An Environmental and Social Study of Saboga Island in the Face of Development and Tourism
Bianca Maritz and Sophine Johnsson
McGill School of Environment, McGill University
Submitted to Professor Rafael Samudio and Professor Roberto Ibanez, Smithsonian Tropical Institute
April 26th, 2010
A Special Thanks To
Dr. Francisco Herrera Apartado Postal / PO Box 0824-00052 Panamá, Rep. De Panamá Vía Argentina, Edificio 78, Apto. 2 Telephone and fax: (507) 223-9170 Email: [email protected]
Grupo del Sol Armel Gonzalez Muhs Grupo del Sol Developments Trump Plaza Obarrios, Modulo 1 Panama City, Panama Telephone: (507) 265-4845
Dr. Richard Cooke Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Box 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama Telephone: (507)212-8747 Email: [email protected]
Dr. Hector Guzmán Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute MRC 0580-08 Apartado 0843-03092 Panama City, Republic of Panama Telephone: (507) 212-8733 Email: [email protected]
The Community of Saboga
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Key Words: Saboga Island, social changes, environmental changes, tourism, development, social problems, environmental problems, archaeological sites
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. HOST INSTITUTION 1.1 Host Supervisor and Host Institution Information……………...……...... 5 1.2 Other Affiliations…………………………………………………………6 1.2.1 Almanaque Azul…………………………………………………………6 1.2.2 Grupo del Sol…………………………………………………………….6 1.2.3 Dr. Richard Cooke……………………………………………………….6 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES…………………………………………...... 7 2.1 Executive Summary………………………………………………………...7 2.2 Resumen Ejecutivo…………………………………………………………9 2.3 Number of Days Spent on Internship…………………………………...... 11 3. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND……………………………………..11 3.1 History...... 11 3.2 Demographic History...... 11 3.3 Socio-Economic State of Saboga...... 12 3.4 Environment...... 13 3.5 Current Development on Saboga...... 13 3.6 Objectives...... 14 3.6.1 Final Objectives...... 14 3.6.2 Justification...... 15 3.7 Study Area...... 16 4. METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………17 4.1 Preparatory Work...... 17 4.2 Field Work...... 19 4.3 Mapping and Data Processing...... 20 RESULTS………………………………………………………………………..21 5.1 Interview Results...... 21 5.1.1 Family and History……………………………………………………... 21 5.1.2 Social…………………………………………………………………….22 5.1.2.1 Population and Occupations………………………………………….22 5.1.2.2 Education………………………………………………………...... 23 5.1.2.3 Amenities…………………………………………………………. …..23 5.1.2.4 Religion……………………………………………………………………….25 5.1.3 Environment…………………………………………………………..…25 5.1.4 Fishing………………………………………………………………..….26 5.1.5 Hunting………………………………………………………….…….…27 5.1.6 Use of Forest Plants……………………………………………………..28 5.1.7 Tourism and Development……………………………………………....28 5.2 Sites Identified from Observations, Interviews, and Tours...... 30 5.2.1 Socio-Cultural Locations Identified...... 30 5.2.2 Important Environmental Sites Identified...... 32 5.2.3 Ongoing Development Projects...... 33 5. DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………...…...34 6.1 The Town…………………………………………………………………..34 6.2 Employment and Education…………………………………………..….. 35
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6.2.1 Employment……………………………………………………………. 35 6.2.2 Education………………………………………………………………. 36 6.3 The Culture...... 36 6.3.1 The Church...... 36 6.3.2 Way of Life………………………………………………………………. 37 6.4 Social Issues………………………………………………………………... 40 6.4.1 Water…………………………………………………………………….. 40 6.4.2 Land Title………………………………………………………………… 41 6.4.3 Archaeological Sites……………………………………………………… 42 6.4.4 Alcohol and Drugs……………………………………………………….. 43 6.4.5 Perception of Saboga……………………………………………………. 43 6.5 Environment………………………………………………………………. 43 6.6 Tourism and Development………………………………………………… 44 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………….. 45 7. REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….. 48 8. APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………… 49 9.1 Interview Questions………………………………………………………... 49 9.2 Results Tables……………………………………………………………… 54 Table 1: Family and History………………………………………………….. 54 Table 2: Social………………………………………………………………… 54 Table 3: Environment………………………………………………………… 56 Table 4: Fishing……………………………………………………………….. 57 Table 5: Hunting……………………………………………………………… 58 Table 6: Forest Plants……………………………………………………….… 58 Table 7: Tourism……………………………………………………….….. 59 9.3 Final Products for Host Institution and Affiliations……………………….. 60 9.3.1 Maps...... 60 Figure 1: Map of Saboga with all Identified Important Sites...... 60 Figure 2: Social Map...... 61 Figure 3: Environment Map...... 62 Figure 4: Development Map...... 63 Figure 5: Saboga‘s Town Map...... 64 9.3.2 Pamphlet...... 65 9.4 Photographs...... 66 Figure 6…………………………………………………………………………. 66 Figure 7…………………………………………………………………………. 66 Figure 8…………………………………………………………………………. 66 Figure 9…………………………………………………………………………. 66 Figure 10………………………………………………………………………... 66 Figure 11………………………………………………………………………... 66 Figure 12………………………………………………………………………... 67 Figure 13………………………………………………………………………... 67 Figure 14………………………………………………………………………... 67 9.5 Spanish Summary for Institutions …………………………………….. 68
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1. HOST INSTITUTION
1.1 Host Supervisor and Information on Institution
Host Supervisor: Dr. Francisco Herrera Apartado Postal / PO Box 0824-00052 Panamá, Rep. De Panamá Vía Argentina, Edificio 78, Apto. 2 Telephone and fax: (507) 223-9170 Email: [email protected]
Organization: Alianza para la Conservación y el Desarrollo (ACD)
Our host institute is Alianza para la Conservación y el Desarrollo (ACD). ACD is a
Panamanian non-governmental organization (NGO) that aims to promote conservation and alternative development through the defence and empowerment of Panamanian communities.
Their mission is to ultimately make development more just and environmentally responsible
(ACD, 2009). ACD works in communities in Bocas del Toro, La Amistad International Park,
Coiba Natinal Park, the Pearl Islands Archipelago, and Cuenca del Lago Bayano. Their objectives surround investigating natural areas, addressing, and educating people about socio- environmental issues to better prepare and involve communities (ACD, 2009). They work politically to designate protected areas, achieve sustainable energy, climate, and community development plans (ACD, 2009).
ACD has done work on Saboga Island in the past. They have conducted socio-economical surveys on Saboga, Pedro Gonzalez, and San Miguel Islands. In addition, they have also assessed the state of the environment on these three islands, which includes identifying environmental problems and providing possible solutions for the observed problems.
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1.2 Other Affiliations
1.2.1 Almanaque Azul
Almanaque Azul (2010) is an organization that promotes sustainable tourism on the beaches and coasts of Panama. They believe tourisms should benefit local communities the most.
Like ACD, they work with communities to help integrate them in the tourism process. By providing communities, like Saboga, with information on tourism and how to be part of it is beneficial in helping empower the community (Almanaque Azul, 2010).
1.2.2 Grupo del Sol
Grupo del Sol is the Central American development company that has bought the beaches of
Saboga Island and is currently developing on it. Many of the men on Saboga work for this company, mostly in construction. The company is promoting its development on Saboga as
―sustainable‖ and encouraging ―Eco-tourism.‖ Grupo del Sol was very supportive of our project, and financed and provided accommodation for one of our trips, and paid for our food during both of our trips to Saboga.
1.2.3 Dr. Richard Cooke
Dr. Cooke is an archaeologist who is associated with the Smithsonian Tropical Research
Institute in Panama. He is very interested in the archaeology and achaeozoology of Latin
America. In 2006, ―Panama‘s National Secretariat for Science, Technology and Innovation‖
(SENACYT) funded surveys and test-excavations under the supervision of Dr. Cooke on the
Pearl Island Archipelago (Cooke and Jimenez 1, 2009). The ―principal objective was to mitigate impacts of forthcoming construction projects by transmitting the scientific importance of island archaeological resources in the context of cultural and biological diversity‖ (Cooke and Jimenez, 20091). Currently, he is conducting excavations on the island
Pedro Gonzalez.
2.
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2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES
An Environmental and Social Study of Saboga Island in the Face of Development and Tourism
Authors: Bianca Maritz and Sophine Johnsson Host Institution: Alianza para la Conservación y el Desarrollo de Panamá, Apartado Postal / PO Box 0824-0005, Edificio 78, Apto. 2, Vía Argentina Panamá, Rep. De Panamá
Tourism and development inevitably have environmental and social impacts, especially when rapid changes occur. The Pearl Islands Archipelago, 64 km from Panama City, is already a popular tourist attraction. Our internship was on Saboga Island, one of the 255 islands in the Archipelago and is located at the northern end of the Archipelago, right next to the most visited island, Contadora. With the increasing demand for vacation spots in the Archipelago, a development Company named Grupo del Sol bought 70% of Saboga in 2009. Development of the island‘s beaches has already started. Our host institution, Alianza para la Conservación y el Desarrollo de Panamá, aims to empower communities such as Saboga, by preparing them for tourism, helping them protect their island, and also be part of the developments in a sustainable and locally-enriching way.
The objective of this internship was to gather and record environmental, social, and historical information on Saboga Island before the drastic changes of tourism and development occur. The goal of our internship is to share this information with many different organizations and scientists involved in projects that will benefit and help the Saboga community as they prepare for tourism and development.
To achieve these goals we decided to produce informative maps and a pamphlet with all the important environmental, social and historical sites identified, as well as indicating the current construction areas. In addition to producing these maps and the pamphlet, we also wrote a detailed study on the island. To collect and record all the information surrounding the aforementioned topics we had a series of interviews with the people of Saboga scientists, archaeologists, the development company, and different groups working on Saboga. Three guided tours were also given to us by 1) two local adolescents, 2) by boat around the island, and 3) by the development company. All our research was conducted in accordance with McGill University‘s Code of Ethics. From the interviews and the tours we were able to identify and mark important and development sites with a GPS, allowing us to make maps using Google Earth©.
