers. or extended during warmer Damage Feeding Cabbage maggot – adult maggot Cabbage Wist, AAFC Tyler Hosts rutabaga, radishes, cabbage, Canola, mustard, is the Cabbage maggot and broccoli. cauliflower, species attacking canola. most common Identification flowers. Larvae damp soil conditions. under cool, severe host of seedlings and developing on the roots feed channels on or tunnel create larvae mature plants; to turn yellow. leaves causing lower tap roots into that further disease also promote Damage may can delay infestations Heavy growth. plant affects lodging and yield blooming and cause severe than often darker are canola roots losses. Infested under cool severe Damage is more normal roots. soil conditions. and wet temperatures overlap when at rest. overlap Dec Nov Oct Sept Adults Aug Pupae July June

Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Jan (Fallen) Delia floralis (Linnaeus)/ Delia radicum Maggot, cabbage/turnip ! Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Overwintering Pupae Adults Eggs Larvae Overwintering 38 Diptera Overwintering ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJune .JulyAugSeptOctNovDec Larvae Eggs Adults OverwinteringPupae Delia platura (Meigen) Maggot, seedcorn Jan Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June

July Pupae Aug Adults Sept Oct Nov Dec when atrest. cool temperatures andwet soilconditions. roots ofhostplants. Damageismore severe under plants andassecondary feeders ondamagedtap Identification carrot, andcucurbits. (snap, kidney, lima), corn, soybeans, peas,lettuce, Canola, turnips,cabbage,onionsandleeks,beans Hosts Food andRural Development John Gavloski, ManitobaAgriculture, Seedcorn maggot–damage(beans) Clemson University, Bugwood.org Seedcorn maggot–damage Feeding Damage other root maggots. matter. Willalsolay eggsonhostsinfested with in freshly-tilled soilshighinmoisture andorganic average of250–300 eggs inbatchesof25–30 warmer or extended summers.Females lay their two overlapping generationsare possibleduring harvested hostcrops. Usually onegenerationbut Overwinters asreddish brown pupaeinthesoilof Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 6mmlong,gray flies;wingsoverlap LARVAE: ADULTS: None. Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Feed ongerminatingseeds ofhost 8 mmlong,whitishmaggots. Seedcorn maggot–adult Tyler Wist,AAFC beans, peas,soybeans, andcorn. immediately reseeded. damaged crops could beploughedunderand to predation. Depending onthecrop, severely may reduce flyemergence by exposing puparia root maggot damage.Springand/or falltillage crop. Increasing theseedingratecandecrease bacterial pathogensalsoprovide somecontrol. nematodes attackthelarvae. Somefungaland (p. 117)) feed on eggs, larvae andpuparia; rove beetles (e.g. Aleochara Gyllenhaal) bilineata maggot depredation. Ground beetles (p. 115)and and provide thegreatest protection againstroot parasitoids attackallroot maggot life stages Management Options None established. Economic Threshold cards orsweep nets. starting inmidtolateMay usingyellow sticky Scout for thepresence ofalladultroot maggots Monitoring/Scouting turnip maggot (Deliafloralis (Fallen) (p. 37)). Cabbage maggot (Deliaradicum (Linnaeus)) and Similar Species CHEMICAL: Seedtreatments are registered for CULTURAL: Rotate hostcrop withnon-host BIOLOGICAL: Several speciesofpredators and Diptera 39 PESTS Pathogenic fungi, predacious ants, ants, fungi, predacious Pathogenic BIOLOGICAL: crops successive plant Do not CULTURAL: in Canada. registered None CHEMICAL: Similar Species maggot receptacle of sunflower The larvae and the sunflower diffusa (Snow)) (Gymnocarena be may (Loew)) finalis (Neotephritis seed maggot heads. in the flower found Monitoring/Scouting developed. None Threshold Economic established. None Options Management spiders, and birds. spiders, and birds. of sunflowers. 7 mm long, whitish maggot. Feed on nectar of flowering plants. on nectar of flowering Feed ADULTS: in the pith of the sunflower feed Larvae LARVAE: 6 mm long, yellowish body and 13 mm yellowish 6 mm long, ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Sunflower maggot – adult maggot Sunflower Bugwood.org University, State Colorado Peairs, Frank Hosts Sunflower. Identification Life Cycle Life debris in the soil. in plant as larvae Overwinter One plants. pith of young laid in the are Eggs generation per year. Damage Feeding stalk; however there is no impact on seed yields there stalk; however numbers of 8–10 per High larval or marketability. stalk can cause up to 30% stalk breakage. wingspan; wings bear broad dark bands that form dark bands that form broad wingspan; wings bear mark near the tips. a fairly distinct F-shaped Dec Nov Oct Sept Adults Aug Pupae July

June Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb ! Overwintering Larvae Pupae Adults Eggs Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan Sunflower maggot – larva, damage Sunflower maggot – larva, Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development Rural and Food (Wiedemann) longipennis Strauzia Maggot, sunflower Overwintering 40 Diptera Overwintering Tyler Wist,AAFC Wheat stemmaggotadult–sideview Meromyza americana Fitch Maggot, wheatstem Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec Larvae Eggs Adults Pupae Overwintering Larvae Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June

July Mark Boetel, North Dakota State University Wheat stemmaggot–larva Pupae Aug Adults Sept Oct Nov Dec shaped, tapered atboth ends. across thethoraxandabdoment. with distinctive green eyes and3blackstripes bromegrass, crested wheatgrass,andbluegrass. hosts inwhichthey willoverwinter top). Second generationlarvae feed onvolunteer stem andhead(often calledwhite headorsilver stems justabove uppernode,killing theupper Identification Hosts Tyler Wist,AAFC Wheat stemmaggotadult–dorsal(top) view flies thatmay be present inhostcrops. colouration distinguishthispestfrom other small The characteristicgreen eyes andbody Similar Species Feeding Damage generations peryear. stems. Eggs are laidonleaves nearthestem.Two Larvae overwinter insidethelower partsof Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 5mmlong,yellowish whitedelicatefly ADULTS: Wheat,rye, barley, oats,millet, timothy, LARVAE: ADULTS: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide None. F irst generationlarvae feed insideof Emmanuel Byamukama, SouthDakota State University 7mmlong,green spindle- Wheat stemmaggot–damage no resistant varieties for thispest. management practice where possible.There are populations. Delayed planting isaneffective infested stubble andvolunteer hostswillreduce predators. Management Options None established. Economic Threshold None; usuallyonly1-5%ofcrop isaffected. Monitoring/Scouting CHEMICAL: None registered inCanada. CULTURAL: Crop rotation anddestructionof BIOLOGICAL: Spidersandsomegeneralistinsect Diptera 41 PESTS Spiders and some generalist Spiders and some generalist BIOLOGICAL: midge sunflower If high populations of CULTURAL: damage. in preventing effective Not CHEMICAL: Monitoring/Scouting damage feeing of larval signs for heads Examine and for or gnarled flowers) bracts, twisted (scarred or base of the bracts at the of larvae the presence of the florets. at the base in the flower, feeding Threshold Economic established. None Options Management predaceous insects. predaceous fields should be established new anticipated, are season. fields damaged the previous from away begin at the most risk of all plantings minimize To midges emerge, stage when adult susceptible dates can be used if practical. planting several 3 mm long, cream to yellowish to yellowish 3 mm long, cream Feed on the tissue at the base on the Feed None. Flower nectar and pollen. nectar and Flower LARVAE: LARVAE: ADULTS: ADULTS: Sunflowers. LARVAE: delicate fly 2 mm tan-coloured ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life in the soil but some may as larvae Overwinter Adults favourable. are pupate if conditions batches lay Females 2–3 days. only for live buds on sunflower of 25–50 visible white eggs larvae Mature size). mm diameter 25–50 (prefer heads to pupate in the soil. Only the from drop one generation per year. Damage Feeding Sunflower midge – damage midge Sunflower Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Hosts Identification of developing seeds or bracts resulting in seeds or bracts resulting of developing and yields and deformed seed weights decreased in with a hole or depression heads, sometimes to field Damage is usually restricted the centre. the field throughout be present but may margins, infestations. in severe white maggots. one pair of unmarked transparent wings transparent with one pair of unmarked (4 mm wingspan).

Dec Nov Oct

Sept Adults Aug Pupae July June Larvae

May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Pupae Adults Eggs Larvae Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . ! Overwintering Larvae Gagne schulzi Contarinia Midge, sunflower Jan Overwintering 42 Diptera Overwintering Charles-Étienne Ferland, University ofGuelph Swede midge–damage Contarinia nasturtii(Keiffer) Midge, Swede Jan Jan .FebMarAprMayJune July.AugSeptOctNovDec Pupae Larvae Eggs Adults Overwintering Pupae Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June July Pupae Aug Adults Sept Oct Nov Dec when mature. are semi-transparent, graduallyturnyellow antennae; wingshave sparsevenation. to gray flieswithlonglegsandbeaded flowering plants. in secondary buds. may be stunted ifadults arrived laterandlaideggs impact onyield;however, secondary branches tree” effect). Feeding afterfirstflowering haslittle elongation andleave podsinacluster(“palm feeding onthegrowing point canstopstem growing points toturnbrown anddryup.Larval florets attheendsofracemes, causingthe Identification sprouts, andBrassicaweeds. Canola, mustard, cabbage,cauliflower, Brussels Hosts Jonathon Williams,AAFC Swede midge–larva surface debris. plants orseekingegg-laying sitesinthesoilor in canola crops feeding onnectarofflowering Other speciesofmidge-like fliesmay bepresent Similar Species Feeding Damage temperatures. per year depending onseasonalsoilmoisture and There are likely upto3overlapping generations suitable tocomplete development toadultstage. more thanayear inthesoiluntil conditions are few days; pupalstagecanlastfrom 14days to moist environments tomature. Adults live for only of hostplants. Both larvae andpupaerequire Eggs are laidinclustersof2-50ongrowing points Overwinter aspupaeinthesoilunderhostcrops. Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 1.5-2mmlong,delicate,light brown LARVAE: ADULTS: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide None. Feed onthenectarof Pre-bolting canola, larvae attackthe 3-4 mmlong;young larvae significant crop losses,spraying isnot encouraged. sporadic distributionwithinfields,andabsence of However, because oftheoverlapping generations, effective inreducing egglaying andlarval damage. they shouldbeappliedbefore bloomtobemost adults, eggs,andlarvae; ifsprays are required, infested theprevious year. Avoid planting canolawithin0.5-1kmofafield the fallcanhelpreduce overwintering populations. attack exposed pupaeandlarvae. other ground-dwelling predatory insectswill exposed larvae onplants; ground beetles and Susan Ellis,USDA APHISPPQ, Bugwood.org Swede midge–adult Management Options economic crop losses. None established.Causesoccasional isolated Economic Threshold presence ofadults. Pheromone-baited trapscanbeusedtodetect Monitoring/Scouting CHEMICAL: CULTURAL: Tillageorcontrol ofvolunteer canolain BIOLOGICAL: Spiderswillfeed onadults and Products are available tocontrol Diptera 43 PESTS Similar Species insects species of small midge-like A non-pest borealis Camptoprosopella Lauxanid, such as the on feeding crops in host be found may Shewell, or seeking egg-laying weeds nectar of flowering of other debris. Adults sites in the soil or surface fly) or non-pest Hessian (e.g. species of midge pest also be species may feeders) (fungus/detritus vegetation. and nearby crops flowering on present Monitoring/Scouting or ten traps pheromone-baited out three Set traps per 64 ha (160 ac) 4-5 days sticky yellow of adults. presence to detect heading before model development day a degree Alternatively, and first emergence to determine is available to help time field adult emergence percent (at inspections. Fields should be inspected daily the time wheat dusk, wind <10 kph, >15°C) from anthers leaf until the boot from heads emerge the number of visible on the heads. Count are 4-5 wheat midge adults on 4-5 wheat heads at sampling an equal Consider sites within the crop. where margins number of sites along the crop can be higher due to migration from infestations provincial your fields. Consult infested nearby current for site or local offices web agriculture based on pupal (reports reports midge forecast counts). 2-3 mm long, maggots; young young 2-3 mm long, maggots; Small (2-3 mm long) orange body Small (2-3 mm long) ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE None. ADULTS: of developing surface on the Feed LARVAE: Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life cocoons in silken larvae as mature Overwinter will survive they 5–10 cm in the soil where suitable soil moisture until years several for or June) in May (> 22 mm rainfall conditions adult stimulate pupation and subsequent is less than 22 mm If precipitation emergence. later and be a may there prior to the end of May are Eggs period of midge emergence. extended <10 kph, > 15°C) on the (wind laid in the evening on the florets. in grooves of the glumes or surface 2-3 for feed and larvae in 4-7 days hatch Eggs in the head remain may larvae Mature weeks. to the ground drop and only under dry conditions when it rains. Only one generation per year. Damage Feeding Wheat midge – larva midge Wheat Dolinski, [email protected] Mike Hosts wheat, wheat, durum winter Spring and crops spring rye; triticale, occasionally barley, include six-row to attack tolerant and oats. annual canarygrass, Identification large black eyes and relatively long legs and relatively black eyes with large and antennae. white, gradually turning bright translucent larvae orange when mature. Depending on the host crop wheat kernels. and egg-laying between (synchrony variety and stage of kernel heading), number of larvae, aborted, damage includes feeding development, kernels or scarred misshapen, cracked, shriveled, and grade. grain yield, quality, that lowers Dec Nov Oct Sept Adults

Aug Pupae July Eggs June Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb

Larvae ! Overwintering Pupae Adults Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Jan Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) Sitodiplosis Midge, wheat Overwintering 44 Diptera (continued) Midge, wheat Pupal counts exceeding 600cocoons/m Economic Threshold varieties). for insecticidetreatment (4–10for highvalue midge onthetencards signalsthepossibleneed loss (No, 1)isthetarget. For stickytraps,10 insecticide treatments whenpreventing grade heads istherecommended threshold for target. An average ofoneormore adults/8–10 treatments whenpreventing yieldlossisthe the recommended threshold for insecticide average ofoneormore adults/4–5headsis in unprotected crops thefollowing spring.An cause significant damageandeconomic losses Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 2 can dosage andtimingofsprays. Spraying once the www.midgetolerantwheat.ca/. midge-tolerant varieties andblendsispostedat parasitic wasps, Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby) Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Wheat midge–adult are exposed tounnecessary, harmfulresidues. effective afterflowering, andimportant parasitoids crop isnolongeratrisk,thesprays are muchless crop hasflowered isnot recommended becausethe m damage. Where cocoon densityexceeds 1200/ seeding ratesandearlierplanting canreduce be cropped withnon-susceptible crops. Higher in thesamefields.Severely infested fieldsshould attacks thewheatmidge. parasitic wasp, Euxestonotus error (Fitch) (p. 136) early summer. InsouthernB.C., another small if insecticidesare usedjudiciouslyinthespring/ to reduce thefrequency ofeconomic infestations which canprovide sufficient biologicalcontrol (p. 137) andPlatygaster tuberosula (Kieffer) (p. 136), Management Options susceptible variety (90:10blend).Information CHEMICAL: Consult product labelsfor correct BIOLOGICAL: OnthePrairies,introduced CULTURAL: Avoid continuous cropping ofwheat 2 , plant awheatmidge-resistant variety with a on Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) 45 PESTS Cost of treatment is not justified by justified by is not of treatment Cost Spiders (pp. 111-114), green 111-114), green Spiders (pp. BIOLOGICAL: not have Specific cultural methods CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: Aster leafhopper – damage infection) yellow (aster AAFC Olivier, Chrystel Similar Species species many are 46). There (p. leafhopper Potato crops. in and around of leafhoppers Monitoring/Scouting developed. None Threshold Economic established. None Options Management crops. in field loss due to aster yellows of crop value and other generalist predatory generalist predatory and other (p.139) lacewings insects. 3). see also IPM section (p. been developed; Feed by piercing and piercing by Feed 5 mm long, yellow or light or light 5 mm long, yellow 5–6 mm long, olive-green or straw 5–6 mm long, olive-green ADULTS AND NYMPHS: NYMPHS: AND ADULTS ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE Life Cycle Life the southern U.S. up from leafhoppers blow Most on settle each spring on southerly winds. Adults wheat, alfalfa) winter (e.g. grasses and forages to summer food moving before mate they where off in killed are eggs. Populations hosts to lay the survive adults may the fall although a few overlapping locations. Two in protected winter numbers depending on generations per year, arriving and timing in the spring, and suitable development. for weather Damage Feeding Aster leafhopper – adult leafhopper Aster Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Hosts wheat, lettuce, celery, flax, carrots, Canola, alfalfa, trees and fruiting and ornamental grasses, many and shrubs. Identification sucking up plant fluids. Normally 3–5% of the fluids. Normally sucking up plant phytoplasma. leafhoppers carry aster yellows but fatal to canola disease is not Aster yellows distorts floral parts and pods causing misshapen up and seeds, which often shrivel and malformed take plants Infected out of the combine. blow replaced on a purple tinge and normal pods are seedless bladder-like kidney-shaped, hollow, by to known are canola varieties No structures. to the disease. In flax, instead of be resistant produce the tops of plants flowers, producing which tend to turn yellow. additional leaves, coloured, wedge-shaped, with distinctive six six with distinctive wedge-shaped, coloured, fly readily on the forehead; spots dark coloured when disturbed. body with small to a pale greenish-gray brown with aphid nymphs wing pads. Can be confused and have cornicles, have slower, which walk Also, bodies. than wedge-shaped rather ovate somewhat walk tend to leafhopper nymphs sideways. Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Dec Nov Adults Oct Sept Aug Migrating Adults

July June Eggs Nymphs May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Nymphs Adults Eggs Nymphs Adults Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec ! Migrating Adults Chrystel Olivier, AAFC Olivier, Chrystel Aster leafhopper – damage infection) yellow (aster , aster Leafhopper quadrilineatus Forbes Macrosteles Jan Overwintering 46 Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) Overwintering Empoasca fabae (Harrison) Leafhopper, potato Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec MigratingAdults Adults Nymphs Eggs Adults Nymphs Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Nymphs Eggs June July Migrating Adults Aug Sept Oct Adults Nov Dec Descriptions ofFieldCrop Pests

shaped. Readily flyorhopwhendisturbed. Identification and ornamental plants. eggplant, rhubarb,celery, andmany more food Alfalfa, clovers, soybean, drybeans,potatoes, Hosts Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Potato leafhopper–nymph Bryan Jensen, University of Wisconsin, Bugwood.org Potato leafhopper–damage the spring,andseasonalweather conditions. depending onnumbersarrivingandarrival timein generations peryear (4-5 weeks/generation), off inthefall.Two andpossiblythree overlapping summer food hoststo lay eggs.Populations die wheat, alfalfa)where they matebefore moving to Adults settle ongrasses andforages (e.g. winter southern U.S. eachspringonsoutherlywinds. Potato leafhoppers (PLHs) blow upfrom the Life Cycle sideways. Also, leafhoppernymphs tendtowalk somewhat and have ovate bodiesratherthanwedge-shaped. nymphs which walk slower, usuallyhave cornicles, wing pads.Canbeconfused withaphid and with MATURE NYMPHS: ADULTS: 3mmlong,yellowish-green, wedge-

3 mmlong,paleyellow body under hot, dryconditions. New plantings are mostatriskaswell asregrowth a V-shaped patternstartingatthetipofaleaflet. greatest riskofcrop loss. if leftuncontrolled. Laterseededcrops are at herbicide damage.Plant growth isalsostunted with crinklingandcupping,oftenconfused with to reddish brown, stunted growth and death. stages istoxic toplants. nymphs are more harmful.Thesaliva ofboth piercing leaftissueandsuckingsap,however of leafhoppers inandaround crops. Aster leafhopper(p. 45).There are many species Similar Species Feeding Damage ALFALFA: Stunted growth, yellowing ofleaves in SOYBEANS: Yellowish patchesontheleaves DRY BEANS: ADULTS AND NYMPHS: Leaves turnfrom green toyellow Both stagesfeed by Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) 47 PESTS . trifoliate stage—1 nymph or adult/ nymph stage—1 trifoliate th 4 None registered in Canada registered None 0.2 adults/sweep; <9 cm high, ALFALFA: BEANS: DRY Natural enemies do not have a major impact have Natural enemies do not BIOLOGICAL: as early as possible as Seed annual crops CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: CHEMICAL: SOYBEAN: Economic Threshold Economic 9–<15 cm, 0.5 adults/sweep; 15–<25 cm, 1 adult or 15–<25 0.5 adults/sweep; 9–<15 cm, or nymphs/sweep. 25–<36 cm, 2 adults nymph/sweep; Management Options Management consume 139) consume (p. lacewings on leafhopper numbers. Green leafhopper nymphs. Cutting infestations. by less affected are plants larger and adult egg, nymph, reduce alfalfa early will potentially alfalfa cultivars. leafhopper-resistant populations. Plant susceptible more are varieties soybean Hairless (glabrous) with hairs. than varieties to leafhopper feeding trifoliate; first bloom—2 nymphs or adults/trifoliate. first bloom—2 nymphs trifoliate; leafhoppers/plant V1 stage—1.4 to 3.6 leafhoppers/plant V2 stage—3.0 to 7.8 leafhoppers/plant V3 stage—4.7 to 12.2 leafhoppers/plant V4 stage—6.5 to 16.7 R4 stage—9 leafhoppers/plant R7 stage—18 leafhoppers/plant Following an “X” pattern across the “X” pattern across an Following Scout at intervals of 5–7 days, days, of 5–7 at intervals Scout ALFALFA: BEANS: DRY Potato leafhopper – adult of Georgia, University L. Brown, Steve Bugwood.org Monitoring/Scouting beginning after first cut. Take 20 180° sweeps 20 180° sweeps first cut. Take beginning after in late June. of the field beginning areas five from number the average field edges. Determine Avoid of PLHs per sweep. at least 50 m, by spaced field, at each of 10 sites and fully newly that are leaves pick 5 trifoliate canopy. of the plant the centre from expanded the number of nymphs/ and average Record the field. for trifoliate Descriptions of Field Crop Pests , potato Leafhopper (continued) 48 Hemiptera: Heteroptera Overwintering Jan Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) Chinch bug

! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Adults Nymphs Feb Mar Adults Eggs Apr May Nymphs Eggs June July Adults Aug Sept Oct

Nov Dec abdomen neartheendsofblackwingbuds. pattern across over back. black andred legs;transparent wingsforming “X” conditions without causinginjurytoyoung plants. will feed onwinter wheatinthefallunderwarm to other hostsascereal hostsmature. New adults quality isreduced. Adults andnymphs willmove Damage startsfrom fieldmargins. Seedyield and seedlings candie,especiallyindrought conditions. wilting andreduced growth. Severely infested Saliva disrupts water flow intheplants, causing of leaves, progressing from lower toupperleaves. extract contents, causingyellowing orbrowning Identification and wildrye grassdo not supportdevelopment. foxtail, fescue, bentgrass, bluegrass;brome grass Wheat, barley, oats,andcorn; turfgrassessuchas Hosts University AgCenter, Bugwood.org Natalie Hummel,Louisiana State Chinch bug–adult University AgCenter, Bugwood.org Natalie Hummel,Louisiana State Chinch bug–adult and thewestern chinch bug(B.occiduus Barber). Hairy chinchbug(B.leucopterus hirtus Montandon) Similar Species Feeding Damage per year. in thesoilorbehindleafsheaths.Onegeneration to nearby cereal crops inspring;females lay eggs ditches, etc. outsidefields.Adult fly/nymphs walk under leaflitterinno-till fields,fence rows, Overwinter mainlyasadultsormature nymphs Life Cycle MATURE NYMPHS: ADULTS: 4-6mmlong;colour from darkbrown to ADULTS AND NYMPHS: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Distinctive whitebandacross Pierce leaftissueto turf grasses. with leguminousplants. earlier whenpossible;rotate orintermix crops improve tolerance toattack;plant cereal crops and other predators. spiders (pp. 111-114),damselbugs(p. 127) , egg parasitoid (Eumicrosoma beneficumGahan), Management Options None established. Economic Threshold None developed. Monitoring/Scouting BIOLOGICAL: CHEMICAL: None for cereal crops; several for CULTURAL: Maintain optimum plant healthto Big-eye bugs(p. 126)andan Hemiptera: Heteroptera 49 PESTS spiders 127) and Damsel bugs (p. BIOLOGICAL: burning or burning in Post-harvest CULTURAL: pest control field crop Check provincial CHEMICAL: Similar Species spp. Capsus spp., bugs include Labops Black grass spp., all of and Irbisia C. cinctus (Kolenati)) (e.g. similar hosts and cause on similar which feed silvertop. damage, including Monitoring/Scouting None. Threshold Economic 10% or more exhibiting In general, grass fields the action taken remedial should have silvertop be cannot evident, once Silvertop, year. following season. current in the or reversed treated Options Management are common predators. common 111-114) are (pp. many will destroy growth the spring prior to new burn creeping bug eggs and adults. Do not plant because region River fields in the Peace fescue red seed damage to the subsequent of potential burn only after the last seed In this region, crop. cycle. a rejuvenation and prior to entering harvest of straw and removal 3 cm) (below Low-mowing the incidence also decreases harvest following of silvertop. the latest chemical recommendations. guides for Both adults and nymphs adults and nymphs Both Resemble adults except for for adults except Resemble front wings and whitish markings on the wings front 4 mm long, blackish gray to black body, to black body, 4 mm long, blackish gray ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE NYMPHS: AND ADULTS Black grass bug – damage University, State Bob Hammon, Colorado Bugwood.org Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Identification Cycle Life laid in plant are Eggs One generation per year. on the same be found stages may stems. All three to adult takes Egg in early summer. host plants 4-5 weeks. Damage Feeding sp. adult sp. – Labops bug grass Black AAFC Julie Soroka, Hosts on will feed hosts, but preferred are Wheatgrasses oats, and range grasses rye, wheat, alfalfa, barley, and bluegrass; orchardgrass, grass, such as brome on in absence fed are plants some broadleaved of grasses. some with buff-white margins on the edges of on the margins some with buff-white the large, all have hesperius Uhler); . Labops head (e.g bulging eyes. some adults of wings (although and presence size wings). non-functional reduced have may Puncturing leaf tissue on the same plants. feed markings on to whitish mottled causes yellowish the from Damage progresses the leaf surface. will plants infested leaf tip to its base; severely recover will not Plants appear frost-damaged. in significant resulting conditions under drought Infestations and seed production. loss in forage limited to field margins usually are crops in cereal pasture infested nearby migrate from as females leaves damage to the flag fields. Severe and hay can also yield loss. Feeding will cause irreversible seed causes grass seed heads to turn white and as silvertop. known a condition sterility, Dec Nov

Oct overwinter Sept

Aug Adults Adults Black grass bug – damage AAFC Julie Soroka, July

June Nymphs Nymphs May Apr Eggs Mar Eggs Feb Eggs !

Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Jan sp. nymphs Black grass bug – Labops AAFC Julie Soroka, spp./Irbisia spp. Capsus spp./ Labops , black Grass bugs Overwintering 50 Hemiptera: Heteroptera Overwintering Julie Soroka, AAFC (similar species) Grass bug(Stenodemasp.)–adult Grass bugs,green-tan Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Overwinteringeggs Adults Nymphs Eggs Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Nymphs June July Julie Soroka, AAFC Rice leafbug–nymph Adults Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec pads. colouration toadultsexcept withbrownish wing Trigonotylus coelestialium Kirkaldy). pale stripesonsegment 1(e.g. therice leafbug, (feet) andred antennae with3distinctbroad, or tanbodies,somewithgreen legs,red hindtarsi of perennial grasses. known assilvertop (p. 46),orsterileseedheads, beneath. Grassplant bugsalsocauseacondition feed ontheheadsandany green stemtissuejust crops mature, adultsandnymphs willmove upto leaves, andstunting seedlinggrowth. Ascereal browning ofseedlingtipsandfecal spotting on nearby seedling cereal crops. Injuryincludes quality andplant growth. Adults willmove into fluids. Feeding causessomedecrease inforage piercing leafandstemtissuetoextract plant Identification Oats, barley, rye, wheat,corn, andvarious grasses. Hosts Julie Soroka, AAFC Rice leafbug–nymph, damage Julie Soroka, AAFC Rice leafbug–damage Feeding Damage early inthefall.Onegenerationperyear. to grasses,andmay feed onwinter wheatcrops Once cereal crops are harvested thebugsdisperse in rows withinleafsheathesneartheplant base. crops. Adults flyinto young cereal crops tolay eggs Overwinter aseggsingrasseswithinornearcereal Life Cycle MATURE NYMPHS: ADULTS: 5.5-7mmlong,narrow uniformly green ADULTS AND NYMPHS: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 4–5 mmlong,similar Both stagesfeed by guides for thelatestchemicalrecommendations. also decreases theincidence ofsilvertop. (below 3cm) andremoval ofstraw following harvest prior toentering arejuvenation cycle. Low-mowing this region, burnonlyafterthelastseedharvest and potential damagetothesubsequent seedcrop. In fescue fieldsinthePeace River region becauseof plant bugeggsandadults.Donot burncreeping red the springpriortonew growth willdestroy many been recovered from therice leafbug. Trichomalopsis sarcophagae (Gahan) (p. 137)has and spiders(pp. 111-114). Thepteromalid predators suchasdamselbugs(p. 127) (Townsend) (p. 123),aswell as generalist Management Options be treated orreversed inthecurrent season. the following year. Silvertop, once evident, cannot silvertop shouldhave remedial actiontaken earlyin wildly. Ingeneral,grassfieldsexhibiting 10%ormore will vary according toseedprices, whichfluctuate in perennial grassseedproduction thresholds considered apestofforage grassproduction, but per seedlingcanretard seedlinggrowth. Not None. Researchor 2adults hasshown asfew as1 Economic Threshold for immigrating bugsthereafter. for presence ofnymphs andadults;monitorcrop Sweep grassessurrounding emerging cereal crops Monitoring/Scouting Leptopterna dolabrata (Linnaeus). S. trispinosusReuter andthemeadow plant bug, are tanincolour—Stenodema vicina(Provancher), other grassbugsthathave similarbodyshapesbut B.C. Rice leafbugscould alsobeconfused withthree reduced seedyieldsofmerionbluegrassinnorthern bug isT. ruficornis (Geoffroy) whichhassignificantly A related speciesthatcloselyresembles therice leaf Similar Species CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: Checkprovincial field crop pestcontrol BIOLOGICAL: Tachinid fly, Phasiarobertsonii Post-harvest burningorin Hemiptera: Heteroptera 51 PESTS Attack the new growth growth the new Attack ADULTS AND NYMPHS: NYMPHS: AND ADULTS Feeding Damage Feeding Similar Species bug (Adelphocoris the alfalfa plant In alfalfa crops, also be present. 53)) may (p. lineolatus (Goeze) to green It is 7–9 mm long with yellowish-green Nymphs are black spots. legs with green colour, green. to light brown and reproductive parts (flower buds, seeds, buds, seeds, parts (flower and reproductive tissue to extract piercing by plants of and pods) white and fail to develop, buds turn contents; fall pods or pods fall without forming flowers on been fed that have without maturing. Seeds will and darken, as or shrink, as well will collapse loss may Additional viability. lose their quality and feeding heavy by is delayed if flowering occur or drought. pressure Similar colouration to adults Similar colouration 6 mm long; pale green to reddish to reddish 6 mm long; pale green ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life debris adjacent as adults under plant Overwinter and in spring crops migrate into to fields. Adults strong are eggs on stems. Adults summer to lay in the southern generations per year fliers. Two prairies but only one in the northern areas. Pale legume bug – adult bug legume Pale Bugwood.org University, State Colorado Cranshaw, Whitney Hosts and many sunflowers, soybeans, Canola, alfalfa, and weeds. plants native and cultivated other Identification brown to black, uniform to mottled colour; colour; to mottled to black, uniform brown or “V”-shaped triangular the distinctive, display and of their backs centre marking in the upper membranous wingtips. and abdomen. on thorax black dots but with five noticeable. Wing buds are Dec Nov

Oct Lygus bug – damage Lygus Sept Aug Mike Dolinski, [email protected] Dolinski, Mike Adults July June Eggs Nymphs May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Nymphs Adults

Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec ! Adults Jan (Palisot de Beauvois) lineolaris (Palisot Lygus bug tarnished plant western hesperus Knight Lygus Kelton borealis Lygus and Foottit Schwartz keltoni Lygus Van Duzee elisus Van Lygus bug tarnished plant Lygus bugs Lygus bug pale legume Overwintering 52 Hemiptera: Heteroptera is inbudorbloom. of any orallspeciesofplant bugs,whenthealfalfa sweeps) or5nymphs/sweep (25 infive sweeps) sweeps) or4alfalfaplant bugs/sweep (20infive ripened toyellow orbrown. Sprays are not recommended once theseedshave posted onprovincial government web sites. Canola Council ofCanadaweb sites. Saskatchewan, andManitobagovernment and sequential samplingchartpostedontheAlberta, taken alongornearthe fieldmargins. Consult the of lygus caught ateachsite. Samplescanbe of 15sites;record thecumulative total number >15°C by takingten180degree sweeps ateach at earlypodripeningwhenthetemperature is control actions. net to samplecrops todetermine theneedfor Use astandard 40cm(15in.)diameter sweep Monitoring/Scouting Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org Tarnished plantbug–nymph Research Service, Bugwood.org Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Tarnished plantbug–adult Economic Threshold and alfalfaplant bugspersweep. Calculate theaverage number ofboth lygus bugs alfalfa plant bugnymphs and adultscaptured. captured ateachsite.Alsorecord thenumberof field). Record thenumberofnymphs andadults in each4ha(10ac)ofcrop (minimum 15sites/ bud stageby takingfive 180°sweeps atonesite SEED ALFALFA: CANOLA: Consult theeconomic threshold charts SEED ALFALFA: CANOLA: Sampleattheendofflowering and Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Samplecrops beginningatthe 8 lygus bugs/sweep (40infive Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Western tarnished plantbug–adult Bugwood.org

alfalfa plant bugspresent. applied againstlygus bugs shouldalsocontrol any lygus bugstoseek other hostcrops. Insecticides nearby alfalfacrops are beingcutwhichmay force yield losses.Consider delaying applicationif or at the early pod stage should prevent significant of flowering (bloom90 percent complete ormore) been recovered from L.lineolaris. Trichomalopsis sarcophagae (Gahan) (p. 137) has and and P. digoneutis Loan (p. 130)),predatory bugs, (e.g. thebraconids Peristinuspallipes(Curtis) several speciesofeggandnymphal parasitoids Management Options CHEMICAL: Oneinsecticideapplicationattheend CULTURAL: None have beenfound tobeeffective. BIOLOGICAL: Lygus bugsare attacked by spiders (pp. 111-114). Thepteromalid Hemiptera: Heteroptera 53 PESTS 8 lygus bugs/ 8 lygus Pre-bud stage, Pre-bud Alfalfa plant bugs are attacked by by attacked bugs are Alfalfa plant BIOLOGICAL: debris Burning of stubble and crop CULTURAL: should be Insecticide treatment CHEMICAL: ALFALFA PLANT BUG ONLY: BUG PLANT ALFALFA ALFALFA PLANT AND LYGUS BUGS: LYGUS AND PLANT ALFALFA Management Options Management Monitoring/Scouting in. (40 cm/15 net sweep a standard Using beginning seed alfalfa crops sample diameter), at 180° sweeps taking five stage by at the bud (minimum each 4 ha (10 ac) of crop one site in the number of nymphs 15 sites/ field). Record the at each site. Also record and adults captured adults captured. and bug nymphs number of lygus bugs lygus of both number Calculate the average sweep. bugs per and alfalfa plant Threshold Economic several species of egg and nymphal parasitoids, parasitoids, species of egg and nymphal several 111-114). bugs, and spiders (pp. predatory early eggs. Alternatively, will kill overwintering and stubble into straw to incorporate cultivation populations. the soil will reduce threaten bug levels if alfalfa plant considered are treatments buds. Further flower developing can treatments needed. Pre-bloom usually not be harmful to beneficial insects and pollinators. with bloom of If insecticide application coincides or dandelion, use a chemical with a hawksbeard drift into insecticide period, avoid short residual in the evening locations, and spray non-target foraging. ceased after bees have nymphs/sweep; bud and bloom, 2-3 nymphs bloom, 2-3 nymphs bud and 15 nymphs/sweep; or nymphs after bloom, 4 adults/sweep; and/or 5 adults/sweep. bugs/ or 4 alfalfa plant (40 in 5 sweeps) sweep or 5 nymphs/sweep (20 in 5 sweeps) sweep or all species of plant of any (25 in 5 sweeps) bugs, when the alfalfa is in bud or in bloom. A problem only in seed A problem Resemble adults but smaller, adults but smaller, Resemble ADULTS AND NYMPHS: AND ADULTS 7-9 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, yellowish- 7-9 mm long, 2.5-3 mm ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE Alfalfa plant bug – damage AAFC Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life as eggs in the stems of alfalfa. One Overwinter a small second however, generation per year; summers. hot generation can appear later in early, alfalfa disperse to other adults will readily New away. kilometres even crops, Damage Feeding Similar Species bugs will likely the shorter lygus In alfalfa crops, later bugs generally feed 51). Lygus (p. be present superb seeds. The and developing on the flowers 54)) is (p. superbus (Uhler) bug (Adelphocoris plant The bright alfalfa crops. pest of seed an occasional it from and adults easily distinguish nymphs red bugs. plant other Alfalfa plant bug – adult bug plant Alfalfa Dolinski, [email protected] Mike Hosts and sweet red host; occasionally Alfalfa main available. not canola when alfalfa clover, Identification alfalfa crops where they feed on the flower buds on the flower feed they where alfalfa crops that leaf tissue and injecting a toxin piercing by and white, shrivel causes the buds to turn greyish or reduced will show crops infested die. Heavily blossoms. few green to green body with green legs and black body with green green to green on the legs. spotting body with small green turning to bright brownish is enlarged segment wing pads; last antennal and black. (club-like)

Dec Nov Oct

Sept Aug Adults Alfalfa plant bug – nymph Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food July June Nymphs May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Overwintering eggs Nymphs Adults Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . ! Jan Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) Adelphocoris Plant bug, alfalfa Overwintering 54 Hemiptera: Heteroptera Adelphocoris superbus(Uhler) Plant bug,superb Overwintering Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec Adults Nymphs Eggs

Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Nymphs June July Adults Aug Sept Oct Eggs Nov Dec caused by thesaliva injectedduringfeeding. reduced seedyields.Someofthedamagemay be shrivelled seedswithpoorgermination,and buds, abortionofflowers, reduced podformation, reduced growth, destroyed orblastedflower of developing budstoextract plant fluids,causing and underwings. thorax andwingswithblackmarkingdown back black markingsorwings. Identification Canada thistle. Alfalfa isprimaryhost;canreproduce on Hosts Tyler Wist,AAFC Superb plantbug Feeding Damage in Aug–Sept. HatchingbeginsinlateMay. Overwinters aseggsthatare laidinalfalfaplants Life Cycle ADULTS: ADULTS AND NYMPHS: MATURE NYMPHS: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 8mmlong,narrow (2.5mm), bright red 7 mmlong,red bodieswithout Both stagespierce tissue see alsoIntegrated (p. 3). will control thispest. other pestswhenthecrop isinearlybud stage alfalfa grown for seed,sprays appliedagainst in andaround alfalfacrops. enemies willbeimpacted.EliminateCanadathistle reduce overwintering eggs.Someresident natural Management Options 4 bugs/sweep. Economic Threshold the 2-4mmlong,reddish nymphs. alfalfa crop intheearlybudstagefor presence of Use asweep net tocheckatleast10sitesinthe Monitoring/Scouting None Similar Species BIOLOGICAL: CHEMICAL: Not recommended for hay crops. For CULTURAL: Burnalfalfastubbleinthespringto No specificnaturalenemiesidentified – Pest Management (IPM) section

Hemiptera: Heteroptera 55 PESTS Extract plant fluids Extract plant ADULTS AND NYMPHS: NYMPHS: AND ADULTS Life Cycle Life protected and other in buildings overwinter Adults in mid- to late from emerge they locations that mate and females later, 2 weeks spring. About to 400 white barrel- 200 from lay disperse to of 20-30 eggs on the shaped eggs in clusters in 4-5 hatch Eggs leaves. undersides of host plant period is so long, Because the egg-laying days. present instars and adults are nymphal all five in about Nymphs mature the summer. throughout adults New depending on temperature. 5 weeks sites in late overwintering begin seeking suitable per year. Only one generation is expected summer. Damage Feeding by piercing and sucking developing seeds with and sucking developing piercing by the damage appears mouth parts. In soybean, seeds and flattened pods. In corn, as shrivelled and shrunken, discoloured are damaged kernels similar to wheat. In late summer to early fall, green” a “stay can display plants soybean infested Most in senescence. due to a delay syndrome in the outer 10-12 m damage occurs feeding of adult immigration. Adults as a result of crop in the spring when they also a nuisance are dispersing and on buildings before congregate when ‘stink’ also because of the disagreeable squashed. ; a single spine ) th to 5 rd Brownish-red shield-shaped Brownish-red Stout, shield-shaped, 13-17 mm long shield-shaped, 13-17 Stout, ADULTS: MATURE NYMPHS: NYMPHS: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Identification Brown marmorated stink bug – adult bug stink marmorated Brown Schulz 2.0 Katja CC-BY Hosts field crop preferred are soybean and Field corn adults. Infestations and nymphs hosts for pea, sunflower on rape, been reported have fruits, attacks tree Also in the USA. and cereals trees ornamental and many berries, vegetables bodies, buds, or with fruiting and shrubs. Plants and feeding to adults for most attractive pods are egg-laying. to be established on the Prairies but known Not in 2016. Interior in the BC Southern detected and Quebec, and throughout in Ontario Present the U.S. mottled brownish grey body with alternating grey brownish mottled and white markings along the edge of the brown are the winds. There beyond abdomen extending white bands on each antenna. distinctive two with faint brownish-grey also mottled are Legs white banding. Underside of body somewhat of the pronotum The “shoulders” whitish in colour. spines (triangular body section behind head) lack 12 mm long body with white markings on the and faint wings present) abdomen (no exposed There a deep red. are white banding on legs. Eyes Small white bands on each antenna. two are and sides of the on the femurs present spines are in later instars (3 pronotum is present in front of each eye. of in front is present Brown marmorated stink bug – nymph Katja Schulz 2.0-BY CC Halyomorpha halys (Stål) halys Halyomorpha , Brown marmorated bug, Brown Stink 56 Hemiptera: Heteroptera (continued) Stink bug , Brown marmorated CC 3.0-BY David R.Lance, USDA APHISPPQ, Bugwood.org Brown MarmoratedStink Bug- numphsandeggs Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide peas. Checkthelabelsfor approved crops. control orsuppression oncorn, cereals, anddry biological control component. insectaries for native naturalenemiestoprovide a Asian parasitoidscombined withusingfield attack thispest.Efforts are underway toevaluate species ofnative predatory insectsandparasitoids bug (Leptoglossus accidentalis (Barber)). bugs (Boiseaspp.)andthewestern conifer seed congregate onbuildingsinthespringlike boxelder the whitebandsontheirantennae nordothey these andother stinkbugspeciesdonot have and rough stinkbugs(Brochymena spp.).However, bugs (E.consperus Rolston andrelated species), stink bugs(Euchistus servus Say), consperse stink native hostplants dieoff. Examples are brown especially towards theendofsummerwhen occasionally visitsoybean andfieldcorn crops, There are many speciesofnative stinkbugsthat Similar Species Management Options None established for corn, soybean, orwheat. Economic Threshold aid inearlierdetection ofthispest. identified anaggregation pheromone whichwill the milktosoftdoughstages.Researchers have examination by specialists.Samplewheatduring and store any suspectstinkbugspecimensfor during earformations stagesR3andR4.Collect developed seed).For corn, examine crop margins during theR4(fully elongatedpods) toR6(fully for adultsandnymphs. For soybean, sample nearest tobuildingsandwoodlots) ofhostcrops Use sweep nets tosamplethemargins (especially Monitoring/Scouting CHEMICAL: Control products are registered for CULTURAL: None developed yet. BIOLOGICAL: Surveys intheUSrevealed several Hemiptera: Heteroptera 57 PESTS Specific natural enemies are not not Specific natural enemies are BIOLOGICAL: around hosts in and Eliminate weed CULTURAL: but available products Registered CHEMICAL: Similar Species 58)) (p. (Stål) uhleri stink bug (Chlorochroa Uhler’s ­ the back. Other non- markings on has different on present bugs are stink (shield) species of green native season; once the throughout plants native plants green will seek any dry up, the bugs plants sites. seek overwintering they on until to feed Monitoring/Scouting developed. None Threshold Economic established. None Options Management stink bug is the Say for Specific management seldom necessary. pest populations. that can regulate known attracting wheat fields during the spring to reduce the area. into females seldom necessary. Pierce developing kernels kernels developing Pierce Green bodies with similar shape bodies Green 8-10 mm long, shield-shaped, mainly 8-10 mm long, shield-shaped, ADULTS AND NYMPHS: AND ADULTS ADULTS: MATURE NYMPHS: NYMPHS: MATURE Say stink bug – adult Say Management Health William M. Ciesla, Forest Bugwood.org International, Descriptions of Field Crop Pests as adults, without wings and distinctive spots. and distinctive as adults, without wings Cycle Life debris in fields as adults within plant Overwinter small, barrel- lay Females and field borders. stems on plant or rows shaped eggs in clusters per year generations One or two or surfaces. on the eggs to adult), depending (6–8 weeks season. length of the growing Damage Feeding Say stink bug – adult bug – stink Say Kati Fleming Hosts include host; alternate hosts Wheat is major and weeds. plants native various oats, and barley, Identification to remove contents. They feed actively in the in actively feed They contents. to remove at the boot morning and late afternoon. Feeding just before and feeding the plants, stage stunts numbers/head, kernel kernel heading reduces Yield losses are kernels. and can discolour weight, or just before, when wheat is attacked significant Shriveled, the heads emerge. after, up to 5 days Say of symptomatic grains are and light deformed, upon when fed Damage is slight stink bug feeding. at the dough stage. green with a pale orange stripe around the outer the a pale orange stripe around with green spots. yellow has four edge of the body; scutellum Dec Nov Oct Sept Aug Adults July June Eggs Nymphs May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . ! Adults Nymphs Adults Eggs Nymphs Adults Jan Chlorochroa sayi (Stål) Chlorochroa Stink bug, Say Stink Overwintering 58 Hemiptera: Heteroptera Overwintering Chlorochroa uhleri(Stål) Stink bug , Uhler’s Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Adults Adults Nymphs Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Nymphs Eggs June July Adults Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Russian thistle. for herbicidedamage; littleobvious damage to growing points incereals whichcanbemistaken at thefront andendofthescutellum. a whitish stripe,andtwo distinctive whitishspots covers speckledwithwhitishspots, rimmedby Identification weed host. Wheat, potato; Russian thistleisapreferred Hosts Chris Hedstrom, Oregon Department ofAgriculture Uhler’s stinkbug–adult Chris Hedstrom, Oregon Department ofAgriculture Uhler’s stinkbug–adult spots), itisatlevels below detection orworry. outer edgeofthebody;scutellumhasfour yellow mainly green witha pale orangestripearound the overwintering sites.Ifstinkbugispresent (adult is will seekany green plants tofeed until they seek the season;once native plants dryup,thebugs (shield) bugsfeed on native plants throughout Canada (p. 57) . Several non-green speciesofstink Other speciesofChlorochroa are present inWestern Similar Species Feeding Damage One generation peryear. to crop hostsastheRussian thistledriesdown. act asaspringhostfrom whichnew adultsfly to hostcrops tolay eggs.Russian thistlecan feed andmate on emerging plants before flying Overwinters asadultsunderplant debris;adults Life Cycle ADULTS: 8mmlong,greenish thoraxandwing ADULTS AND NYMPHS: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Feeding killsthe seldom necessary. females into thearea. crop fieldsduringthespringtoreduce attracting known thatcanregulate pestpopulations. Management Options None established. Economic Threshold monitoring andcontrol not worthwhile. tillers, itnormallyhaslittleimpactonyieldmaking a minor, late-seasonpest,attackingsecondary field margins. However, because itisusuallyonly Uhler’s stinkbugispresent -concentrate onthe sweeps withastandard sweep net ifyou suspect Look for signsofdamage.Make several dozen Monitoring/Scouting CHEMICAL: CULTURAL: Eliminateweed hostsinandaround BIOLOGICAL: Specificnaturalenemiesare not Registered products available but Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) 59 PESTS 12-15 aphids/stem prior to the 12-15 aphids/stem The critical period for injury by injury by The critical period for Several species of parasitoids (e.g. species of parasitoids (e.g. Several BIOLOGICAL: not have Specific cultural methods CULTURAL: to natural least toxic Apply products CHEMICAL: SMALL GRAINS: GRAINS: SMALL FIELD CORN: CORN: FIELD Similar Species aphids. species of grain of other See descriptions Monitoring/Scouting the number soft dough stage, count Prior to the on each of 20 randomly selected of aphids present of the transect a zig-zag tillers at 5 sites across number/tiller. field. Calculate the average Threshold Economic Options Management Sharma et Subba Roa, p. 129), Subba Roa, Aphidius smithii Sharma et p. 139; snakeflies, lacewings, green (e.g. predators p. 140), and fungal pathogens attack this aphid. 3). see also IPM section (p. been developed; required. are enemies if treatments soft dough stage. leaf aphid is during tassel emergence corn is suggested only pollination. Treatment through 100+ aphids have plants when 50% of the corn and plants during tassel emergence per plant stressed. drought are Are a vector of barley barley of a vector Are ) Similar appearance to adults Similar appearance www.nbair.res.in ADULTS AND NYMPHS: AND ADULTS 1.6-2 mm long, blue-green or gray with or gray 1.6-2 mm long, blue-green ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE Corn leaf aphid – damage Corn Archive, Pathology of Plant Department Bugwood.org University, State Carolina North Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life and volunteer on fall planted the winter Passes the southern and grasses in and corn barley north in the spring, and passes It migrates U.S. generations during migration. several through host crops available it colonizes arrived, Once generations asexual several and passes through are females dying off in the fall. Winged before the summer to seek out new throughout produced die off in the fall. Populations hosts to colonize. Damage Feeding Corn leaf aphid – adult, nymph – adult, leaf aphid Corn Agricultural of Bureau Research-National of Agricultural Indian Council ( Insect Resources Hosts wheat; wild and winter occasionally corn, Barley, grasses. cultivated Identification yellow dwarf virus. Produce sticky clear “honey sticky clear “honey virus. Produce dwarf yellow mold. of black sooty which supports growth dew” of and discoloration mottling causes Feeding or yellow, turn red leaves infested Heavily leaves. damage usually and die. The important shrivel, is not Barley during and after flowering. occurs after high infestations to damage from susceptible tassels and silks. on corn stage. Feed the boot black legs, cauda and short broad black cornicles black cornicles short broad black legs, cauda and their bases. around a dark spot by surrounded but smaller. Dec Nov

Oct Sept Aug Migrating Adults July

June May Apr Nymphs and adults Mar Feb ! Migrating Adults Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Nymphs and adults Jan Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) Rhopalosiphum , corn leaf Aphid, corn Overwintering 60 Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) Overwintering Sitobion (Macrosiphum) avenae (Fabricius) Aphid, Englishgrain Jan Nymphs ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec Feb Mar Nymphs Apr

Migrating May Migrating Adults June

Adults

July Aug Sept Oct

Nov Dec but smaller. longer thanitsbody. legs andcornicles; antennae are aslongor yellowish-green toreddish-brown withlongblack Populations drop quicklyasheads mature. on developing kernels, causingsometoshrivel. colonize leaves thenmove totheheadsfeed leaves ofwinter cereals inthefall;spring vectors ofbarley yellow dwarf virus.Feed on Identification Wheat, barley, oats,rye, canaryseed. Hosts Tyler Wist,AAFC English grainaphid–adult,nymph See greenbug (p. 70). Similar Species Feeding Damage die offinthefall. produced asexually until latesummer. Populations blow infrom U.S. Several nymphal generationsare Not known tooverwinter inCanadianprairies; Life Cycle MATURE NYMPHS: ADULTS: 1.5-2mmlong,bright green to ADULTS AND NYMPHS: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Similar appearance toadults They are very efficient enemies iftreatments are required. been developed; seealsoIPMsection(p. 3). fungal pathogensattackthisaphid. lacewings (p. 139)andsnakeflies (p. 140)),and (especially ladybeetles (p. 116), but alsogreen Smithi Sharmaet SubbaRao(p. 129)),predators avenaphis (Fitch) (p. 129),A.erviHalida (p. 129),A. several speciesofparasitoids(e.g. Aphidius to thesoftdoughstage. 10–20 aphidson50%ofthestemsprior to thesoftdoughstage. Management Options Economic Threshold aphids hidinginsidealongthesmallstem. the headshouldbebent andcloselyinspectedfor Calculate theaverage number/tiller. In canaryseed, tillers at 5 sites across a zigzag transect of the field. aphids present oneachof20randomlyselected Prior tothesoftdoughstage,count thenumberof Monitoring/Scouting CHEMICAL: CULTURAL: Specificculturalmethods have not BIOLOGICAL: Similartoother aphidpests, SMALL GRAINS: CANARYSEED: Anominalthreshold of Applyproducts leasttoxic tonatural 12-15 aphids/stem prior Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) 61 PESTS 30-100 GPA/100 leaves. leaves. 30-100 GPA/100 Highly efficient vectors vectors Highly efficient . The large body size and body size 64). The large

(p. 3 to 10 GPA/100 leaves. 3 to 10 GPA/100 aphid Specific cultural methods have not not have Specific cultural methods SEED POTATOES: POTATOES: SEED species of predators Several BIOLOGICAL: CULTURAL: in required is rarely Control CHEMICAL: ADULTS AND NYMPHS: AND ADULTS POTATOES: examine in early July, Starting PROCESSING POTATOES: POTATOES: PROCESSING Economic Threshold Economic Options Management Feeding Damage Feeding Similar Species See the potato it aphid distinguish potato elongated shape of the peach aphid. green smaller oval-bodied the from Monitoring/Scouting snakefly (p. 140)) and (p. 139), snakefly (p. lacewing (green 129), (p. Viereck parasitoids (Aphidius colemani (p. 129), A. ervi Haliday (p. Haliday A. matricariae ) as 129) Subba Rao (p. 129), A. smithi Sharma et attack this widespread as pathogenic fungi well pest. 3). see also IPM section (p. been developed; must be crops Seed potato crops. commercial transmitted viruses by infection from protected of scope broad this species. It has a very by must be taken and care insecticide resistance developing to avoid insecticide groups to rotate resistance. of the potato leaf roll and rugose mosaic (PVY) rugose mosaic (PVY) and roll leaf of the potato distributed to susceptible are viruses. Viruses hosts. All new seeking winged females by crops which causes during feeding, stages inject a toxin death. leaflet and even streaking, leaf deformities, in each of 4 areas from leaves canopy 25 lower peach aphids green the number of the field. Count a hand lens if leaf (use on each compound (GPA) aphids). potato them from to identify necessary Similar appearance to adults Similar appearance 1.8 to 2.3 mm long, egg-shaped body 1.8 to 2.3 mm long, egg-shaped ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE Green peach aphid – winged adult Service, Research Agricultural USDA Bauer, Scott Bugwood.org Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life in production on host plants overwinter Locally houses, from or root greenhouses, and display escape to summer hosts which winged females the over produced are generations several where Others migrate summer (10-14 days/generation). each spring on southerly winds. the U.S up from during the summer produced are Winged forms or the host plant overcrowded get when colonies the quality declines. Field populations die off with back to migrate winged females first fall frosts; propagation/storage plant and other greenhouses sites to overwinter. Green peach aphid – adult, nymph – adult, aphid peach Green University, State Michigan Cappaert, David Bugwood.org Hosts field and greenhouse other many Canola, potato, fruits. and tree crops, and floricultural vegetable Identification with a translucent yellow-green abdomen with yellow-green with a translucent the tips of the cornicles a dark patch on the back; is and the caudal segment swollen, slightly are The bases of the rather than pointed. rounded directed inwardly prominent, have antennae Winged adults cap opener). bottle a (like tubercles a black head and thorax. have winged females become but smaller; those that be pinkish. may Dec Nov

Oct

Sept Adults

Aug Adults July June

Adults May Apr Several generations Mar Feb Several generations Several generations Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . !

Jan (Sulzer) Myzus persicae green peach Aphid, green Overwintering 62 Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) Overwintering Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus) Aphid, oat-birdcherry Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec Nymphs Migrating Feb Mar Nymphs Apr May Migrating Adults June

Adults

July

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec in “fish-hooked” heads. corkscrew shapethatcantraptheawns,resulting boot stage cancausetheflagleaftotwistinto a varieties. Large colonies onwheatplants pastthe plant growth andreduce seedweights insome yellow dwarf viruswhichcanstunt barley andoat wheat. They are very efficient vectors ofbarley wheat ismore susceptible toinjurythanwinter and affect protein content andtestweight. Spring plants, heavy infestations canreduce grainquality no yellowing orother visibledamageto wheat yellowish green todarkolive asthey mature. between andaround thebaseofeachcornicle. antennae andcornicles, andared-orange patch Identification Wheat, barley, oats,canaryseed. Hosts John Gavloski, ManitobaAgriculture, Food andRural Development Oat-birdcherry aphid–adult,nymph Andrew Jensen, Flickr Oat-birdcherry aphid–wingedadult Feeding Damage die offinthefall. produced asexually until latesummer. Populations blow infrom U.S. Several nymphal generationsare Not known tooverwinter inCanadianprairies; Life Cycle ADULTS: ADULTS AND NYMPHS: MATURE NYMPHS: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 2mmlong,olive-green withblack Nymphs turnfrom pale Although feeding causes on 50%ofthestemspriortosoftdough stage. enemies iftreatments are required. been developed; seealso IPM section(p.. 3) 140) andfungalpathogensattackthisaphid. predators, (green lacewing (p., snakefly 139) (p. Sharma et SubbaRao(p. 129)), (Aphidius colemani Viereck (p. 129),A.smithi soft doughstage. Management Options Economic Threshold the tillers at5sitesacross azig-zag transectof aphids present oneachof20randomlyselected of Prior tothesoftdoughstage,count thenumber Monitoring/Scouting ( See descriptions ofother speciesattackingwheat Similar Species stem. inspected for aphids hidinginsidealongthesmall canaryseed, theheadshouldbebent andclosely CANARYSEED: CHEMICAL: Applyproducts least toxic tonatural CULTURAL: Specificculturalmethods have not BIOLOGICAL: Several speciesofparasitoids SMALL GRAINS: p. 59,60). field. Calculatetheaverage number/tiller. In

A nominalthreshold of10-20aphids 12-15 aphids/tillerpriortothe

Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) 63 PESTS ). p. 59, 60, 62 Alberta-100 to 200/90° sweep; Alberta-100 to 200/90° sweep; Seeding early in the spring may Seeding early in the spring may

Several species or predatory insects species or predatory Several BIOLOGICAL: CULTURAL: is exceeded threshold If the economic CHEMICAL: Consult provincial government web site for site for web government provincial Consult PEAS: ALFALFA: SEED Management Options Management Similar Species of grain aphids ( See descriptions Monitoring/Scouting in are pea plants when 50-75% of the Beginning in 5 locations or 180° sweeps five take flower, tips along plant 8-inch (20 cm) check at least five, in stops (50m/150 feet) well-spaced at least four of aphids/ number average the field. Calculate the tip or sweep. plant Threshold Economic snakefly (p. 140))and (p. 139), snakefly (p. lacewing (green 129), (p. Haliday parasitoids (Aphidius matricariae Subba 129), A. smithi Sharma et (p. A. ervi Haliday attack as a fungal pathogen 129)) as a well Rao (p. pea aphids. yield loss due to pea aphids in some reduce of peas. cultivars in peas, a single application of insecticide when pods some young produced have 50% of plants be against yield loss and the crop will protect cost-effective. recommended thresholds for peas that consider peas that consider for thresholds recommended to in relation of treatment and cost value crop aphid numbers. and Manitoba-100 to 200/180° Saskatchewan or is moisture-stressed, when dryland crop sweep mid-August. until On peas, feeding in the On peas, feeding Similar appearance to adults Similar appearance ADULTS AND NYMPHS: NYMPHS: AND ADULTS 3-4 mm long, light to dark green, pear green, to dark 3-4 mm long, light ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE carotene, and was more susceptible to winter killing. to winter susceptible more and was carotene, Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life and stems of as eggs on leaves Overwinter of clover legumes such as the crowns perennial asexually produced are or alfalfa; 23 generations migrate to summer crop females winged before produced generations are several hosts where generally less are Colonies the summer. over species attacking field crops. dense than other in late summer produced are forms Winged sexual hosts to winter return that mate and females eggs. to lay Damage Feeding Pea aphid – adult, nymph – adult, aphid Pea Dolinski, [email protected] Mike Hosts beans, chickpeas, alfalfa, broad Field peas, lentils. clover, Identification flowering and early pod stage can result in lower in lower and early pod stage can result flowering and smaller seed yields due to less seed formation quality issues do and other content Protein size. to it prefers On alfalfa, appear to be affected. not Pea leaves. expanding on stems and newly feed overall and stunt yellow turn leaves aphids may in moderate numbers when present growth plant Alberta, infested In southern (50-100 per stem). less usually contained less hay, alfalfa produced shaped with long legs; each antennal segment segment each antennal shaped with long legs; a black band. tipped by but smaller. Dec Nov

Oct

Adults Adults 7-15 generations Sept

Aug July 2-3 generations June

Several generations Adults May Apr Eggs Mar Feb 7–15 generations

! Eggs Eggs 2–3 generations Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July .

Jan Pea aphid – winged adult [email protected] Dolinski, Mike Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) Acyrthosiphon Aphid, pea Overwintering 64 Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) Overwintering Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org Potato aphid–adult, nymph Macrosiphum euphorbiae(Thomas) Aphid, potato Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Eggs Severalgenerations Feb Mar Eggs Apr

Adults May

Several generations June July Aug Adults Sept Adults

Oct

Nov Dec but smaller. are longandextend totheendof the cauda. with darkorduskycolored patches.Thecornicles long legsgenerallypalewithtarsiandantenna green, orpink,oftenwithadarker dorsalstripe; turn brown anddiefrom thetopdown. becomes stunted andcurled.Heavily infested plants blossoms are shedand yieldisreduced. New growth mostly ontheupperleaves. Undersevere attack, potato leafroll, potato YandAviruses. Itfeeds Identification pigweed, andshepherd’s-purse. nightshade, ragweed, lambsquarters,jimsonweed, corn, asparagus,clover, androse. Weeds suchas Potato, flax,tomato,eggplant, pepper, turnip, Hosts Christophe Quintin, Flickr Potato aphid–adult,nymph subsequent crop yields. bolls, causingreduced seedproduction and Flax-feeds onthestems, leaves, anddeveloping Feeding Damage return towinter hoststolay eggs. sexual forms are produced thatmateandfemales host plant qualitydeclines.Laterinthesummer produced whencolonies get overcrowded orthe produced over thesummer. Wingedforms are potato, tomato) where several generationsare winged females migratetosummerhosts(flax, 2-3 generationsare produced asexually before Overwinter aseggsonstemsofroses onwhich Life Cycle ADULTS AND NYMPHS: MATURE NYMPHS: ADULTS: 2.5-3.5mmlong,paleyellow tolight Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Similar appearance toadults Potato-This aphidtransmits stage offlaxwillprovide protection until harvest. a foliar insecticideatfullbloomorthegreen boll by thisspecies. Asinglewarranted application of be protected from infection by virusestransmitted commercial potato crops. Seedpotato crops must hosts willreduce localpopulationpressure. well aspathogenic fungiattackthispest. (p. 129), A.smithiSharmaet SubbaRao(p.) as 129) (Aphidius matricariae Haliday (p. 129),A.erviHaliday lacewing (p. 139),snakefly (p. 140))andparasitoids Management Options boll stage. at fullbloomand8aphids/main stematthegreen None for potatoes. For flax,3aphids/main stem Economic Threshold insects/aphids-on-flax.html. for flaxatwww.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/ counting. Asequential samplingplanisavailable surface, suchasatray, todislodgetheinsectsfor lightly tappingthesevered stemsonawhite in thefieldby severing stemsatthebase,then bloom and20plants atearlygreen bollrandomly For flax,examine aminimumof25plants atfull Monitoring/Scouting lower leaves. of the cauda.Thisspeciesfeeds mainlyon the is smallerandcornicles donot extend totheend Green peachaphid(Myzuspersicae (Sulzer), p.61) Similar Species BIOLOGICAL: CHEMICAL: CULTURAL: Reducing nearby alternatesummer Control israrely required in Several species of predators (greenSeveral speciesofpredators Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) 65 PESTS ): 15-20% st 10-15% of seedlings, 15-20% 10-15% of seedlings, (After Oct. 1 (After SPRING CEREALS: CEREALS: SPRING WINTER CEREALS CEREALS WINTER of parasitoids species Several BIOLOGICAL: plant host plants; volunteer Control CULTURAL: to natural least toxic Apply products CHEMICAL: seedlings infested. stage. at boot of plants Monitoring/Scouting the number soft dough stage, count Prior to the 20 randomly selected among plants of infested transect of the a zig-zag across at 5 sites plants number of infested = total infested field. The % up to soft weekly should be checked Crops plants. dough stage. Threshold Economic Options Management Haliday (p. 129), A. smithi (p. Haliday (Aphidius matricariae ( green ), predators 129) Subba Rao (p. Sharma et 140)) and fungal (p. 139), snakefly (p. lacewing pathogens attack this aphid. spring grains early and fall grains late to reduce of colonies. establishment required. are enemies if treatments

International Maize and Wheat and Wheat Maize International Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Flickr (CIMMYT), Centre Improvement Russian wheat aphid – damage Suck sap from leaves leaves Suck sap from Similar to adults but smaller. eggs are produced. Females reproduce reproduce Females produced. eggs are ADULTS AND NYMPHS: NYMPHS: AND ADULTS 1.6-2.1 mm long, spindle-shaped, and long, spindle-shaped, 1.6-2.1 mm ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE Russian wheat aphid – damage University, State Colorado Peairs, Frank Bugwood.org Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life thus been found, ever male aphids have No no to live birth long and give all year asexually to adult, span (egg life 60–80 day over young the season, winged Throughout 10–14 days). hosts. out new which search produced are forms Damage Feeding Similar Species is tritici (Gillette), D. wheat aphid, The western damages wheat, and also similar in appearance cauda. and has a regular wax with but is covered Russian wheat aphid – adult, nymph adult, – aphid wheat Russian Bugwood.org University, State Colorado Peairs, Frank Hosts season grasses. cool many and Wheat, barley, Identification causing characteristic white, purple or yellow causing characteristic white, purple or yellow can cause Feeding leaf veins. between streaks of normal unrolling and prevent discolouration and bleached and head stunting, plant leaves, grain. heads with poorly formed lime green in colour. Shortened antennae and Shortened antennae in colour. lime green at the end of the abdomen are cornicles reduced a also have Adults distinguishing characteristics. view. the side cauda” from “double Dec Nov Oct Sept Aug

