Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Canada 1 1 Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management 2 3 4 Photo Credits: 1. Pea leaf weavil (Sitona lineatus) and leaf damage - Jonathon Williams, AAFC 2. Pteromalus puparum parasitizing an imported cabbage worm cocoon (Pieris rapae) - T. Haye, CABI 3. Lacewing (Chrysopa sp.) adult - John Gavloski, Manitoba Ministry of Agriculture Canada 4. Grasshopper - Jesse MacDonald, AAFC Prepared for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada by Hugh Philip, IPM 2 GO Consulting Service. Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide Publication history: 2015 - 1st publication 2018 - 2nd publication, expanded © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (2018). Electronic version available at www.publications.gc.ca Catalogue No. A59-23/2018E-PDF ISBN 978-0-660-25561-3 AAFC No. 12766E This publication may be cited as follows: Philip, H., B.A. Mori and K.D. Floate. 2018. Field crop and forage pests and their natural enemies in Western Canada: Identification and management field guide. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK. Paru également en français sous le titre Guide d’identification des ravageurs des grandes cultures et des cultures fourragères et de leurs ennemis naturels et mesures de lutte applicables à l’Ouest canadien For more information, reach us at www.agr.gc.ca or call us toll-free at 1-855-773-0241. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication is the result of a collaborative effort Project Team by many field-experienced extension and research ento- Hugh Philip, PAg – Writer, IPM 2 GO Consulting Service, mologists who recognized the need for an up-to-date Kelowna, BC field guide for the accurate identification of field and Dr. Kevin Floate - Writer, AAFC, Lethbridge, AB forage crop pests and their natural enemies. Dr. Boyd Mori - Writer, AAFC, Saskatoon, SK Erl Svendsen – Project manager/managing editor, AAFC, The information presented in this publication was Saskatoon, SK contributed by the project team members from their Dr. Owen Olfert – Project co-lead, AAFC, Saskatoon, SK own research or field experiences as well as that of other researchers who have made their research Collaborators available for educational purposes. I wish to thank the Dr. Hector Carcamo, AAFC, Lethbridge, AB team members for sharing their valuable time to submit Dr. Alejandro Costamagna, University of Manitoba, information and images, and to review and provide Winnipeg, MB feedback on the many draft documents. A special thanks Mike Dolinski, Edmonton, AB to Erl Svendsen for coordinating the development and Dr. Lloyd Dosdall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB submission of the project proposal, for stick-handing Dr. John Gavloski, Manitoba Agriculture, the exchanges of draft documents, and for applying Food and Rural Development, Carmen, MB his excellent editing skills to ensure the publication will Scott Hartley, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, provide a useful and accurate reference for producers Regina, SK and their advisors, researchers, educators and others Scott Meers, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, associated with field and forage crop production in Brooks, AB Western Canada. Dr. Chrystel Olivier, AAFC, Saskatoon, SK Jennifer Otani, AAFC, Beaverlodge, AB The team is most appreciative of the support and Dr. Julie Soroka, AAFC, Saskatoon, SK encouragement of Dr. Cezarina Kora, Senior Strategies Peter Walsh, Lakeland College, Vermillion, AB Coordinator in Pest Management at Agriculture and Dr. Tyler Wist, AAFC, Saskatoon, SK Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Pest Management Centre , Dr. Kevin Floate, AAFC, Lethbridge, AB and for the financial assistance of the Pest Management Centre which made this project possible. The project team also acknowledges the valuable input Design and production: gordongroup of the following colleagues for sharing their specialized knowledge to improve the accuracy of the information contained in this guide: Dr. Swaroop Kher, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Dr. Fredrick Beaulieu, AAFC, Ottawa, ON i DEDICATION: TO LLOYD DOSDALL (1952–2014) Lloyd devoted his career to studying field crop insect pests and their natural enemies. He was known for his contagious enthusiasm and his entomological passion was divided between pesky crop bugs and aquatic entomology. Throughout his work, his goal was to lay the ecological foundation of plant-insect relationships in order to develop sustainable pest management practices that incorporated host plant resistance, cultural strategies and natural enemies. He, his students, and post-doctoral fellows completed numerous meticulous studies on plant-insect interactions for a number of insect pests including Bertha armyworm, flea beetles, diamondback moth, root maggots, cabbage seedpod weevil and cereal leaf beetle. Thanks to these efforts, plant breeders have the information and tools Education & Background: for including resistance traits into new cultivars. Lloyd studied the diversity of stoneflies (MSc) and black fly control (PhD) at the University of Saskatchewan. Lloyd left us an enormous legacy in integrated pest management that will benefit He then spent two years working on biting flies at the many generations of farmers on the Prairies. Lloyd was very careful to ensure that the University of Manitoba before moving to Vegreville information from research studies in agroecosystems found its way to the farming in 1989 to start work on crop insects at the Alberta community. This was in part accomplished by collaborating wholeheartedly with Environmental Centre. In 1999, he accepted a teaching agronomists, completing numerous seminal and innovative research projects with and research position at the University of Alberta, where them. In addition, he took exceptional care to take photos, record videos, and write he was active until his death. practical articles to extend the results of his work to help farmers manage crop pests in a more sustainable manner. One of Lloyd’s greatest legacies will be the people he trained either formally as a supervisor or informally through collaborations. Lloyd was highly valued and respected as a mentor by his students, post-doctoral fellows and colleagues. He gave generously of his time and worked side by side with his students to instill in them the pride and passion for entomological research. Somehow, he also found time to actively serve the regional and national entomological societies! We are fortunate that he trained many entomologists in his lab and we will see the fruits of his labour expressed in their contributions for years to come. May this dedication be a small tribute to the work and legacy of Lloyd—friend, colleague and mentor. ii Field Crop and Forage Pests and their Natural Enemies in Western Canada: Identification and Management Field Guide TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................i DEDICATION: LLOYD DOSDALL...................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................iii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT ............................................................................. 3 KEY TO THE ORDERS OF PESTS OF FIELD CROPS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES ............................... 7 DESCRIPTIONS OF FIELD CROP PESTS Acarina .....................................................................................................14 Coleoptera ..................................................................................................17 Diptera......................................................................................................35 Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera) . 45 Hemiptera: Heteroptera .....................................................................................48 Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha (syn. Homoptera).................................................................59 Hymenoptera ...............................................................................................72 Lepidoptera . 73 Orthoptera .................................................................................................103 Thysanoptera ..............................................................................................107 DESCRIPTIONS OF NATURAL ENEMIES Arachnid Predators .........................................................................................110 Coleoptera Predators .......................................................................................115 Diptera Predators ..........................................................................................118 Diptera Parasitoids . .123 Hemiptera Predators .......................................................................................124 Hymenoptera Parasitoids...................................................................................129 Neuroptera Predators ......................................................................................139 Raphidioptera Predators....................................................................................140 GLOSSARY OF TERMS . .141 INTERNET INFORMATION RESOURCES