Our maps show sites that must be considered in the face of development to ensure that the island‘s natural, as well as cultural sites are protected. Our research and interviews point to several conflicts already taking form on the island due to development. The most significant environmental issue we noted was insufficient fresh water resources on the island. According to our interviews, ever since the development company began using the same freshwater well as the community there has not been enough water to fill their tanks. As a result, they have to walk a minimum of 600 m to the well to get their water, wash themselves, etc.
The most significant concern of cultural disruption by the development is the concern over the community‘s access to Pre-Colombian marine corrals found on two of Saboga‘s beaches. These archaeological fish and turtle traps are still used by the locals to catch fish for sustenance, and happen to be located on the same beach as the first phase of development.
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Despite the fact that beaches are public property, the people of Saboga still fear the loss of access to the corrals.
The main attitude towards development and tourism that we identified in the community was positive. There is an optimistic sentiment that increased tourism will bring new sources of income and opportunities for cultural exchange. However, there are also concerns and uncertainties regarding how the community will be affected, the extent of their involvement, and the unknown changes that will be imposed upon them.
Hopefully, our findings will help equip ACD with information and materials (in the forms of the maps and pamphlet) to begin their work with the community of Saboga. A better understanding of the island‘s natural and cultural riches will hopefully serve as a tool, for the people of Saboga and the organizations working with them, to make sure that the development and tourism that ensue will be as sustainable and beneficial to the community as possible.
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RESUMEN EJECUTIVO
Un Estudio Social y Ambiental de la Isla Saboga de Cara al Crecimiento Turístico y de Desarrollo
Autoras: Bianca Maritz y Sophine Johnsson Institución de Acogida: Alianza para la Conservación y el Desarrollo de Panamá, Apartado Postal / PO Box 0824-0005, Edificio 78, Apto. 2, Vía Argentina Panamá, Rep. De Panamá
El turismo y el desarrollo tienen impactos sociales y ambientales, especialmente cuando ocurren rápidamente. El Archipiélago de Las Perlas a 64 Km. de la Ciudad de Panamá, conoce bien el turismo. Nuestra pasantía fue sobre la Isla Saboga, una de las 225 islas en el archipiélago que esta al norte, al lado de la isla más turística: Isla Contadora. Para responder a la demanda de más lugares de vacaciones en el archipiélago, un grupo de desarrollo, Grupo del Sol, compro 70% de la isla Saboga en 2009. Ya ha empezado el desarrollo de las playas. Nuestra institución de acogida, Alianza para la Conservación y el Desarrollo de Panamá, intenta capacitar comunidades, como la de Saboga, y prepararles para el turismo. De esta manera, intenta ayudar a las comunidades para proteger su isla y participar en el desarrollo en una manera sostenible y beneficiosa para ellos.
El objetivo de la pasantía fue recoger y grabar información sobra el ambiente, la sociedad, y la historia de la Isla Saboga frente a los cambios del desarrollo y turismo. Nuestra meta fue compartir esta información con los grupos de organizaciones y científicos que hacen parte de los proyectos en Saboga, para ayudar a la comunidad de Saboga de cara al crecimiento turístico y de desarrollo.
Para lograr nuestros objetivos, producimos mapas informativos y un panfleto que muestran y describen los sitios importantes para el ambiente, la sociedad, la cultura, y lugares históricos en la isla. Identificamos los sitios donde han empezado el desarrollo también. Además de los mapas y el panfleto, hicimos un estudio detallado de la isla. Para recoger toda la información, hicimos encuestas con la gente de Saboga, científicos, arqueólogos, la empresa de desarrollo, y diferentes grupos que están trabajando en Saboga. También, hicimos dos viajes a la isla, con tres giras: la primera fue con dos jóvenes de Saboga, la segunda fue en una lancha alrededor de la isla, y la tercera fue con el grupo de desarrollo. Todas nuestras investigaciones seguirán el código ético de la Universidad de McGill. Con la información de las encuestas y las giras, identificamos y marcamos los sitios importante en la isla, con un GPS, e hicimos mapas con Google Earth©.
Los mapas muestran sitios que son importantes a cuidar y proteger de cara al desarrollo. Además, nuestras investigaciones y encuestas apuntan a conflictos que se está formando con el desarrollo de la isla. El problema ambiental más importante que identificamos es la falta de agua dulce en Saboga. En las encuestas, la gente de Saboga dice que después que la empresa de desarrollo ha empezado a utilizar el mismo pozo de agua de la comunidad, no hay suficiente agua para llenar los tanques en las casas. Como consecuencia, los isleños necesitan que caminar un mínimo de 600 metros para buscar agua, limpiarse, etc. El problema más importante del impacto de desarrollo sobre la cultura es la preocupación del pueblo de perder su acceso a los corrales marinos. Estas trampas datan de la época precolombina y se usan todavía para recoger pescados y otros mariscos para alimentar el pueblo de Saboga. Estos recursos importantes están en las mismas playas donde han
9 empezado el desarrollo. La ley indica que las playas son públicas, pero la gente de Saboga aun así tiene miedo de perder sus derechos a los corrales.
Sin embargo, la disposición del pueblo frente al desarrollo y turismo es muy positiva. Hay un sentimiento que un aumento de turismo puede dar más oportunidades económicas y ocasiones para más intercambios culturales en la isla. Por otra parte, hay preocupaciones entre la gente porque no saben cómo la comunidad va a estar afectada, si van a estar involucrados en el desarrollo, o cuales cambios van a imponerse sobre ellos.
Esperamos que nuestros resultados ofrezcan suficiente información y materiales (en forma de mapas y el panfleto) a ACD para que puedan empezar su trabajo con la comunidad de Saboga. Con un mejor conocimiento de las riquezas, naturales y culturales, de la isla, esperamos que la gente de Saboga y los organismos trabajando con ellos pueden trabajar por un desarrollo y turismo sostenible y beneficioso a la comunidad.
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2.3 Number of Days Spent on Internship
# Days in Panama # Days in Saboga Total Number of City Days January 7 0 8 February 7 0 7 March 2 4 6 April 14 4 19 Total 30 8 38
3. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
3.1 History
As early as 4000-3600 BCE people have inhabited the Pearl Islands (Cooke and Jiménez,
2009). There are over 100 archaeological localities in the Archipelago (Cooke and Jiménez,
2009).From dolphin specimens archaeologists infer that nets were used for fishing in the Pre-
Ceramic era (Cooke and Jiménez, 2009 ). According to Dr. Richard Cooke, there are also the remains of several stone-lined semi-circular fish and turtle traps in the archipelago, dating back to pre-Columbian times. These traps may even be restored and used by islanders today.
The Spaniards arrived in the early 16th century; they found an abundance of pearl oysters at the Pearl Islands, and were catching approximately 96 ounces of pearls every 4 days
(Campbell, 2005). This ocean resource has been declining ever since, and pearl harvesting in the Archipelago existed up until the 1970s (meeting with Dr. Cooke, February 5th, 2010).
Today, oyster fishing does not provide a stable income for families (Campbell, 2005).
3.2 Demographic History
From the census done in 2000 on the Archipelago of the Pearl Islands there were 680 people on Saboga Island in 2000. A more recent census conducted by the Centro de Salud de San
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Miguel, in 2009, reported that Isla Saboga currently has 308 inhabitants living in 125 homes
(ACD ―Informe de Situacion‖ 2009, 36).
In 2009 la Alianza por la Conservacion y el Desarollo de Panama (ACD ―Informe de
Situación,‖ 2009) interviewed 177 inhabitants of Saboga Island. Of the 177 people interviewed 52.5% were women and 47.5 % were men. ACD found out that 38.4% were younger than 18 years old; 52.5% were between the ages of 18 and 65 years old, and 9 % were around the age of 65. Also, 60.5% of the people surveyed were single, 33.9% were in a relationship, and only 4.5% were married (2009).
3.3 Socio-Economic State of Saboga
The following table summarizes the socio-economic activities that the people of Saboga
Island participate in.
Socio-Economic Activities (ACD 2009)
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On June 14, 1994 the Panamanian Government designated the Archipelago of the Pearl
Islands as Tourism Zone 6, which means it is now an important tourism development area
(Cordoba, 2005). Tourism already exists on other islands within the Archipelago, the most popular being Contadora Island. Tourism on Contadora Island provides employment for communities on neighbouring islands, such as Saboga (Campbell, 2005). These employment opportunities include the construction of hotels, and working within hotels, taking tourists on boat and fishing tours, etc.
3.4 Environment
The archipelago is a unique location as it serves as a mating ground for humpback-whales. It also contains economically important fishing resources (Cordoba, 2005). In 2007, under the
Panamanian Law No. 18, the Las Perlas Archipelago was designated a special coastal-marine management zone (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 2007). In addition to the
Archipelago‘s incredible marine life, it also hosts various marine bird nesting sites, and diverse wildlife - pigs, rats, pelicans, frogs, toads, insects, sierra fish, corvine fish, crustaceans, etc. (Cordoba, 2005).
3.5 Current Development on Saboga
The island is currently one of the most pristine and undeveloped in the archipelago, and though most homes have electricity, there is no aqueduct, sewer system, or paved roads
(Latin World, 2009). In 2007, a Central American development firm named ―Grupo del Sol,‖ put in place a development plan for Saboga. Grupo del Sol plans to invest $1.5 billion USD
―to create a paradise that within ten years will include all amenities on par with top destinations from around the world‖ (Latin World, 2009). Currently, they are focusing on attracting property developers and investors. The 10 year-plan will potentially bring big
13 changes to the infrastructure, economic activities, and nature of Saboga within a short time period. However, the pristine nature of the island, and demands for ―eco-tourism‖ locations are impacting development plans. For instance, the tourism project is considering installing a solar plant to meet the expected growing energy demands (ACD ―Informe de Situacion‖
2009, 39). There is also the threat of tensions between different groups in the community arising due to problems associated with tourism (Mellado 2010). Tourism has constructed a new type of culture that no longer revolves around traditional practices (Mellado 2010).