July

Adults

June Winged Adults May Apr Nymphs Mar Feb . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov ! Migrating Nymphs (Mordvilko) noxia Diuraphis , Russian wheat Aphid, Russian Jan Overwintering 66 Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) Pemphigus betae Doane Aphid, sugarbeet root Erik J.Wenninger, University ofIdaho Sugar beetrootaphid-colony wingless adultsbutsmaller. a blackheadandthoraxgreen abdomen. adults are samesize aswinglessforms buthave leaf-infesting forms. Wingedspring- andfall- forms have reduced appendagescompared to coated withafinewhitepowder. Root-infesting with oval-shaped, paleyellowish-white bodies beets, Swiss chard, spinach,quinoa,andalfalfa. pigweed. Alsoreported infesting roots ofred beet andtheweeds lamb’s-quarters, kochia and cottonwood); secondary hostsincludesugar genus (e.g. balsampoplar, blackpoplar, and Primary hostsare trees inthepoplar(Populus) Hosts Erik J.Wenninger, University ofIdaho Sugar beetrootaphid-adult Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide may overwinter inthesoilwithoutproducing to winter (primary) hosts.Someroot colonies summer andearlyfallthatthenmigrateback generations, wingedfemales are produced inlate covers theindividualcolonies. After several roots. Theaphidssecrete awaxy materialthat where they form winglesscolonies onthehost secondary hosts duringearlytomid-summer feeding action.Thewingedfemales disperseto galls alongtheleafmidribcreated by their colonies ofwingedfemales thatdevelop within females (“stem mothers”). Thesegive riseto hosts. Theeggshatchinspringinto wingless Overwinter aseggsinbarkcrevices ofprimary Life Cycle Identification MATURE NYMPHS: ADULTS: Winglessadultsare 1.9-2.4mmlong Similar appearance to frost. also pre-disposed togreater damageby early moisture stress. Heavily infested sugarbeets are Leaves appearchlorotic andwilteasilyunder yields, sugarcontent andrecoverable sugar. plants underextreme stress aswell asreduce conditions. Heavy infestations cankillsugarbeet rubbery andflaccid, especiallyunderdrought destroy rootlets andcausethetaproot tobecome None established. Economic Threshold and other food crop hostsinthearea. the presence ofthispestandarisktosugarbeet midrib gallsonprimaryhostsinthespringindicate colonies to confirm presence. Thepresence ofleaf up wiltedplants andexamine for root-infesting No scouting methods have beendeveloped. Dig Monitoring/Scouting distinguish withouttheaidofamicroscope. populivenae Fitch.Thethree speciesare difficultto roots canincludeP. populitransversus Riley andP. Co-occurring Pemphigusspeciesonsugarbeet Similar Species Feeding Damage overwinters underawhitewaxy secretion. mating, females eachlay asinglewhiteeggthat birth towinglessmalesandfemales. After fall migrants. Thefallmigrant females give ADULTS AND NYMPHS: Feeding actioncan Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) 67 PESTS Sugar beet root aphid infestation on sugar beet Sugar beet root aphid infestation of Idaho University Erik J. Wenninger, Descriptions of Field Crop Pests from an infested to non-infested field. to non-infested infested an from minimum of 3 years and maintain control of control and maintain minimum of 3 years year. hosts every weed crops. crops. adequate soil moisture and nutrients to and nutrients moisture adequate soil growth rapid and vigorous encourage conditions. especially during drought Clean all equipment thoroughly before moving moving before thoroughly Clean all equipment Do not replant fields to a host crop for a for fields to a host crop replant Do not Control weed hosts within and adjacent to within and adjacent hosts weed Control Plant sugar beets early and maintain early and maintain sugar beets Plant • • • • None registered. None CHEMICAL: more economic sense over the long-term to the long-term over sense economic more agronomic on other based choose varieties include: strategies realistic More considerations. Sugar beet root aphid gall on eastern cottonwood Sugar beet root aphid gall on eastern cottonwood deltoides) (Populus AAFC Floate, Kevin Leaf-gall colonies are attacked by by attacked are colonies Leaf-gall BIOLOGICAL: aphid tolerant root sugar beet Grow CULTURAL: Management Options Management White), White), antevolens (Anthocoris bug an anthocorid (p. Curran bigelowi fly (Syrphus of a hover larvae pemphigae fly (Leucopis of an aphid 132)), larvae 116), (Scymus spp. (p. beetle a ladybird Malloch), 140) and (p. 139), snakeflies (p. lacewings green Subba Rao Sharma et parasitoids (Aphidius smithi glabra 129)). A small frit fly (Thaumatomyia (p. and colonies attacks root-infesting (Meigen)) aphidis Entomophthora the pathogenic fungus, field populations. destroys occasionally Hoffman sugar beet since However, varieties. or resistant make sporadic, it may are aphid infestations root 68 Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) Overwintering Jan Aphis glycines (Matsumura) Aphid, soybean ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Severalgenerationsofnymphsandadults Feb Mar Several generationsofnymphsandadults Apr Migrating Adults May June July Aug Sept

Oct Migrating Adults Nov Dec but smaller. with distinctive blackcornicles. in seedquality. pod formation, smallerseedsize, andareduction the earlyreproductive stagescancausereduced turn yellow, wilt, and/or curl.Infestations during Feeding ontheundersides of leaves, leaves may honey-dew onwhichblacksooty molddevelops. for soybean mosaicvirus.Italsoproduces sticky Identification Soybeans. Hosts Robert J.O’Neil, Purdue University (wiki) Soybean aphid–adult Bugwood.org Christina DiFonzo, Michigan State University, Soybean aphid–infestation determine ifnumbersare increasing. growth stageR5(beginningseedformation) to the average number/plant. Repeat weekly upto apart across azigzag transectofthefield.Calculate infested at5sitesspaced at least50 leaves, stems,andpods) and thenumberofplants each of6randomlyselectedplants (mid-canopy Estimate thenumbersofaphidspresent on Monitoring/Scouting Feeding Damage Populations dieoffinthefall. overcrowded andthehostplant qualitydeclines. Winged forms are produced whencolonies get generations are produced over thesummer. females migrate tosoybeans where several generations are produced asexually before winged as eggsonstemsofbuckthornwhich3–4 Blow infrom U.S. where they overwintered Not known tooverwinter inCanadianprairies. Life Cycle MATURE NYMPHS: ADULTS: Very small(1.5mmlong)paleyellow ADULTS AND NYMPHS: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Similar appearance toadults This aphidisavector m (150ft) to prevent economic injury. 7–10 days ofreaching economic threshold Foliar treatments shouldbemadewithin crops once theeconomic threshold isreached. been developed; seealsoIPMsection(p. 3). aphids/plant. controlling populationlevels oflessthan200–250 (p. 129))aswell aspathogenicfungiare capableof parasitoids (AphidiussmithiSharmaet SubbaRao (green lacewing (p. 139),snakefly (p.) and 140) Management Options R5 (beginningseed)growth stage. and theplants are intheR1(beginningbloom) to Average of250/plant, thepopulationisincreasing, Economic Threshold CHEMICAL: Insecticidesare available toprotect CULTURAL: Specificculturalmethods have not BIOLOGICAL: Several speciesofpredators Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) 69 PESTS Implement early control of weed hosts of weed early control Implement Insecticides are available for application for available Insecticides are Several species of predators of predators species Several BIOLOGICAL: CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: Monitoring/Scouting buds, examine starts to form When canola following in the crop of 5 areas at each 20 plants one side. Record beginning from a zigzag pattern tips. of infested the number Threshold Economic aphids/10 cm shoot 25 if densities exceed Control stems. of examined on 10-20% tip after flowering Options Management snakefly (p. 140) ) and (p. 139), snakefly (p. lacewing (green Subba Rao Sharma et parasitoids (Aphidius smithi of capable as pathogenic fungi are 129)) as well (p. populations. controlling as warranted. and volunteer canola where aphids can build up. canola where and volunteer to begin flowering early to enable plants crops Sow aphid numbers peak. before Canola is most sensitive Canola is most sensitive Similar appearance to adults Similar appearance 1.4-2.4 mm long, yellowish to olive green green to olive long, yellowish 1.4-2.4 mm ADULTS AND NYMPHS: AND ADULTS ADULTS: ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life southern U.S. migrate up from Mated females which on host crops each spring and colonize are (4-6 days/generation) generations several kill fall frosts during the season before produced to alternate move will Winged females them off. when colonies colonies hosts to establish new quality declines. Several or food overcrowded get generations per year. Damage Feeding Similar Species 61) and cabbage aphid peach aphid (p. Green can also be (Linnaeus)) brassicae (Brevicoryne in The latter species is gray-green present. short and very covering with a waxy colour to see. hard which are cornicles Turnip aphid – adult; bloated, tan mummified tan mummified bloated, – adult; aphid Turnip nymph parasitoid); aphid (wasp Bugwood.org of Georgia, University Sparks, Jr., Alton N. Hosts plants cruciferous other Canola, turnips, Identification to aphid damage during bud formation through to through to aphid damage during bud formation start on growing Dense colonies late flowering. buds and flowers developing onto tips and move in fluids, resulting the pests suck up plant where Plants pod fill, and seed quality. pod set, reduced damage. greater suffer stress under moisture body sometimes with waxy dusting, dark bars on dusting, with waxy body sometimes dusky wing veins. have abdomen; winged adults but smaller. Dec Nov

Oct Sept Aug Migrating Adults July June May Apr Several generations Mar Feb Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . ! Immigrating Adults Several generations Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) Lipaphis erysimi Aphid, turnip Jan Overwintering 70 Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) Overwintering Jan Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) Greenbug ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec MigratingAdults Nymphs Feb Mar Nymphs Apr May Migrating Adults June

July Aug Sept

Oct Nov Dec aphids withadarkgreen striperunningdown kernels. Highpopulationscankillyounger plants. growth, abnormaltillering,andimproper fillingof at feeding sites,stunted growth, retarded root discolouration, striping,wiltingandbrown spotting during feeding onthe undersidesofleaves causes and their backsandblack-tipped palegreen legs Identification Cereals, corn, andforage grasses. Hosts Bugwood.org Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Greenbug –adult,nymph University, Bugwood.org Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State Greenbug –infestation Feeding Damage before dyingoffinthefall. and passesthrough several asexual generations Once arrived, itcolonizes available hostcrops through several generationsduringmigration. It migratesnorthinthespring,andpasses and volunteer grainsinOklahomaandTexas. Passes thewinter onfallplanted wheat Life Cycle mature nymphs. but smaller;darkstripedown backappearsin ADULTS: 1-1.5mmlong,palegreen pear-shaped ADULTS AND NYMPHS: MATURE NYMPHS: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide cornicles. Similar appearance toadults Toxic saliva released enemies iftreatments are required. damaging colonization. attack thisaphid. (p. 139),snakefly (p. 140)),andfungalpathogens Subba Rao(p. 129)),predators (green lacewing (Aphidius erviHaliday (p. 129),A.smithiSharmaet Management Options require control. in smallgraincereals. Rarely reaches levels that 12-15 aphids/stem priortothesoftdoughstage Economic Threshold field. Calculatetheaverage number/tiller. tillers at5sitesacross azig-zag transectofthe of aphids present oneachof20randomlyselected Prior tothesoftdoughstage,count thenumber Monitoring/Scouting See descriptions ofother speciesofgrainaphids. Similar Species CHEMICAL: Applyproducts leasttoxic tonatural CULTURAL: Earlierseededcrops may escape BIOLOGICAL: Several speciesofparasitoids Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) 71 PESTS None registered in Canada. registered None Specific cultural methods have not not have Specific cultural methods Specific natural enemies are not not are Specific natural enemies BIOLOGICAL: CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: CHEMICAL: Haanchen barley mealybug – eggs Haanchen barley Bugwood.org of Idaho, University Juan Manuel Alvarez, Similar Species bug, the Utah grass mealy species, A related B.C. in is present (Cockerell), utahensis Trionymus wheatgrass. crested and rye on wild it feeds where Monitoring/Scouting developed. None Threshold Economic established. None Options Management Green Green pest populations. that can regulate known on mealybugs. prey 139) may (p. lacewing IPM section (p. 3). see also IPM section (p. been developed; Pierce plant tissue to feed tissue to feed plant Pierce Also known as crawlers; Also known ADULTS AND NYMPHS: NYMPHS: AND ADULTS Females have 5 mm long, elongate-oval, 5 mm long, elongate-oval, have Females ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life crop by in soil protected overwinter Females carried crawl or are debris. In the spring females presence First signs of mealybug crops. to new of pink-red masses enclosing clusters cottony are eggs under leaf sheaths. Damage Feeding Haanchen barley mealybug – adult, damage – adult, mealybug barley Haanchen Bugwood.org of Idaho, University Alvarez, Juan Manuel Hosts host; wheat less preferred. primary Barley Identification on fluids at protected sites on the plant—on upper upper sites on the plant—on on fluids at protected of the in the crown system, portions of the root tillers. under leaf sheaths, or near the base of plant, causes and nymphs females both by Feeding and of the foliage, browning yellowing, extensive in the due to toxins growth vigor and root reduced also They can kill plants. infestations Severe saliva. making the of honeydew, amounts large secrete headers. sticky which can plug up combine plants on the honeydew mold also develops Black sooty dry conditions. by deposits. Damage is acerbated segmented, and a slender pink bodies covered pink bodies covered and a slender segmented, along the edges of wax filaments in thin, wispy posterior end of the body. of the body and at the slender legs. Only well-developed have They seen. All other rarely wings and are males have crawling from by short distances stages move life on wind longer distances or over to plant plant on infested hitch-hikers and as accidental currents or soil on machinery. plants moving. slow coloured, adults, yellowish resemble Dec s Nov Oct Sept Adult females Aug July June Several overlapping generations May Apr Several overlapping generations Mar Feb Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec ! Adult female Adult females

Jan Haanchen barley mealybug – damage Haanchen barley Bugwood.org of Idaho, University Juan Manuel Alvarez, Trionymus haancheni McKenzie Trionymus , Haanchen barley , Haanchen Mealybug Overwintering 72 Hymenoptera Overwintering Jan Alberta Agriculture andRural Development Wheat stemsawfly –adult Cephus cinctus(Norton) Sawfly, wheatstem ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Adults Pupae Overwinteringlarvae ActiveLarva

Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June Eggs

July Laboratory, Bugwood.org Art Cushman, USDA Systematics Entomology egg, larva, adult,damage Wheat stemsawfly – Pupae

Aug Overwinteringl Adults Sept Oct Nov arvae Dec around crop margins. unharvestable. Infestations are generallygreater breaking andfalling totheground where they are notching makes thestemssusceptibleThe to in thestemwall justabovenotch ground level. to the bottom ofthestemwhere they cuta“V” and host their abdomen. egg-laying appendage(ovipositor) extending from point theirheadsdownwards. Females have an with yellow legs;atrest onplant stemsthey worm-like withbrown head. attractive for egglaying. Host stages priortostemelongationare not It cannot develop onoats(toxic tothepest). native grassescansupportsawflydevelopment. winter wheat,rye, graincorn, barley, andsome Spring anddurumwheatare primaryhosts; Hosts Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Wheat stemsawfly –larva Feeding Damage do not feed. laid singlyonstems.Adults live about10days and to nearby wheatcrops. Upto50eggs/female are infested fieldsfrom whichfemales emerge andfly Overwinters asmature larvae inbaseofstems Life Cycle Identification MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 8–13mmlong,shiny blackwasp-like Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide quality. Whenplants mature, larvae move plant stemswhichcanreduce crop yield None. 13 mmslenderwhitish Larvae feed onthepithof rates nogreater than300seeds/m Additional culturalpractices include seedingat where there isnoorlittleriskofsoilerosion. greatly increase larval mortalityinsituations can reduce losses.Shallow tillageinthefallcan wheat varieties. Whenpossible,earlierswathing other hosts crops; rotate withsolid-stemmed S. Albertafrom theU.S.. major parasitoidwhichhasrecently moved into B. lissogaster Muesebeck(p. 130) isasecond cephi (Gahan) istheprimarynaturalenemy. attack thispest.Theparasiticwasp Bracon Management Options in previous year iscutby sawfly. Control may berequired if10-15%ofcrop Economic Threshold decisions tominimize crop losses. producers toconsult tomake informed cropping need toswath. Riskmapsare available onlinefor larva attachedtothesawflylarva) reduces the inside thefield.Presence ofparasitoid(another at eachof10locationsincludingtheedgeand stems containing larvae. Split50–100stems be determined by estimatingtheproportion of in lateJuneinto July. Theneedtoswath can Use asweep net tosamplefor adultsawflies margins todetermine localriskfor next year. in a 1mrow ofcrop at5to10spots alongcrop Count theproportion ofstemscutby sawfly Monitoring/Scouting None. Similar Species proven effective. of at least15cm. 30 to 60kg N/ha,andharvest cuttingheights CULTURAL: BIOLOGICAL: Ninespeciesofparasiticwasps CHEMICAL: No control products have Donot plant successive wheator 2 , applying Lepidoptera 73 PESTS . 2 area and count the exposed the exposed count and area 2 area to dislodge any larvae and, using a larvae dislodge any to area 2 black Grackles and red-winged BIOLOGICAL: arrival before grass weeds Destroy CULTURAL: armyworm where areas Only spray CHEMICAL: flashlight, count the number of larvae on the soil. the number of larvae count flashlight, larvae. If scouting at night, beat the plants in a beat the plants at night, If scouting larvae. 1 m Management Options Management Similar Species 86) (p. cutworm 76) and army (p. armyworm Fall 93), pale western (p. as redbacked as well larvae 90). (p. 92) and dingy cutworms (p. Monitoring/Scouting arrival the traps to detect or pheromone light Use of assess prevalence To of immigrating adults. least five and grasses, check at in cereals larvae and present are birds where preferably areas, feeding showing or leaves or lodged areas; grassy ground remove day, the during scouting If damage. a 1 m debris from Threshold Economic larvae/m and grasses—10 Cereals birds prey on larvae in cereals; generalist generalist in cereals; on larvae prey birds insects and parasitoids (Cotesia predatory 130), Trichogramma (p. (Cresson) marginiventris eggs. and/or 138)) attack larvae (p. minitum Riley and risk of egg-laying of adults to reduce infestations. subsequent at Spray threshold. the economic exceed larvae Do not feeding. actively are when larvae night and start to pupate, or mature larvae once spray is ripening. the crop 38-50 mm long, fleshy 38-50 mm long, fleshy 20 mm long, pale coloured body with body with 20 mm long, pale coloured ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE flowers. nectar from on Feed ADULTS: and on leaf margins All instars feed LARVAE: Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life each the southern U.S. up from blown are Moths in batches of about white eggs lay spring; females larvae Mature 100 at the bases of host plants. under the surface. 2–4 cm pupate in soil cells before generations per year larval two Usually populations die off in the fall. Damage Feeding Armyworm – caterpillar Armyworm AAFC Hosts grasses, oats, include native Major hosts grasses; and forage barley, corn, rye, wheat, fall and include alfalfa, cabbage, hosts secondary turnips. Identification pale brown forewings, each with a single small each forewings, pale brown Wing span is 41-48 mm. white spot. with two caterpillars, usually greenish-black stripes along each alternating dark and orange the back. Head down white line side plus a faint markings. like capsule has honey-comb hiding near at night, tissue of host plants crown gradually Larvae during the day. the base of plants on the panicles and to feed the plants up move Larvae stripping off the awns and kernels. flowers, food when current crops to nearby will march First generation consumed. or are mature plants later damage, however cause the greatest larvae the second by can be attacked maturing crops generation. larval Dec Adults Nov Oct Sept Migrating Adults Aug Armyworm – caterpillar, damage – caterpillar, Armyworm [email protected] Dolinski, Mike Pupae July Eggs June Adults Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Immigrating Feb Larvae Pupae Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . !

Jan Armyworm – pupa Armyworm and Food Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development Rural Armyworm – adult Armyworm Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Pseudaletia (Mythimna) unipuncta (Haworth) (Mythimna) Pseudaletia Armyworm Overwintering 74 Lepidoptera Overwintering Mamestra configurata (Walker) Armyworm, bertha Jan

! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec O/WPupae Larvae Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June

Adults Eggs July Pupae

Aug Adults Sept Oct Nov Dec broken whitelinesdown theirbacks. orange stripealongeachsideandthree narrow, with alight brown headandabroad, yellowish- (occasionally light green orlight brown) caterpillars transverse markingnearthetip. a conspicuous whiteandolive-colored, irregular kidney-shaped markingnearthemidpoint, and on theforewing includeaprominent, white, mm wingspan;characteristicmarkings Identification potato, andother plants. related plants; occasionally attackpeas,flax, Canola, mustard, alfalfa,lamb’s-quarters and Hosts Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Bertha armyworm –caterpillar Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development Bertha armyworm –caterpillar(greenform) Alberta Agriculture andRural Development Bertha armyworm –caterpillar (brownform) leaves; females are attractedtobloominghostcrops. round ridgedeggsare laidinclustersonunderside of Overwinter aspupae5-16cmbelow soilsurface; Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 20mmlong,greyish bodywith40 Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 40 mmlong,velvety black developing bolls. frosted appearance. Inflax,they cutflowers and may prematurely shatter. Crops cantake ona totally consume pods.Severely strippedpods the pods,chew into them toeattheseeds,or leaves topodswhere they either“debark” AAFC Bertha armyworm –eggs among berthaarmyworm infestations. greenish orbrown alongwithblacklarvae than lateral bandisyellowish-pink, andthere are more Clover cutworm larvae (p. 88)looksimilarbutthe Similar Species Feeding Damage MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Feed onnectarfrom flowers. In canola,larvae move from Lepidoptera 75 PESTS Several diseases and natural diseases and Several BIOLOGICAL: include practices Recommended CULTURAL: for available are products Several CHEMICAL: Management Options Management enemies attack eggs and larvae, including a including eggs and larvae, enemies attack virus, a brachonid wasp nuclear polyhedrosis ) an 130) (p. (Haliday) mediator (Microplitis Cresson (Banchus flavescens ichneumonid wasp (Coquillett) cinerea 135)), a tachinid fly (Athrycia (p. ( 123)), and egg parasitoids Trichogramma (p. 138) ). (p. minitum Riley T. 138), (p. Riley inyoense control effective with non-crops, rotation crop larval (minimize hosts, early swathing of weed Do pupae). (expose and fall cultivation feeding) hosts while the weed infested kill nearby not damage. to feeding is susceptible crop Apply in scouting. application as dictated by larvae when more mid-morning or early evening canopy. at the top of the crop feeding are . 2 area in 10-15 different locations spaced locations spaced 10-15 different in area 2 at least 50 m apart following a zigzag pattern. at least 50 m apart following then and larvae to dislodge the the plants Shake and soil clumps to expose leaf debris remove Calculate the number counting. for the larvae of larvae/m Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Economic Threshold Economic government on provincial available are Tables thresholds the economic sites that show web of and costs values crop canola at different for chemical control. Monitoring/Scouting male moths maps (based on forecast Provincial posted are traps), in pheromone-baited caught of an infestation. the annual risk on-line indicating in the early pod stage is crop When canola in a the number of larvae 5.1-5.2), count (stages 0.25 m Bertha armyworm – damage Bertha armyworm Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development and Rural Alberta Agriculture Bertha armyworm – adult Bertha armyworm Development and Rural Alberta Agriculture Bertha armyworm – damage Bertha armyworm AAFC Bertha armyworm – damage Bertha armyworm Dolinski, [email protected] Mike 76 Lepidoptera Overwintering Jan Lyle Buss,University ofFlorida,Bugwood.org Fall armyworm –adult Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith) Armyworm, fall ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec ImmigratingAdults Pupae Larvae Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June Eggs July Pupae Mark Dreiling, Bugwood.org Fall armyworm –adult Aug Migrating Adults Sept Oct Nov Adults Dec Russ Ottens,University ofGeorgia, Bugwood.org Fall armyworm –caterpillar into stalks. significantly reduce yields.Olderlarvae may bore axils. Feeding damagetothegrowing budscan be found lodgedintheremaining bladesandblade with thecorn earworm, wet, tanexcrement can from producing normalearsorseedheads.As when thebladesunfurlwhichmay prevent plants coiled blades resulting innumerous raggedholes Several larvae may feed throughout thetightly armyworm istothewhorloflatepre-tassel corn. near thetip;35-40mmwingspan. and darkpatchesanoticeable whitepatch with adistinctwhiteinverted “Y”marking. down thelengthofbody. Head isdarkbrown greenish togray caterpillarwithstripes running Identification native andforage grasses. Corn isamajorhost,followed by cereals, and Hosts Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Feeding Damage spring. Females lay eggsongrasses,emerging Moths are blown infrom thesouthernU.S. each Life Cycle occurs inthesoil.Populations dieoffinthefall. crops, andlaterinlodgedcereal crops. Pupation ADULTS: LARVAE: Themostfrequent damageby thefall ADULTS: Feed onnectarofflowers. MATURE LARVAE: Bugwood.org David Jones, University ofGeorgia, Fall armyworm –eggs Forewings mottled darkgray withlight 38-50 mmlong,dulltan, host for selectionand timingofapplicationsifrequired. late-planted corn. resistant todamageandcould beconsidered for (pp. 111-114). (Trichogramma minitum Riley (p.) and 138)spiders by generalist insectpredators, parasitoids Management Options None established. Economic Threshold through thewhirlstage(Ontario). per fieldpriortotasselemergence andweekly examine tenplants ataminimum of10sites for scouting cereals andgrasses.Insweet corn, of moths inthespring.Seearmyworm (p. 73) Use light orpheromone trapstodetect arrival Monitoring/Scouting Armyworm (p. 73),corn earworm (p. 95). Similar Species CHEMICAL: CULTURAL: Sometransgenic hybrid varieties are BIOLOGICAL: Eggs andlarvae are attacked Consult provincial recommendations Lepidoptera 77 PESTS Specific cultural methods have not not have Specific cultural methods Wheat head armyworm – adult Wheat head armyworm Bugwood.org University, State Colorado Cranshaw, Whitney Attacked by several species of several by Attacked BIOLOGICAL: CULTURAL: Infestations are very sporadic and very are Infestations CHEMICAL: Similar Species larvae armyworm however similar larvae, No on the heads. near or be present 73) may (p. Monitoring/Scouting heads appears, use a When damage to wheat larvae; feeding for to scout at night net sweep the top 3–6 cm of soil examine during the day, the larvae. for the plants around Threshold Economic established. None Options Management parasitoids, predatory insects, and spiders parasitoids, predatory 111-114). (pp. IPM section (p. 3). see also IPM section (p. been developed; control. requiring levels reach rarely Up to 25 mm long, tan or green or green Up to 25 mm long, tan Feed on nectar of flowers. on Feed ADULTS: generation is the most The first larval LARVAE: Forewings yellowish-brown with a yellowish-brown Forewings ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Wheat head armyworm – damage Wheat head armyworm [email protected] Dolinski, Mike Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life Females as pupae in earthen cells. Overwinter preferring host plants, eggs on available lay have wheat and some grasses. Summer adults eggs on warm- period, and lay flight an extended generations per year. season grasses. Two Damage Feeding Wheat head armyworm – caterpillar armyworm head Wheat Dolinski, [email protected] Mike Hosts and wild oats, and native oats, barley, Wheat, rye, preferred). (timothy grasses forage Identification caterpillars with lateral white, gray, green, or green, white, gray, caterpillars with lateral the towards stripes that appear to taper brown brown. end. The head is pale plant on above-ground harmful to wheat. Feeds causing some defoliation; parts during the night, heads and chew on maturing grain also feed may Damaged kernels. the developing into directly those out and resemble appear hollowed kernels grain pests. stored damaged by chocolate-coloured stripe down the length of the length stripe down chocolate-coloured span. each; 30-38 mm wing Dec Nov Oct Sept Adults Aug Pupae July

Eggs June Adults Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb ! Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . O/W Pupae

Larvae Pupae Jan Faronta diffusa (Walker) Faronta , wheat head Armyworm Overwintering 78 Lepidoptera Overwintering AAFC Flax bollworm–adult Heliothis ononisDenis&Schiffermüller Bollworm, flax Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Adults Overwintering pupae Pupae Larvae Feb Mar Eggs Apr

May Larvae Eggs June July Pupae Aug Adults Sept Oct Nov Dec as they mature. within flaxbollsandleave tofeed inother bolls kidney-shaped spot. brown medianbandincorporating thelarge black Forewings are reddish brown atbasewithdark lines alongthebackandsides. Identification roadsides, andwooded clearings. number ofnative plants ingrasslands,meadows, Flax isonlycultivated hostcrop; alsofeeds ona Hosts AAFC Flax bollworm–caterpillar, damage None. Monitoring/Scouting None. Similar Species Feeding Damage in openflowers. Overwinter aspupaeinthesoil.Females lay eggs Life Cycle ADULTS: LARVAE: Young larvae eatthedeveloping seed ADULTS: Feed onthenectarof flowers. MATURE LARVAE: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Smallmoth with24-26mmwingspan. Green withdistinctive white been developed; seealsoIPMsection(p. 3). from threatening flaxcrops. parasitoid ingrasslandsandkeeps populations (Pteromalidae) (p. 137)isthemajorlarval AAFC Flax bollworm–caterpillar Management Options and isolated. None required aseconomic infestations are rare Economic Threshold BIOLOGICAL: CHEMICAL: None registered inCanada. CULTURAL: Specificculturalmethods have not T richomalopsis sarcophagae (Gahan) Lepidoptera 79 PESTS 138), the

(p. spp. Trichogramma Natural enemies include the egg Natural enemies include BIOLOGICAL: fall or spring deep rotation, Crop CULTURAL: thresholds Apply only if economic CHEMICAL: European corn borer – caterpillar, damage borer – caterpillar, European corn Mariusz Sobieski, Bugwood.org Economic Threshold Economic economic that show available are Tables crop at different grain corn for thresholds costs. control and chemical values Options Management parasitoids cingulum parasitoid Macrocentrus larval braconid bassiana, 130), the fungus Beauveria (p. Brischke as , as well pyrausta Nosema and the protozoa generalist insect predators. and larvae stubble to expose of infested plowing temperatures; and freezing pupae to predation to within and adjacent hosts of weed control sites. Planting egg laying fields will reduce following is also an option Bt corn transgenic practices. management resistance prescribed the stalks, entered have larvae Once reached. are is no longer effective. chemical control 25 mm long, flesh-coloured 25 mm long, flesh-coloured Feed on nectar from flowers. nectar from on Feed ADULTS: and cause on leaves feed larvae Young LARVAE: 12 mm long, moth with a wingspan 12 mm long, moth ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Monitoring/Scouting the onset traps can determine Pheromone-baited of initiating surveys and for and duration of flight, hole damage. Beginning in egg masses and shot or based on trap catches, at 5 locations early-July, masses. egg and larvae young for plants 10 examine borer – adult European corn Bugwood.org University, State Sisson, Iowa Adam Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life stalks, in corn larvae as mature Overwinters debris on the soil surface. and under plant cobs, eggs in whitish-yellow overlapping lay Females usually on the underside. clusters on leaves, One generation per year. Damage Feeding Similar Species None. European corn borer – caterpillar, damage – caterpillar, borer corn European Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Hosts tomatoes, potatoes, corn, grain and silage Sweet, large species of and many beets, beans, sugar weeds. and stemmed flowers Identification caterpillars with black spots on each segment. spots caterpillars with black pane damage; older larvae hole and window shot within the stalks and ear and feed into burrow and distribution of nutrients shanks, disrupting They and smaller cobs. causing stalk breakage often and cobs, on the silks, kernels, also fed prematurely. causing the latter to drop mm; buff-coloured forewings with brown brown with forewings of 25 mm; buff-coloured than those darker are markings. Male wings of females. Dec Nov Oct Sept Adults

Aug Pupae European corn borer – European corn damage caterpillar, Mariusz Sobieski, Bugwood.org July

June Larvae Active larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec ! Overwintering Larvae Pupae Adults Eggs Jan European corn borer – eggs European corn Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) Ostrinia nubilalis , European corn Borer, European Overwintering 80 Lepidoptera Overwintering AAFC Painted lady–caterpillar (a.k.a. thistlecaterpillar) Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) Butterfly, painted lady Jan Pupae Larvae ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec ImmigratingAdults Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae Eggs June July Pupae Aug Migrating Adults Sept Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org Painted lady–adult Oct William M.Ciesla, Nov

Adults Dec

AAFC Painted lady–caterpillar yellow spinesandtheheadisblack. white stripealongeachside.There are many green orpurplemottled withblack andabroad upper surface. in colour, withcomplicated darkmarkingsonthe wings spanning42-66mmandissalmon-pink Identification wormwood, andmany other hosts. borage, soybeans, burdocks, knapweeds, Canada thistle,sunflowers, canola,mustard, Hosts Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Populations dieoffinthefall. year; two ifsummertemperatures favourable. from plants. At leastonelarval generationper The pupa/chrysalis issuspendedby silkthreads U.S invast numbersthatsettle onweed hosts. Adults are occasionally blown upfrom southern Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Medium-sized butterflieswithpointed 40-45 mmlong,yellowish created neartheterminalsofhostplants. the percentage ofinfested plants. record thenumberofdamagedplants. Calculate selected plants from 10areas ofthefieldand the plants. Insunflowers, examine tenrandomly weekly until caterpillarsare noticed feeding on mustard, orsunflower crop, inspectthecrop If thebutterfliesare very abundant inacanola, Monitoring/Scouting wing uppersidedifferentiate thePainted Lady. the lackofbluecentres intheeyespots onthehind more pointed wings,pinkish-orangecolour, and Coast Lady(V. annabella (Field))inthewest. The (V. virginiensis (Drury))intheeastandWest The Painted LadyissimilartotheAmerican Similar Species Feeding Damage LARVAE: Larvae feed together inleaf-nests ADULTS: Feed onnectarofflowers. Lepidoptera 81 PESTS As a nominal threshold, control control threshold, As a nominal SUNFLOWERS: defoliation generalized The following SOYBEANS: and parasitized heavily Usually BIOLOGICAL: hosts, especially Canada weed Control CULTURAL: in Canada. registered None CHEMICAL: Painted lady – cocoon Painted Dolinski, [email protected] Mike Economic Threshold Economic Options Management may be warranted if 25% defoliation and most of and most of 25% defoliation if be warranted may 3 cm long. If the majority less than are the larvae feeding most of the fully grown, are of larvae occurred. already damage will have defoliating which can apply to several thresholds, stage—50%, vegetative caterpillars, can be used: fill—20%, and pod fill- bloom—40%, bloom-pod harvest—35%. rodents, Some birds, subject to bacterial disease. attack the larvae and spiders dragonflies, wasps, and adults. fields. thistle, in and around Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Painted lady – adult Painted Wist, AAFC Tyler lady – caterpillar Painted Wist, AAFC Tyler Painted lady – damage Painted AAFC 82 Lepidoptera Overwintering John Gavloski, ManitobaAgriculture, Food andRural Development Imported cabbageworm–adult (a.k.a. cabbagebutterfly) Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) Cabbageworm, imported Jan