Of the island‘s area, 70% belongs to Grupo del Sol, 5-10% is used for agricultural practices,
5% is jungle, 10% is covered by shrubs, and 5% is developed, urban area (ACD ―Informe de
Situacion‖ 39, 2009). Property rights are a contentious issue, with only 10% of the population actually having land title. 80-90% of the population has rights to land possession and 10% have communal land tenure (ACD ―Informe de Situacion,‖ 2009, 39).
3.6 Objectives
3.6.1 Final Objectives
Our final objectives for this project were:
- To collect and record environmental, social, and historical information on Saboga
Island so that we document and share the knowledge we obtain with organizations
and people that will help empower and prepare the community in the face of
development and tourism. The historical part of our questions emphasized the
environmental and social changes on Saboga.
- To identify important social, environmental, and historical sites on the island, as
well as the areas of current development. Identifying these important sites will
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hopefully help the community in the future as they prepare for tourism and an
influx of foreigners in the upcoming years.
- To try and figure out how people feel about tourism, and how they perceive the
current situation.
- To produce informative maps with all the identified important sites that can be
used by ACD, Almanaque Azul, scientists, and Grupo del Sol, for future projects.
These maps will be useful for the community in the long term.
- To produce a pamphlet, as an aid to the maps, with descriptions of some of these
sites. The maps we produced will serve as drafts for Almanaque Azul‘s projects
for sustainable tourism on Saboga.
3.6.3 Justification
Information on the island‘s natural resources, natural and social history, as well as the island‘s current environmental state have not yet been recorded in depth. Gathering and recording information on the aforementioned subjects is crucial for researchers, like the archaeologist Richard Cooke - documenting the history of the islands - and for NGO‘s, like
Alianza para la Conservacion y el Desarollo de Panama - assessing the island‘s environmental state.
Hopefully, our findings will help equip ACD with information and materials, (in the forms of the maps and pamphlet), to begin their work with the community of Saboga. Having a better idea of what the island‘s natural and cultural riches are, hopefully the people of Saboga, and the organizations working with them, can ensure that the development and tourism that ensue will be as sustainable and beneficial to the community as possible.
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3.7 Study Area
Our internship was in the Archipelago of the Pearl Islands. The Archipelago is located 64km
southeast of Panama City. It consists
of 255 islands and islets in the Bay of
Panama, on the Pacific side of the
Isthmus of Panama (Campbell, 2005).
The Pearl Islands‘ coordinates are
between 8° 11‘31‘‘N 78°46‘22‘‘W
and 8° 40‘ 16‘‘N 78° 08‘40‘‘W
(Anderson, 2005).
Our project was about Saboga Island,
which is situated in the North of the
Archipelago, next to the very popular
Contadora Island.
Note: Map is from Codorba 2005
Saboga is easily accessible as it is only a short boat ride away from Contadora, which receives several daily flights. Alternatively, a 1.5 hour boat ride can be taken from Panama
City to Saboga; however, it proved to be challenging to find reliable boats with fixed schedules. Up until recently, the established community on Saboga was the only developed area of the island. In 2007, the Central American development company, Grupo del Sol, announced plans to exploit Isla Saboga‘s coastline (Latin World, 2009).
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4. METHODOLOGY
4.1 Preparatory Work
To obtain background information on Saboga Island and the Pearl Islands Archipelago we thoroughly researched the available literature. This provided us with an idea as to what has been addressed on Saboga and neighbouring islands, helping us figure out what to focus our own project on by putting everything in context.
Also, to better understand and to get a sense of the historical and current state of the island, before we went to Saboga, we consulted with scholars and organizations that have done or are doing work on Saboga. We had meetings with Dr. Cooke, Ricardo Montenegro (ACD),
Eugenia Mellado, Juan Guillermo Martin, representatives from Grupo del Sol, and Mir
Rodriguez from Almanaque Azul. They provided us with information that helped us structure our interviews, and they also gave us the necessary background information so that we could make observations in the field.
From these meetings we were able to compile an interview guide on the demographic history of the town, the use of natural resources and the surrounding environment, and current social issues (like development and tourism, water issues, garbage, etc.). We constructed more specific questions under these three themes (Appendix 9.1). For the demographic history section we asked questions to do with where people were originally from, where they grew up, a description of their childhood, why people came to or leave the island, and how this has changed over the years. Under the natural resources section and the environment we asked questions about hunting and fishing methods, what they hunt or fish, where these practices occur, and how the methods have changed. We also asked about agriculture and the local
17 food supply. We constructed questions related to environmental issues, such as: garbage disposal, water supply, and sewage. Social questions we came up with included questions on people‘s occupation, the number of people currently living on Saboga, questions about the school, water, electricity, the internet, empty houses, number of people owning boats, property titles, the church, people‘s favourite places, and several more questions on tourism and people‘s opinion on tourism. Dr. Herrera reviewed these questions to make sure they were ethically sound and followed the McGill Code of Ethics protocol. We also prepared an introduction for ourselves, following the McGill Code of Ethics, which stated who we were, the objectives of our study, and asked for oral consent from the participating interviewee.
We also had an official letter in Spanish from McGill stating exactly what we were doing on
Saboga - what our internship was, and for whom the internship is etc.- that we could give the interviewees if they wanted more information. Once we were in the field we had to change some of questions so that they made more sense, and also changed the order and flow of the questions.
Before we left for each trip, we had to organize a place for us to stay in Saboga (there are not hotels or accommodations for tourists on the island yet), our transportation there, our food and water, and try and contact some people on Saboga who could help us out once we were there. Getting in touch with different contacts was a time consuming and complicated process. We had to make numerous phone calls and meet with people at any time of the day, often at the last minute. We had to deal with funding issues, and ensure that our accommodations were safe. Travelling to and from the island also proved to be complicated if we did not want to fly, which meant that we had to be flexible and adaptable.
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4.2 Field Work
Our first trip to Saboga Island was for four days in March. Its purpose was to introduce ourselves to the community and familiarize ourselves with the island. We hoped to build some trust with the local community, explain our project to them and why we were there. We wanted to identify possible interviewees that could provide us with the most information. We believe we were successful in all of these objectives. We had most of our meals at a local fonda, which turned out to be an ideal place to socialize with the community. It was also here that we had many of our informal interviews, and got a sense of the community of Saboga.
We also walked around the island and discovered some of the precious riches the island has to offer, and took their GPS points. In addition to walking on the island, we took a boat tour of Saboga. The boat took us around the island and stopped at unique places such as the semi- circular stone corral traps. At these places we took GPS points from the boat. We also visited
Contadora Island to see what the outside perception of Saboga was, how workers on
Contadora and perhaps tourists view the people of Saboga.
The second trip to Saboga Island took place in from April 9th to 12th, 2010, and was again four days long. This time we had formal interviews using the questions we compiled prior to leaving. We tried to interview participants from different parts of the town, and attempted to maintain a balance between male and female respondents. Our interviews were all with people between the ages of around 30-75, and we conducted 15 formal interviews.
We asked people‘s permission to be interviewed, and explained to them what we were going to do with the results. We then asked if we could use a voice recorder, and all our participants agreed to use one. Aside from interviews, non-intrusive observations were a big part in our
19 field work. At the fonda where we had our meals, we were able to sit and watch what was going on in the town at all times during the day.
In addition to interviewing people, we were able to have two tours of the island. One tour was on foot and given by two local boys. They showed us the places we heard about during the interviews. The second tour was given by Grupo del Sol. This tour took us around to all their construction sites, and all the places they still want to develop on the island. This tour gave us the opportunity to ask the company questions that came up during our interviews. By showing us all their construction sites by car we were able to go to places on the island that we had not been before. We also had a chance to see all the roads that have been cleared. Our guide knew where the archaeological sites were and took us to several of them. We took GPS points and photos of all the places we visited on both tours.
4. 3 Mapping and Data Processing
After transcribing all the interviews, we organized our observations and collected data into the categories of: society and culture, the environment, and development and tourism in
Saboga. Based on the interviews and observations, we identified sites relevant to the society and culture of the island. These were sites in the town, archaeological sites, places that had some significance for the people in Saboga based on their use, cultural value, stories, legends, etc. and their favourite places on the island. We then identified sites that were important to the environmental state of the island. These were mostly based on observations, island tours, research, and meetings with Dr. Hector Guzman. The site of the freshwater well was collected from the tour we received from the two local boys, and its importance was emphasized during several interviews. The sites currently involved in development were identified during our tour from Grupo del Sol.
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All of these sites were recorded with a GPS. Using the points and Google Earth©, we made maps of: all the sites, the social and cultural sites, the environmental sites, the sites of current development, and a map of the town. We also made an informative pamphlet that goes along with the map of all the sites, and provides information on their meaning, their use, and their importance to the community. The pamphlet is designed as an informative aid to the map, and can be useful for tourists, but also to the community of Saboga as they prepare for tourism. It will be given to ACD, and to Almanaque Azul, to be of use to them as they work to capacitate the community of Saboga. In the case of Almanaque Azul, it will also be used as a tool as they work towards sustainable tourism. We also wrote a summary of our interview results and observations in Spanish, to be given to ACD and Almanaque Azul.
5. RESULTS
5.1 Interview Results
The following results were obtained from our interview questions. Refer to the Appendix for tables that have a summary of our results.
5.1.1 Family and History
There are several reasons why people live on Saboga today. People who are born in Saboga tend to remain in Saboga. Other people move to Saboga because they already have family living there, move with their partner, or they move to Saboga for job opportunities. Islanders leave Saboga for their children‘s education, for job opportunities in other places, or because their family or partners leave the island.
21
Many of the children go to primary and secondary school on the island, but many also go to primary and secondary school in Panama City or on other islands such as San Miguel Island.
These children may stay in the places where they went to school, found a job, or found a partner, or may go back to Saboga for the aforementioned reasons.
Before development on Saboga, people used to grow avocado, plantains, bananas, coconuts, mangoes, yucca, ñame, just to name a few. They also did a lot more fishing, and their livelihood depended on fishing. Dependency on fishing has changed; not only is it no longer a full-time occupation among the islanders, but their diets do not only consist of seafood and fish anymore, they are now also made up of pork, chicken and beef.
There have also been changes to the houses. They used to be made of sugarcane, earth floors, and thatch-roofs; now they are made of cement blocks and tin roofs (Appendix 9.4, Fig 11).
Water supply and water infrastructure have also changed, most likely due to the start of the construction of development projects on the island. The town now also has electricity twenty-four hours a day, which previously they only had for 6 hours a day.
5.1.2 Social
5.1.2.1 Population and Occupations
According to the people of Saboga there are 300-450 people who live in the town. Many of the older interviewees thought that the population numbers had not changed much over the years, because of incoming and outgoing fluxes of people. Most of our interviewees could not answer how many people live there.
22
Currently, most of the men work on the construction projects that are underway on Saboga
Island. There are also some that work for the TV show ―Survivor‖. Many of the women work at home, and other women are cooks at the local restaurants. Contadora Island offers job opportunities for the people of Saboga. People with boats transport tourists from
Contadora around the different islands. Some women from Saboga clean houses on
Contadora and others work in the hotels on the island.
5.1.2.2. Education
Saboga has a pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, primary, and secondary school (Appendix 9.3.1,
Fig. 5). The pre-kindergarten and kindergarten is taught by a woman from Saboga, ―Madre
Madre,‖ the primary school has two teachers employed by the government and they are from
Panama City. The teachers now live in Saboga, but go back to Panama City often. The school has 4 rooms, one of which is a computer room, and the other three are used as classrooms. The computer room is not yet ready for use, but when it is the students should also have access to internet. Sixty-five children attend the primary school. The secondary school is held in the same building as the primary school. Fifteen students attend the secondary school from 3pm to 7pm. Many children do to school on other islands such as San
Miguel and Pedro Gonzalez. Students also go to Panama City to attend school; they often leave to attend secondary school off the island.
5.1.2.3 Amenities
The main street lies on a hilltop on the eastern coast of the island. The school, the
Representative‘s house, a convenient store, a restaurant, and a few homes can be found along the main street The popular Cantina where many islanders go dancing lies just below the main street, and it is not more than a two-minute walk to Saboga‘s church, two other
23 convenient stores, two other restaurants, or the other cantina (Appendix 9.3.1, Fig 5; 9.4, Fig.
6 & 7).
Although the infrastructure exists, none of the houses currently have running water. The people we spoke to say that this is due to the combination of the dry season and the development company‘s use of the town‘s fresh water well. The locals need to walk to Pozo
Grande, which is 600m away from the town, to go and get their water (Appendix 9.3.1, Fig.
2). Water from this water well is also being used for construction on the island. It can be inferred that this has led to the diminishing supply of water. A decrease in water supply was the main concern raised during all our interviews.
The entire town has electricity 24 hours a day, but before the electric plant was built they only had electricity from 6pm to 10pm. The electric plant on Saboga also supplies Contadora with electricity (Appendix 9.3.1, Fig. 4; 9.4, Fig. 8). It is currently being expanded, to meet the growing demand for electricity with development. The school is supposed to receive
Internet soon, but only students and teachers will have access to it. Aside from the offices of
Grupo del Sol and a Frenchman who lives on the island, no one else on Saboga has access to the Internet. .
The people of Saboga told us that there are between 15 and 30 people who all own their own boats. Most people also have houses, and there are very few houses that are empty and not owned by someone. Many people who live and work in Panama City keep their houses in
Saboga so that they can return for holidays. Also, the development company rents houses from people who have moved to Panama City. Even though people live in houses most do not
24 have land titles. Many are recently in the process of attaining land titles. They acquire a land title by measuring their property, and then they pay $2-2.50 per meter.
5.1.2.4 Religion
From all our interviews it is evident that the church is a source of community pride. It is a catholic church and is from the 18th century, and is one of the oldest churches still in use in the Americas (Appendix 9.3.1, Fig. 5; 9.4, Fig. 9). This is a site that many would like to protect for future generations. It is also a popular tourist destination. In addition to the church, the beaches (Puerto Nuevo, Playa Corrales), and their homes are considered favourite places on the island.
5.1.3 Environment
People of Saboga believe that construction, tourism, and fishing are the island‘s important natural resources. Many people said that there are not any environmental problems on
Saboga, except for water. Because the construction projects use local freshwater, and the added pressure the summer months pose on water levels, the community has been experiencing a shortage of water. In general, there is the feeling that the development company is robbing the town of their water supply, as they pump fresh water from their well without compensating the town, and diminishing the supply left to the people of Saboga. A common response to this topic was: ―It is OUR water; WE must have priority to its use.‖
Construction has also led to deforestation that may affect the water table. Others believe there are additional environmental problems that include full septic tanks, garbage disposal, and overfishing of lobsters by Kuna. Dr. Guzman informed us that sea turtles and their eggs are being eaten by the community, which is another environmental problem.
25
When we asked the islanders what they would like to protect for future generations almost all said they wanted to protect the Pre-Columbian semi-circular corral traps (Appendix 9.4, Fig.
10). These traps are found on two beaches named Playas Corrales (Appendix 9.3.1, Fig. 3).
The interviewees also raised concern about future access to these corrals. For things people would like to protect include the town, the forest and its animals, the school, their water resources, the coral reefs, and the church.
Garbage is collected with a car and then taken to a dump on the island where it is burned.
Some people still burn their own garbage. It is unclear whether it is the municipality or Grupo del Sol that is providing the garbage pick-up service.
Agriculture is not a practice people are dependent on for their sustenance. They are too busy with work in construction and tourism to cultivate enough crops. Some people still cultivate bananas, plantains, yucca, mango and coconuts for personal consumption. Some people grow bananas, yucca, etc. on un-owned land, and still sell these items to other locals, but nonetheless agriculture is not a full-time occupation. Others have these products growing on their own property. Before development took its toll on Contadora, the people from Saboga also cultivated their crops there. Today, the majority of the islanders‘ food comes from
Panama City. People also buy their food from the local stores. Beside the local produce, the islanders eat chicken, fish, iguana, pork, and turtle eggs from Saboga Island.
5.1.4 Fishing
Though fishing was a more widespread practice in previous generations, it remains an important and popular activity among locals today. It is no longer practiced as a full-time occupation on Saboga, but if the opportunity arises (e.g.: fish is very big, etc.), then people
26 may sell their catches to hotels and restaurants on Isla Contadora or to the sea food market in
Panama City. It is also sold to Saboga‘s three restaurants, and to neighbours on the island.
Mostly, however, fishing is only done for personal consumption.
The most common types of fish mentioned during our interviews were Snapper, Jack,
Trumpet Fish, Sea Bass, and Gold Fish. Two men we spoke to also dive for lobster, though this is a more rare activity for Saboga islanders. Lobster in the Pearl Islands is mostly fished by Kuna. Occasionally, Manta Rays are also fished and eaten. The most common places to fish, in and around Saboga, are in the corrals on Playa Corrales and by the shores of the nearby island, Pacheca. Many people also answered that they fished ―all around‖ Saboga.
Pearl Oyster fishing is still an activity practiced on occasion in Saboga, as well. Though the
Mother Pearl oysters are much less abundant than before, islanders collect the oysters for their meat. It is prepared with coconut and is said to be delicious. Those that find pearls keep them, give them as presents to friends and family, or try to sell them. The shells are sometimes also sold on Contadora, though this is far less frequent than in the past. There seems to be no cultural tradition of artisan production with Mother Pearl shells, or any shells on Saboga. With the exception of one man telling us that he makes jewellery from the shells he collects, as a personal hobby. We also learned from one of the oldest islanders that the past generation made artisanal products from sea turtle shells, but that this practice was abandoned a long time ago.
5.1.5 Hunting
Hunting is not a widespread activity on Saboga. Our interviews indicate that this is mostly due to a very low abundance of animals to hunt. Unlike on surrounding islands, like
27
Contadora, there are no deer on Saboga. The only animals that can be hunted are elevated pigs, iguanas, few ñeques, and there is disagreement as to whether or not rabbits are found on the island. We were told that deer from Contadora once swam over to Saboga, but that they all returned to Contadora some time afterwards. Though it is illegal, the most hunted animal by people from Saboga is iguana. Some people also go hunt on other islands.
When asked what they thought of the possibility of making a Protected Area in the forested center of Saboga, the islanders responded with mixed feelings. Some answered that it was a good idea to protect the flora and fauna that they have. Others questioned whose interests the protected area would seek to meet: those of outsiders, developers, or the islanders? Having a protected area would limit their access to the forest and be another obstacle towards their hunt for iguanas.
5.1.6 Use of Forest Plants
Dr. Cooke was interested in knowing more about the ―chicha de palma.‖ the older generation was able to tell us about making ―Vino de Palma.‖ This drink involved fermenting the sap from a palm (Palma Corosso). However, no one today makes the wine. Apparently, the island is abundant with medicinal plants. Not everyone knows how to use them, but even the children were learning about medicinal forest plants in school.
5.1.7 Tourism and Development
Most of Saboga‘s workforce is involved with tourism and development in one way or another
(Appendix 9.3.1, Fig. 4; 9.4, Fig. 12, 13, 14). Most of the men we interviewed work in construction, though some also work with tourists on Contadora: taking them around the archipelago in their boats. One woman we interviewed cleans houses in Contadora. The
28 development of Saboga for tourism and the existing tourism on Contadora are the main sources of income to the island.
When asked about tourism all but one person we interviewed agreed that it was ―a good thing.‖ The most common reason cited was that tourism brings employment opportunities.