! Jan .FebMarAprMayJune .JulyAugSeptOctNovDec O/WPupae Larvae Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Adults Eggs Larvae

June July Pupae Aug Adults Sept Oct Nov Dec Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Imported cabbageworm–caterpillar side, andagreen head. the backline, abroken yellow linealongeach scattered shorthairs,apaleyellow linedown caterpillars withvelvety textured bodywith are yellowish withblackspeckles. center oftheforewings. Undersidesofthewings tips. Females alsohave two blackspots inthe white withablackspot inthecentre andblack of 45-65mm.Forewings ofmalesare creamy bodies covered withwhitepubescence; wingspan around thecrop. of canolaaswell as onany cruciferous weeds inor cruciferous vegetables andontheleaves andpods Identification and weeds. Cruciferous vegetables, canola,mustard, Hosts Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Feeding Damage depending onseasonalweather conditions. Two orthree overlapping generationsperyear plants. Eggs laidsinglyonundersides ofleaves. Overwinters asachrysalis suspendedfrom host Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Medium-sized butterflieswithblack LARVAE: Velvety green caterpillarsthatfeed on ADULTS: Feed onnectarofflowers. 25-30 mmlong,green will control any cabbageworm larvae present. been developed; seealsoIPMsection(p. 3). birds, andfungalviralpathogens. (p. 138))andpredatory insectsalongwithspiders, (p. 137),Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Linnaeus) (p. 130), Pteromalus puparum(Linnaeus) species ofparasitoids(e.g. Cotesia glomerata Russ Ottens,University ofGeorgia, Bugwood.org Imported cabbageworm–cocoon Management Options cause economic damage. Although common incanolacrops, they donot Economic Threshold None developed. Monitoring/Scouting and paleyellow linedown theback. distinctive by theiruniform velvety appearance will bepresent; however cabbageworm larvae are Other speciesofgreen foliar-feeding caterpillars Similar Species CHEMICAL: CULTURAL: Specificculturalmethods have not BIOLOGICAL: Populations are regulated by several Insecticides appliedagainstother pests Lepidoptera 83 PESTS This species is regulated This species is regulated BIOLOGICAL: many will kill or remove Harvesting CULTURAL: if noticeable Only required CHEMICAL: Similar Species 85) lacks the velvety (p. larva cloverworm Green larva alfalfa looper and the appearance green the black fashion and has in a looping 96) walks (p. the eyes. line across Monitoring/Scouting developed. None Threshold Economic established. None Options Management by generalist predatory insects. Spiders feed feed insects. Spiders predatory generalist by egg and larval along with on eggs and larvae, parasitoids, pathogenic fungi, and a virus. at the time. and pupae present eggs, larvae, or natural diseased larvae and few defoliation enemies present. Up to 30 mm long, velvety Up to 30 mm long, velvety Butterfly with 25 mm long, body and Butterfly with 25 mm ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE flowers. nectar from on Feed ADULTS: can larvae Under high population levels, LARVAE: Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life loosely anchored (pupa) as a chrysalis Overwinters by upward, end pointed stem, anterior to a plant Two and a posterior anchor. means of a thread generations per year. Damage Feeding Alfalfa caterpillar – caterpillar caterpillar Alfalfa Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Hosts and soybean, white clover, clover, Alfalfa, sweet beans and peas; also occasionally hairy vetch; and other trefoil, milkvetch, on vetch, feeds clover). red (but not clovers Identification mm wingspan; wings are yellow, orange, or orange, yellow, are 50 mm wingspan; wings surface on the upper white with a black border on the underside. solid white or yellow and are white caterpillars with prominent green line a fine reddish stripe along each side with in the middle. However, smaller host plants. from strip leaves causing economic been recorded it has never Canada. in Western damage to host crops Dec Nov Oct Sept Adults Aug Pupae Alfalfa caterpillar – adult Bugwood.org R. Bryson, and John Charles T. July June Larvae Eggs May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . ! Pupae Adults Larvae Pupae Jan Charles T. and John R. Bryson, Bugwood.org R. Bryson, and John Charles T. Alfalfa caterpillar – adult Colias eurytheme Boisduval eurytheme Colias , alfalfa Caterpillar Overwintering 84 Lepidoptera Overwintering Jan Estigmene acrea (Drury) Caterpillar, saltmarsh Adults ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec OverwinteringPupae Larvae Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June Eggs July Pupae Aug Adults Sept

Oct Nov Dec Benny Mazur, Flickr Saltmarsh caterpillar–adult very fastwhendisturbed. have afew rows oforangeorblackwarts. Crawl the body. Thethoracicandabdominalsegments hairs intuftswhichare longertoward theendof yellow todarkbrownish-black withnumerous stiff noticeable caterpillarsrangingincolour from pale black spots orblotches onthehindwings. white infemales. Both sexes have three orfour span. Hindwingisyellow-orange inmalesand individuals lackingany spots; 45-68mmwing with avariable patternofblackspots, withsome with arow ofblackspots. Forewing iswhite and thoraxtheabdomenisyellow-orange numbers tocauseeconomic injury. Identification as well asberryandtree fruits. potato, soybean, sugarbeet, andmostvegetables, Alfalfa, bean,beet, canola,carrot, clover, corn, pea, Hosts Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Saltmarsh caterpillar– Feeding Damage plant leaves. Onegenerationperyear. laid inlarge clustersontheundersidesofhost cocoons covered inhairs.Theyellowish eggsare Overwinters inprotected sitesaspupaein Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Medium sized moths withwhitehead LARVAE: Feed onleaves butnever inenough ADULTS: Donot feed. Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 25-30 mmlong,very economic pest. been developed; seealsoIPMsection(p. 3). known thatcanregulate pestpopulations. Alton N.Sparks,Jr., University ofGeorgia, Bugwood.org Saltmarsh caterpillar– Management Options None established. Economic Threshold None developed. Monitoring/Scouting None thatwould bepresent inthesamecrops. Similar Species CHEMICAL: None asnot considered an CULTURAL: Specificculturalmethods have not BIOLOGICAL: Specificnaturalenemiesare not Lepidoptera 85 PESTS Economic infestations are are infestations Economic BIOLOGICAL: not have Specific cultural methods CULTURAL: in Canada. registered None CHEMICAL: Similar Species in a looping 96) also walk (p. larvae Alfalfa looper a black and have prolegs fewer have fashion but eyes. line on the Monitoring/Scouting site or web agriculture provincial Consult methods. scouting recommended publications for Threshold Economic of 22.5 green injury level an economic Use under row of soybean per metre cloverworms conditions. precipitation normal to above-normal is seriously when canopy During drought, of 10 green level injury use an economic impaired, row. of soybean per metre cloverworms Options Management uncommon due to the several species of due to the several uncommon insects, and fungal pathogens parasites, predatory that attack eggs and larvae. 3). see also IPM section (p. been developed; 25-30 mm long, pale green green 25-30 mm long, pale 14 mm long moths that form a triangle that form 14 mm long moths ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE flowers. nectar from on Feed ADULTS: occasionally on leaves, All instars feed LARVAE: Green cloverworm – adult Green cloverworm Bugwood.org Mark Dreiling, Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life and U.S. the southern migrate up from Adults on available eggs singly or in clusters lay females pupate in the soil. Larvae on arrival. host plants die off Populations generations per year. Two in the fall. Damage Feeding Green cloverworm – caterpillar – cloverworm Green Development and Rural Food Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Hosts alfalfa, dry bean, host, but is a favoured Soybean reported suitable hosts; other and pea are clover, elm, poplar, cherry, birch, corn, hosts include willow. and strawberry, raspberry, ragweed, Identification shape when at rest; forewings charcoal gray gray charcoal forewings shape when at rest; wing span of and silver; with patches of brown a snout. appears to have 25–35 mm. Head and each side stripe down caterpillars with a white walk They the back. white lines down paler three when and thrash violently in a looping motion, disturbed. Also attack seed pods of plants. defoliating legume hosts. Dec Adults Nov

Oct Sept Migrating Adults Aug Pupae July June Eggs Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Larvae Pupae . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug ! Immigrating Adults Jan Hypena scabra (Fabricius) Hypena scabra , green Cloverworm Overwintering 86 Lepidoptera Overwintering Bugwood.org Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Army cutworm–pupa Euxoa auxiliaris(Grote) Cutworm, army Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Eggs Adults Pupae O/W Larvae Feb Mar Activelarvae Eggs Apr May Larvae June July Pupae Aug Adults Sept Oct

Nov Dec down middleofback. light brown, spotted head,andwhitishstripe greenish-grey tobrown fleshy caterpillars with on eachforewing. 40-45 mmwingspan,withtwo prominent spots and wet autumn. preceded by ayear withanabnormallydryJuly presence ordamage.Outbreak years are usually pastures closelyinApril andearlyMay for their complete development. Watch forage crops and host crops (hence “army”) tocontinue feeding and to other plants andup to5kminsearch ofother margins until totally consumed). Larvae willmove spring above ground (holesinleaves andnotched Identification weeds (notably stinkweed), andgrasses. sweet clover, peas,cabbage,sugarbeet, various Wheat, oats,barley, canola,mustard, flax,alfalfa, Hosts Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Army cutworm–caterpillar Feeding Damage generation peryear. escape heat.Eggs are laidinoronloosesoil.One Adults spend summerinsheltered sitesto Overwinters ashalf-grown larvae inthesoil. Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Larger grey-brown bodiedmoths with LARVAE: Alldamageisdoneinthemidtolate ADULTS: Feed onnectarfrom flowers. Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 37-40 mmlong,mottled pale Mark Dreiling, Bugwood.org Army cutworm–adult harmful tobeneficialinsects. provincial recommendations. Selectproducts least predatory insects. and larvae. Larvae alsoattacked by birds and Trichogramma minitum Riley (p.) attackeggs 138) Management Options A nominalthreshold of5-6/m Economic Threshold Repeat theprocess indifferent areas ofthefield. to give thenumberoflarvae persquare metre. sample area. Multiplythenumberoflarvae by four number oflarvae withineach50cmofrow inthe In a50cmby 50cmarea ofcrop, record the Monitoring/Scouting Armyworm (p. 73)andfallarmyworm (p. 76). Similar Species cereal crops. CHEMICAL: Applytreatments asbasedon CULTURAL: Seedspringcrops latertoavoid larvae. BIOLOGICAL: Several speciesofparasitoids(e.g. 2 canbeusedin Lepidoptera 87 PESTS in top 7 cm of soil. 2 ; oilseeds, 25-30% stand reductions; reductions; ; oilseeds, 25-30% stand 2 As with other subterranean cutworms, cutworms, subterranean other with As Ground beetles (p. 115) will (p. beetles Ground BIOLOGICAL: broken on newly corn planting Avoid CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: Black cutworm – adult Ooi, Bugwood.org and P.A.C Gerald R.Carner Shepard, Merle Monitoring/Scouting thinned expanding for crop germinating Monitor for cutworm See pale western areas. or bare crop, Depending on in cereals. sampling methods In be present. may of cutworms species other at ten sites and in row 10 plants examine corn, plants. severed or dead of percentage the estimate Threshold Economic Cereals, crop. to according vary Thresholds 3-4 larvae/m pea, 2-3 larvae/m Options Management attack exposed larvae on soil surface; similar on soil surface; larvae attack exposed eggs and armyworms, cutworms to other insect parasitoids by attacked are and larvae 130), (p. (Cresson) marginiventris Cotesia (e.g. 138)) and (p. minitum Riley Trichogramma predators. the or weedy grassy sod or on land which was that practices summer; use planting previous seedling development. rapid, vigorous encourage in the evening treatments foliar apply necessary the soil to feed. from emerge larvae just before need to be treated. areas Only infested Up to 46 mm long, smooth Up to 46 mm long, smooth Feed on nectar from flowers. from on nectar Feed The first generation of larvae is the most The first generation of larvae LARVAE: 20 mm long body with long, narrow, long, narrow, 20 mm long body with ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE ADULTS: Other cutworm larvae share the same feeding the same feeding share larvae Other cutworm and curl up when general appearance, behaviour, 76) and armyworm (p. armyworm handled. Fall also be present. may 73) larvae (p. – damage Cutworm [email protected] Dolinski, Mike Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Identification Cycle Life each the southern U.S. up from move Moths and grass hosts eggs on weed lay spring; females generations larval One or two in fields or margins. populations die off in the fall. before per year Damage Feeding Similar Species Black cutworm – caterpillar caterpillar – cutworm Black Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Hosts range on a wide but pest feeds is a major host, Corn alfalfa, clover, including crops garden of field and cabbage, lettuce, beet, asparagus, bean, sunflower, squash, radish, spinach, potato, field peas, pepper, hosts weed favoured and tomato; strawberry, dock, lamb’s-quarters, include bluegrass, curled pigweed. and redroot rocket, yellow damaging. Most sever young plants from roots roots from plants young sever damaging. Most base of the at the feed near the soil line as they and underground on the roots feed others leaves; plants can kill many One larva stems of cut plants. it pupates in the soil. until usually dark forewings which are pale near the pale near the which are usually dark forewings black dashes on each forewing. tips with three 38-50 mm. from Wing span varies in colour. purplish to brown and ranges from lines and spots. with grey Patterned Dec Adults Nov Oct

Sept Migrating Adults Aug Pupae July June Larvae Eggs May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Larvae Pupae . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug ! Immigrating Adults Jan (Hufnagel) ipsilon Agrotis cutworm) Dark sword-grass (a.k.a. , black Cutworm Overwintering 88 Lepidoptera Overwintering Discestra trifolii (Hufnagel) Cutworm, clover Jan

! Jan .FebMarAprMayJune .JulyAugSeptOctNovDec O/WPupae Feb

Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June Adults Eggs

Larvae July Pupae

Aug Adults Sept Oct Nov Dec to berthaarmyworm larvae (p. 74). before feeding onallpartsasthey mature, similar lines down theirbacks. along eachsideandthree narrow, broken white brown headandabroad, yellowish-pink stripe black (occasionally green) caterpillarswithalight wing span. brownish-grey forewings, with25-36mm Identification sugar beets, clover, andsomeforages. hosts; other hostsincludecruciferous weeds, Canola, mustard, andflaxare majorfieldcrop Hosts AAFC Clover cutworm–caterpillar AAFC Clover cutworm–caterpillar on bertha armyworm. yellowish-pink ratherthan yellowish-orange as green orpalebrown. Also,thelateralbandis caterpillars are found andthemajorityare either armyworm larvae (p. 74),butfewer velvety black Similar inappearance andsize tobertha Similar Species Feeding Damage year (thefirstmost damaging). eggs laidsinglyonleaves. Two generationsper Overwinter aspupae5-16cmbelow soilsurface; Life Cycle ADULTS: LARVAE: Larvae feed onundersidesofleaves ADULTS: Feed onnectarofflowers. MATURE LARVAE: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Uniform ormottle ashy-grey topale Upto40mmlong,velvety warrants. infestations, spray onlywhere pestpressure are feeding. Becauseofthepatchy nature of in earlymorningorlateevening whenlarvae predators. (e.g. Trichogramma minitum Riley (p. 138))and are alsosubjecttoattackby insectparasitoids populations through thesummer;eggsandlarvae Entomart, Wikipedia Clover cutworm–adult Management Options use thesamelevel asfor bertha Not established; asanominalthreshold incanola Economic Threshold greater damage(lighter shadedtowhite). of infestations, alsowatch for crop areas showing and mustard, becauseofthepatchy distribution Same asfor berthaarmyworm (p 74).Incanola Monitoring/Scouting BIOLOGICAL: CHEMICAL: Applyrequired foliar treatments CULTURAL: Similartoberthaarmyworm. Avirusdiseaseoflarvae canreduce armyworm (p. 74). Lepidoptera 89 PESTS can be used. 2 Attacked by several larval and egg larval several by Attacked BIOLOGICAL: when 10-14 days seeding by Delaying CULTURAL: apply cutworms, As with other CHEMICAL: Similar Species be present may of cutworms Other species confused easily are Larvae on crop. depending 93). (p. cutworm of the redbacked with those Monitoring/Scouting adults, detect traps to and pheromone light Use reflect does not captured the number however Inspect areas infestations. the risk of economic bare where thinning or the edges are plants where hiding under debris or larvae for soil is increasing (night). on the plants or feeding in the soil (day) by destroyed of plants Estimate the percentage their feeding. Threshold Economic of 5-6 larvae/m A nominal threshold Options Management Riley (p. (p. minitum Riley Trichogramma parasitoids (e.g. as insects as well 138)) and generalist predatory and rodents. birds larvae. young many eggs start hatching will starve just in the evening treatments foliar necessary Only the soil to feed. from emerge larvae before need be treated. areas infested Up to 37 mm long, fleshy Up to 37 mm long, fleshy Feed on the leaves and stems of young and stems of young leaves on the Feed Feed on nectar from flowers. nectar from on Feed ADULTS: LARVAE: 20 mm long, robust moth with grayish with grayish moth 20 mm long, robust ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Darksided cutworm – pupa Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development Rural and Food Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life as eggs laid in the soil or under Overwinters fall. Mature fields the previous debris in cultivated about 30 days stage for pre-pupa a have larvae eggs on up to 1000 lay prior to pupating. Females debris. One the soil under soil clumps and plant generation per year. Damage Feeding Darksided cutworm – caterpillar cutworm Darksided Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Hosts and woody of herbaceous spectrum broad Very canola, corn, cereals, vegetables, hosts including fruits. and tree and vine, berry, flax, sunflower, Identification plants at night, sometimes causing complete causing complete sometimes at night, plants Hide during and death of the plant. defoliation or in the soil. at the base of plants the day soil soon of bare areas Gradually increasing indicates possible emerged have after the crops damage. feeding cutworm grayish caterpillars with a prominent white stripe white caterpillars with a prominent grayish and a reddish the legs, along each side just above is orange- along back. Head colour background spots. with darker brown brown body and wing span of 32-36 mm. Grayish mm. Grayish body and wing span of 32-36 brown and a kidney-shaped oval an have each forewings among irregular margins with darker paler spot dark lines. Dec Adults Nov Oct Pupae Sept Aug Pre-pupae July June Pupae Pre-Pupae Larvae May

Apr Eggs Mar Feb Pupae Adults ! Overwintering Eggs Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Larvae Jan Euxoa messoria (Harris) messoria Euxoa , darksided Cutworm Overwintering 90 Lepidoptera Overwintering Feltia jaculifera (Guenée) Cutworm, dingy Jan Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec ! Eggs Adults Pupae OverwinteringLarvae Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Active larvae Larvae June

July Pupae Aug

Adults Sept Oct Nov Dec spots oneachsegment. with light gray Vshapedpatternsandfour black caterpillar withabroad gray stripedown theback and beanshapedmarkings. span; forewings are darkbrown withpalestripes on leaves andonlyrarely onstems. young crops. Larvae feed primarilyabove ground when partiallymature larvae emerge tofeed on Identification ornamental, andweed hosts. rye, andwheat;many other vegetable, grass, Sunflowers, alfalfa,corn, flax,canola,oats,barley, Hosts Food andRural Development John Gavloski, ManitobaAgriculture, Dingy cutworm–caterpillar Mark Dreiling, Bugwood.org Dingy cutworm–adult this guidemay bepresent dependingonthecrop. Larvae ofother speciesof cutworms describedin Similar Species Feeding Damage One generationperyear. fall before burrowing into thesoiltooverwinter. in weedy, moistareas offields.Larvae feed in lay eggsinthesoilnearhostplants, especially complete development inthespring.Females Overwinters aspartiallygrown larvae that Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 20mmlongmoth with35-40mmwing LARVAE: Most severe damageoccurs inthespring ADULTS: Feed onnectarfrom flowers. Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 25-32 mmlong,fleshy areas needtobetreated. just before larvae begintofeed. Onlyinfested apply necessary foliar treatments intheevening larvae topredation by birds andpredatory insects. for egglaying. Springandfallcultivation willexpose and post-harvest willreduce attractionoffemales and larvae. and predatory insectsandspidersattackeggs (Trichogramma minitum Riley (p. 138)) Management Options 3-4 larvae/m Thresholds vary according tocrop. Cereals, Economic Threshold through top2-6cmofsoil. cutworms. Use atrowel orshovel to search damaged plants ina50cmXarea for cutworm damageisnoticed, checkaround crop orexpanding bare soil.Inareas where Monitor germinatingcrop for areas ofthinning Monitoring/Scouting reductions; pea,2-3larvae/m CULTURAL: Control ofweed hostsinfallow fields CHEMICAL: Aswithother climbingcutworms, BIOLOGICAL: Several speciesofparasitoids 2 ;oilseeds,25-30%stand 2 intop7cmofsoil. Lepidoptera 91 - PESTS - ichneu of braconid, species Several If insecticide treatment is required, is required, If insecticide treatment BIOLOGICAL: BIOLOGICAL: land and summer fallow broken Newly CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: Monitoring/Scouting in larvae for early spring, check In the fall and and crowns, the roots, examining by fields at risk or clipped browned showing soil of plants nearby growth. or slow leaves Threshold Economic established. None Options Management minitum monid, Trichogramma trichogramids (e.g. and gener parasitoids 138)) and tachinid (p. Riley and eggs. on larvae feed alist predators cultivated should be well weeds with grassy suitable growth new during August to prevent feeding. and larval egg laying for (200 L/ha) to volume apply using a high water beneath the larvae reaches the product ensure Applying treatments foliage. and within the plant the level rains or irrigation improves just before of control. Larvae feed underground on underground feed Larvae 35-40 mm long, with a glossy, a glossy, 35-40 mm long, with Feed on nectar from flowers. nectar from on Feed ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE 20-25 mm long, greyish-brownish 20-25 mm long, greyish-brownish ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life feeding that resume larvae as young Overwinters pupate in soil cells. in the early spring. They near host plants. their eggs in the soil lay Females Damage Feeding Similar Species glassy with be present species that may Related (lined (Walker) include Apamea inficita cutworm (yellowheaded A. amputatrix (Fitch) moth), Quaker Smith (thoughtful and A. cogitate cutworm), 90], dingy [p. (e.g. Other cutworms apamea moth). 93], variegated [p. 92], redbacked [p. pale western spp.) may (Crambus 94]) and sod webworms [p. also be present. Glassy cutworm – caterpillar cutworm Glassy Dolinski, [email protected] Mike Hosts hosts; occasional the preferred Grasses are corn. and to cereals damage reported Identification semi-translucent greenish-white or grey body or grey greenish-white semi-translucent head brown and a reddish without body markings, when disturbed curl up and neck shield. Larvae larvae. cutworm similar to other or in the case of bunch and roots, crowns the plant to the come and rarely grasses, within the crown than they leaves often clip off more They surface. can last 2–3 years. Outbreaks can consume. dark spots body and wings with several (35-40 mm wing span). Dec Nov Oct Sept Adults Aug Pupae July

June Larvae May Active larvae Pupae Apr Eggs Mar Feb O/W Larvae Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec !

Adults Eggs Jan Apamea devastator (Brace) Apamea devastator , glassy Cutworm Overwintering 92 Lepidoptera Overwintering Agrotis orthogonia(Morrison) Cutworm, palewestern Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Larvae OverwinteringEggs Eggs Adults Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae Pupae June July Pupae Aug Adults Sept Oct Nov Dec dashes. brown headwhichhastwo distinctvertical black distinguishing markingsexcept for theyellow- to greenish gray fleshy caterpillarswithout span. forewings withindefinitemarkings;38mmwing just below soillevel toeatthemunderground. along rows cuttingoffleaves andsevering plants emerge (small holes). Asthey mature they move Identification corn, sugarbeets, legumes,andcertain weeds. Cereals (wheat preferred), canola,mustard, flax, Hosts Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Pale westerncutworm–caterpillar Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Pale westerncutworm –damage and blackcutworm (p. 85). present includetheredbacked cutworm (p. 91) Other subterranean cutworm larvae thatmay be Similar Species Feeding Damage per year. Larvae pupateinearthencells. Onegeneration Overwinter aseggsinthetopcentimeter ofsoil. Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 19mmlongmoth withlight gray LARVAE: Young larvae feed onleaves before they ADULTS: Feed onnectarofflowers. Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Up to40mmlong,palegray affected areas for larvae. the top2-3cmofsoilalongedges be sprayed before reseeding. leaves into thesoiltofeed. Infested fieldsshould surface will beexposed whenthey pulltreated larvae thatdonot contact residues onthesoil begin feeding, andonlytoinfested areas. Those starve many young larvae. keeping itblackfor 10days before seedingwill signs offeeding damage, cultivating the soiland females for egglaying. Ifvolunteer cereals show August tomid-September are lessattractive to outbreaks after2years. parasitism isusuallyresponsible for ending insects attackeggsandlarvae. Very highlarval Trichogramma minitum Riley (p. andpredatory 138)) Management Options 3-4 larvae/m Economic Threshold ten sites,markoff0.1m especially sandyridgesandknolls.At aminimum cereal crops for expanding thinnedorbare areas, emergence ofadults.Monitor germinating Pheromone trapsare available todetect Monitoring/Scouting CHEMICAL: Applyinthelateevening whenlarvae CULTURAL: Weed-free uncultivated fieldsin BIOLOGICAL: Several speciesofparasitoids(e.g. 2 . 2 area (1ft 2 ) andexamine Lepidoptera 93 PESTS can be used. 2 Several species of parasitoids (e.g. (e.g. species of parasitoids Several BIOLOGICAL: fields from uncultivated Weed-free CULTURAL: when Apply in the late evening CHEMICAL: Redbacked cutworm – damage Redbacked AAFC Economic Threshold Economic of 5-6 larvae/m threshold A nominal Options Management and predatory and predatory 138)) (p. minitum Riley Trichogramma high larval Very larvae. insects attack eggs and ending for responsible parasitism is usually outbreaks. to less attractive are late July to end September egg laying. for females the infested and only to begin feeding, larvae residues contact that do not Those larvae areas. eat when they will be exposed on the soil surface fields should be sprayed Infested leaves. treated reseeding. before ) and examine ) and examine 2 area (1 ft area 2 38 mm long, fleshy caterpillars caterpillars 38 mm long, fleshy Forewings are fawn to brick-red in colour; in colour; fawn to brick-red are Forewings Feed on nectar of flowers. on Feed ADULTS: they before on leaves feed larvae Young LARVAE: ADULTS: ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life of soil. as eggs in the top centimeter Overwinter One generation cells. pupate in earthen Larvae per year. Damage Feeding Similar Species include be present that may larvae Other cutworm 92) and black (p. cutworm the pale western 87). (p. cutworm Monitoring/Scouting to detect available traps are Pheromone germinating of adults. Monitor emergence areas, thinned or bare expanding for crops cereal a minimum especially sandy ridges and knolls. At ten sites, mark off 0.1m Redbacked cutworm – caterpillar – cutworm Redbacked Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Hosts sunflower, mustard, flax, canola, corn, Cereals, and legumes, vegetables, forage sugar beets, crops. other many Identification with a reddish-brown strip extending down the down strip extending with a reddish-brown a dark by dark line bordered back that has a centre band on each side. move they mature As larvae holes). (small emerge plants and severing cutting off leaves along rows to eat them underground. soil level just below 40 mm wing span. the top 5–7 cm of soil along the edges of the the top 5–7 cm of soil along the edges of larvae. for areas affected Dec Nov Oct Sept Adults Aug

Pupae Redbacked cutworm – pupa Redbacked Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food July June Pupae Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Adults Eggs ! Overwintering Eggs Larvae . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug Jan Redbacked cutworm – adult Redbacked Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food (Guenée) ochrogaster Euxoa , redbacked Cutworm Overwintering 94 Lepidoptera Overwintering Jan Peridroma saucia(Hübner) Cutworm, variegated

Pupae Larvae Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec O/WPupae ! Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Adults Larvae Eggs June

July Pupae Aug Adults Sept Oct Nov Dec James Kalisch,University ofNebraska, Bugwood.org Variegated cutworm–caterpillar Mark Dreiling, Bugwood.org Variegated cutworm–adult disturbed, like other cutworms. brown stripealongtheside.They curlupwhen and ayellow spot. There isanarrow, orange- eighth segment ismarked withboth ablackspot (at least)beartwo yellow ororangedots whilethe dark brown. Thefirstfour abdominalsegments caterpillar, palegray orlight brown mottled with wing span. to a darker kidney-shaped marking;45–50mm pale oval markingnearthewingedge,adjacent at ground level like subterranean cutworms. flowers, buds,andfruits.They donot clipplants off Identification grasses, ornamentals, andgreenhouse plants. potatoes, soybean, garden crops, trees, vines, Corn, beans,alfalfa,cereals, sweet clover, Hosts Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Feeding Damage year depending onweather conditions. on hostplants. Two orthree larval generationsper Up to2000eggs/female are laidinclustersof60+ migrate upfrom theU.S. throughout theseason. Overwinter aspupaeinsoilcells. Moths may also Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Forewings are yellow orbrown witha LARVAE: ADULTS: Feed onnectarofflowers. Climb upplants atnight tofeed onfoliage, 35-40 mmlong,smooth fleshy emerge from thesoiltofeed. hosts are lessattractive for egglaying. insects attacktheeggsandlarvae. Trichogramma minitum Riley (p.and predatory 138)) (e.g. Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (p. 130), Management Options 2–4 larvae/m None specificfor thispest;for other cutworms Economic Threshold plants for thelarvae. day, examine thetop3-6cmofsoilaround the net atnight toscout for feeding larvae; duringthe adults. Whenleafdamageappears,useasweep Use pheromone trapstodetect appearance of Monitoring/Scouting on theirbacks. distinguished by 4to7paleyellow, circular spots may bepresent. Variegated cutworm larvae are Other speciesofcutworm andarmyworm larvae Similar Species depending oncrop. CHEMICAL: CULTURAL: Fieldsfree ofweed andvolunteer crop BIOLOGICAL: Several speciesofparasitoids Applyintheevening whencutworms 2 cancausesignificant injuryorloss Lepidoptera 95 PESTS Plant corn earlier or plant earlier earlier earlier or plant corn Plant Cotesia Cotesia the parasitoids by Attacked BIOLOGICAL: CULTURAL: Protection of field corn is not is not of field corn Protection CHEMICAL: Similar Species 79) and fall armyworm (p. borer corn European same time. at the on corn be present 76) may (p. Monitoring/Scouting to available and traps are lures Pheromone moths. male capture Threshold Economic established. None Options Management Trichogramma Trichogramma 130) and (p. (Cresson) marginiventris it and , however 138) (p. Westwood evanescens a considered not natural enemies are other of this factor due to the late season appearance pest. intermittent maturing varieties to avoid larvae; some transgenic some transgenic larvae; to avoid maturing varieties some suppression. provide may varieties corn corn sweet protect To economical. considered the must be applied throughout ears, treatments the tunnel into they before silk stage to kill larvae tips. 37 mm long, fleshy caterpillars caterpillars 37 mm long, fleshy Stout-bodied moths with 35-40 mm moths Stout-bodied

Feed on nectar from flowers. nectar from on Feed ADULTS: whorl stage causes during Feeding LARVAE: ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Corn earworm – adult Corn Bugwood.org Mark Dreiling, Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life and Mexico, southern U.S. migrate up from Adults mid to late summer (depending usually arriving by leafs or silks; laid on newer eggs are on winds); pupae any and Larvae pupate in soil cells. larvae corn to sweet Threat frosts. fall killed by are arriving and stage depends on number of females development. of corn Damage Feeding Corn earworm – caterpillar, damage – caterpillar, earworm Corn University, Southern Georgia McKeever, Sturgis Bugwood.org Hosts host; tomatoes is the major economic corn Sweet also attacked. are Identification that vary in colour from yellow-brown to grey- yellow-brown from in colour that vary and alternating light with horizontal and green back. dark bands along the during usually on isolated plants; leaves, tattered on the tips to feed tunnel into silk stage, larvae damage Feeding kernels. the silk and developing of the ears. the quality and marketability reduces wing span. Forewings vary greatly in colour from from in colour greatly vary wing span. Forewings brown each with dark pale tan to dark brown, edge and a broad front in middle towards spots the leading edge. Eyes shaded band along lighter green. bright are

Dec Nov Oct Sept Migrating Adults Aug Eggs Pupae July June Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Larvae Pupae Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . ! Immigrating Adults Jan Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) zea Helicoverpa Earworm, corn Overwintering 96 Lepidoptera Overwintering Autographa californica Speyer Looper, alfalfa Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec ImmigratingAdults Pupae Larvae Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Eggs Larvae June July Pupae Aug Migrating Adults Sept