Some people also answered that the arrival of foreigners brought enriching opportunities for cultural exchanges. The concern that upcoming tourism in Saboga might not involve the community enough was raised several times. Some people said that they did not feel that the community was prepared for tourism. There was also a sense of annoyance that there was not enough communication between those planning for tourism on the island, and the community itself. Despite being heavily involved in the construction of the projects, most islanders do not feel like they know what plans are in the works with respect to tourism and development.
There is also a concern that selling property on the island and increasing development on beaches, etc. will limit the locals‘ access to different parts of their island. Though beaches are public property by law, many interviewees were worried about losing access to the corrals on
Playa Corrales, due to the current development there. They often brought up the corrals because of their important cultural and practical use. Though most interviewees know that beaches are public property, they worry that the development company will limit their access to the corrals by restricting their access to roads and not wanting them to come when tourists are there.
The contact that the people of Saboga have had with tourists seems to be very positive.
Everyone we asked said that the interactions with tourists were very friendly, pleasant and agreeable. Although tourism to Saboga has diminished since the hotel in Contadora closed
29 last year, there are still occasional daily visitors to the island. Since there is no place for them to stay, they usually return to Contadora the same day. In the people of Saboga‘s opinion, tourists are most interested to see Saboga‘s church, beaches, school, cemetery, and coral reef.
5.2 Sites Identified from Observations, Interviews, and Tours
Based on the interviews conducted, the observations made, and the given tours, we identified the following locations as important socio-culturally and environmentally. We also identified the sites where most development is currently taking place.
5.2.1 Socio-Cultural Locations Identified
The following sites were identified as being important socio-culturally because they were observed to be useful for the society and culture of Saboga. They are associated with practices, legends, and the daily life of the people on Saboga.
Name Coordinates Description
Corrals N 08˚37.543 These Pre-Columbian semi-circular fish traps are common property and still used W079˚04.180 by the islanders. They were also N 08˚37.313 mentioned several times as sites to protect and places the locals worry about W079˚04.267 losing access to with development for tourism.
Loma de Floral N 08˚38.063 The flowering trees that gave this site its name are no longer found here. The site W079˚03.962 is also associated with the suicide of an islander, and many from the older generation do not go there anymore.
Pozo Grande N 08˚37.472 The freshwater well is where the locals get their water. It is also used by the W079˚03.954 development company for construction purposes, which diminishes the water supply available and upsets many people
30
in the town.
Cementerio N 08˚37.689 The cemetery is located at the highest point of the town. W079˚03.645
Escuela N 08˚37.614 There are about 65 primary students, and 15 night-time secondary school students W079˚03.690 in Saboga‘s school.
Tiendas N 08˚37.661 These tiendas sell everything from toilet paper to water bottles, beer, and basic W079˚03.645 food, etc. N 08˚37.658
W079˚03.633
Cantinas N 08˚37.641 There are two cantinas where people go to dance and socialize. Cantina Rosita W079˚03.643 has pool tables. N 08˚37.664
W079˚03.640
Fondas N 08˚37.644 They cook local, traditional food. Meals cost around $2-$2.50. W079˚03.650
N 08˚37.651
W079˚03.636
N 08˚37.643
W079˚03.610
Telefono N 08˚37.645
W079˚03.624
Iglesia N 08˚37.634 This Catholic church is one of the oldest Churches in the Americas. It is a source W079˚03.598 of pride for the community, and considered a popular tourist attraction and relic to be saved.
Centro de Salud N 08˚37.642 Basically equipped; staffed by a nurse but
31
W079˚03.589 does not give out medication. For more serious cases patients go to Contadora.
Policia N 08˚37.639
W079˚03.586
Puerto Nuevo N 08˚37.599 This is the main port of the island. The locals anchor their boats here. The W079˚03.559 government is currently funding the construction of a restaurant/hospedaje on the beach here. Grupo de Sol‘s main offices are located on this beach as well.
Planta Electrica N 08˚37.449 Currently being expanded to supply growing demand for energy because of W079˚03.173 development. Supplies both Saboga and Contadora with constant electricity.
5.2.2 Important Environmental Sites Identified
The sites identified as environmentally important were mentioned during interviews with people on Saboga, as well as with the marine biologist, Dr. Hector Guzman. These are sites that play a role in protecting the diversity and life on the island, like the beaches where sea turtles nest. The sites also represent the environmental riches of the island, like the beautiful
Arbol de Deseo. The coral reef, estuary, and mangroves are also sites that provide ecological services to the island, and should be considered in the face of upcoming development.
Sitio Coordinates Description
Playa Blanca N 08˚37.985 A beautiful beach with pure white sand.
W079˚03.957
Playa Tembladera N 08˚37.845 The locals swear that this black-sanded beach trembles when you walk on it… W079˚04.024
Playa Corral N 08˚37.552 Currently being developed and has been re-named ―Playa Encanto‖ by Grupo del
32
W079˚04.108 Sol
Playa Santiago N 08˚38.050 Fishing boats can be seen off the coast of this beach. There are also mangroves W079˚03.695 here.
Playita N 08˚37.141
W079˚04.144
Playa Larga N 08˚36.990
W079˚04.140
Playa Grande N 08˚37.008
W079˚03.992
Arbol de Deseo N 08˚37.098 A unique and beautiful tree…
W079˚03.875
Mirador del N 08˚36.793 A fresh water source.... ―Estuary‖ W079˚03.872
Recife de Coral N 08˚37.586
W079˚03.158
Tortugas
5.2.3 Ongoing Development Projects
These are the sites currently involved in the development projects on Isla Saboga. They were identified through a tour given by the development company, Grupo del Sol, as well as through personal observations and interviews.
Sites Coordinates Description
Phase 1 N 08˚37.654 Grupo del Sol‘s first phase of tourist Construction (El development Encanto) W079˚03.977
33
Oficina de la N 08˚37.594 Grupo del Sol‘s headquarters on the Empresa island. Also used as a place to stay for W079˚03.574 their employees visiting the island.
Tanque de Agua N 08˚37.363 This is the water tank previewed to de Encanto supply the water for the Encanto houses. W079˚03.681 A desalination plant is still waiting to be brought in from Contadora.
Puerto Nuevo N 08˚37.599 The government is constructing a hostal here. W079˚03.559
Escuela N 08˚37.614 The government is constructing a Cafeteria for the school here. W079˚03.690
6. DISCUSSION
6.1 The Town
The town of Saboga is concentrated on a hill on the east side of the island. It only takes up a minor portion of the island. Most of the people interviewed could not answer how many people live on the island. The confusion might be due to the fact that many people from
Saboga work or go to school on other islands or in the city and only come back during holidays. Therefore, they are not permanent residents, even though they have houses on the island, etc.
The town‘s main beach is the beach facing the neighbouring Contadora Island. Around 15 fishing-boats line the beach and regularly make trips out to Contadora or Isla San Miguel, to transport workers in and out from the island, or to take tourists from Contadora around the archipelago. Boats transporting materials for construction, food, etc. from Panama City also anchor in the waters by the main beach and can be seen daily.
34
Also located by the main beach is Grupo del Sol‘s Saboga project headquarters. There they have an office as well as a dormitory for their engineers and employees. Additionally, the government is constructing an accommodation center for tourists on the main beach.
The steps, leading up to the town from the beach, are quite steep and lead to a first asphalted path where the police headquarters and medical center can be found. The medical center is open during weekly business hours, and is staffed by one nurse. However, when more serious care or medication is needed, the islanders have to go to Contadora.
6.2 Employment and Education
6.2.1 Employment
Construction seems to be the main form of employment for the men on Saboga. In the mornings, boats from other islands transport even more construction workers to Saboga.
There are currently two development projects on the island: Grupo de Sol‘s tourism project, and the governments‘ two development projects. The latter are the construction a cafeteria for the school and an accommodation center on the beach of Puerto Nuevo.
Boats also leave Saboga with locals working on other islands. Most other islanders work with tourism or clean houses in Contadora. Many women on Saboga do not work and do not want to work. Some women are cooks at restaurants or work at home. The women who are cooks will easily be able to work in the tourism industry on Saboga if they want, the other women on the island who do want to work on Saboga for tourism would probably require additional training.
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6.2.2 Education
Some boats also take children to San Miguel where they go to school, even though there is a primary school in Saboga. It is a very nice, clean building with ceiling fans and three classrooms and three teachers (one for kindergarten and two that split the other grades).
However, just like the rest of the community, they have no running water. The children have to ask permission to leave the school and use the toilets at their homes. In this way the water problem on Saboga disrupts the learning process for the students. Except for the kindergarten teacher, the teachers are brought in from Panama City. Many families seem to move to the city when their children reach school age, in search of a better education.
6.3 The Culture
6.3.1 The Church
Every person we interviewed mentioned the church to us; both as a place for tourists to visit, and as a place that was important to preserve. Some people call it a ‗relic,‘ because of its age.
The older generations say that the church used to play a more prominent role on the island.
However, today, it does not seem to be used, except for important holidays such as Semana
Santa. Many people still identify themselves as Catholic, although they do not observe all the traditions, like marriage.
In preparation for Semana Santa, the islanders repainted the Church and brought out the saints. Many relatives came in from the city, and those who have houses on the island, but work in the city, also came back for the holiday. In the weeks leading up to the holiday, the women braided their hair. Clearly, Semana Santa is an important and much anticipated festivity.
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The importance of the Church is also reflected in the legends associated with it. We were told that a visitor, a carpenter, that came to the island made the wooden statue they have of Jesus on a cross. The carpenter loved the island and the church so much that he decided to leave a gift. He went looking for a piece of wood that he could use to carve the saint. On Playa
Corral, he found a good tree, but its form was twisted and too curvy to carve a saint from, so he had to continue his search. Despite the search he could not find another tree suitable for the saint on the island. He returned to Playa Corral to see if he could work with the twisted tree, but when he got there, something magical had happened. The tree had untwisted itself and was in the perfect form to carve the statue. Still today, on special holidays, on the statue is taken out and used in the procession around town. Because of the legends associated with it, and the love of the people for their church, it is essential to protect this monument for future generations.