Oct Nov Adults Dec prolegs). abdomen; walk inaloopingfashion(3pairsof green withpalerheadandslightly swollen near itscentre. each withadistinctyellowish sickle-shapedspot silvery-grey forewings (30-38mmwingspan), regrowth atriskunderhighpopulationpressure. Alfalfa—Similar injuryasfor canola;firstcut usually not aproblem (see below). during flowering. Second generationlarvae are seed pods.Infestations are usuallypatchy and portion oftheplant aswell as clipflowers and along leafmargins andmay defoliate alarge active duringtheday. Identification crops, ornamental trees, andtree fruits. include canola,peas,spinachandvarious garden Prefer alfalfa,clover, andlettuce. Otherhosts Hosts AAFC Alfalfa looper–caterpillar, damage AAFC Alfalfa looper–cocoon also bepresent. cabbageworm (Pierisrapae (Linnaeus) (p. 82)) may (Colias eurythemeBoisduval (p. 83))andimported (Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby)); alfalfacaterpillar (Trichoplusia ni(Hübner)) andcelery looper Adults canbeconfused withthecabbagelooper Similar Species Feeding Damage depending onweather conditions. three overlapping generationsoflarvae peryear the few pupaeoverwintering inthesoil.Two or U.S. althoughsomemay have emerged from Most moths seeninthe springblew infrom the Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Dullgrey orbrown bodiedmoth with LARVAE: Canola—Firstgenerationlarvae feed ADULTS: Feed onnectarfrom flowers andare Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 25 mmlong,light toolive- Service, Bugwood.org Peggy Greb, USDA Agricultural Research Alfalfa looper–adult required for protection of canolaoralfalfacrops. larval feeding injury. noticeable defoliation occurs. Watch regrowth for 130)) attackeggsandlarvae. parasitoids (e.g. Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (p. species ofgeneralistpredators andsome body fluidsthatinfect other larvae. Several hang from hostplants drippingvirus-infested terminating mostinfestations. Infected larvae mortality offirstgeneration5 Management Options and podclipping,may warrant control. metre, combined withheavy defoliation orflower canola. However, more than15larvae persquare No economic threshold hasbeenestablishedin Economic Threshold metre for thefield. to obtain anaverage numberoflarvae persquare this procedure several timesindifferent locations record thenumberoflarvae ontheground. Repeat Beat canolaplants inanarea 50cmxand Monitoring/Scouting CHEMICAL: Control products available butrarely CULTURAL: For alfalfa,harvest assoon BIOLOGICAL: Avirusdiseasecausessignificant th –6 th instarlarvae, Lepidoptera 97 PESTS Several species of parasitoids species Several BIOLOGICAL: such as tillage Although practices CULTURAL: at the R-5.1 treatment Apply required CHEMICAL: Monitoring/Scouting to early late bud (R-4) in the are When plants in the early moths look for (R-5.1), bloom stage 5 from on 20 plants or early morning evening sites Sampling of 100 plants). sites (total different the field margin. m from should be at least 20-30 Threshold Economic in early evening if counted plants One moth/two or morning. Options Management Glypta 130), Glypta Chelonus phaloniae Mason (p. (e.g. 135)) and generalist Dasche (p. prognatha and eggs. on larvae feed predators in reducing been effective date have and planting moth, the banded sunflower damage from of all the insect pests should be aware growers of the effect and also to have likely are they date on yield potential. planting stage, and early in the morning or late in growth on bees effect the adverse to minimize the day pollinators. and other Banded sunflower moth – damage caterpillar, University, State Colorado Peairs, Frank Bugwood.org As larvae mature they feed on feed they mature As larvae 10 mm long, green caterpillars 10 mm long, green Feed on nectar from flowers. nectar from on Feed ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE 7 mm long, straw-colored moth with a moth straw-colored 7 mm long, ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life in the soil. Females larvae as mature Overwinters the new fields into infested previously from move on the bracts eggs during the evening lay to crops heads. of sunflower Damage Feeding Similar Species moth sunflower species, Arthur’s A related infesting arthuri Dang), has been reported (Cochylis Because the feeding in Saskatchewan. sunflowers damage is similar to that of the banded sunflower to distinguish the two necessary it is not moth, purposes. Also, pest management species for larvae moth banded sunflower seed damaged by seed sunflower red on by those fed resemble 31). (p. weevil Banded sunflower moth – caterpillar moth sunflower Banded Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Hosts Sunflower Identification that began as light pink or yellow, then to reddish then to reddish pink or yellow, that began as light in colour. green or purplish, and finally seeds (6-7 seeds and developing bracts, florets, seed. yield of intact reducing consumed/larva), near the top of seeds. evident holes are Entry/exit nearest margins on crop damage occurs Most fields. infested previously brown triangular area in the middle portion of the triangular area brown wings. fore Dec Nov Oct Sept Adults Aug Pupae Banded sunflower moth – adult Zimlich Lord Robert July June Larvae May Pupae Apr Eggs Mar Feb ! O/W Larvae Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Adults Eggs Jan Banded sunflower moth – adult iNaturalist.org Susan Elliott, Cochylis hospes (Walsingham) Cochylis , banded sunflower Moth Overwintering 98 Lepidoptera Overwintering Jan AAFC Diamondback moth–eggs Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) Moth, diamondback ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOct .NovDec MigratingAdults Pupae Larvae Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae Eggs June July Pupae AAFCa Diamondback moth–damage Aug Migrating Adults Sept Oct Nov Adults Dec reduce seedqualityandyield. in severely infested areas. Feeding damagecan stems andpods,causingafrosted appearance the flowers, developing pods,andstripbarkfrom leaves except theveins. Larvae will alsofeed on creating shot holesandcompletely consuming leaves before exiting tofeed ontheleafsurfaces, the midline. forewings create diamond-shapedpatternsalong with 18-20mmwingspan;whenatrest, the Identification and weeds. Canola, mustard, andmany cruciferous vegetables Hosts Food andRural Development John Gavloski, ManitobaAgriculture, Diamondback moth–caterpillar, cocoon Alberta Agriculture andRural Development Diamondback moth –adult or drop onasilken thread whendisturbed. similar colouration butdonot wrigglebackwards Young imported cabbageworm larvae (p. have 82) Similar Species Feeding Damage the plant. Populations dieoffinthefall. leaves. Larvae pupateinalace-like, silken cocoon on in twos orthrees ontheupperandlower surfaces of of 30-200minute,disc-shaped green oryellow eggs number ofmigrants. Females lay theircomplement to year dependingonstrength ofsouthwindsand overlapping generations(up to3)vary from year U.S. eachspring.Establishment andnumberof Adults are carrieduponwindsfrom thesouthern Life Cycle extend slightly backwards inafork-like fashion. on asilken thread whendisturbed.Terminal prolegs caterpillars thatwrigglebackwards andreadily drop ADULTS: LARVAE: Newly hatchedlarvae tunnelinthe ADULTS: Feed onnectarofflowers. MATURE LARVAE: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Small(12mmlong),very active moths 8mmlong,narrow, green podded canola. for products andtiming. spring migrants. canola whichallow sitesfor establishment of later intheseason. fungi canlimitorprevent populationdevelopment predators attacklarvae; outbreaks ofpathogenic (Kurdjurnov) (p. 130)andother generalist 115), spiders(pp. 111-114),Cotesia plutellae (Trichogrammidae) (p. 138).Ground beetles (p. (p. 130),andTrichogramma praetiosum Riley 135), Microplitis plutellae (Haliday) (Braconidae) subtilicornis (Gravenhorst) (Ichneumonidae) (p. this pest:Diadegmainsulare (Cresson), Diadromus Alberta Agriculture andRural Development Diamondback moth –damage Management Options 100-150 larvae/m Economic Threshold m dislodged larvae. Estimatethenumberofplants/ and beatitagainstasmooth surface tocount the the crop. At eachstop,carefully pullupaplant of damageand/or larvae. Inspect5-10areas of warnings. InJulyandAugust,scout fieldsfor signs agricultural pestsurvey web sitesfor early of moths inthespring.Orconsult provincial Pheromone trapsare available todetect arrival Monitoring/Scouting canola; 200-300larvae/m CHEMICAL: Consult provincial recommendations CULTURAL: Control weed hostsandvolunteer BIOLOGICAL: Four important parasitoidsattack 2 ateachstopandcalculatelarvae/m 2 inimmature andflowering 2 (20-30/ft 2 ) in 2 . Lepidoptera 99 PESTS Can be parasitoidized by Gelis by Can be parasitoidized None registered in Canada. registered None BIOLOGICAL: with high numbers of red In areas CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: Similar Species clover. red infesting found are similar larvae No (C. casebearer banded clover the adult Both casebearer clover the large and (Hübner)) mayrella clover the red resemble moths (Curtis)) (C. trifolii banded clover however, moth; casebearer and only on white clover feed larvae casebearer only on sweet feed larvae casebearer clover large clover. Monitoring/Scouting detect to traps in late May out pheromone Set of flowering the onset of adults. At emergence the period, scout the flowering and throughout larvae heads to look for opening flower by crop and cases. Threshold Economic established. None Options Management (Say) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Ichneumonidae; (Hymenoptera: (Say) tenellus parasitoids. unidentified p. 135) and several 111-114) 115) and spiders (pp. (p. beetles Ground in late when on the soil surface attack larvae may summer and spring. Region River Peace (e.g. moths casebearer clover clover red of Alberta and British Columbia), in the rotation one year for should only be grown a second stands for clover red leaving (i.e. avoid year). production Red clover casebearer moth - larvae clover Red Jason J. Dombroskie Contained within portable Contained 10-15 mm long body with metallic with metallic 10-15 mm long body ATURE LARVAE: ATURE Feed on flower nectar. flower on Feed ADULTS: the calyx and tunnel through Larvae LARVAE: ADULTS: Life Cycle Life within sealed larvae as mature Overwinter occurs Pupation cases on the soil surface. in within the case in the spring; adults emerge mid-August. lasting until early June with flight florets. clover laid on the calyx of red are Eggs One generation per year. Damage Feeding Hosts also but larvae is the major host, clover Red and stone, white on alsike, feed reportedly clover. zig-zag Identification feed on developing seeds within the floret. floret. seeds within the on developing feed florets, adjacent can tunnel between Larvae Cases seeds per day. up to three consuming clover red in mature easily detected are flowers. green forewings with a reddish sheen; wings sheen; with a reddish forewings green 9.5-15.5 mm the body when at rest; over fold with green metallic are wingspan. Antennae base. white tips and a thickened M petals flower withered from cases created with brown cigar-shaped, and silk. Cases are 6 and approximately surface a roughened end of the front from feed mm long. Larvae the case; the back end is closed and has three or white ridges; when disturbed, larvae yellow their case. withdraw their heads into Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Red clover casebearer moth - adult moth - casebearer clover Red Haye Tim Dec Nov Oct Sept Adults Aug Pupae July June Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Red clover casebearer moth - sealed overwintering larval cases larval casebearer moth - sealed overwintering clover Red AAFC Mori, Boyd red clover casebearer clover red Moth, Lienig and Zeller deauratella Coleophora Jan Overwintering 100 Lepidoptera Overwintering Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst) Moth, sunflower Jan Pupae Larvae ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec ImmigratingAdults Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Larvae June July Pupae Eggs Aug Migrating Adults Sept Oct Nov Adults Dec

distinctive brown andpinkish-purplestriping. when atrest; 20mmwingspan. whitish forewings whichfold over their bodies dark appearance. frass. Aheavily infested sunflower headhasa within silken tubes,whichretain blackpellets of week, they tunneldeepinto theheadsandlive to 100florets duringthisperiod.After abouta on pollen andflower parts;they candestroy up margins. Newly hatchedlarvae initiallyfeed strongly attractedtoflowering sunflowers. Identification Sunflower Hosts Bugwood.org Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Sunflower moth–caterpillar Mark Dreiling, Bugwood.org Sunflower moth–adult Feeding Damage new adults dieoffinthefall. in earthencells. Onelarval generationperyear; 30 pearl-white eggsin pollinatingblooms.Pupate Adults blown infrom thesouthernU.S. lay upto Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Small(10-15mmlong)moths with LARVAE: Most infestations are limitedtofield ADULTS: Feed onnectarofflowers. Females are Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 20 mmlongcaterpillarwith hatching larvae. is reached whilethe crop isinbloomtocontrol been developed; seealsoIPMsection(p. 3). on adults. Management Options first appearance. bloom orwithinseven days oftheadultmoth’s At dusk,2-4moths/10 headsattheonset of Economic Threshold of moths observed ontheheads. within 20 moftheedgesandrecord thenumber 10 headsatsitesaround thecrop perimeter in theevening whenmoths are active. Inspect blooming andthrough blooming,scout thecrop to Set outpheromone trapsjustpriortoflowering Monitoring/Scouting be present. Banded sunflower moth larvae (p.97) may Similar Species CHEMICAL: Applyaninsecticideifthethreshold CULTURAL: Specificculturalmethods have not BIOLOGICAL: Spiders(pp. 111-114) willprey detect arrival ofadults.At theonset of Lepidoptera 101 PESTS Specific natural enemies are not not are Specific natural enemies BIOLOGICAL: found Dakota in North Research CULTURAL: in Canada. registered None CHEMICAL: Similar Species None. Monitoring/Scouting developed. None Threshold Economic established. None Options Management known that can regulate pest populations. pest populations. that can regulate known of to mid-June) dates (early that late planting of heads the percentage reduced sunflowers with compared bud moth sunflower damaged by dates. early planting 8-10 mm long, smooth, cream- smooth, mm long, 8-10

Feed on nectar of flowers. on Feed ADULTS: black frass stems leaving into Tunnel LARVAE: Small moths with gray-brown forewings forewings with gray-brown Small moths ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life as pupae in the stem of hosts. Overwinter the terminals of immature laid on are Eggs of mature or on the receptacle sunflowers generations per year. Two sunflowers. Damage Feeding Sunflower bud moth – caterpillar – bud moth Sunflower Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Hosts Sunflowers Identification over the entrance hole. Some weakening of hole. Some weakening the entrance over enough to warrant but not occur the stem may buds can also damage sunflower Larvae concern. occur in R1 to R3 stage. Some yield loss may unopened buds, which into burrow when larvae Second head development. proper prevents a threat. not are generation larvae with two dark transverse bands; 16-18 mm dark transverse with two middle the across wing span. One band extends band is located near of the wing and the second the wing tip. heads. caterpillars with brown coloured Dec Nov Oct

Sept Adults Aug Pupae Sunflower bud moth – pupa Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food July June Eggs Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Larvae Pupae Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . ! Overwintering Pupae Overwintering Pupae Adults Adults John Gavloski, Manitoba Agriculture, Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Sunflower bud moth – adult (Riley) Suleima helianthana , sunflower bud , sunflower Moth Jan Overwintering 102 Lepidoptera Overwintering Jan Loxostege sticticalis (Linnaeus) Webworm, beet Eggs Adults ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJune .JulyAugSeptOctNovDec O/W O/WLarvae Pupae Feb

Mar

Eggs Apr May Larvae June July Pupae Aug Adults Sept Oct Nov Dec such aslamb’s-quarters andRussian thistle. circular figures eachcontaining astiffhair. two parallellight stripesdown theback, flanked by caterpillars withadarkgreen toblackbodywith shape. Takes shorterraticflight whendisturbed. 25 mmwingspan.At rest itforms atriangular leaves together. Inflax,2 yields. Inalfalfa,larvae attackterminals,webbing plants todesiccate prematurely, reducing seed areas afrosted appearance. Thisstrippingcauses where they stripsurface tissue,givinginfested feeding onleaves thenmove tostemsandpods lamb’s-quarters incrops. Incanola,larvae begin Larvae willalsofeed onpreferred weed hostslike hosts thathave drieduporbeendestroyed. larvae migratingfrom nearby patchesofweed Identification mustard, sunflower, various vegetables, andweeds Canola, alfalfa,flax,sugarbeet, sweet clover, Hosts AAFC Beet webworm–caterpillar Boris Loboda Beet webworm–adult Feeding Damage generations peryear. for 4-5 weeks before pupatinginthesoil.Two Eggs hatch in7-10days, andthenlarvae feed on theundersidesofleaves ofhost plants. in the soil.Eggs are laidoverlapping like shingles Overwinter aspupaeorlarvae withincocoons Life Cycle and branches. feed ontheleaves, flowers, andbarkfrom stems MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 20mmlong,greyish-brown moths with LARVAE: ADULTS: Feed onnectarfrom flowers. Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Many sporadicinfestations startby 25-40mmlong,slender, active nd generationlarvae will

many larvae. Control lamb’s-quarter andother other parasitoids,andgeneralistinsectpredators. parasitoid Trichogramma praetiosum Riley (p. 138), weed hosts earlywithinandadjacent tohostcrops Management Options is oftenfollowed. None. Threshold for berthaarmyworm (p. 74) Economic Threshold for eggsandlarvae. inspect patchesofpreferred weeds withincrops areas ofcrops withafrosted appearance. Also Inspect crops inJune-July for larvae, especially Monitoring/Scouting in spun orfolded leaves ofalfalfa. larvae; however they mineleaves andlaterlive (Doubleday)) donot resemble beet webworm larvae ofthegrey tortrix(Cnephasiastephensiana and size, andalsofeed oncanolaand alfalfa.The resemble beet webworm larvae inappearance Alfalfa webworm larvae (L.cerealis (Zeller)) Similar Species to prevent build-upofpotential pestpopulations. CULTURAL: Normal harvesting practices willkill BIOLOGICAL: Subjecttoattackby theegg CHEMICAL: Applyasrequired.

Orthoptera 103 PESTS . spiders (pp. 111-114), and toads spiders (pp. None registered in Canada registered None Several species of birds, shrews, shrews, of birds, species Several BIOLOGICAL: not have Specific cultural methods CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: CHEMICAL: Similar Species longer 104) has antennae (p. cricket Mormon the fall the case with which is not than its body field cricket. Monitoring/Scouting developed. None Threshold Economic established. None Options Management small rodents, parasitic and predatory insects, insects, parasitic and predatory small rodents, pathogens, cause high mortality among all stages. 3). see also IPM section (p. been developed; Feed mostly at night. at night. mostly Feed Resemble adults but smaller, adults but smaller, Resemble 15-25 mm long, with brownish brownish 15-25 mm long, with ADULTS: ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE NYMPHS: AND ADULTS Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Identification Cycle Life 50, laid eggs in clusters of around Overwinter up to in moist sand or soil. Nymphs can take to mature. 12 weeks Damage Feeding Fall field cricket – adult – cricket field Fall Bugwood.org Berger, Joseph Hosts switchgrass, plantain, Lamb’s-quarters, and cereals, seeds of forages ragweed, crabgrass, eggs, living insects (grasshopper small fruits, their own butterflies and flies, pupae of moths, and dead insects. young), Seed yields can be reduced during outbreaks. Seed yields can be reduced forewings that do not cover the length of the the length cover do not that forewings appendages to black body; two dark brown shiny, the end of the abdomen; from extend (cerci) sword-shaped an 18 mm long, also have females the abdomen. from backward extending ovipositor fly. do not Adults lack wings and ovipositor.

Dec Nov Oct Eggs Sept Aug Adults July June Nymphs May Apr Eggs Mar Feb

. Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov ! Overwintering Eggs Nymphs Adults Jan Burmeister Gryllus pennsylvanicus , fall field Cricket Overwintering 104 Orthoptera Overwintering Anabrus simplexHaldeman Cricket, Mormon Jan ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNo Adults Nymphs OverwinteringEggs Feb Mar Eggs Apr May Nymphs June July Adults Aug Sept Oct Nov v .Dec Dec reaches 4.5°C.One generation peryear. (historically 5to21years). cricket outbreaks, whichmay lastseveral years to livestock. Drought encourages Mormon yields. Alfalfabaledwithcrickets isunpalatable crops andsignificantly reducing marketable feed onallpartsofplant hosts,devastating size andlackofovipositor infemales. appearance andcolour variation except for smaller neither canfly. sexes have antennae longerthanthebodyand be striped.Females have alongovipositor. Both colored markings.Theabdomenmay appearto “shield” (pronotum) behindtheheadmay have solitary individualsare purpleorgreen. The individuals may beblack,brown, orred, whereas varies according topopulationdensity–swarming insects, includingother Mormon crickets. vegetables (estimated 400hosts). They alsoeat alfalfa, sweetclover, aswell asforages andgarden eaten. Fieldcrop hostsincludewheat,barley, grasses andshrubssuchassagebrushare also Forbs (broad-leafed plants) are favoured, but Hosts Bugwood.org Howard EnsignEvans, Colorado State University, Mormon cricket –adult Feeding Damage hatch thefollowing springwhenthesoiltemperature Overwinter aseggslaidsinglyindisturbedsoiland Life Cycle Identification ADULTS AND NYMPHS: MATURE NYMPHS: ADULTS: 40–50mmlong,stout-bodies; colour Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Resemble adultsin Migrating swarms will

justify protection. to treat areas where damageandnumbers eggs topredation. natural enemies. parasitic andpredatory insectsare theprimary Management Options Guidelines.html. by crop atwww.westernforum.org/WCCP%20 the Western Committee onCrop Pests web site depending onlocation.Thresholds are postedon thresholds for grasshoppersmay beusefulguides No specificthresholds for thispest;however, Economic Threshold jump ina1ft to oneside.Count thenumberofnymphs that twenty sitesalongalinetothefieldcentre, then Starting from acorner ofthefield,sampleatleast Monitoring/Scouting never reach outbreak densities. There are other Anabrusspecies;however they crops. Itsantennae are not aslongitsbody. Fall fieldcricket (p. 103)may bepresent insome Similar Species of grasshoppers counted by 2for number/m (e.g. every 100steps). Dividethetotal number CHEMICAL: Baitandspray products are available CULTURAL: Shallow fallcultivation willexpose BIOLOGICAL: Birds, smallrodents, coyotes, and 2 area asyou approach eachsite 2 . Orthoptera 105 PESTS Prefers cereal cereal Prefers Prefers moist Prefers Weedy grain fields, grain Weedy Prefers light textured textured light Prefers PACKARD GRASSHOPPER: PACKARD CLEARWINGED GRASSHOPPER: GRASSHOPPER: CLEARWINGED GRASSHOPPER: MIGRATORY TWO-STRIPED GRASSHOPPER: GRASSHOPPER: TWO-STRIPED Two-striped grasshopper – adult Two-striped Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development Rural and Food Life Cycle Life in pods (8-150 eggs/pod) as eggs Overwinter spring when hatch the following laid in soil and One generation 4.5°C. reaches the temperature per year. Damage Feeding and Nymphs) (Adults soils with scanty grass cover; similar food hosts to similar food grass cover; soils with scanty migratory grasshopper. cultivated succulent more grains and some of the plants. broad-leaf on grasses, seldom feeding cultivated pastures, and hay fields; preferred fields; preferred and hay pastures, cultivated wild include dandelion, tumble mustard, foods downy ragweed, western pepperweed, mustard, and wheat. bluegrass, barley, Kentucky brome, tissue on green Will clip pods and heads to feed mature. as crops areas of lush vegetation, meadows; wide host meadows; of lush vegetation, areas pulses), (alfalfa, crops range including broad-leaf and grasses. cereals, 27-32 mm long, gray to dark yellow to dark yellow 27-32 mm long, gray ADULTS: to yellow- First instar is pale green NYMPHS: to 21-32 mm long, body yellowish ADULTS: black with are hatched young Newly NYMPHS: to 23-28 mm long, body brownish ADULTS: body with stripe grayish mottled NYMPHS: or greenish 26-40 mm long, brownish ADULTS: tan, then change to hatched are Newly NYMPHS: Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Packard grasshopper Packard from stripes extend coloured light body; two to the end of the thorax. just behind the eyes and lack grey uniformly are The forewings segments stripes. The last two distinctive blue-green. of the hind legs are small speckled with numerous in colour, brown dark spots. Clearwinged grasshopper with dark clear but mottled wings are brownish; at the thorax and stripes beginning patches; two tip of the forewings. at the converging the thorax. white band encircling a distinctive Migratory grasshopper the head; with a small black stripe across grayish, black bands. with a series of marked hind legs are head. across grasshopper Two-striped stripes pale markings and two with black or brown to the tip of the the eyes back from extending Each hind leg has a solid longitudinal forewings. black stripe. diffuse two mature; as they green or light brown the thorax. stripes down Migratory grasshopper – adult grasshopper Migratory Bugwood.org Berger, Joseph Hosts grasses, pulses, oilseeds, legumes and Forage and grasses, native vegetables, corn, cereals, when shrubs and trees will also attack forbs; available. not plants green Identification: Dec Nov Oct Sept Aug Adults July June Nymphs May Apr Eggs Mar Feb Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec ! Overwintering Eggs Nymphs Adults migratory sanguinipes (Fabricius) Melanoplus two-striped bivittatus (Say) Melanoplus Scudder packardii Melanoplus clearwinged Scudder pellucida Camnula Grasshoppers Packard Jan Overwintering 106 Orthoptera AAFC Clearwinged grasshopper–egg,nymph, adult AAFC Packard grasshopper–egg,nymph, adult jump ina1ft to oneside.Count thenumberofnymphs that twenty sitesalongalinetothefieldcentre, then Starting from acorner ofthefield,sampleatleast Monitoring/Scouting do littleifany economic harmtofieldcrops. present invarying numbersfrom year toyear that There are many other speciesofgrasshoppers Similar Species westernforum.org/WCCP%20Guidelines.html. on Crop Pests web site,by crop, atwww. Thresholds are postedontheWestern Committee Economic Threshold areas indrought seasons. roadsides andheadland.Alsocheckaround wet field margins for grasshoppersmoving infrom grasshoppers counted by 2for number/m (e.g. every 100steps). Dividethetotal numberof Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 2 area asyou approach eachsite 2 . Check are muchlesseffective inprotecting crops. Once grasshoppersreach adultstage,insecticides present priortoMay are not athreat tofieldcrops. reduce thearea requiring treatment. Grasshoppers to usethelowest recommended ratesandto numbers warrant. Target younger instarsinorder sprays andbaits.Treat onlyifdamageand reduce theimpactofgrasshopperinfestations. fallow, andtrapstripsthatcanhelptodelay or including earlierseeding,tillageandchemical sites for information onrecommended practices Nosema locustaeCanning. Fresenius, andthemicrosporidian parasite fungus Entomophthora grylli the pathogenic parasitic andpredatory insects,aswell as Management Options CHEMICAL: Several products are available as CULTURAL: Consult provincial agriculture web BIOLOGICAL: Birds, smallrodents, coyotes, Two-striped grasshopper– damage AAFC Thysanoptera 107 PESTS Aeolothrips thrips, Aeolothrips The predaceous Apply recommended control products products control Apply recommended expected value of crop at harvest ÷ 0.4). at harvest of crop value ÷ expected Specific cultural methods have not not have Specific cultural methods CULTURAL: CHEMICAL: BIOLOGICAL: Barley thrips – damage Barley AAFC Monitoring/Scouting flag leaf is first begin when the Sampling should the head is completely until continue visible and sampling sequential A the boot. from emerged barley Adult barley. for developed plan has been sheaths on a on the top 2 leaf counted thrips are the leaf sheath away Unroll minimum of 9 plants. stem to find the thrips. the from Threshold Economic prior to head emergence. 7–8 thrips/stem Barley, + (chemical of control cost Or use the calculation application number of thrips/stem. to average value Compare Options Management IPM section (p. 3). see also IPM section (p. been developed; if and when thrips heading is complete before control. warrants pressure Linnaeus, and other beneficial insects and Linnaeus, and other fasciatus , green 128) mites such as minute pirate bugs (p. . 110) mites (p. 139), and predaceous (p. lacewings Feed by puncturing plant puncturing plant by Feed

0.25-1.8 mm narrow, 0.25-1.8 mm narrow, Barley. Oats, winter wheat or rye, or rye, wheat Oats, winter 1.1-1.8 mm long, very narrow dark narrow 1.1-1.8 mm long, very ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE LARVAE: AND ADULTS LARVAL HOSTS: HOSTS: LARVAL HOSTS: ADULT Similar Species other thrips can be distinguished from Barley antennal on the 3rd an angular projection species by causes “white heads” similar to Feeding segment. agents. other that caused by Descriptions of Field Crop Pests Life Cycle Life in grass hosts as mated females Overwinter or under sites near protected and other the U.S. in from blow shelterbelts. Some may ripened crops leave females each spring. New males and sites; remaining overwintering for Only one generation per year die off. immatures the summer. throughout but active Damage Feeding Barley thrips – adult thrips Barley Dolinski, [email protected] Mike Hosts Identification cells and sucking out the contents causing plant causing plant contents and sucking out the cells tissue to turn white or distort. Under severe pressure heads turn white (“white heads”) and twisted, gooseneck stems and heads have of head at the beginning feeding shape. Intensive Often grains. small, shriveled produces formation at the top and is no seed development there grains are of the head and intermediate bottom on the flag is severe When thrips feeding shriveled. is and seed weight fill properly do not kernels leaf, reduced. brown to black body. Narrow forewings are are forewings Narrow to black body. brown wingless. males are fringed with long hairs; red body with white to pale yellowish-green wingless. spots; eye and durum wheat, Kentucky bluegrass, wheat, Kentucky spring and durum grasses. and brome Dec Male adults Nov Oct Sept Female adults Aug

Eggs July Pupae June Larvae May Apr Eggs Mar Feb ! Overwintering Females Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Immatures Pupae Jan Mike Dolinski, [email protected] Dolinski, Mike Barley thrips – larvae Barley Haliday denticornis Limothrips Thrips, barley Overwintering Bee Fly Tyler Wist, AAFC DESCRIPTIONS OF NATURAL ENEMIES

Ladybird beetle larva eating aphids Mike Dolinski, [email protected] 110 Arachnid Trombidium holosericeum (Linnaeus) red velvet Anystis spp. whirligig Mites, predatory of theirsize. mites are oftenmistaken assmallspidersbecause several indentations. somewhat constricted across themiddleandhas legs. Thebodyisflattenedandtheabdomen 4 mm long,withbright red velvety bodyandshort Red velvet mitesare very large for amite,about and 8 relatively longlegs. with reddish brown triangularshapedbodies Identification leafhoppers (pp. 45-47). as thrips(p. 107),youngaphids (pp. 59-70),and Spider mites,insecteggsandsmallinsectssuch Hosts/Prey Jörg Hempel, WikimediaCommons (Trombidium holosericeum) Red velvet mite–adult between the2 elongate red velvety bodyandadistinctgap Balaustium putnamiSmiley, which hasamore Whirligig mitesresemble the predaceous mite, Similar Species several generationsperyear. immediately disperseinsearch ofprey. There are in thesamehabitats.Newly hatchednymphs bark (whirligig mites). Females lay theireggs velvet mites) orundersoildebrisandtree These mitesoverwinter asadultsinthe soil(red Life Cycle NYMPHS: Resemble adultsexcept smaller. ADULTS: Whirligigadultsare <1.0mmlong Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Aleksandr Balodis(AfroBrazillian), WikimediaCommons Whirligig mite–adult(Anystis sp.) nd and3 rd pairoflegs.Red velvet under debrisfor prey. velvet mitesprefer searching thesoilsurface and most timeonvegetation andtrees whereas red and nymphs are free-living. Whirligigmitesspend insects andspiderssuckupbodyfluids.Adults Newly hatchedred velvet mitesattachtolarge Once captured, themitessuckoutbodyfluids. they follow aspiralpathwhensearching for prey. soil, andfoliage. They get theirnamefrom theway inhabitants ofleaflitter, moss,theupperlayers of Whirligig mitesare abundant anddiverse Comments harmful pesticides. can spread into adjacent crops intheabsence of Such areas offer arefuge for populationswhich adults canfeed onpollen, findprey andreproduce. Preserve unsprayed vegetation nearfieldswhere Conservation insects andmitesfor any predatory mites. mites. Use ahandlenstoexamine thedislodged film ofliquidsoaporlight oiltoimmobilize the against alight-coloured surface coated withathin Collect mite-infested plant partsandbeatthem Monitoring Arachnid 111 NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Predators pair of legs is the largest). pair of legs is the largest). nd Crab spider – adult Dolinski, [email protected] Mike Conservation when to spiders toxic applying pesticides Avoid near fields vegetation flowering Preserve present. into will spread spiders which for as a refuge of prey. in search crops nearby Comments insects, ambushing flower-visiting by Hunt pairs of legs open to capture holding their front fangs, raised is bitten by Prey unsuspecting prey. ingested. are and digested contents overhead on the ground insect prey hunt Some will actively (2 and vegetation They walk sideways in a crab-like fashion. They in a crab-like sideways walk 5–11mm long, flattened, either round either round 5–11mm long, flattened, ADULTS: Yellow crab spider – adult crab Yellow Wist, AAFC Tyler Descriptions of Natural Enemies Life Cycle Life enclosed in as eggs which are Overwinters or twigs, sac or attached to leaves a silken less than live depending on species. Adults One generation per year. a year. Similar Species None. Monitoring pitfall or pan traps to net, sweep Use adults. capture Goldenrod crab spider – adult – adult crab spider Goldenrod ) vatia (Misumena SK Saskatoon, Don Buckle, Hosts/Prey harmful and both flowers, insects visiting Any bees and wasps, flies, ants, beneficial (small thrips). moths, small beetles, Identification or elongate body; variously coloured (bright to (bright coloured or elongate body; variously (common with background dull), often to blend in and or green yellow species appear white, bands that red faint very two have sometimes pairs of legs first two run along their abdomen); on raised eyes eight pair; two rear than larger are eyes of four rows curved backward bumps in two each. e o t Eggs et dts Ground crab spider – adult luctans) (Xysticus SK Don Buckle, Saskatoon, e ders a r s ar e

. Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov ! Overwintering Eggs Spiderlings Adults Goldenrod crab spider – adult ) (Misumena vatia SK Don Buckle, Saskatoon, Spiders, crab a erter 112 Arachnid erter (a.k.a. daddy-long-legs) Spider, harvestman a ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Spiderlings OverwinteringEggs

e ar s r a ders e Adults dts et Eggs t o e centre oftheheadonasmallknob. function asantennae; onlyonepairofeyes inthe second pairoflegsare longerthantheothers and characteristic 4pairvery longslenderlegs.The Identification matter. animals, bird droppings, fungi,anddecaying plant leafhoppers (pp. 45-47),snails,earthworms, dead Spiders, flies(pp. 35-44),aphids(pp., 59-70) Hosts/Prey Don Buckle,Saskatoon, SK (Phalangium opilio) Common harvestman spider–adult Don Buckle,Saskatoon, SK (Phalangium opilio) Common harvestman spider–adult None. Similar Species live 1–2years. Females lay onlyonebatchofeggs. Overwinters aseggslaidintheground. Adults can Life Cycle ADULTS: 4–8mmlong,oval toround bodywith Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide defense against predators. Harvestmen release afoul-smelling odorasa up digestedbodycontents. Italsolackssilkglands. and asaresult chew upitsprey ratherthansuck night by ambushingprey. They lackpoisonglands, Harvestmen are not truespiders.Mainlyhunt at Comments spread into nearby crops insearch ofprey. near fieldsasarefuge for harvestmen whichwill when present. Preserve pesticide-free areas Avoid applyingpesticidestoxic toharvestmen Conservation Use pitfallorpantrapstocapture adults. Monitoring Arachnid 113

NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Predators predation. They are one of the most one of the are They predation. Similar Species or prey jump to capture spiders other No escape spiders. colourful Monitoring pitfall, or pan traps to capture net, sweep Use adults. Conservation to spiders when applying pesticides toxic Avoid near fields as a vegetation Preserve present. nearby into which will spread spiders for refuge of prey. search in crops Comments perches from good jumpers, leaping very are They in their front prey to capture trailing a silk thread during to hunt sight eye keen their very legs. Use or up debris, on ground on the ground, the day fangs with have spiders they other Like plants. and to immobilize venom which to inject toxic consuming. before digest the prey 3–15 mm long, fuzzy bodies often long, fuzzy bodies often 3–15 mm ADULTS: Descriptions of Natural Enemies Life Cycle Life mated locations as adult in sheltered Overwinter Many spiderlings. or nearly mature females batch their single a silk case for construct females hatch. Only one they them until of eggs and guard but 1 year most adults live generation per year; up to 3 years. some live Jumping spider – adult (Pelegrna flavipedes) SK Don Buckle, Saskatoon, Jumping spider – adult adult – spider Jumping sp.) (Phidippus SK Saskatoon, Don Buckle, Hosts/Prey and spiders. Small insects Identification brightly coloured with shiny scales, with different different scales, with with shiny coloured brightly black) in various red, markings (white, coloured modified for legs slightly patterns; hind pair of The arranged in 3 rows. pair of eyes jumping. Four median large Two eyes. has four of eyes first row the supplement smaller lateral eyes two and eyes small very two contains row The second first row. small eyes. has two row the third and eyes, e o t et

dts e Eggs ders a r s ar e Spiderlings Overwintering Spiderlings or Adults . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug ! a Spiders, jumping erter 114 Arachnid erter a Spiders, wolf ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec OverwinteringAdults Spiderlings e ar s r a ders Eggs e dts et

t o e medium-sized eyes. row has2larger eyes andthethird row has2 rows; thefirstrow has4smalleyes; thesecond moderately longhairylegs.Theireyes comprise 3 body withvarious markingsorlines;4pairof leafhoppers or plants— Any insectsthey canchasedown ontheground Hosts/Prey Don Buckle,Saskatoon, SK (Schizocosa cespitum) Wolf spider–adult Don Buckle,Saskatoon, SK (Geolycosa missouriensis) Wolf spider–adult Use pit fall orpantrapstocapture adults. Monitoring spiders whichare allbeneficial. Resemble other species ofbrown ground-dwelling Similar Species eggs eachseasondependingonfood supply. several years. Females produce several batchesof other protected sites.Females ofsomecanlive for Overwinter asadultsindwellings, underrocks and Life Cycle Identification and beetles (pp. 17-23). grasshoppers (p. 105),crickets (pp. 103-104), ADULTS: 3-35mmlong,hairy, brown togray Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide aphids (pp. 45-47), (pp. 59-70), springtails, flies (pp. 35-44),

Don Buckle,Saskatoon, SK (Pardosa tesquarum) Wolf spider–adult of dwellings inthefall. run away whendisturbed.Common invaders themselves. Wolf spidersare shy andseekto then carriedonherbackuntil they canfend for cocoon) around until spiderlingshatchwhichare Female dragshereggsack (resembles awhite the ground, over rocks, wood debris,orupplants. to rest. Use theirvery keen eyesight tohunt on Some speciesburrow underrocks orinthesoil Comments crops insearch ofprey. refuge for spiderswhichwillspread into nearby present. Preserve vegetation nearfieldsasa Avoid applyingpesticidestoxic tospiderswhen Conservation Coleoptera 115 NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Predators Ground beetle – adult Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development Rural and Food Monitoring or adults. Sift soil to detect pitfall traps Use mulch) boards, (stones, look under soil debris to find larvae. Conservation of toxic use avoiding Minimizing tillage and populations. pesticides helps protect Comments or debris, in cracks under leaves found Commonly Hunts along the ground. in the soil, or running also climb into Some species mostly at night. In prey. looking for plants and crop shrubs, trees, beetles ground more general, arable land contains such crops to permanent than does land planted or alfalfa. as clover 2–40 mm long, elongate, 2–40 mm long, elongate, soil. Pupation occurs in soil cells. Usually one Usually cells. in soil soil. Pupation occurs 2-38 mm long, somewhat flattened 2-38 mm long, somewhat ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Any immature or adult stages of or adult immature Any ADULTS: soft-bodied and soil-dwelling Tree LARVAE: generation per year but some may have up to three. up to three. have but some may generation per year Ground beetle – adult Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Descriptions of Natural Enemies Identification Cycle Life in protected as adults species overwinter Most eggs in lay fields. Females sites in and around the Similar Species 33), yellow (p. wireworms) (adult Click beetles and tiger Linnaeus), molitor (Tenebrio mealworm usually more although the latter are beetles, faster. patterned and move Ground beetle – adult – beetle Ground Dolinski, [email protected] Mike Hosts/Prey dark brown or black shiny bodies; some are are bodies; some or black shiny dark brown mouthparts chewing blue or green; metallic running. legs for slender forward; often projected free-living; dark-coloured flattened, smooth, head large small projections; end or two tapered mouthparts. pincher-like and prominent they can capture; also earthworms, also earthworms, can capture; insects they slugs, and snails. snails. slugs, and insect stages, earthworms,

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et dts Pae e arae a r s ar e ! Overwintering Adults Eggs Larvae Pupae Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec

a (various species) (various Beetles, ground erter 116 Coleoptera Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Ladybird beetle–pupa (a.k.a. ladybugs,ladybeetles) Harmonia spp./ Adalia spp./ Beetles, ladybird Coccinella spp. Hippodamia spp. Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Seven-spotted ladybirdbeetle–adult in search ofsame. usually found inaphid colonies orwandering abdomen, dependingonspecies;fastmoving, patterns ofyellow ororangemarkingson six thoraciclegs,slate-bluebodywithvarious on elongate, laidupright inclustersof3–300 depending onspecies. orange, red; withorwithoutred orblackspots, Identification when preferred food isscarce. other soft-bodied insects,andinsecteggs insects, mealybugs(p. 71),thrips(p.; 107) Aphids (pp. 59-70),mites(pp., scale 14-16) Hosts/Prey Food andRural Development John Gavloski, ManitobaAgriculture, Thirteen-spotted ladybirdbeetle–adult Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Ladybird beetlelarva eatingaphids eggs andpupae. to detect adultsandlarvae. Examine leaves for Visual inspectionofplants orusesweep net Monitoring None. Similar Species moving tooverwintering sites. year dependingonspecies.New adultsfeed until early July, thenpupateonleaves; 1-3generations/ which tolay eggs.Larvae present mid-May to emerge inspringandsearch for hostcolonies by locations, frequently inlarge groups. Adults Overwinter asadultsoutsidefieldsinprotected Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: EGGS: ADULTS: 1-7mmlong,oval, elytrablack, Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide host-infested plant parts. Yellow toorange,0.5-1.5mmlong, Up to11mmlongwith Food andRural Development John Gavloski, ManitobaAgriculture, Thirteen-spotted ladybirdbeetle–larva various numbersof blackorred spots. (Pallas)), canvary from solidblackorred, andhave coloured Asianladybeetle (Harmonia axyridis immigrant andaggressive predator, themulti- Adalia bipunctata(Linnaeus)). However therecent septempunctata Linnaeus;twospotted ladybeetle, (e.g. sevenspotted ladybeetle, Coccinella which isoftenreflected inthespeciesname Most specieshave consistent numberofspots Comments into nearby crops asprey populationsdevelop. attract females tolay eggs.Adults willlaterspread fields where prey populationscandevelop that when present. Preserve unsprayed vegetation near Avoid applyingpesticidestoxic toadultsandlarvae Conservation Coleoptera 117

NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Predators helps protect populations. helps protect Similar Species earwig but the European resemble Some species appendages and size. posterior lack the pincer-like Monitoring and other look under plant Install pitfall traps or adults and larvae. soil debris for Conservation use of toxic avoiding Minimizing tillage and pesticides Comments good fliers, nocturnal hunters, mostly are Adults the end of their abdomen can run fast and will raise when disturbed. Elongate, cylindrical but slightly Elongate, cylindrical but slightly 4-25 mm long, generally elongate, 4-25 mm long, generally mites (pp. 14-16), , mites (pp. 59-70) Aphids (pp. MATURE LARVAE: LARVAE: MATURE ADULTS: ADULTS: spp. of Aleochara Same as adults; larvae LARVAE: Descriptions of Natural Enemies Identification Cycle Life lay sites. Females in protected overwinter Adults in Pupation occurs sources. food eggs near larval generations per soil litter or moist soil. One or two on species. depending year Rove beetle – adult beetle Rove Wist, AAFC Tyler Hosts/Prey flattened, off-white with brownish head and with brownish flattened, off-white slender two legs; most species have prominent on the tip of the abdomen; each projections abdominal is about the length of two projection longer. or slightly segments brown or black body; characterized by short by or black body; characterized brown but the abdomen cover do not that forewings hindwings; transparent well-developed conceal shape, in size, greatly mouthparts. Vary chewing and colours. eggs, and larvae of many insects present under insects present of many eggs, and larvae carrion, dung, and stones, rocks, debris, plant materials. other of flies species of various the larvae parasitize maggots). root (e.g.

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et dts Pae e arae a r s ar e Eggs Larvae Pupae Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . ! Overwintering Adults a Beetles, rove erter 118 Diptera erter Flies, bee a ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec Pupae Larvae Eggs Adults OverwinteringPupae e ar s r a arae e Pae

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Mike Dolinski,[email protected] Bee fly–adult (e.g. Systoechus oreas OstenSacken). wasps, and bees,orprey ongrasshoppereggs immature stagesofmoths, flies,beetles, and sap. at rest. characteristic “swept back”angleorstraight out dark bandsormarks,andholdtheirwingsata bright markings.Transparent wingsmay have pointing slender“beak”; brown, red, oryellow with long, slenderlegs,andaprominent forward shaped mouthparts. with ring-like segments andslendersickle- crescent-shaped, tapered towards thehead Hosts/Prey Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Tyler Wist,AAFC Bee fly–adult feed onnectarandpollen. when feeding unlike syrphids whichmustlandto mouthparts allow beefliestohover over flowers except theirbodyismuchhairier. Thelongsucking Adults resemble syrphid (hover) flyadults(p. 122) Similar Species eggs insandordustwhichmay alsocoat theeggs. sandy, orrocky areas. Females usuallydeposit Adults favour sunny conditions anddry, often Life Cycle Identification LARVAE: Eitherparasitoidsofsoilinhabiting ADULTS: Feed onnectarandpollen,honeydew MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 2-28mmlong,stout,hairybodywith 9-22 mmlong,whitish, AAFC Bee fly–larva be aproblem inbeehives. capable ofhovering. Larvae ofsomespeciescan Adults are important pollinators,andfastfliers Comments develop. spread into nearby crops asprey populations that attractfemales tolay eggs.Adults willlater near fieldswhere prey populationscandevelop when present. Preserve unsprayed vegetation Avoid applyingpesticidestoxic toadultsandlarvae Conservation or use sweep net tocollect adults. Observe flowering plants for hovering adults Scouting Diptera 119 NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Predators Examine soil, leaf litter, and decaying wood. and decaying soil, leaf litter, Examine CONSERVATION Adults use their piercing mouthparts use their piercing Adults COMMENTS: Use sweep net to sweep shrubs and tree and tree shrubs to sweep net sweep Use ADULTS: LARVAE: LARVAE: Similar Species 127). (p. Damsel bugs Monitoring to adults and larvae applying pesticides toxic Avoid near vegetation unsprayed Preserve when present. that populations can develop prey fields where will later spread eggs. Adults to lay attract females populations develop. as prey crops nearby into inject and of prey tissue the soft-body to pierce and digests body that paralyzes saliva toxic on ground up. Perches sucked which are contents and or on stones, rocks, in open areas vegetation branch terminals to ambush passing insects. limbs in clearings in or near wooded areas. areas. near wooded limbs in clearings in or 8-15 mm long, elongate, 8-15 mm long, elongate, MATURE LARVAE: LARVAE: MATURE Wasps and flies main prey; also feed feed also prey; and flies main Wasps ADULTS: insects. stages of many Soil-inhabiting LARVAE: 8-14 mm long, brownish to black body to black 8-14 mm long, brownish ADULTS: Robber fly – adult (Cyrtopogon lutatius) Robber Bedell, Flickr Pasul Descriptions of Natural Enemies beard-like bristles on face above short, stout above bristles on face beard-like on and sucking mouthparts; bulging eyes piercing elongate tapered forehead; either side of sunken body bristles; stout, abdomen; with or without on prey and feeding grasping for legs adapted spiny markings. have wings may transparent in flight; Cycle Life or pupae in the soil. Females as larvae Overwinter and plants eggs on low-lying whitish-colored lay within soil, bark, or wood. grasses, or in crevices depending on species to complete 1-3 years Takes and location. One generation per year. ) macrocera (Cerotainia adult fly – Robber Flickr Bedell, Pasul Hosts/Prey Identification with yellow or reddish-orange marks; characteristic marks; characteristic or reddish-orange with yellow coloured cylindrical, and whitish to cream ends, at both body tapered larvae; free-living small distinct head. on dragonflies, grasshoppers, moths, and other other and grasshoppers, moths, on dragonflies, on. or pounce in flight can capture insects they

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dts t et Pae e arae or ae a r s ar e Overwintering Larvae or pupae Pupae Adult Eggs Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . !

a , robber Flies, robber erter 120 Diptera erter Flies, snipe a ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec Adults Pupae Larvae e ar s r a arae Eggs e Pae dts et t o e be spotted, orsmokywithdarkveins. round head,longlegs;transparent wingsmay or bands andshort,tapered abdomen;large, sometimes withwhite,yellow, orgreen spots honeydew. capture prey. terrestrial speciesform funneltrapsinsoilto to cream, with4terminallobes.Larvae ofsome Identification Hosts/Prey Ryan Hodnett, WikimediaCommons Snipe fly–adult of snipeflies. Very littleisknown aboutthelife cycle Life Cycle ADULTS: MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 8-15mmlong,brown orgray body, LARVAE: Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Darrin O’Brien(Stylurus), Flickr (Chrysopilus ornatus) Ornate snipefly–adult Smallinsects,and/or nectarand Smallsoil-inhabitingsoft-bodied insects. Up to16mmlong,paleyellow species are known aswormlions. moist soilinshadedareas. Larvae ofterrestrial sites orindecaying vegetation, rotting wood, or Depending onspecies,larvae develop inaquatic Comments into nearby crops asprey populationsdevelop. attract females tolay eggs.Adults willlaterspread fields where prey populationscandevelop that present. Preserve unsprayed vegetation near Avoid applyingpesticidestoxic toadultswhen Conservation onto trays. Scout for adultsusingsweep net orplant beating Monitoring None. Similar Species Diptera 121 NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Predators 6-18 mm long, legless; 6-18 mm long, legless; Soil dwelling larvae and pupae larvae Soil dwelling

4-14 mm long body depending on 4-14 mm long body depending ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Nectar, honeydew, and pollen. honeydew, Nectar, ADULTS: IMMATURES: Descriptions of Natural Enemies Life Cycle Life that pupate in the larvae as mature Overwinter laid in the soil. One generation are spring. Eggs per year. Similar Species 119). flies (p. robber resemble Adults Monitoring near open areas prefer uncommon; are Adults sand dunes and sandy soils. Conservation None. Comments and cycle about the life little known Very of flies. of this group behaviour Stiletto fly – adult – adult fly Stiletto ) senex (Spiriverpa Flickr Bedell, Paul Hosts/Prey Identification of and moths; flies, beetles, eggs of and grasshoppers. abdomen is usually dark eyes; species; large and pointed. hairy, slender, grayish, long and white or pinkish, very cylindrical, smooth, ends; head capsule is dark thin body with tapered Will thrash around than the body. and narrower when disturbed. e

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et dts Pae e arae a Overwintering larvae r s ar e Larvae Pupae Adults Eggs Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Stiletto fly – larva Stiletto [email protected] Dolinski, Mike a , stiletto Flies, stiletto erter 122 Diptera erter Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development Syrphid fly–larva (hoverflies) Flies, syrphid a ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJune .JulyAugSeptOctNovDec Pupae Larvae Eggs e ar s r a Adults arae e Food andRural Development John Gavloski, ManitobaAgriculture, Syrphid fly–larva Pae dts et t o e (breathing tubes) ontheposteriorend. towards thehead.Prominent brown spiracles to palebrown withpalestripes;bodynarrows flattened leglessmaggots; yellowish, green of transparent wings. or brown. Smooth hairlessbodies,andonepair with yellow, brown andblackorentirely black Identification Hosts/Prey Tyler Wist,AAFC (Toxomerus marginatus) Syrphid fly–adult as prey populationsdevelop. Syrphid flieswilllaterspread into nearby crops can develop thatattractfemales tolay eggs. vegetation nearfieldswhere prey populations larvae whenpresent. Preserve unsprayed Avoid applying pesticidestoxic toadultsand Conservation detect adultsandlarvae. Visual inspectionofplants orusesweep net to Monitoring syrphid flies. transparent wingscompared toonly1pairfor common species. Yellowjackets have 2pairsof hovering behaviour andsimilarcolor patternof Confused withyellowjacket wasps becauseof Similar Species depending onweather. Two tofour overlapping generationsperyear finely textured eggssinglyinaphid colonies. in thesoil.Females lay visiblewhite,elongate, Overwinter aspupaeonplants, underdebrisand Life Cycle MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 8-15mmlong,brightly-coloured LARVAE: ADULTS: Nectar, pollen,andaphidhoneydew. Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Aphids(pp. 59-70). 10-15 mmlong,somewhat John Gavloski, ManitobaAgriculture, Food andRural Development Syrphid fly–adult produce wingedsexual forms. parasitoids, andasaphidcolonies mature and due topredation from themany predators and development stopsasaphidpopulationsdisappear period. Adults are important pollinators.Population be consumed by onelarva duringitsdevelopment in search ofaphids.Asmany as400aphidsmay Larvae raiseandswing their“head”side-to-side Comments

Diptera 123 NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Parasitoids Comments prevent do not larvae Coq. cinerea Athrycia loss. However causing crop from host larvae populations can build up and help end host after 3–4 years. outbreaks Similar Species (Musca a bristly house fly resemble Some species fly (Sarcophagidae), flesh Linnaeus), domestica or bee. In bertha wasp, horse fly (Tabanidae), the ichneumonid of larvae larvae, armyworm 135) (p. Cresson parasite Banchus flavescens larvae. and will kill Athrycia also be present may Monitoring a small hosts for caterpillars and other Examine If a to the body. white elongate egg attached when or lethargic caterpillar appears sluggish a parasite larva. look for handled, open it up and Conservation near vegetation flowering unsprayed Preserve and pollen. on nectar adults can feed fields where populations which for a refuge offer Such areas of in the absence crops adjacent into can spread could harmful pesticides. Spring or fall cultivation or kill pupae. injure 6-16 mm long, whitish Nectar of flowers, honeydew from from honeydew of flowers, Nectar 5-15 mm long, bristly body, pale or body, 5-15 mm long, bristly ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE ADULTS: and of moth parasitoids Internal IMMATURES: Descriptions of Natural Enemies Identification Cycle Life one to several lay Depending on species, females host into burrow white eggs on a host. Larvae to the body and then leave body to develop, pupate in a puparium in the soil or under ground as pupae in the overwinters cinerea Athrycia cover. follows: as is one generation per year soil. There Tachnid fly – adult adult fly – Tachnid Development and Rural Agriculture Alberta Hosts/Prey dark brown, red or metallic green with variously with variously green or metallic red dark brown, patterns on abdomen which has many coloured the end; one pair of bristles, especially towards and may wings with distinct venation transparent markings. Adult or pale brown yellowish have 7-9 mm long. are cinerea Athrycia mandibles developed body with well maggot-like and fat bodies. tissues internal used to consume aphids, scales, and mealybugs. aphids, scales, adult and of larvae, and beetle sawfly butterfly, and other grasshoppers, wasps beetles, moths, stages. bug life flies, and all plant bertha is a parasitoid of (Coq.) cinerea Athrycia 73), fall (p. 74), armyworm (p. armyworm (p. 76) and wheat head armyworm (p. armyworm 77). an important is (Reinhard) Myiopharus macellus 20). (p. beetle of the sunflower natural enemy

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et dts Pae Tachnid fly – adult Tachnid abrupta) (Bombyliopsis Flickr A Hoffmann, David e arae a r s ar e Overwintering Pupae Adults Eggs Larvae Pupae Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . ! Tachnid fly – adult Tachnid abrupta) (Bombyliopsis Flickr A Hoffmann, David Tachinids a erter 124 Hemiptera: Heteroptera erter Bugs, ambush a ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec Eggs Adults Nymphs OverwinteringEggs e ar s r a s e dts et t o e cryptic coloration. raptorial (grasping)front legs,awiderear-end, and colouration. smaller, nowings,are lessspiny, andhave nodark Identification butterflies, andflies. Feed onbumblebees,honey bees,wasps, Hosts/Prey Tyler Wist,AAFC (Phymata sp.) Ambush bug–adult hard to find. to detect adultsandnymphs. Egg massesare Visual inspectionofflowers oruse asweep net Monitoring not asthickened asambushbugs. compared toambushbugsandtheirforelegs are Assassin bugs(p. 125)have long,narrow heads Similar Species within afoamy massonundersidesofleaves. Overwinter aseggsonleaves. Females lay eggs Life Cycle MATURE NYMPHS: ADULTS: 5–12mmstout-bodied bugs,mostwith Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Resemble adultshapebut sucked up. are sucked injecting enzymesthatdigestcontents which They grasptheirprey andpierce thebody, their prey, usuallycamouflaged intheflower. Their namerefers totheway they lieinwait for Comments prey populations develop. Adults will laterspread into nearby crops as can develop thatattractfemales tolay eggs. vegetation nearfieldswhere prey populations nymphs whenpresent. Preserve unsprayed Avoid applyingpesticidestoxic toadultsand Conservation Hemiptera: Heteroptera 125 NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Predators Similar Species have smaller and 124) which are (p. Ambush bugs (grasping) forelegs. raptorial distinctive Monitoring net use a sweep or Visual inspection of plants with care Handle adults and nymphs. to detect can cause a painful bite when captured. as they Conservation to adults and applying pesticides toxic Avoid unsprayed Preserve when present. nymphs populations prey near fields where vegetation eggs. to lay that attract females can develop as prey crops nearby into will later spread Adults populations develop. Comments predators. aggressive very Assassin bugs are insects and then stab the prey for lie in wait They inject and sucking beak. They with their piercing and dissolves the prey that paralyzes saliva toxic up. then sucked tissues which are Resemble adults but less Resemble 13-25 mm long with long narrow long narrow 13-25 mm long with ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE Assassin bug – adult (Reduvius personatus) Gort, Flickr Turmo Ferran Descriptions of Natural Enemies Life Cycle Life cylindrical eggs in small as brown, Overwinter or or in cracks, under rocks clusters on leaves tight per year. One generation spots. sheltered in other Assassin bug – adult – adult bug Assassin ) personatus (Reduvius Flickr Roragen, Keith Hosts/Prey on immature feeding predators, Generalist harmful and of many and adults stages beneficial insects. Identification legs, a cone-shaped, elongated head with a legs, a cone-shaped, eyes, the often reddish distinct “neck” behind wide beak curving under the and a prominent wider in the middle; body; abdomen somewhat black, red, with hues of brown, varies colouration be bristly and may are or orange. The forelegs and hold to capture (grasping) raptorial somewhat prey. no wings. and have colourful e o t et dts e s a r s ar e Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . ! Overwintering Eggs Nymphs Adults Eggs a Bugs, assassin erter 126 Hemiptera: Heteroptera erter Bugs, big-eyed a ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAug Eggs Adults Nymphs OverwinteringEggs OverwinteringAdults e ar s r a s e dts Sept.OctNovDec et

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and nowings. swollen. the front ofthethorax;tipsantennae slightly prominent eyes curve backward andoverlap or tancoloured body;headbroader thanlong; Identification when prey isscarce. forming prey; willfeed onnectarandhoneydew bodied insectsandonmites;attractedtocolony- General predators thatfeed onallstagesofsoft- Hosts/Prey Jack Dykinga,USDA-ARS Big-eyed bug–adult generations peryear. near prey colonies. Usually two overlapping sites. Eggs are laidsinglyorinclustersonleaves species undersoildebrisandother protected Overwinter asadultsoreggs,dependingon Life Cycle MATURE NYMPHS: ADULTS: 3–5mmlong,oblong-oval, black,gray Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide

Resemble adultsbutsmaller to consume upto80mites/day. reaching adulthood,whileadultsare reported can eatasmany as1600spidermitesbefore and turfgrass.Research hasfound thatnymphs Occur inmany habitats,includingfields,gardens, Comments populations develop. Adults will laterspread into nearby crops asprey can develop thatattractfemales tolay eggs. vegetation nearfieldswhere prey populations nymphs when present. Preserve unsprayed Avoid applyingpesticidestoxic toadultsand Conservation Use sweep nets tocollect mobilestages. Monitoring Chinch bugs(p. 48). Similar Species Hemiptera: Heteroptera 127 NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Predators Similar Species 125). (p. Assassin bugs Monitoring to net or use sweep of plants Visual inspection handled. if “bite” Will adults and nymphs. detect Conservation to adults and applying pesticides toxic Avoid unsprayed Preserve when present. nymphs populations prey near fields where vegetation eggs. to lay that attract females can develop as prey crops nearby into will later spread Adults populations develop. Comments fast, aggressive are adults and nymphs Both the and pierce grasp their prey They predators. and prey that paralyzes saliva injecting toxic body, then suck up. they digests body contents Resemble adults but smaller, adults but smaller, Resemble

7–12 mm long, tan or gray slender gray 7–12 mm long, tan or that tapers towards the head; long legs, that tapers towards ADULTS: ADULTS: NYMPHS: MATURE Descriptions of Natural Enemies Identification Cycle Life and as adults under groundcover Overwinter grain and alfalfa. such as winter crops winter or more tissue. Two insert eggs in plant Females generations per year. Damsel bug – adult Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Development and Rural Food Damsel bug – adult – adult bug Damsel ) alternatus (Nabis Wist, AAFC Tyler Hosts/Prey insect eggs, , caterpillars, 59-70) Aphids (pp. 51), and bugs (p. , lygus on also feed 45-47); they (pp. leafhoppers bugs. predaceous other body and spiny thickened somewhat with forelegs wings. developed Well grasping prey. for and no wings. paler colour,

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e s a r s ar e Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug ! Overwintering Adults Eggs Nymphs Adults a Bugs, damsel erter 128 Hemiptera: Heteroptera erter Anthocoris spp./Oriusspp. Bugs, minutepirate a ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJune .JulyAugSeptOctNovDec Nymphs Eggs OverwinteringAdults e ar s r a s e dts et

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with darker abdomen. wingless, yellowish-pink toreddish brown sucking mouthparts. X-patterned back;pointed headandpiercing- flattened bodywithablackandwhite Identification feed on nectarandpollenwhenprey is scarce. (p. 107), moths, andother small insects.Will (pp. 59-70),mites(pp., scales,thrips 14-16) Adults andnymphs feed onallstagesofaphids Hosts/Prey Tyler Wist,AAFC (Orius tristicolor) Minute piratebug–adult Food andRural Development John Gavloski, ManitobaAgriculture, Minute piratebug–adult four generations peryear dependingonlocation. Females lay eggsinplant tissue.Uptothree or debris andother protected sitesoutsidefields. Adults overwinter inbarkcrevices, underplant Life Cycle MATURE NYMPHS: ADULTS: 2-5mmlong,oval, shiny somewhat Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide

2-4 mmshiny, augmentative release. species ofOriusare produced commercially for Will inflictapainful“bite” whenhandled.Some Comments populations develop. Adults will laterspread into nearby crops asprey develop thatattractfemales tolay eggs. can vegetation nearfieldswhere prey populations nymphs when present. Preserve unsprayed Avoid applyingpesticidestoxic toadultsand Conservation and trees. in crops; useabeatingtray tosampleshrubs Use sweep net tosamplefor adultsandnymphs Monitoring Chinch Similar Species bugs (p.

48), young lygus bug nymphs (p.