Grupo del Sol paid for a priest-in-training to come to the island from Panama, and run the
Church. Following disagreements with the islanders during Semana Santa he left Saboga. The disagreements came after he tried to change some of the local customs, such as the custom of parading and celebrating with the saints throughout the entire night. The brother tried to impose a rule that the saints be put back in the Church by midnight, and that the Church be closed at that time. It can be inferred from this incidence that the people of Saboga do not like to be told what to do and will stand up for themselves.
6.3.2 Way of Life
On the island today, celebrating is not reserved for holidays. Music can always be heard playing from people‘s homes and the Cantinas where most go to dance, and dancing often moves onto the street as well. Alcohol is a big part of the culture as it is consumed no matter
37 the time of the day or the day of the week. Neighbors sit around and socialize throughout the day and night with a drink at hand - Saboga is a tight-knit community. Also, many families are related in one way or another. News travels very fast in the community.
Cock fighting is very popular. Mostly young men can be seen walking around the town with beautiful roosters. The roosters used for cockfighting are much nicer than those seen in people‘s yards. Cockfighting also involves betting, and while we were there, it seemed to cause some conflicts among individuals as well.
On weekends, families often go to the main beach, Puerto Nuevo, which lies just beneath the town. Some children told us that they also go swimming at Playa Santiago, but the most popular beach, and the closest, is Puerto Nuevo. The other beaches that are often frequented by locals are the two Playa Corrales. They tend to go to the beaches that are closer to town.
Beaches are public property and the existing pre-Columbian corral-structures are used to trap and catch fish. (See Corrals section for more information).
Saboga‘s dependence on fishing and agriculture has changed drastically in the last generation. The older people, (around 60 years old) that we interviewed could remember the time when most people survived off of fishing and agriculture. In addition to fishing, there used to be much more diving for pearl oysters and lobsters. These practices were passed down from parents to children. Now, the fishing and agricultural knowledge is slowly being lost from one generation to the next. Similarly, in earlier days, people on Saboga were much more dependent on their own agriculture. Everything they needed grew on the agricultural lands, and in Contadora, and the men would go to sow it. Now, however, fewer people tend to the agricultural lands, and even fewer depend on them. Some people still go and pick yucca, niame, plantanes, and sell it in the community. There are also mangoes, etc. growing
38 freely everywhere in the town. However, most food comes from Panama City and is sold in the tiendas.
Fishing has also reduced to a practice for personal consumption, or occasional business.
Mostly, the fishermen on Saboga fish at Pacheca Island, anywhere on Saboga‘s coast, and at the corrals. Our interviewees said that if an expensive or big fish was caught, they might try to sell it to hotels or restaurants in Contadora, or to the seafood market in Panama City. Pearl oyster fishing has also decreased. Only two people we spoke to occasionally dive for pearls.
Mostly, they dive for the oysters to eat the meat, (which they prepare with coconut). If they happen to find a pearl in the shell, they usually keep it or give it away as a gift. We also met two people who dive for lobsters. However, they said that most lobster fishing in Las Perlas is done by Kunas from Kuna Yala.
The corrals are still a popular place to get fish. One older woman told us that because they are communal, the fish trapped inside should also be considered communal and should be shared with neighbors. However, most of our interviewees said that they occasionally sell the fish they catch there too, though most of it is for personal consumption.
The switch away from surviving off of fishing and agriculture came with the development of
Contadora Island for tourism, etc. The land they had used for agriculture was sold to foreigners who built houses and vacation destinations there. With the influx of the new tourism sector, there was also the creation of new jobs. Some people that we interviewed that work in Contadora use their fishing boats to take tourists on fishing or boat tours between islands, others clean houses, etc. Many people also work in construction on Saboga. One of the reasons the people we interviewed cite for not fishing as much anymore is that they no
39 longer have time to do so, as they are occupied with other work. There is clearly a trade-off between being able to fish to provide food for your family, and being able to make a living working on construction projects.
Hunting is still practiced, on a small scale. Iguana is the most frequently hunted animal, even though it is prohibited to do so. Similarly, the locals mentioned that they eat turtle eggs, which is prohibited as well. Deer hunting takes place on other islands, because there are no deer on Saboga. We were told that deer once swam from Contadora to Saboga, but that they did not stay for long. Some people also raise pigs in the forests, and then hunt them.
6.4 Social Issues
6.4.1 Water
The number one social and environmental issue on Saboga is water. Today, even with fresh water wells on the island, and many islanders having infrastructure to pump that water to their homes, water is not accessible in town. The locals have to walk approximately 600m to get to the main well, named Pozo Grande, to wash and to get water for their homes. This makes life a lot more difficult for the islanders. The dry season and the added pressure of fresh water, from the water well, being used for the construction projects have led to a diminishing water supply, resulting in a suffering community. Apparently the company uses the fresh water to make cement, wash their equipment, and for other construction activities as well.
Water was the most common annoyance brought up by the community. A few interviewees became flustered at the company, Grupo del Sol, when talking about water issues. They said
40 that they have not received any compensation from the company, and feel that they should have priority over water use.
Water consumption promises to be a greater problem as the development increases. Company workers told us that there are pools planned for many houses that are in construction.
Furthermore, the freshwater source on Saboga cannot sustain the ways in which water will be used for toilets, showers, washing machines, etc. When we asked the company workers what they planned to do about fresh water, they told us that they have a desalination plant waiting in Contadora, to be installed in Saboga. There are some complications with its installation, so they have not been able to move it yet. In addition to the desalination plant, the company wants to install technology to catch and use rainwater. We identify the issue of water as the
MOST problematic and severe clash between development and the community of Saboga.
6.4.2 Land Title
During our visit, we encountered government workers measuring people‘s properties. No one we met actually has a land title, though many are involved in the process of buying it. One woman told us her property would cost $2.00-2.50/meter of land. The need for a title to one‘s property has became a recent issue, especially for people who have lived on their land for several generations This need for a land title might be associated with the development and portioning of the island. The land, on which bananas, yucca, plantains, etc. grow, to our understanding, does not have an owner. Based on our interviews whoever picks the products can sell them.
Establishing land titles and outlining properties also creates the possibility of selling and buying land parcels. As of now, one wealthy foreigner has bought property and built a large
41 house on the island. The beachfront property around the whole island has been bought by
Grupo del Sol; they have started constructing on Playa Corral (and renamed it: Playa El
Encanto).
6.4.3 Archaeological Sites
The most well-known archaeological sites amongst the locals in Saboga are the semi-circular stone corrals found on the two Playa Corrales. These date back to Pre-Columbian times, and were constructed by indigenous people to catch fish and turtles, etc. They came up in almost every interview we conducted, because they are still important resources for the people on
Saboga today. Everyone we spoke with confirmed the use of the corrals. Several people also expressed concern over the fact that they might lose access to the corrals when the beach has been developed for tourism. They were semi-aware of the fact that beaches are public property by law, but still fear that the development company and the tourists will not want locals catching fish on that beach. When we asked someone from Grupo del Sol what they thought about this concern, they answered that they are planning to maintain paths for the locals to still be able to use the corrals. They confirmed that beaches are public property, and said that it should not be an issue. However, it is very important that the work of groups like
ACD in Saboga, in the upcoming months and years, make sure that the locals know their rights and are ready to demand them.
Other archaeological sites on the island are less known by locals. They are mostly found in the form of large piles of shells and broken pottery. There are 18 identified sites like these on the island. These sites are of interest to archaeologists, like Dr. Richard Cooke and Dr. Juan
Guillermo Martin, and are especially valuable because they date back to pre-Colombian
42 times. Grupo del Sol is attempting to protect the sites from development, and we were told that they plan to build a museum.
6.4.4 Alcohol and Drugs
As much as alcohol is part of the festive culture on Saboga, there are times when it leads to aggressive behaviour. A couple of people expressed concern over the fights it generated amongst individuals. Alcohol also led to some aggressiveness aimed towards the dogs on the island.
6.4.5 Perception of Saboga
Our experience on Saboga was fantastic and the people were extremely friendly, hospitable and welcoming. To our surprise, we discovered that the outside perception of Saboga did not portray the same experience we had. From discussions with people on Contadora, we learnt that outsiders perceive the Sabogian culture as one that is rough and violent. There have been rumored incidences of suspected armed robbers crossing from Saboga to Contadora in the past few months, as well as robberies occurring on the island of Saboga itself. However, most of the people living on Saboga told us that they really love their town and island. Many of our interviewees who had left and come back to live in Saboga told us that they hoped to live their last days on the island.
6.5 The Environment
Aside from the untouched white and black-sand beaches, Saboga has mangroves, estuaries, fresh water sources, and a striking tropical forest. The locals undoubtedly love their island, but it is not common for them to walk around and within it. Off Saboga‘s coast is also the largest Coral Reef in the Archipelago. We were also told by Dr. Hector Guzman that
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Saboga‘s beaches are important sites for sea-turtles to lay their eggs. On boat rides to and from the island, we witnessed dolphins and humpback whales.
The environmental riches of this island are in danger of being overlooked by development.
Measures have to be taken to increase awareness about the uniqueness of Saboga‘s environment, as well as of the locations developers have to protect.
We were told that the development company is considering eventually creating a protected area in the forested part of the island. They do not own this part of the island. When we asked the locals what they thought of the idea, they had divided responses. While some people nodded in agreement and said that the island‘s forest, resources, and animals should be protected, others asked: ―who the forest would be protected for?‖ The company‘s agenda and those of the town‘s people could be very different. Some people expressed concern that with a protected area they would no longer have access to hunting iguana, using the forest, etc.
6.6 Tourism and Development
Development and tourism seem to be inevitable on Saboga. From the people we interviewed, the people in Saboga seem to feel positive about more people coming to their island. They look forward to new employment and business opportunities, and more opportunities for a cultural exchange. However, we also learned about their concerns. Mostly, there seems to be a lot of uncertainty among the people in the town as to what they should expect from the developments. A few interviewees mentioned frustrations at the lack of communication between the developers and the community. Others were very pleased with the company, and said that they were receiving courses in different tourism sectors. In this aspect, several interviewees mentioned that the community was not ready for an influx of tourists, as they have nothing to sell to them (no handicrafts, no food, etc.).