51). Hymenoptera 129 NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Parasitoids Comments nectar. and flower on honeydew feed Adults up when the larva aphid swells A parasitized and the turns tan colour, pupates inside its body, with parchment-like “mummified” body becomes hole in aphid mummies A small round integument. Aphidius spp. of parasitism by is indicative Similar Species midge the adult resemble Aphidius Adult the , except aphidimyza Aphidoletes parasitoid, wings and one pair of transparent latter has only orange long, maggot-like 2 mm its free-living fly larvae. syrphid like attack aphids much larvae with female can be confused Aphidius females a noticeable the latter have except Braconids ovipositor. Monitoring of tan- presence for aphid colonies Examine with round mummified aphids, some coloured below). Comments holes (see Conservation near vegetation flowering unsprayed Preserve and on nectar adults can feed fields where present. prey as attack any as well honeydew a long distance from locate aphid colonies Adults aphid-infested by “alarm signals” produced by populations for a refuge offer Such areas plants. in the crops adjacent into which can spread of harmful pesticides. absence 2–3 mm long, whitish, 2–3 mm long, usually black colour, with 2–3 mm long, usually black colour, ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Aphidiinae – parasitized English grain aphid Wist, AAFC Tyler Descriptions of Natural Enemies ) avenaphis (Aphidius – adult Aphidiinae Wist, AAFC Tyler Hosts/Prey of aphids. 40 species Over English grain (Fitch): Aphidius avenaphis . 60) aphid (p. , 61) peach aphid (p. green Viereck: A. colemani 62). aphid (p. oat-birdcherry bean aphid, potato Haliday: A. matricariae peach 63), green 64), pea aphid (p. aphid (p. 65). wheat aphid (p. 61), Russian aphid (p. 64), pea aphid aphid (p. potato A. ervi Haliday: 61), Sitobion spp. aphid (p. peach 63), green (p. 70), Rhodobium spp. 60), Schizaphis sp. (p. (p. 59-70). aphids (pp. Subba Rao: A. smithi Sharma et Identification Cycle Life singly in young their 100-350 eggs lay Females to Egg aphids using their short ovipositors. within the host, and occurs adult development depending on species 2-4 weeks, about takes a hole in a adults chew New and temperatures. and immediately begin to mummified aphid to exit as larvae overwinter aphid hosts. They for search or three are or pupae in aphid mummies. There on species, depending generations per year more supply and temperatures. food pointed abdomen, long antennae, and two pair and two abdomen, long antennae, pointed venation. wings with reduced of transparent and legless. maggot-like, Aphidius spp. Aphidiinae 130 Hymenoptera Braconidae wheat stemsawfly(p. 72) Bracon cephi (Gahan), B.lissogasterMuesebeck: Heteroptera. Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Aphids, andeggsorlarvae ofLepidoptera, Hosts/Prey Alberta Agriculture andRural Development Braconid wasp–adult Bugwood.org Debbie Waters, University of Georgia, parasitizing beetarmyworm (Cotesia marginiventris) Braconid wasp–adult lygus bugs(p. 51) Peristinus pallipe(Curtis), P. digoneutisLoan: (p. 98) Microplitis plutellae (Haliday): diamondbackmoth (p. 74) army ­worm Microplitis mediator (Haliday): bertha weevil adults(p. 25) Microctonus melanopus(Ruthe): cabbageseedpod corn borer (p. 79) Macrocentrus cingulumBrischke: European (p. 36) Dacnusa dryas (Nixon): alfalfablotch leafminer moth (p. 98) Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov): diamondback armyworm (p. 73), andfallarmyworm (p. 76) earworm (p. 95) , variegated cutworm (p. 94), looper (p. 96), blackcutworm (p. 87) , corn Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson): cabbage cabbageworm (p. 82),Pierisspp. Cotesia glomerata (Linnaeus): imported moth (p. 97) Chelonus phaloniaeMason:bandedsunflower Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide parasitizing tarnishedplantbug Research Service, Bugwood.org Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Braconid wasp–adult (Perstenus digoneutis)

maggot-like, andleglesswithvisiblemandible. females have anoticeable ovipositor. transparent wingswithreduced venation; combined; longantennae, andtwo pairof which issamelengthasheadandthorax with narrow waist connected totheabdomen in colour (sometimes withreddish markings), supply, andtemperatures. generations peryear depending onspecies,food larvae orpupaeinhosts.There are three ormore begin tosearch for aphidhosts.Overwinters as hole inmummifiedaphidtoexit andimmediately on speciesandtemperatures. New adultschew a development takes about10-28days, depending the bodyinwhitesilken cocoons. Egg toadult outside thehostbody, butpupateonorbeside singly inoronhosts.Larvae develop insideor Females usetheirlongovipositor tolay theireggs Life Cycle Identification MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 2-15mmlong,usuallyblack-brown 2-16mmlong,whitish, Hymenoptera 131 NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Parasitoids Conservation near vegetation flowering unsprayed Preserve on nectar and can feed adults fields where present. prey as attack any as well honeydew which populations for a refuge offer Such areas of in the absence crops adjacent into can spread harmful pesticides. Comments of of parasitoids, the larvae group large A very host (endoparasitoid) inside the which either feed of the host or attached to the outside a single egg In some species (ectoparasitoid). larvae several times to produce will divide many can larvae hundred Several (polyembryonic). larva. a single cutworm in develop Braconid wasp – parasitized caterpillar Braconid Bugwood.org University, Cappaert, Michigan State David wasp – cocoon Braconid Development and Rural Alberta Agriculture Descriptions of Natural Enemies Monitoring with plants adults from to detect net a sweep Use Lepidoptera overwintering Examine small flowers. through often visible parasitoid larvae, for larva the skin of the host. Braconid wasp – cocoon wasp Braconid Development and Rural Agriculture Alberta Similar Species 135) and adult (p. ichneumons small Resemble latter lack the narrow except 129) Aphidius spp. (p. aphids Parasitized ovipositor. and noticeable waist similar to mummified also become Aphidius spp. 132 Hymenoptera erter Aphidoletes spp. Cecidomyiidae, aphidmidges a ! Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec Larvae Eggs Adults OverwinteringPupae e ar s r a arae e Pae dts et

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food butalsoattack mites,scales,andtheireggs. pair oftransparent wings. antennae (often curledbackover thebody),one black flieswithlongslenderlegsandbeaded with smallstrong jaws tograspprey. close together attheirrear ends.Indistincthead projecting analspiracles(small tubes) relatively orange maggots (paler whenyoung); two Identification Hosts/Prey Bugwood.org Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Aphid midge–larva (Aphidoletessp.) Bugwood.org Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, in peaaphidcolony Aphid midge–larva (Aphidoletessp.) per year under favourable conditions. takesUp to3generations between 4and7weeks. colonies. Larvae drop tothesoilpupate.Life cycle 250 eggsover theirshort10-day life spaninaphid Overwinters aspupaeinthesoil.Females lay upto Life Cycle LARVAE: Upto60speciesofaphidsare primary ADULTS: Nectar, plant sap,andhoneydew. MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 2–3mmlong,delicatedarkbrown to Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 3 mmlong,paletobright Commercially produced for inundative releases. are eaten.Onelarva cankillupto65aphidsa day. cut intheaphid’s body. Not allparalyzed aphids it, andthensucksupbodyfluidsthrough ahole Larva injectstoxic saliva into theaphidtoparalyze Comments harmful pesticides. spread into adjacent crops intheabsence of areas offer arefuge for populationswhichcan sap, and honeydew aswell aslay eggs.Such fields where adultscanfeed onnectar, plant Preserve unsprayed flowering vegetation near Conservation detect adultsonplants. if theorangelarvae are present; usesweep net to Visual inspectionofaphidcolonies shouldreveal Monitoring honeydew. vegetation feeding onnectar, plant sap,and present inandaround flowering crops andadjacent and fungi.Similarlookingnon-pestfliesmay be wheat fly (p. 35), Other speciesofmidgesattackcrops (e.g. Hessian Similar Species midges (p. 43))orfeed onplant detritus sunflower (p. 41), swede (p. 42),and Hymenoptera 133

NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Parasitoids toxic insecticides. Adults will jump or feign death or feign will jump insecticides. Adults toxic when disturbed. ) Chalcid wasp – adult (Phasgonophora sulcata Bugwood.org University, Cappaert, Michigan State David Similar Species adult with other can be confused species Larger wing more which generally have parasitoids less robust. hind legs are and their venation Monitoring adults. for with small flowers plants Sweep Conservation near vegetation flowering unsprayed Preserve on nectar and adults can feed fields where present. prey as attack any well as honeydew populations which for a refuge offer Such areas of in the absence crops adjacent into can spread harmful pesticides. Comments of important group large Chalcids belong to a very capable of keeping agents biological control by disrupted pest populations in check if not < 6 mm long; white, grub-like < 6 mm long; white, grub-like Common species are very small very species are Common ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE Nectar from flowers, aphid honeydew, honeydew, aphid flowers, from Nectar ADULTS: eggs and/or of larvae parasitoids Internal LARVAE: Chalcid wasp – adult (Phasgonophora sulcata) Bugwood.org University, State Colorado Cranshaw, Whitney Descriptions of Natural Enemies Identification Cycle Life as adult females overwinter chalcid wasps Most Females in the host organism. larvae or as mature larvae, eggs, 200) into around 1–25 eggs (total lay and pupate in the host develop or pupae. Larvae adults chew (host eggs gradually turn black). New to start a new out of the dead host their way least 3–4 generations per year. generation. At ) sulcata (Phasgonophora – adult wasp Chalcid EOL.org of Live, Gates, Encyclopedia Michael Hosts/Prey (< 6 mm long) black, blue-black, or green, may may or green, (< 6 mm long) black, blue-black, legs or body parts. yellow with bright be metallic be smoky may wings antennae, Short elbowed held flat at and are simple venation, with very chewing well-developed wingless); are (some rest (if present) ovipositor mouthparts. The female of the abdomen. front the lower from extends pairs. than the front robust more Hind legs are mouthparts. with simple head; chewing and host blood (when laying eggs). laying (when and host blood parasitoids other (including orders of 12 insect and spiders. and predators) Chalcididae Chalcididae 134 Hymenoptera e.g. Tetrastichus julis(Walker) Eulophidae cereal leafbeetle (CLB) (p. 18). elbowed antennae. transparent wingswithvery reduced venation; black bodywithpointed abdomen;2pairof maggot-like. Identification Hosts Swaroop Kher, University ofAlberta/AAFC a cereal leafbeetlelarva Tetrastichus julis–adult parasitizing unaided eye). CLB larvae for theyellow larvae (visible tothe small flowers. Examine thecontents ofmature Use asweep net tocollect adultsfrom plants with Monitoring trichogrammids (p. 138). such aschalcids(p. 133),pteromalids (p. 137),and Adults resemble thoseofother related parasitoids Similar Species larvae. Second brood larvae overwinter. emerge inJulyandlay eggsinlatematuringCLB late May tolateJune.Second brood ofadults and eachfemale lays 4-6eggsinCLBlarvae in larval cocoons inthesoil.Adults emerge inspring Overwinters asmature larvae ininfested CLB Life Cycle LARVAE: Internal parasitoidofthelarvae ofthe ADULTS: Feed onnectarandaphidhoneydew. MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Upto4mmlong,shiny blackorblue- Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 2-3 mmlong,yellow, parasitizes theHessian fly(p. 35). future. Another eulophid,Pediobiuseubius (Walker) not having tocontrol cereal leafbeetle inthe established ismore thancompensated for by sustained whileallowing T. julis tobecome established. Thesmallamount ofcrop injury of thecereal leafbeetle ifallowed tobecome prevent development ofeconomic populations T. julisisanintroduced parasitoidthatcan Comments crops intheabsence ofharmfulpesticides. for populations whichcanspread into adjacent establishment ofT. julis.Suchareas offer arefuge border ofcereal leafbeetle-infested crops toallow on alternatehosts.Provide unsprayed corner or honeydew aswell asattackany prey present fields where adultscanfeed onnectarand Preserve unsprayed flowering vegetation near Conservation Hymenoptera 135 NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Parasitoids black, and with a pale band around the band around black, and with a pale Monitoring or light nets using sweep collected can be Adults traps. Conservation vegetation flowering unsprayed Preserve on nectar and adults can feed near fields where Such present. prey as attack any pollen as well populations which can for a refuge offer areas of in the absence crops adjacent into spread harmful pesticides. Comments and B. anurus curculionis of Bathyplectes Cocoons dark brown about 3.5 mm long, oval, both are to The band of B. anurus is narrow, circumference. raised; and slightly smooth-edged, yellowish, white, has , the band is broader, B. curculionis for flattened. and is more less defined margins,

5–35 mm long, whitish, legless Internal parasitoids of the eggs, larvae of the eggs, larvae parasitoids Internal MATURE LARVAE: MATURE 5–36 mm long; brown, red, or black body red, 5–36 mm long; brown, ADULTS: Nectar and aphid honeydew. and aphid Nectar ADULTS: LARVAE: have different colours. different have body. tapered Similar Species braconids adult ichneumons resemble Adult and the ovipositor larger are they 130) except (p. to body length. compared longer is relatively – adult ( sp.) Ichneumonid Bugwood.org Service, Forest USDA H. Holsten, Edward Descriptions of Natural Enemies Identification Males and females longer than body; long antennae. Cycle Life as larvae, Depending on species, overwinter use pupae, or adults inside hosts. Females hosts. to inject eggs into their long ovipositor varies The number of generations per year to species. according ) flavescens (Banchus – adult Ichneumonid Development and Rural Food Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Hosts/Prey and/or pupae of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, pupae of Lepidoptera, and/or and some spiders. Hymenoptera, B. anurus (Thomson), curculionis Bathyplectes 24) (p. alfalfa weevil (Thomson): bertha armyworm Cresson: Banchus flavescens 74) (p. diamondback (Cresson): Diadegma insulare 98) (p. moth diamondback (Gravenhorst): subtilicornis Diadromus 98) (p. moth Dasche: banded sunflower prognatha Glypta 97) (p. moth abdomen waist, markings; narrow with variable ovipositor longer than thorax and head combined; Ichneumonidae 136 Hymenoptera Platygasteridae on theface. wing venation andantenna attachedvery low Platygaster tuberosula (Kieffer): wheatmidge(p. 43) Platygaster hiemalisForbes: Hessian fly(p. 35) Euxestonotus error (Fitch): wheatmidge(p. 43) feeding midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). white body;worm-like withnovestigial legs. Hosts/Prey Tyler Wist,AAFC Platygasterid –adult(Inostemmasp.) Adults resemble adultchalcids(p. 133). Similar Species to Macroglenes penetrans (p. 137). which itoverwinters. E.error hasasimilarlife cycle in Hessian flyeggsandnewly hatchedlarvae in Adult P. hiemalisare active inthefalllaying eggs Life Cycle Identification LARVAE: ADULTS: Nectar andplant juices. MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Minute,shiny black withreduced Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Most are internal parasitesofplant- Less than1.5mmlong; Hessian flypopulation. season. P. hiemaliscanparasitize upto50%ofa capable ofdamagetothecrop duringthecurrent Wheat midgelarvae parasitized by E.error are still Comments pesticides. into adjacent crops intheabsence ofharmful offer arefuge for populationswhichcanspread as well asattackany prey present. Suchareas fields where adultscanfeed onnectarandpollen Preserve unsprayed flowering vegetation near Conservation None. Monitoring Hymenoptera 137 NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Parasitoids Monitoring None. Conservation adults to the use of pesticides toxic Avoid and larvae. Comments M. penetrans by parasitized Wheat midge larvae the during capable of damage to the crop still are midge Up to 40% of overwintering season. current this parasitoid. can be killed by larvae 1-4 mm legless, maggot-like, 1-4 mm legless, maggot-like, is 1-2 mm long; M. penetrans ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE ADULTS: Nectar. ADULTS: of the immature parasitoids Internal LARVAE: Similar Species . 133) chalcid adults (p. resemble Adults Pteromalid – adult (Pteromalus puparum) exiting a parasitized cocoon Southern University, Georgia McKeever, Sturgis Bugwood.org Descriptions of Natural Enemies Identification Cycle Life inside the wheat as larvae overwinter M. penetrans development complete Larvae midge larvae. and in the spring, which kills the midge larvae, in eggs lay females then pupate. Emerging continue wheat midge eggs. The parasite larvae the season. through in the midge larvae to develop in host larvae as mature puparum overwinter P. or eggs in either pre-pupae lay pupae. Females killing the pupae. pupae, eventually formed newly ) puparum (Pteromalus – adult Pteromalid History Museum: Natural McCormack, Koorosh EOL.org Section, Hymenoptera Hosts/Prey is 3-4 mm long; both have shiny shiny have puparum is 3-4 mm long; both P. and antennae with elbowed black bodys wings with much reduced 2 pairs of transparent appears Abdomen of M. penetrans venation. triangular in profile. somewhat colour. in to yellow cream stages of many hosts. stages of many 43) (p. wheat midge (Kirby): penetrans Macroglenes puparum Linnaeus: imported Pteromalus 82) (p. cabbageworm cabbage seedpod lucidus (Walker): Trichomalus as often misidentified 25) [Note: (p. larvae weevil (Walker)] perfectus T. Pteromalid – adult penetrans) (Macroglenes AAFC ) Sturgis McKeever, Georgia Southern University, Southern University, Georgia McKeever, Sturgis Bugwood.org Pteromalid – adult (Pteromalus puparum Pteromalidae Pteromalidae exiting a parasitized cocoon 138 Hymenoptera Trichrogramma spp. Trichogrammididae stout bodieswithreddish eyes. (p. T. evanescens Westwood:imported cabbageworm T. inyoense Riley:bertha armyworm (p. 74) (pp. 73-77), cutworms (pp. 86-94) Trichogramma minutum Riley:armyworms Diptera, Coleoptera, andHeteroptera. attack eggsofsomeHymenoptera, Neuroptera, parasites ofLepidoptera (over 200spp.),butalso maggot-like, whitishincolour. diamondback moth (p. 98) T. praetiosum Riley: beet webworm (p. 102), Hosts/Prey Jack Kelly Clark,University ofCalifornia Statewide IPMProgram (Trichogramma sp.)parasitizinganegg Trichogrammid –adult days dependingonweather. generations perseason;generationtimeis10-14 ges as they develop totheadultstagewhichemer into ahostegg;larvae consume theeggcontents or nearfields.Females insertone ormore eggs Overwinter aspupaeinhosteggsleaflitter Life Cycle Identification LARVAE: ADULTS: Nectar, honeydew, andplant sap. MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: Minute(0.2-1.5mmlong),usuallyyellow, Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide

82), through aholecut in theeggshell.Several corn Trichogramma spp.are majoregg earworm Minute (0.2-1.5mmlong), (p.

95), cabbagelooper - adults are flyingandlaying eggs. releases mustbemadewhentarget species purchase torelease incrops. Any innundative Several speciesare commercially available for Comments harmful pesticides. spread into adjacent crops intheabsence of areas offer arefuge for populationswhichcan as vegetables) nearfieldswhere adultscanfeed dill, goldenrod, leguminousplants, andflowering Preserve unsprayed vegetation (e.g. wildcarrots, Conservation presence ofsmallcircular exit holes. parasitoid larvae develop. Checkhosteggsfor Parasitized eggsgraduallyturnblackasthe Monitoring None. Similar Species well asattackany hosteggspresent. Such Neuroptera 139 NATURAL NATURAL ENEMIES Predators Scouting or trays over plants beat prey-infested Inspect or or light net a sweep use larvae; for surfaces other adults. trap for Conservation to adults and applying pesticides toxic Avoid unsprayed Preserve when present. larvae populations can prey near fields where vegetation eggs. to lay attract adult lacewings that develop as crops nearby into will later spread Lacewings populations develop. prey Comments short take when they at night active are Adults and of prey in search among plants fluttery flights earlier active are larvae sites. Lacewing egg-laying and can attack in the season than most predators insert their piercing early season pests. They saliva and inject a toxic prey mouthparts into enzymes. Commercially that includes digestive release. for available

Green lacewing – adult Green lacewing Food and Rural Development Rural and Food John Gavloski, Manitoba Agriculture, Manitoba Agriculture, Gavloski, John Up to 15 mm long, spider mite , spider mite 59-70) Aphids (pp. Feed on same prey as larvae. on same prey Feed 14-20 mm long, pale yellow to green, to green, yellow 14-20 mm long, pale ADULTS: LARVAE: MATURE ADULTS: LARVAE: Green lacewing – eggs Green lacewing [email protected] Dolinski, Mike Descriptions of Natural Enemies Identification Cycle Life spherical as pupae in species overwinter Most around sites in and in sheltered white cocoons eggs on oblong white lay fields. Females on undersides of leaves. stalks in rows hair-like against cannibalistic siblings protect stalks Egg generations per year. or four Three and predators. Similar Species lacewing brown of the less common Adults smaller (10-12 mm long) spp.) are (Hemerobius with lace-like beige, or dark green and brown, green resemble hairs. Larvae with wings covered body and narrower but smaller, larvae lacewing on shorter sickle-shaped mouthparts. It feeds the same prey. Green lacewing – larva eating leafhopper eating larva – lacewing Green Dolinski, [email protected] Mike Hosts/Prey , small caterpillars, 14-16), small caterpillars, (pp. and eggs motiles nymphs 107), leafhopper thrips (p. insect eggs, 71). 45-47), and mealybugs (p. (pp. delicate lace-like body with 2 pair of clear, narrow roof-like that fold venation wings with green small head with the body when at rest; over sickle-shaped eyes, golden to red shiny large, slender antennae. mouthparts, and long body with clumps of short alligator-shaped, gray to mottled yellowish bristles; colour or black markings; prominent brown, with red, forward sickle-shaped mouthparts extend call aphidlions. head. Commonly from e o t

et dts Pae e

arae

a r s ar e Eggs Larvae ! Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May . June . July . Aug . Sept . Oct . Nov . Dec Overwintering Pupae Adults a spp. Chrysopa , green Lacewing erter 140 Raphidioptera ! erter University ofMichigan-Ann Arbor Phil Myers, MuseumofZoology, Snakefly –adult Snakeflies a Jan .FebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNov .Dec Eggs Adult Pupae Overwinteringlarvae ! e ar s r a arae e Pae dts et

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caterpillars, andvarious insecteggs. over thebodyatrest. of transparent wingswithdarkveins heldroof-like mouthparts andlongslenderantennae; two pair behind ovate headequippedwithbiting reddish brown, elongatenarrow “neck”(prothorax) head and3pairoflegsthatimpartgreat mobility. mottled reddish orgrayish colour withblackshiny Identification Prey T.W. Davies ©California Academy ofSciences Snakefly –adult pupae incrops. Use asweep net todetect adults,larvae, and Monitoring None. Similar species: per year butmay take 2-3years tocomplete. bark, crevices, orinplant debris.Onegeneration ovipositor tolay eggs singlyorinsmallbatches crevices, orother protected sites.Females uselong Overwinter mostlyaslarvae underbark,inbark Life Cycle IMMATURES: Aphids(pp. 59-70),small ADULTS: Small,soft-bodied insects. MATURE LARVAE: ADULTS: 12-25mmlong,shiny dark-gray ordark Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide 12-25 mmlong,flattened, T.W. Davies ©California Academy ofSciences Snakefly –larva use its mandibles. strike. Thepupaisfree-living, active, andableto adult toraiseitsheadslike asnake ready to Adults are poorfliers.Thelongneckallows the Comments as prey populationsdevelop. Snakeflies willlaterspread into nearby crops can develop thatattractfemales tolay eggs. vegetation nearfieldswhere prey populations larvae whenpresent. Preserve unsprayed Avoid applyingpesticidestoxic toadultsand Conservation GLOSSARY OF TERMS

ABDOMEN: The third (posterior) major division of an HIND WINGS: The second pair of wings arising from PARASITE: An organism that lives at the expense insect body. It contains digestive and reproductive organs. the thorax. of a host which it usually does not kill. ANTENNA: Paired, segmented sensory appendages, HOST: A plant or animal that is a food source for insects PARASITOID: A parasite that kills its host. usually on the front top of the head. and mites. POLYEMBRYONY: The production of more than one CATERPILLAR: Another name for the larvae of moths, INSTAR: The growth stage between successive moults. embryo from a single egg, most common among butterflies, and sawflies. LARVA: The immature stage after the egg stage, usually endoparasitoids. CEPHALOTHORAX: The first body part of spiders, restricted to insects that have four developmental PREDATOR: An organism that eats more than one prey comprised of the head and thorax fused together. stages (complete metamorphosis—egg, larva, pupa, and individual during its lifetime. COMPOUND EYE: A collection of single light-receptor adult), and do not resemble the adult stage nor always PROLEG: The unsegmented leg of a larva, present along eye units (facets). feed on the same hosts. the underside of the abdomen. CORNICLES: A pair of tubes on the abdomen of aphids MAGGOT: A legless, headless larval insect (mostly flies), PUPA: The inactive stage between larva and adult during that secrete honeydew and alarm pheromones. usually with a tapered body (back to front). which metamorphosis occurs. CHRYSALIS: The pupa of butterflies and moths. MANDIBLE: The jaws of biting and chewing insects, SPIRACLE: The external opening through which insects or modified into slender tubes for piercing and breathe, located along the thorax and abdomen. ECTOPARASITE: A parasite that lives externally on, and sucking insects. at the expense of, a host, but does not kill. TARSUS: The terminal section of the leg comprised of METAMORPHOSIS: The process of change in body up to 6 small segments, often with a claw on the last ECTOPARASITOID: A parasite that lives externally on, form from the last immature stage to the adult stage. and at the expense of, a host, which it kills. segment (the insect foot). NYMPH: The immature stage after the egg stage, TENERAL: The period when the adult insect is newly ELYTRA: The hardened forewing of beetles that protects usually restricted to insects that have three the hind wings. emerged from the pupal case or nymphal skin and its developmental stages (incomplete metamorphosis— body has not hardened or darkened. ENDOPARASITE: A parasite that lives internally at the egg, nymph, and adult). Usually resemble the adult stage expense of a host, but does not kill. and often feed on the same hosts. THORAX: The middle (second) section of the insect body to which are attached the locomotory appendages ENDOPARASITOID: A parasite that lives internally at the OCELLUS: Simple eye consisting of one facet, usually (wings and/or legs). expense of a host, which it kills. three in a triangle on the top of the head of adult and nymphal insects (plural ocelli). TRACHEA: Tubular structures within insect body FEMUR: The third and usually largest segment of an through which air moves and gases are exchanged insect leg. OVIPOSITOR: The organ used for egg laying, and (insect respiratory system). usually modified for piercing host tissue in which FOREWINGS: The front pair of wings arising from to deposit an egg(s). VECTOR: A host of a disease pathogen that transmits the thorax. it to another organism. HALTERE: The small modified hind wing of flies (Diptera) used to keep balance in flight.

141 INTERNET INFORMATION RESOURCES

Western Canada Provincial Government Insect/Pest Management Web Sites • Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development – Crop Insects http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/app21/infopage?cat1=Diseases%2FInsects%2F%20Pests&cat2=Crop%20Insects • British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture – Field Crop Pests http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/entomology.htm • Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives – Field Crop Insects http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/insects/ • Saskatchewan Agriculture – Crop Protection: Insects http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/crop-protection-insects

Reference Publications • Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development - Alberta Forage Manual – Downlaod free pdf or $30 for hardcopy. Order on-line @ http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex16 - Alberta Crop Protection Handbook (2013) – Download free pdf or $12 for hardcopy. Order on-line @ http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex32?opendocument • Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives - Guide to Field Crop Protection – Downlaod free pdf or $9.82 for hardcopy. Order on-line @ http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/guides-and-publications/index.html#fcpg - Field Scouting Guide – $25.00. Order on-line @ http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/guides-and-publications/index.html#fcpg - Fruit Crop Insect Guide – $10.00. Order on-line @ http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/guides-and-publications/index.html#fcpg • Saskatchewan Agriculture - Guide to Crop Protection – download pdf of latest edition http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Guide_to_Crop_Protection • North Dakota State University. - 2013 North Dakota Crop Insect Management Guide – E1143. View online @ http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/rowcrops/e1143.pdf or order online @ http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/landing-pages/crops/2013-north-dakota-field-crop-insect-management-guide-e-1143 • Western Committee on Crop Pests Guide to Integrated Control of Insects Pests of Crops – recommended control products and application rates for common pests of field crop in Western Canada. http://www.westernforum.org/WCCP%20Guidelines.html

142 Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide Sampling/Monitoring Equipment and Supplies • Purchasing Sweep Nets For Insect Monitoring http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/insects/purchasing-sweep-nets.html • Monitoring Insects Using a Sweep Net. Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/insects/monitoring-using-sweep-net.html • Integrated Pest Management – Introduction to Crop Scouting. College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri Columbia, MO (IPM1006) http://ipm.missouri.edu/ipm_pubs/ipm1006.pdf • Prairie Insect Pest Monitoring Network – information on selected field crop pest outbreak forecasts and weekly monitoring updates. http://www.westernforum.org/IPMNMain.html

Information on the Biology, Identification, and Management of Field Crop Pests and Their Natural Enemies • Alfalfa Seed Insect Pest Management – 2013. J.J. Soroka and D.W. Goerzen. AAFC – Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK http://www.saspa.com/PDF/alfalfa%20seed%20insect%20pest%20management%20-%20may%202013.pdf • Biocontrol Arthropods: New Denizens of Canada’s Grassland Ecosystems – 2011. R. De Clerck-Floate and H. Cárcamo. In Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 2): Inhabitants of a Changing Landscape. Edited by K. D. Floate. Biological Survey of Canada. pp. 291-321. http://biologicalsurvey.ca/assets/file/76 • Biological Control – A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America – Dr. Anthony Shelton, Cornell University, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Dep’t of Entomology. This guide provides photographs and descriptions of biological control (or biocontrol) agents of insect, disease, and weed pests in North America. It is also a tutorial on the concept and practice of biological control and integrated pest management (IPM). http://www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu/index.php • Cereal Aphids – University of Nebraska – Lincoln. Pub. G1284, 2005. Identification and general discussion of the cereal aphid species most commonly found in Nebraska small grains, corn, sorghum, and millet. http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=341 • Crop Insects of Kansas – 2010. R.J. Whitworth, P.E. Sloderbeck, and H.N. Davis, Dep’t of Entomology, Kansas State University. $11.00 (US) plus shipping; order online @ http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/ • Cutworms in Field Crops – Images and information on common cutworms attacking field crops in Manitoba. Online factsheet. http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/insects/cutworms-field-crops.html

143 • Grasshoppers: Their Biology, Identification, and Management – Comprehensive sources of information on the biology, ecology, identification, and management of grasshoppers and Mormon crickets in North America. http://www.sidney.ars.usda.gov/grasshopper/ • Grasshopper Identification and Control Methods to Protect Crops and the Environment – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$Department/deptdocs.nsf/all/rsv13511/$FILE/Mar11_2008_grasshopper_book_DJ.pdf • Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control – M.L. Flint and S. Dreistadt. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Helps you identify and understand the life histories of predators, parasites, pathogens, competitors, and antagonists that help control specific insect, pathogen, nematode, or weed pests. $35.00 (US). Order online @ http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/IPMPROJECT/ADS/manual_naturalenemies.html • Natural Enemies Gallery – University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. This continuously updated Gallery includes images and indices of natural enemy species commonly found on California farms and landscapes. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/index.html#PREDATOR) • Guide des ravageurs de sol en grandes cultures.[In French only] www.agrireseau.qc.ca/grandescultures/documents/Guide%20des%20ravageurs%20du%20sol_dec%202012.pdf • Natural Enemies of Pests Associated With Prairie Crops – 1993. J.R. Byers, D.S. Yu. Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada. Publication 1895. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/agr/A43-1895-1993-eng.pdf Available in French: Ennemis naturels des ravageurs des cultures dans les provinces des Prairies http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/agr/A43-1895-1993-fra.pdf • Wheat midge control www.midgetolerantwheat.ca • Swede Midge Management Practices www.ontariocanolagrowers.ca/

Pest Diagnostic Services (service fees may apply) • British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture – Pest Diagnostic Laboratory http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/lab.htm • Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives – Crop Diagnostic Centre http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/crop-diagnostic-services/ • Saskatchewan Agriculture – Crop Protection Laboratory Services http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Crop_Protection_Lab