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In great majority, however, the people we spoke to were enthusiastic about tourists. Saboga already has a bit of contact with tourists via Contadora. The people that work in Contadora work with tourists. Occasionally, tourists also come to Saboga on daily trips from Contadora, from their yachts, etc. In the people of Saboga‘s opinion, tourists are most interested in seeing their church, their beaches, the cemetery, and activities like snorkeling. The people we spoke to were also enthusiastic about the interactions between tourists and locals. Their description of a typical tourist was always someone ‗friendly,‘ pleasant, cheerful, etc.
The uncertainty felt by the community is not unfounded. It remains to be seen how the community will be integrated into the tourism process. It is vital that they play a role if tourism is to be sustainable and beneficial to them.
7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Our study of Saboga allowed us to identify 14 important socio-cultural, 10 environmental, and 5 current development sites on the island. The 15 formal interviews that we conducted with the islanders of Saboga provided us with detailed information on these sites, as well as more information about the community‘s history, current social and environmental problems, natural resource uses. From these interviews we were also able to note the interviewees‘ views and concerns about the upcoming tourism and development. Additional observations, informal interviews, and meetings with experts allowed us to produce a concise report on the island of Saboga. Our multi-disciplinary research, addressing issues of society, environment, and history allowed us to fuse together a lot of information for the first time.
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Furthermore, we were able to identify certain problems that need to be addressed in Saboga.
The two largest ones are: the lack of freshwater to supply both the town and construction demands, and the community‘s concern about losing access to their pre-Columbian corrals. A major recommendation we can make to ACD is that their work should strongly inform the community about their legal rights. A possible future problem will be land property rights.
For now, people are in the process of attaining their land titles. Traditionally land has been communal agricultural land, and with land titles it can be partitioned and sold, which may cause future problems.
It will be a challenge for ACD and other organizations to prepare the community of Saboga for the future changes brought on by tourism and development. The following are our recommendations to those working in Saboga, and the community itself:
1) Ensure that the community of Saboga be involved in the decision making process
regarding development on the island. As it stands, the sense is that the community
does not know exactly what is being planned, and are not ready for tourism.
2) Mobilize the people of Saboga to organize themselves for the upcoming development.
They need to know what their rights are to the public parts of the island, to their
properties, and to the freshwater sources.
3) Educate both the people of Saboga and the developers about the incredible
environmental riches of the island. It is imperative that the mangroves, coral reef,
whale breeding grounds, forests, and turtle nesting sites of Saboga be protected. It
would also be beneficial to tourism to increase awareness and interest about these
places.
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Both the developers and the community are excited to share Saboga Island with more people.
However, the environmental and social impacts of developing the island for tourism need to be at the forefront of the planning. For the community, the island, and the tourists to truly benefit from these developments, the people and nature of the island need to be prioritized.
We think that this development project is an opportunity for tourism to improve where it has failed before. The challenge is to make the Saboga project one that involves the community, protects the environment, and truly shares the beauties of this island.
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8. REFERENCES
Alianza para la Conservacion y el Desarrollo. 2009, November 19. Alianza para la Conservacion y el Desarrollo. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from: www.acdpanama.org
Alianza para la Conservacion y el Desarrollo. 2009. Informe de Situacion de las comunidades de San Miguel, Pedro Gonazales, y Saboga, en el Archipelago de Las Perlas. Panama.
Almanaque Azul. 2010. Almanaque Azul. Retrieved April 25th, 2010, from: www.almanaqueazul.org
Anderson, O.R.J., 2005. A Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of the Small-Scale Snapper Fisheries of the Las Perlas Archipelago, Panama. M.Sc. Dissertation, Heriot- Watt University, Edinburgh
Campbell, I., 2005. The Role of Local Communities in the designation of a Marine Protected Area in Las Perlas Archipelago, Panama. M.Sc. Dissertation, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh
Cooke, R. and Jiménez,, M. 2009. Fishing at pre-Hispanic settlement on the Pearl Island Archipelago (Panama, Pacific)I: Pedro González Island (4030-3630 cal BCE). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá
Cordoba, J.M.G, 2005. Changes in Land Use and Cover in Archipelago Las Perlas: A Proposal for a Protected Area, Panama. M.Sc. Dissertation, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh
Latin World. 2009, April 24. Isla Saboga: Paradise for Investors. Retrieved February 3, 2009, from: http://www.latinworld.com/2009/isla-saboga-paradise-for-investors.htm
Mellado, M. E., 2010. Buscando Las Perlas. Informe Final (Short-term fellowship). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. 2007, June 11. Panama designates Las Perlas Archipelago special management zone . Retrieved April 25th, 2010, from: http://www.stri.org/english/about_stri/headline_news/news/article.php?id=638
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9. APPENDIX
9.1 Interview Questions
Introducción:
Somos Bianca y Sophia y estudiamos en Canada. Mucho gusto ______.
Estamos trabajando con el Smithsonian y el ONG ―Alianza de la conservación y el desarrollo de Panama‖. Hacemos un proyecto sobre la isla Saboga y queremos aprender más sobre su historia. Estamos muy interesadas en lo que usted conoce y puede compartir con nosotras. Estamos buscando la información para nuestro proyecto de la comunidad. ¿Estaría interesado en hablar un poco con nosotras sobre su isla, sus recuerdos, y sus conocimientos de Saboga?
Respuesta: Si/No
Si dicen ―No‖: ¿Conoce algien de la isla que conoce bastante y que querría hablar con nosotros? Muchas gracias por su tiempo.
Si dicen ―Si‖:
¿Tiene tiempo para hablar con nosotros ahora? ¿O, sería mejor si regresamos (_____)? Lo siento por nuestro español! Entendemos casi todo, pero necesitamos que hable lentamente. ¡Y si tiene paciencia, podemos tener una conversación muy alegre! jajaja… Nuestro proyecto es hablar con la gente de la isla y recoger la mayor información posible sobre Saboga, el pueblo, la historia, la naturaleza, los animales, las actividades económicas, todo! Después, vamos a escribir un informe para nuestros profesores, un arqueólogo que se llama Richard Cooke, el ONG ACD, y podemos enviarsela con mucho gusto también. Vamos a intentar hacer un mapa que muestre los lugares interesantes, e importantes que podemos dar a la comunidad de Saboga y a usted, si le gustaría.
¿Tiene preguntas para nosotros? … ¿Le molesta si gravamos la conversación? ¡Queremos que este lo más cómodo posible, entonces si no quiere que gravemos o si quiere permanecer anónimo, no es un problema!
Vamos a empezar con preguntas muy largas, no-especificas, para que el entrevistado pueda hablar de su vida, y sus experiencias sobra la isla.
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Por ejemplo:
1) ¿Creció en la isla?
a. Si:
i. ¿Puede describir un poco su niñez? (¿Fue a la escuela? ¿Hizo pesca? ¿Qué hicieron sus padres? ¿Donde vivió? )
ii. ¿Hace mucho tiempo que su familia vive en Saboga? (¿Muchas generaciones, o no?)
1. ¿Hay algunos en su familia que hicieron pesca de perlas?
Si dicen ―si‖, va al sección de Pesquería; preguntas de las
perlas…
iii. ¿Tiene hijos?
1. ¿Viven en la isla?
2. Si se fueron ¿Donde y por qué?
iv. ¿Cuales son cambios que han ocurrido en la comunidad de la isla?
b. No:
i. Cuando llegó a Saboga, de donde y por qué?
2) ¿Cuál es su ocupación? (¿Es mejor de preguntar: ―Que hace‖?)
** Aquí necesitamos saber cual información ACD necesita…
a) ¿Practica pesquería o cacería?
a. ¿Para comer o para vender?
*** Va a las secciones de La Pesquería y de La Cacería…
Sociedad
¿Cuántas personas viven in Saboga?
o ¿O cuantas familias viven aquí?
¿Cuántas casas libres hay aquí?
¿Cuántos niños van a la escuela? ¿Y hay una escuela secundaria sobre Saboga? ¿En la misma escuela que los niños van?
¿Van todos los estudiantes a la escuela sobre Isla Saboga o hay algunos que van a otras islas? ¿Cual islas?
¿Usted tiene internet? ¿Quién puede usar el internet en la escuela?
¿Usted tiene electricidad? ¿Todo el día? 50 ¿Cuántas personas tienen lanchas?
Ambiente
¿Cuáles son los recursos naturales más importante de la isla?
o ¿Por qué? ¿Dónde están?
¿Hay problemas ambientales en Saboga?
o ¿Cuáles son los problemas?
¿Hay tradiciones culturales relacionadas con el medio ambiente?
¿Qué es su lugar favorito en la isla?--- show Almanac Azul‘s map
o ¿Cuáles son los sitios o elementos naturales que quiere proteger para las generaciones futuras?
o ¿Usted conoce estos lugares? ¿Y puede hablar un poco de ellos? ¿Y sabe porque los tiene estos nombres? ¿Por ejemple, porque tienen las playas estos nombres?
¿Qué hacen los isleños con basura?
¿De dónde vienen sus alimentos?
¿Cuáles son los alimentos que no son locales que comen los isleños?
¿Cuáles son los alimentos locales?
o ¿Dónde se cultiva? ¿Y quién hace agricultura?
o ¿Qué cultiva? ¿Vende usted sus cultivos o los consumen usted y su familia?
¿Tiene agua en su casa? ¿Tal vez usted no tiene agua?
Pesquería
Métodos
o ¿Cómo pescan? (¿Cuáles son sus métodos?)
o ¿Qué hace con lo que pesca? (Lo venden, lo comen, etc…)
o ¿Con que frecuencia pesca?
o ¿Cómo aprendió a pescar? ¿De quién y cuándo? ¿Cómo pescaba su maestro? (¿Qué métodos, etc.)
o ¿Cómo variaba la pesca de acuerdo a la estación del año?