144 Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide Appendix A 145 21 33 20 91 41 95 59 42 18 25 25 48 57 58 20 88 26 14 30 97 97 99 83 18 20 56 16 96 72 130 130 130 111 133 130 139 105 102 116 116 ...... (Boddie)) ...... (Nalepa)) ystrix ...... (Linnaeus) Koch) obia praetiosa ...... weevil) seedpod (Cabbage leaf beetle) (Cottonwood lady beetle) (Sevenspotted . moth) casebearer clover (Red ...... moth) (Banded sunflower hospes (Walsingham) chylis (Brown) (Prairie grain wireworm) (Brown) destructor Ctenicera ...... (Cresson) marginiventris Cotesia (Kurdjumov) plutellae Cotesia ...... Fabricius) scripta (Chrysomela leaf beetle Cottonwood spider Crab ...... spp . (Sod webworms) Crambus (Goeze)) cruciferae otreta (Phyll flea beetle Crucifer a zea (Helicoverp earworm Corn . leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)) Corn glomerata Cotesia (Sunflower midge) schulzi Gagne (Sunflower Contarinia (Marsham) obstrictus (Marsham) Ceutorhynchus Blatchley chus neglectus Ceutorhyn Chalcididae Chelonus phaloniae Mason (Say)) pterus leuco Chinch bug (Blissus leucopterus stink bug) (Say sayi (Stål) Chlorochroa ...... stink bug) (Uhler’s uhleri (Stål) Chlorochroa Fabricius scripta Chrysomela ...... lacewing) spp . (Green Chrysopa ...... pellucida Scudder) (Camnula Clearwinged grasshopper . (Hufnagel)) trifolii (Discestra cutworm Clover . (Scopoli)) zoilus (Hypera leaf weevil Clover mite (Bry Clover ...... a hispidulus (Fabricius)) (Siton curculio root Clover tortrix)...... (Grey Doubleday Cnephasia stephensiana Linnaeus septempunctata Coccinella spp Coccinella moth) sunflower arthuri Dang (Arthur’s Cochylis Co Lienig and Zeller deauratella Coleophora (Alfalfa caterpillar) s eurytheme Boisduval Colia spp . Collops ...... (Say)) decemlineata (Leptinotarsa beetle potato Colorado Rolston) conspersus stink bug (Euschistus Consperse midge) (Swede nasturtii (Keiffer) Contarinia cifera (Kirby)) cifera fal looper (Anagrapha Celery sawfly). (Wheat stem cinctus (Norton) Cephus Linnaeus)) (Oulema melanoplus( leaf beetle Cereal Abacarus h rust mite (Abacarus Cereal 49 43 56 14 16 82 25 55 28 69 96 37 45 87 49 48 48 69 22 96 97 74 48 17 56 56 22 105 139 123 110 135 126 130 130 107 135 135 118 102 ...... Epicauta spp .). Epicauta ...... hospes (Walsingham)) ochylis Capsus spp ., Irbisia spp .) ops spp ., Capsus Shewell (Lauxanid) ealis Shewell (Linnaeus)) ...... (Linnaeus)) brassicae icoryne thrips denticornis Haliday) thrips denticornis (Linnaeus)) sticticalis oxostege ...... looper) (Alfalfa Speyer apha californica Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham)) (Ceutorhynchus (Kolenati) (Black grass bug) cinctus (Kolenati) Capsus ...... grasshopper) pellucida Scudder (Clearwinged Camnula Euschistus servus Say) stink bug (Euschistus Brown Műller) latens wheat mite (Petrobia Brown weevil) Bruchus pisorum Linnaeus (Pea . mite) (clover Koch praetiosa Bryobia C Cabbage aphid (Brev (Linnaeus)) Cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae . sia ni (Hübner) Cabbage looper (Trichoplu (Linnaeus)) (Delia radicum Cabbage maggot Cabbage seedpod weevil bor Camptoprosopella ...... (Stål)) halys marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha Brown Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes) (Macrosteles Aster leafhopper .) (Tachinids) (Coq cinerea Athrycia Autogr B ...... Smiley Balaustium punami Cresson Banchus flavescens (C moth Banded sunflower thrips (Limo Barley bug Big-eyed ipsilon (Hufnagel)) (Agrotis Black cutworm Black grass bugs (Lab (Hairy chinch bug) s hirtus Montandon Blissus leucopteru bug) (Chinch (Say) leucopterus Blissus leucopterus chinch bug) . Barber (Western Blissus occiduus nuttalli Say, (Lytta Blister beetles ...... bugs) Boisea spp . (Boxelder bugs (Boisia spp .)...... Boxelder ...... Braconidae ...... (Gahan) cephi Bracon (Rape pollen beetle) aeneus Fabricius Brassicogethes .22 blossom beetle) (Bronzed Fabricius viridescens Brassicogethes aphid) (Cabbage (Linnaeus) brassicae Brevicoryne blossom beetle Bronzed .Fabricius) viridescens (Brassicogethes spp) (Hemerobius lacewing Brown Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) curculionis Bathyplectes ...... anurus (Thomson) Bathyplectes ...... Bee fly...... (L webworm Beet ...... (Walker)) configurata (Mamestra Bertha armyworm 73 97 86 68 91 91 53 80 96 91 91 83 96 24 36 87 92 36 33 16 16 16 63 53 54 33 33 33 116 125 129 129 129 129 132 129 132 129 104 128 110 102 124 116 116 ...... a Speyer) ealis (Zeller)) ...... utographa californic utographa ...... cutworm) (Glassy (Brace) vastator INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF INSECTS INSECTS OF NAMES SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON OF INDEX Cochylis arthuri Dang) (Cochylis moth sunflower Arthur’s axyridis (Linnaeus)) (Harmonia Asian lady beetle Assassin bug...... Pseudaletia (Mythimna) unipuncta (Haworth)) (Pseudaletia Armyworm Aphidius ervi Haliday Haliday Aphidius matricarial Aphidius smithi Sharma spp . (Aphid midge cecidomyiidae) Aphidoletes aphid) (Matsumura) (Soybean Aphis glycines . (Grote)) auxiliaris (Euxoa cutworm Army Aphidius colemani Viereck Aphidius colemani (Walker) (Lined Quaker moth) (Lined Quaker Apamea inficita (Walker) spp .) (Aphidoletes Aphid midge cecidomyiidae ...... Aphidiidae (Aphidius spp) (Fitch) Aphidius avenaphis Loxostege cer (Loxostege Alfalfa webworm . cricket) Anabrus simplex Haldeman (Mormon ...... looper) (Celery (Kirby) falcifera Anagrapha spp ...... Anthocoris spp . (Whirligig mite) Anystis cutworm) (Yellowheaded Apamea amputatrix (Fitch) apamea moth) Smith (Thoughtful Apamea cogitate Apamea de Alfalfa looper (A . (Goeze)) lineolatus bug (Adelphocoris Alfalfa plant (Gyllenhal)) postica (Hypera Alfalfa weevil Ambush bug (Drury)) virginiensis American Lady (Vanessa . ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Black cutworm) Agrotis ern cutworm) west (Pale orthogonia (Morrison) Agrotis a (Rondani)) frontell leafminer (Agromyza Alfalfa blotch l) eurytheme Boisduva Alfalfa caterpillar (Colias blotch leafminer) blotch (Alfalfa (Rondani) frontella Agromyza (Wheat curl mite) (Wheat curl Keifer tosichella Aceria (Keifer) mckenziei Aculodes aphid) (Pea pisum (Harris) Acyrthosiphon lady beetle) (Twospotted bipunctata (Linnaeus) Adalia spp . Adalia bug). (Alfalfa plant lineolatus (Goeze) Adelphocoris bug)...... (Superb plant superbus (Uhler) Adelphocoris (Lined click beetle) lineatus (Linnaeus) Agriotes wireworm) (Wheat mancus (Say) Agriotes (Dusky wireworm) obscurus (Linnaeus) Agriotes wireworm) (Western sparsus LeConte Agriotes A ...... rust mite) (Nalepa) (Cereal hystrix Abacarus 146 Appendix A Darksided cutworm (Euxoa messoria(Harris)). Damsel bug. Dacnusa dryas (Nixon). D Glypta prognatha Dasche. Glassy cutworm (Apameadevastator (Brace)). Gastrophysa polygoni (Linnaeus) (Leaf beetle) . G Fall fieldcricket (Grylluspennsylvanicus Burmeister). Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J.ESmith)). F Epicauta spp.(Blisterbeetle) Entomoscelis americana Brown (Red turnipbeetle). English grainaphid Empoasca fabae (Harrison) (Potato leafhopper). E Delia radicum (Linnaeus) (Cabbage maggot) Delia platura (Meigen) (Seedcorn maggot). Delia floralis (Fallen) (Turnip maggot). Green-tan grassbugs. . Green cloverworm (Hypenascabra (Fabricius)) Gray sunflower seedweevil (Smicronyx sordidu LeConte). Grasshoppers. . Faronta diffusa(Walker) (Wheatheadarmyworm) Euxoa ochrogast Euxoa messoria(Harris) (Darksidedcutworm). Euxoa auxiliaris(Grote) (Army cutworm) Euschistus servusSay (Brown stinkbug) . Euschistus conspersus Rolston (Consperse stinkbug). European corn borer (Ostrinianubilalis(Hübner)). Eulophide (Tetrastichus julius(Walker)) Estigmene acrea (Drury)(Saltmarshcaterpillar) Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)) Diadegma insulare (Cresson). Flax bollworm (Heliothis ononisDenisandSchiffermüller) Feltia jaculifera (Guenée) (Dingycutworm). Discestra trifolii (Hufnagel)(Clover cutworm). Dingy cutworm (Feltia jaculifera (Guenée)). Phyllotreta striolata(Fabricius)) . Flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Russian wheataphid) Dusky wireworm (Agriotes obscurus(Linnaeus)) Diuraphis tritici(Gillette) (Western wheataphid). (Sitobion (Macrosiphum) avenae (Fabricius)). er (Guenée) (Redbacked cutworm)...... 127 130 105 135 103 134 135 91 18 76 19 60 46 38 37 89 50 85 31 93 89 86 56 56 79 85 17 37 90 77 90 98 21 78 88 33 65 65 Green peachaphid(Myzuspersicae (Sulzer)) Green lacewing (Chrysopa spp) Lady bird beetle Labops hesperiusUhler(Blackgrassbug). L Jumping spider. J Irbisia spp.(Blackgrassbug) Imported cabbageworm (Pierisrapae (Linnaeus)) Ichneumonidae. . I Hippodamia spp Hessian fly(Mayet Hemerobius spp.(Brown lacewing). Helio H Harvestman spider. Harmonia axyridis(Pallas) (Asianladybeetle) Harmonia spp Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Brown marmoratedstinkbug) . Hairy chinchbug(Blissusleucopterus hirtusMontandon) Haanchen barley mealybug H Grey tortrix(Cnephasiastephensiana (Doubleday)) Greenbug (Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)) Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Colorado potato beetle) . Hypena scabra (Fabricius) (Green cloverworm). Hover fly. Hom Gymnocarena diffusa(Snow) Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister(Fall fieldcricket). Ground beetle. Lined clickbeetle (Agriotes lineatus (Linnaeus)) Limothrips denticornis Haliday (Barley thrips) Lesser clover leafweevil (Hypera nigrirostris (Fabricius)) . Leptop Leptoglossus occidentalis (Barber) Hypnoidus bicolor (Eschscholtz)(wireworm) Hypera punctata(Fabricius) (Clover leafweevil) Hypera postica Hypera nigrirostris (Fabricius) (Lesser clover leafweevil). elicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Corn earworm). (Trionymus haancheniMcKenzie) (Sunflower receptacle maggot) (Western conifer seedbug). oeosoma electellum (Hulst)(Sunflower moth) this ononisDenis&Schiffermüller (Flaxbollworm) terna dolabrata (Linnaeus) (Meadow plant bug). Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide . (Gyllenhal) (Alfalfaweevil) . . iola destructor (Say))...... 139 113 135 139 112 116 116 116 122 100 116 103 115 102 107 49 35 95 55 61 49 82 78 48 71 70 33 27 56 20 33 26 27 85 39 50 24 Pale legumebug (LygusVan elisus Duzee). Painted ladybutterfly(Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus)) . Packard grasshopper(Melanoplus packardii P Oulema melanopus(Linnaeus) (Cereal leafbeetle) . Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner) (European corn borer). Orius spp. . Oat-birdcherry aphid(Rhopalosiphumpadi (Linnaeus)) O Nuttall blisterbeetle (LyttaSay) nuttalli Neotephritis finalis(Loew) (Sunflower seed maggot) N Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Green peachaphid) . Myiopharus macellus (Reinhard) (Tachinids) . Mormon cricket (AnabrussimplexHaldeman). Minute piratebug(Anthocoris spp./Orius ). Migratory grasshopper Microplitis mediator (Haliday). Microctonus melanopus(Ruthe) . Mero Melanoplus sanquinipes(Fabricius) Melanoplus packardii Scudder(Packard grasshopper) Melanoplus bivittatus(Say) (Two-striped grasshopper). Meadow plant bug(Leptopterna dolabrata (Linnaeus)). Mayetiola destructor Mamestra configurata (Walker) (Berthaarmyworm) Macrosteles quadrilineatusForbes (Asterleafhopper) Mac Macrocentrus cingulumBrischke M Lytta nuttalliSay (Nuttallblisterbeetle) Lygus keltoni Schwartz andFoottit. Lygus Lygus hesperusKnight (Western tarnishedplant bug) L Lygus bugs. Lygus borealis Kelton. Loxostege sticticalis (Linnaeus) (Beet webworm) Loxostege cerealis (Zeller) (Alfalfawebworm) Liriom Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Turnip aphid). Lined Quaker moth (Apameainficita(Walker)) ygus elisusVan Duzee (Pale legumebug). (Melanoplus sanquinipes(Fabricius)) (Migratory grasshopper) rosiphum euphorbiae(Thomas) (Potato aphid) myza americana Fitch(Wheatstemmaggot) yza trifoliearum Spencer (serpentine leafminer) lineolaris (Palisot (Say) (Hessian fly). de Beauvois) . . (Tarnished ...... Scudder) ...... plant ...... bug) . . 128 105 105 105 128 123 104 130 130 105 105 130 102 102 80 18 79 17 61 50 35 74 45 17 51 51 51 51 36 64 69 91 51 62 39 40 51 51 Pale western cutworm (Agrotis orthogonia (Morrison)). . . . . 92 Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) (Wheat midge)...... 43 Trigonotylus coelestialium Kirkaldy (Rice leaf bug) ...... 50 Pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris))...... 63 Sitona cylindricollis (Fåhraeus) (Sweetclover weevil)...... 32 Trigonotylus ruficornis Geoffroy ...... 50 Pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus (Linnaeus))...... 30 Sitona hispidulus (Fabricius) (Clover root curculio)...... 30 Trionymus haancheni McKenzie Pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum (Linnaeus))...... 28 Sitona lineatus Linnaeus (Pea leaf weevil) ...... 30 (Haanchen barley mealybug)...... 71 Pemphigus betae Doane (Sugar beet root aphid)...... 66 Smicronyx fulvus LeConte (Red sunflower seed weevil). . . . . 31 Trionymus utahensis (Cockerell) (Utah grass mealybug). . . . . 71 Peridroma saucia (Hübner) (Variegated cutworm)...... 94 Smicronyx sordidu LeConte (Gray sunflower seed weevil). . . . 31 Trombidium holosericeum (Linnaeus) (red velvet mite)...... 110 Peristinus pallipe (Curtis)...... 130 Snakefly...... 140 Turnip aphid (Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach))...... 69 Petrobia latens Műller (Brown wheat mite)...... 14 Snipe fly...... 120 Turnip maggot (Delia floralis (Fallen))...... 37 Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) Sod webworms (Crambus spp )...... 91 Twospotted lady beetle (Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus)) . . . . . 116 (Imported cabbageworm, Cabbage butterfly)...... 82 Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines (Matsumura)) ...... 68 Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch)...... 15 Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Crucifer flea beetle) ...... 21 Spodoptera frugiperda (J .E . Smith) (Fall armyworm)...... 76 Twostriped grasshopper (Melanoplus bivittatus (Say))...... 105 Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) (Striped flea beetle)...... 21 Stenodema trispinosus Reuter...... 50 U Platygasteridae...... 136 Stenodema vicina (Provancher) ...... 50 Platygaster hiemalis Forbes...... 136 Stiletto fly ...... 121 Uhler’s stink bug (Chlorochroa uhleri (Stål)) ...... 58 Platygaster tuberosola (Kieffer)...... 136 Strauzia longipennis (Wiedemann) (Sunflower maggot). . . . . 39 Utah grass mealybug (Trionymus utahensis (Cockerell)). . . . . 71 Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Diamondback moth)...... 98 Striped flea beetle (Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius))...... 21 V Potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas))...... 64 Sugar beet root aphid (Pemphigus betae Doane)...... 66 Vanessa annabella Potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae (Harrison))...... 46 Suleima helianthana (Riley) (Sunflower bud) ...... 101 (Field) (West Coast Lady)...... 80 Vanessa cardui Prairie grain wireworm (Ctenicera destructor (Brown))...... 33 Sunflower beetle (Zygogramma exclamationis (Fabricius)). . . . 20 (Linnaeus) Predatory mites...... 110 Sunflower bud moth (Suleima helianthana (Riley))...... 101 (Painted lady butterfly, Thistle caterpillar)...... 80 Vanessa virginiensis Pseudaletia (Mythimna) unipuncta (Haworth) (Armyworm). . . . 73 Sunflower maggot (Strauzia longipennis (Weidemann)). . . . . 39 (Drury) (American Lady)...... 80 Variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia (Hübner))...... 94 Pteromalidae ...... 137 Sunflower midge (Contarinia schulzi Gagne) ...... 41 Appendix A Pteromalus puparum Linnaeus...... 137 Sunflower moth (Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst))...... 100 W Sunflower receptacle maggot R West Coast Lady (Vanessa annabella (Field)) ...... 80 (Gymnocarena diffusa (Snow))...... 39 Western chinch bug (Blissus occiduus Barber) ...... 48 Rape pollen beetle (Brassicogethes aeneus Fabricius) ...... 22 Sunflower seed maggot (Neotephritis finalis (Loew)) ...... 39 Western conifer seed bug Red clover casebearer moth Superb plant bug (Adelphocoris superbus (Uhler))...... 54 (Leptoglossus accidentalis (Barber))...... 56 (Coleophora deauratella Lienig and Zeller)...... 99 Swede midge (Contarinia nasturtii (Keiffer))...... 42 Western tarnished plant bug (Lygus hesperus Knight)...... 51 Red sunflower seed weevil (Smicronyx fulvus LeConte). . . . . 31 Sweetclover weevil (Sitona cylindricollis (Fåhraeus))...... 32 Western wheat aphid (Diuraphis tritici (Gillette))...... 65 Red turnip beetle (Entomoscelis americana Brown)...... 19 Syrphid fly...... 122 Agriotes sparsus Red velvet mite (Trombidium holosericeum (Linnaeus)). . . . 110 Western wireworm ( LeConte)...... 33 Aceria tosichella Redbacked cutworm (Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée))...... 93 T Wheat curl mite ( Keifer)...... 16 Faronta diffusa Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Corn leaf aphid)...... 59 Tachinids Wheat head armyworm ( (Walker))...... 77 Sitodiplosis mosellana Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) (Oat-birdcherry aphid). . . . . 62 (Athrycia cinerea (Coq .)/\Myiopharus macellus (Reinhard)) . 123 Wheat midge ( (Gehin))...... 43 Meromyza americana Rice leaf bug (Trigonotylus coelestialium Kirkaldy) ...... 50 Tarnished plant bug Wheat stem maggot ( Fitch) ...... 40 Cephus cinctus Robber fly ...... 119 (Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois))...... 51 Wheat stem sawfly ( (Norton))...... 72 Agriotes mancus Rough stink bug (Brochymena spp .)...... 56 Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (yellow mealworm)...... 115 Wheat wireworm ( (Say))...... 33 Rove beetle...... 117 Tetranychus urticae Koch (Twospotted spider mite)...... 15 Whirligig mite...... 110 Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko))...... 65 Tetrastichus julius (Walker) (Eulophide) ...... 134 Wolf spider ...... 114 Wireworms...... 33 S Thistle caterpillar (Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus)) ...... 80 Thoughtful apamea moth (Apamea cogitate Smith)...... 91 Y Saltmarsh caterpillar (Estigmene acrea (Drury))...... 84 Tiger beetle...... 115 Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus)...... 115 Say stink bug (Chlorochroa sayi (Stål)) ...... 57 Trichogrammididae (Trichogramma spp .) ...... 138 Yellowheaded cutworm (Apamea amputatrix (Fitch))...... 91 Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Greenbug)...... 70 Trichogramma evenescens Westwood...... 138 Yellowjacket wasp...... 122 Seedcorn maggot (Delia platura (Meigen))...... 38 Trichogramma inyoense Riley...... 138 Sevenspotted lady beetle Trichogramma minutum Riley...... 138 Z (Coccinella Septempunctata Linnaeus)...... 116 Trichogramma praetiosum Riley...... 138 Zygogramma exclamationis (Fabricius) (Sunflower beetle). . . . 20 Sitobion (Macrosiphum) avenae (Fabricius) Trichomalus perfectus (Walker)...... 138 (English grain aphid) ...... 60 Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Cabbage looper)...... 96

Index of Common and Scientific Names of Field Crop Pests 147 148 Appendix B Fall armyworm English grainaphid Dingy cutworm Darksided cutworm Corn leafaphid Chinch bug Cereal leafbeetle Brown wheatmite Black grassbugs Barley thrips Armyworm Army cutworm Barley Variegated cutworm Twospotted spidermite Sweetclover weevil Superb stinkbug Saltmarsh caterpillar Redbacked cutworm Potato leafhopper Pea leafweevil Pea aphid Pale western cutworm Mormon cricket Lygus bugs Green cloverworm Grasshoppers Fall fieldcricket Dingy cutworm Clover root weevil Clover leafweevil Blister beetles Black grassbugs Black cutworm Bertha armyworm Beet webworm Aster leafhopper Armyworm Army cutworm Alfalfa weevil Alfalfa looper Alfalfa caterpillar Alfalfa blotch leafminer Alfalfa CROP-PEST INDEX Wireworms Wheat stemmaggot Wheat headarmyworm Variegated cutworm Say stinkbug Russian wheataphid Rice leafbug Redbacked cutworm Pale western cutworm Oat-birdcherry aphid Mormon cricket Haanchen barley mealybug Greenbug Green-tan grassbugs Grasshoppers Glassy cutworm Fall fieldcricket Variegated cutworm Seedcorn maggot Saltmarsh caterpillar Wireworms Pea aphid Pale western cutworm Grasshoppers Blister beetles Black cutworm Alfalfa caterpillar Broad beans Dingy cutworm Diamondback moth Darksided cutworm Clover cutworm Cabbage seedpodweevil Cabbage maggot Brown marmoratedstinkbug Bronzed blossombeetle Blister beetles Bertha armyworm Beet webworm Aster leafhopper Army cutworm Alfalfa looper Canola Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Turnip maggot Turnip aphid Swede midge Seedcorn maggot Saltmarsh caterpillar Redbacked cutworm Red turnipbeetle Rape pollenbeetle Painted ladybutterfly Lygus bugs Imported cabbageworm Green peachaphid Grasshoppers Flea beetles Grasshoppers Glassy cutworm Fall armyworm European corn borer Dingy cutworm Darksided cutworm Corn leafaphid Corn earworm Chinch bug Cereal leafbeetle Brown marmoratedstinkbug Black cutworm Armyworm Corn Clovers Variegated cutworm Saltmarsh caterpillar Red clover casebearer moth Potato leafhopper Potato aphid Pea leaf weevil Pea aphid Lesser clover weevil Green cloverworm Grasshoppers Clover leafweevil Clover cutworm Black cutworm Alfalfa weevil Alfalfa looper Alfalfa caterpillar (Red, White,Alsike) Wireworms Wheat stemsawfly Variegated cutworm Twospotted spidermite Saltmarsh caterpillar Rice leafbug Redbacked cutworm Potato aphid Pale western cutworm Greenbug Green-tan grassbugs Green cloverworm Wireworms Variegated cutworm Saltmarsh caterpillar Grasshoppers Blister beetles Black cutworm Pea leafweevil Faba beans Wireworms Pea leafweevil Pea aphid Grasshoppers Lentils Wheat stemmaggot Wheat headarmyworm Variegated cutworm Russian wheataphid Rice leafbug Mormon cricket Hessian fly Greenbug Green grassbugs Grasshoppers Glassy cutworm Fall armyworm Dingy cutworm Corn leafaphid Chinch bug Cereal leafbeetle Black grassbugs Aster leafhopper Armyworm Army cutworm Grasses Redbacked cutworm Potato aphid Pale western cutworm Grasshoppers Flax bollworm Dingy cutworm Darksided cutworm Clover cutworm Bertha armyworm Beet webworm Aster leafhopper Army cutworm Flax Mustard Peas Soybean Sweet clover Wheat Army cutworm Alfalfa caterpillar Alfalfa caterpillar Alfalfa caterpillar Army cutworm Beet webworm Alfalfa looper Brown marmorated stink bug Army cutworm Armyworm Bertha armyworm Army cutworm Darksided cutworm Beet webworm Aster leafhopper Bronzed blossom beetle Bertha armyworm Grasshoppers Blister beetles Black grass bugs Cabbage maggot Black cutworm Green cloverworm Clover root weevil Brown marmorated stink bug Clover cutworm Brown marmorated stink bug Lygus bugs Grasshoppers Brown wheat mite Diamondback moth Clover root curculio Potato leafhopper Mormon cricket Cereal leaf beetle Flea beetles Grasshoppers Saltmarsh caterpillar Sweetclover weevil Chinch bug Grasshoppers Green cloverworm Seedcorn maggot Variegated cutworm Corn leaf aphid Imported cabbageworm Pale western cutworm Soybean aphid Darksided cutworm Pale western cutworm Pea aphid Twospotted spider mite Triticale Dingy cutworm Rape pollen beetle Pea leaf weevil Variegated cutworm Cereal leaf beetle English grain aphid Redbacked cutworm Saltmarsh caterpillar Darksided cutworm Fall armyworm Red turnip beetle Seedcorn maggot Sugar Beet Fall armyworm Fall field cricket Swede midge Variegated cutworm Army cutworm Fall field cricket Glassy cutworm Turnip maggot Wireworms Beet webworm Glassy cutworm Grasshoppers Blister beetle Grasshoppers Green-tan grass bugs Oats Rye Clover cutworm Greenbug Greenbug Army cutworm Armyworm European corn borer Pale western cutworm Haanchen barley mealybug

Armyworm Black grass bugs Pale western cutworm Redbacked cutworm Hessian fly Appendix B Black grass bugs Cereal leaf beetle Redbacked cutworm Variegated cutworm Mormon cricket Cereal leaf beetle Darksided cutworm Saltmarsh caterpillar Wheat midge Oat-birdcherry aphid Chinch bug Dingy cutworm Sugar beet root aphid Wireworms Pale western cutworm Darksided cutworm English grain aphid Redbacked cutworm Dingy cutworm Fall armyworm Sunflower Rice leaf bug English grain aphid Fall field cricket Banded sunflower moth Russian wheat aphid Fall armyworm Glassy cutworm Beet webworm Say stink bug Fall field cricket Grasshoppers Black cutworm Variegated cutworm Glassy cutworm Green-tan grass bugs Brown marmorated stink bug Wheat curl mite Grasshoppers Greenbug Darksided cutworm Wheat head armyworm Green grass bugs Pale western cutworm Dingy cutworm Wheat midge Greenbug Rice leaf bug Grasshoppers Wheat stem maggot Oat-birdcherry aphid Variegated cutworm Lygus bugs Wheat stem sawfly Pale western cutworm Wheat head armyworm Painted lady butterfly Wireworms Redbacked cutworm Wheat midge Pale western cutworm Rice leaf bug Wheat stem maggot Potato aphid Say stink bug Wheat stem sawfly Redbacked cutworm Variegated cutworm Wireworms Red sunflower seed weevil Wheat head armyworm Sunflower beetle Wheat stem maggot Sunflower bud moth Wireworms Sunflower maggot Sunflower midge Sunflower moth Sunflower receptacle maggot Sunflower seed maggot Wireworms

149 150 Appendix C Athrycia cinerea (Coquillet) Armyworm Aphidoletes spp. Aphidius smithiSharmaet SubbaRao Aphidius erviHaliday Aphidius matricariae Haliday Aphidius colemani Viereck Aphidius avenaphis (Fitch) Aphids Alfalfa weevil Alfalfa blotch leafminer A CROSS INDEX TO PARASITOIDS AND THEIR HOSTS Bertha armyworm Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) Aphids Aphids Potato aphid,pea aphid,green peachaphid aphid, Russian wheataphid Bean aphid,potato aphid,peagreen peach Green peachaphid,oat-birdcherry aphid English grainaphid Aphidius spp. Aphidoletes spp. Bathyplectes anurus(Thomson) Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson), Dacnusa dryas (Nixon) Chinch bug Chelonus phaloniaeMason Cereal leafbeetle Celery looper Cabbage seedpodweevil C Bracon lissogaster Muesebeck Bracon cephi (Gahan) Bertha armyworm Beet webworm Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) Bathyplectes anurus(Thomson) Banded sunflower moth Black cutworm Banchus flavescens Cresson B Eumicrosoma beneficumGahan Banded sunflower moth Tetrastichus julis(Walker) Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) Trichomalis perfectus (Walker) Microctonus melanopus(Ruthe) Wheat stemsawfly Wheat stemsawfly Athrycia cinerea (Coquillet) Trichogramma inyoense Riley Banchus flavescens Cresson, Trichogramma praetiosum Riley Alfalfa weevil Alfalfa weevil Glypta prognatha Dasche Chelonus phaloniaeMason Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) Bertha armyworm Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) Cotesia glomerata (Linnaeus) Corn earworm Diamondback moth Diadromus subtilicornis (Gravenhorst) Diadegma insulare (Cresson) Damsel bugs Dacnusa dryas (Nixon) D Diamondback moth Variegated cutworm Fall armyworm Corn earworm Celery looper Cabbage looper Black cutworm Armyworm Imported cabbageworm Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) Trichogramma praetiosum Riley Microplitis plutellae (Haliday) Diadromus subtilicornis (Gravenhorst) Diadegma insulare (Cresson) Diamondback moth Diamondfback moth Generalist insectpredators Alfalfa blotch leafminer E N V Entomophthora grylli Fresenius Nosema locustae Canning Variegated cutworm Grasshoppers Grasshoppers Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) Erixestus winnemana Crawford P W Sunflower beetle Eumicrosoma beneficum (Gahan) Peristinus digoneutis Loan Wheat midge Chinch bug Plant bugs Euxestonotus error (Fitch) European corn borer Peristinus pallipes (Curtis) Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby) Trichogramma spp . Plant bugs Platygaster tuberosula (Kieffer) Euxestonotus error (Fitch) Phasia robertsonii (Townesend) Wheat stem sawfly Wheat midge Alfalfa plant bug Bracon cephi (Gahan) Rice leaf bug Bracon lissogaster Muesebeck F Tarnished plant bug Wireworms Fall armyworm Plant bugs Metarhizium anisopliae Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) Peristinus digoneutis Loan Flax bollworm Peristinus pallipes (Curtis) Trichomalopsis sarcophagae (Gahan) Phasia robertsonii (Townesend) G Platygaster hiemalis Forbes Hessian fly Glypta prognatha Dasche Platygaster tuberosula (Kieffer) Appendix C Banded sunflower moth Wheat midge Grasshoppers Pteromalus puparum Linnaeus Entomophthora grylli Fresenius Imported cabbageworm Grasshoppers Nosema locustae Canning S H Seedcorn maggot Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhaal Hessian fly Sunflower beetle Platygaster hiemalis Forbes Erixestus winnemana Crawford I Myiopharus macellus (Reinhard) Perillus bioculatus (Fabricius)) Imported cabbageworm Cotesia glomerata (Linnaeus) T Pteromalus puparum Linnaeus Tetrastichus julis (Walker) M Cereal leaf beetle Trichomalis perfectus (Walker) Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke Cabbage seedpod weevil larvae European corn borer Trichomalopsis sarcophagae (Gahan) Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby) Flax bollworm Wheat midge Trichogramma inyoense Riley Metarhizium anisopliae Bertha armyworm Wireworms Trichogramma minutum Riley Microctonus melanopus (Ruthe) Armyworms, Cabbage seedpod weevil (adults) Cutworms Microplitis plutellae (Haliday) Trichogramma praetiosum Riley Diamondback moth Beet webworm, Myiopharus macellus (Reinhard) Diamondback moth Sunflower beetle 151 152 Appendix D Brown lacewing Big-eyed bugs Bee flies(larvae) Barley thrips Balaustium putnamiSmiley B Assassin bugs Ambush bugs(Phymata spp.) Aleochara bilineataGyllenhaal Aeolothrips fasciatus Linnaeus A CROSS INDEX TO PREDATORS AND THEIR PREY insects andonmites All stagesofsoft-bodied insects andonmites All stagesofsoft-bodied hopper eggs wasps andbees,grass stages ofmoths, flies,beetles, Soil inhabitingimmature predaceous mites bugs, and green lacewings, minutepirate Aeolothrips fasciatus Linnaeus, Mites stages ofinsects Immature andadults wasps, butterflies, andflies Bumblebees, honey bees, maggots Cabbage, seedcorn, andturnip Barley thrips - Hover (syrphid) flies Harvestman H Ground beetles Green lacewing G Epicauta spp. E Damsel bug D Crab spiders C Aphids worms leafhoppers, snails,and earth- Spiders, flies,aphids, slugs, snails,andwireworms Immature andadultinsects, insects andonmites All stagesofsoft-bodied Grasshopper eggs insects andonmites All stagesofsoft-bodied Any insects visitingflowers Field Crop andForage Pests andtheirNatural EnemiesinWestern Canada:Identification andManagement FieldGuide Lady beetles L Jumping spiders J Snipe flies Snakeflies S Rove beetles Robber flies Red velvet mites R Predatory mites P Minute Piratebugs M and thrips mealybugs, eggsofbeetles, Aphids, mites,scaleinsects, Small insectsandspiders ground Small insectsabove andbelow insect eggs Aphids, smallcaterpillars,and wireworms insects, and of root maggots and other Aphids, mites,eggsandlarvae Mites andvery smallinsects young aphids,and leafhoppers small insectssuchas thrips, Spider mites,insecteggsand small insects small caterpillars,and other Aphids, mites,scales,thrips, and soil-inhabitinginsects Wasps andflies,other flying Systoechus oreas Syrphid flies(hoverflies) Stiletto flies Wolf spiders Wireworms Whirligig mites W Twospotted stinkbug T Grasshopper eggs Aphids pers, andwireworms and moths, eggsofgrasshop- of flies,beetles Soil-dwelling larvae andpupae Immature andadultsinsects Stiletto flies Rove beetles Ground beetles very smallinsects Mites, insecteggs,and Sunflower beetle larvae RELATIVE TOXICITY RATING OF INSECTICIDES TO COMMON NATURAL ENEMIES OF FIELD CROP PESTS Natural enemies provide biological control of several The table on the following page lists the toxicity important pests of field crops if given the opportunity (L – low; M – moderate; H – high; nd – no data) through adoption of practices that conserve and promote of pesticides to some species or families of natural their presence. These conservation practices include: enemies. The ratings are compiled from publications • Encouraging plant diversity near fields to increase which reported assessments based on laboratory availability of nectar and pollen for adults, alternate studies or field evaluations. prey, and shelter for overwintering. • Maintaining permanent ground cover as much as These ratings are a guide only. Individual populations possible to provide overwintering sites, and protection of natural enemies can vary in their susceptibility due from predators and weather extremes. to exposure history to the pesticides. Immature stages • Selecting pesticides that are least harmful to natural are more susceptible to poisoning because they are enemies and applying them only if and when required. more exposed to treated surfaces from which they cannot escape like the more mobile adults. Foliar sprays Adults will spread into nearby crops as prey populations are more hazardous to natural enemies than seed develop. Unfortunately many insecticides are harmful to treatments. Always use the lowest effective label rate these “free farm workers”, either through direct contact where possible to reduce risks to natural enemies, and with the sprays or with the moist spray deposits. In because 100% control is not necessary to bring pest most cases pesticides are not as harmful to beneficials populations below economic thresholds. Appendix E once the residues are dry. Some pesticides will eliminate beneficials while others will reduce their numbers (suppress), allowing their populations to rebound in the absence of further disruptive sprays. Other pesticides can interfere with reproduction, causing populations to slowly decline or crash depending on the residual activity of the pesticides.

153 Environmental Pnigalio Leafroller Minute Impact Predatory flavipes Parasitoid Mullein Bug Pirate Bugs Trichogram­ Aphid midge Aphelinus mali Active Ingredient Quotient1 Mites2 (Eulophidae)2 (Eulophidae)2 Ladybugs2 Lacewings2 (Miridae)2 (Anthocoridae)2 mididae2 Braconidae2 (Cecidomyiidae)2 (Aphelinidae)2

Acetamiprid 47.50 L-H nd H H M-H M-H H M-H M-H M-H M-H

Bacillus 15.58 L L L L L L L L L L nd thuringiensis

Carbaryl 20.70 M-H L H H L-M nd L H nd nd nd

Chlorantraniliprole 9.50 L nd nd L L-H nd L nd nd nd L

Chlorpyrifos 23.55 L-M H H H H H H H H H H

Clothianidin 35.82 M nd nd nd nd nd nd M-H nd nd nd

Cypermethrin 28.50 H nd nd nd H H H H nd H nd

Deltamethrin 22.15 H H H H L H H H H H nd

Diazinon 47.50 L nd H H nd H nd H nd H nd

Dimethoate 44.75 L-M nd H H H H nd M nd nd nd

Endosulfan 22.15 L M M M-H L M-H M-H H nd H nd

Flonicamid 5.00 L-M nd M-H nd L nd nd nd nd L nd

Imidacloprid 39.33 L-H L M-H M L-H M-H L-M M-H M-H H nd

Cypermethrin 47.50 H H H H H H H H H H H

Nosema locustae - L L L L L L L L L L L

Appendix E Malathion 25.00 nd L H H H H H H H H nd

Methamidaphos 25.00 nd H H H H H H H H H nd

Methomyl 25.00 H H H H H H H H H H nd

Naled 35.82 nd nd nd nd H nd nd H L nd nd

Novaluron 10.00 L-H nd H L-M L-H L-M L L L nd nd

Permethrin 25.00 H H M H H H H H H H nd

Phosmet 31.26 L L H H L-H L-M L-H H H nd nd

Spinetoram 35.82 M-H nd nd L L-H nd nd H nd nd nd

Spiromesifen 28.50 L-M nd nd L nd L nd L nd H nd

Spirotetramat 47.50 L nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd

Thiamethoxam 36.67 L nd nd L-H nd M-H nd M-H nd nd nd

1 These values are based on reported ratings of toxicity to beneficial insects (excl. bees) and the plant surface half-life of the active ingredients. Source: J. Kovach, C. Petzoldt, J. Degni, and J. Tette. 2012. A Method to Measure the Environmental Impact of Pesticides, Table 2: List of Pesticides 2012. IPM Program, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station Geneva, New York 14456. (www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/eiq/)

2 Toxicity ratings: L – low; M – moderate; H – high; nd – no data

154 Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide ABOUT THE AUTHOR Hugh Philip was involved in insect diagnostic and agricultural insect pest management research and extension services during a 35-year career with the departments of agriculture in Alberta and B.C. During that time he authored or co-authored two books (Insect Pests of Alberta, Insect Pests of the Prairies) and three field guides (Field Guide to Harmful and Beneficial Insects and Mites of Tree Fruits, Field Guide to Disorders of Fruit Trees, and Field Guide – Invasive Alien Plant Pests and Diseases That Threaten BC Agriculture). After retirement in 2007 from public service, Hugh embarked on a new career providing consulting services in insect pest management to commodity groups and government agencies from his home in Kelowna, B.C.