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Lugares
o ¿Cuáles son los sitios donde más van a pescar?
o ¿Conoce alguien que puede llevarnos a estos lugares? (y los lugares importante para las perlas, las conchas, las trampas, etc. )
Trampas
o ¿Usan estas trampas corales? ¿Cómo?
o ¿Tenían dueño o eran colectivas?
o ¿Cuáles eran clases de peces/ tortugas que se capturaban (con mayor frecuencia)?
. ¿Se cogían tortugas marinas en ellas?
. ¿Cómo se usaban todas las clases de peces/tortugas?
¿Se usaban todas o solo algunas?
Perlas
o ¿Hay gente que pesca perlas y madreperlas todavía?
. ¿Quién la practica? ¿Dónde? (¿Conoce gente con quien podemos hablar?)
. ¿Las personas comen la carne de la perla?
Conchas
o ¿Qué hacen los isleños con conchas y cómo?
. ¿Las recogen? ¿Cómo? ¿Dónde? ¿Cuándo?
. ¿Las rechazan?
. ¿Como las preparan?
. ¿Quién participa en estas actividades?
. ¿Qué especies seleccionan?
. ¿Hacen artesanías con las conchas? (por ejemplo: con la ostra perlífera, Pintada?)
Sitios de indios
o ¿Dónde están los sitios de indios?
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Cazaría y Fauna Terrestre
¿Qué clase de animales ustedes cazan en esta isla?
¿Qué clases de animales comen bastante? (iguanas, neques, mocangue?)
¿Qué tipos de mamíferos ha visto o cazado y donde?
¿Se recuerdo cuando tenía mamíferos sobre isla Saboga?
¿Qué piensa usted sobre la idea de construir un área protegía en el bosque?
¿Hay aves que usted caza?
Uso de plantas silvestres
¿Hacen chicha de una palma? fotos de palma
o ¿Cuál (es) palma(s)?
o ¿Cómo se hace la chica?
o ¿Alguna vez fermentan esta chica?
o Plantas medicinales
Turismo
¿Cuál es su opinión sobre el turismo?
¿Cuántos turistas visitan isla Saboga? ¿Y cuando vienen?
¿Cómo es la interacción entre los isleños y las turistas?
¿Qué cree va a pasar con el turismo en los años siguientes?
¿Puede describirnos un turista típico?
o ¿Qué es lo que más les interesa sobre la isla?
Maestro/Maestra
¿Cuántos niños van a la escuela?
¿Cuántas aulas para clases? ¿Y cuántos niños en cada clase?
¿De dónde vienen los maestros?
¿Cómo se siente?
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9.2 Results Tables
Table 1: Family and History Family and History Reasons for living - Born in Saboga on Saboga - Family is from Saboga - Moved to be with partner - Job opportunities Reasons for leaving - Education of children Saboga - Job opportunities elsewhere - Family/Partner elsewhere Children - Go to primary and secondary school in Saboga - Go to primary and secondary school in Panama City, or other islands (e.g.: San Miguel) - Come back to Saboga, or stay where they went to school/ found jobs/partners Way of Life Before - Agriculture o Avocado, plantains, bananas, coconuts, mangoes - Fishing o Fishing and diving for pearl oysters, lobsters, clams, etc. Changes - Houses not made of sugarcane, earth floors, and thatch-roofs anymore - Construction on Saboga - Dietary changes o Before: lots of fish and seafood o Now: pork, chicken, and fish - Water: supply source and infrastructure - Electricity went from 6 hours/day to 24 hours/day
Table 2: Social Social Number of People - Between 300-450 people in Saboga o Almost the same amount as before - Many people do not know how many people live there Occupation - Construction - Work for TV show ―Survivor‖ - Work at home - Cooks - Work on Contadora o Transporting tourists by boat o Cleaning houses o Working in hotels School - 4 teachers in total o 2 employed by government (from Panama City) o 1 from Saboga (―Madre madre‖)
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o 1 secondary school teacher - Pre-Kindergarten and Kindergarten - Primary o 4 class rooms . one of which is a computer room with 5 computers . internet expected soon o 65 students - Secondary o Offered in the evenings o From 3pm-7pm o 15 students o Same building as Primary School - Many children go to school on other islands such as San Miguel and Pedro Gonzalez. - Students also go to Panama City for school. o Many leave to attend secondary school elsewhere. Water - None of the houses have running water, even though infrastructure exists o Need to go and get water at the well, Pozo Grande (600 m away) o Biggest concern raised during interviews - Water from Pozo Grande also being used for construction, development of island (diminishing supply) Electricity and - Everyone now has electricity 24h a day Internet o Before there was a plant they used to have electricity only from 6pm-10pm o Power plant on Saboga also supplies Contadora with electricity - The school is supposed to receive internet soon o Only students and teachers will have access to the school‘s internet Number of People - 15-30 Owning Boats Empty houses - Very few houses are not owned - Many people who live and work in Panama City keep their houses in Saboga and return for the holidays - The company rents houses from people who have moved to Panama City Land titles - Most do not have land titles, but are in the process of attaining it o People were having their property measured - It necessary to have a land title to prove ownership - It costs $2-2.50 per meter to acquire a land title The Church - Community is very proud of the church o One of the sites they consider more important to protect for future generations o Considered to be a popular tourist attraction - Catholic church - Considered to be from Colonial times - The company hired a man studying to become a priest to run the
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church o He quit because of disagreements with the locals during Semana Santa Favourite Places on - The beaches the Island o Especially Puerto Nuevo, Playa Corrales - Their homes - The Church
Table 3: Environment Environment Natural Resources - Construction - Tourism - Fishing Environmental - Many believe there are not any environmental problems on the Problems island - Water o Construction projects use the water from the community‘s water well o Summer months it is particularly difficult o Water well not sufficient enough to maintain both the construction activities and the community - Septic tanks are full - Garbage - Construction causing deforestation and affecting water table - Overfishing of lobsters by Kuna off coast of Saboga - Hunting of sea turtles and their eggs (identified as a problem by Dr.H.Guzman) Protect for Future - The Pre-Columbian semi-circular corral traps Generations o Playa Corrales (2 beaches) o Fear that they will not have access to these corrals - The town - The forest and animals - The school - Water resources - Coral reefs - The Church Garbage - Collected and then taken it to a dump on the island where it is burned - Some people still burn their own garbage - Unclear if it is the municipality or development company (Grupo del Sol) providing garbage pick-up service Agriculture - Not a livelihood on the island, due to work in construction and tourism - Still practiced for subsistence on some people‘s plots of land, or in forest o Bananas, plantains, yucca, mango, coconuts
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- The people from Saboga used to practice agriculture on Contadora before it was developed Food - Most food comes from Panama City - People buy their food from the local stores - Local food includes chicken, fish, iguana, turtle eggs, plantains, coconuts, mangoes, bananas, yucca
Table 4: Fishing Fishing Methods - Pre-Columbian Corral traps o Communally-owned - Fishing lines, harpoons, spears, diving for lobsters and oysters - Learned from parents Purposes - Personal consumption - Sell to hotels on Contadora Island or to Panama City Places - Playa Corral - Pacheca island - All around Saboga Island Types of Fish - Snapper o Spotted Rose Snapper, Yellow Snapper - Jack - Trumpet Fish - Sea Bass - Gold fish - Lobster release the small ones back into the ocean o Sell it to Contdora, and if have lots sell it to Panama City - Manta rays - ETC Pearl Oysters - People still go diving for them, but it is very seldom that they find pearls - They eat the meat of the oyster with coconut - Kunas from Kuna Yala come to the Archipelago to dive for pearl oysters - Dive with tourists Shells - Eat the meat - Do not make any artisanal goods - Used to sell shells on Contadora, still do occasionally
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Table 5: Hunting Hunting Hunted animals - Not a lot of hunting on Saboga Island - Pig (owned by individuals) - Iguana o Hunt iguanas on Pacheca as well - Ñeque - Hunt deer on other islands (eg: Contadora Island) o No deer on Saboga Mammals on island - Dogs - Pigs - Ñeque - Rabbits - Not a lot of mammals on the island Possible Protected - Divided responses Area - Against if it prohibits hunting iguana: o Iguana is a very important food source for the community, part of cultural identity - For because if protects the island‘s environment, forest, and animals - Are they protecting the area for the company‘s agenda or for the community?
Table 6: Forest Plants Forest Plants Vino de Palma - They used to make it before, but not anymore because the people (chicha de palma) who knew how to have died - They fermented the palm sap - Made from Palma Corosso/Coquillo - Medicinal Plants - There are many medicinal plants on Saboga Island - They still use many of the medicinal plants - People learned how to use them from their parents and their grandparents - There are also many people on the island who do not know how to use them - Some mentioned were: o Yerba Buena o Salvia o Yerba limon o Elinojo o Torronjil o Anamo o Palo velenal o Vaxamino
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Table 7: Tourism Tourism Opinions - Tourism on Saboga is a good thing and it will benefit the town o Employment/Business opportunities o Meet people from new places and have a cultural exchange - Development is good - Not certain whether or not people from the town will be employed in upcoming years - Fear that when tourist buy the land they will have reduced access to the island; fear that the tourists will not like them on their properties - It is important that the islanders learn English and prepare for tourism - They hope that tourism will not change their traditions and customs - Unaware of the plans for tourism o The company has not explained anything to the community yet o People uncertain about their rights . Fear they will not be allowed to access the Corrals, even though beaches are public property - Some say there are some courses being offered by the company to prepare the locals for tourism - Many people do not know what is going to happen with the town and tourism in the future Number of Tourists - Come on yachts, or from Contadora - Not a lot of tourists now, since hotel in Contadora closed - When more tourists come things will change – perhaps more jobs etc. What Interests - The beaches Tourists - The church - The coral reef—snorkelling - The school - The cemetery Interaction - Pleasant Between Locals and - Peaceful Tourists - Good - Friendly
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9.3 Final Products for Host Institution and Affiliations
9.3.1 Maps
Figure1: Map of Saboga with all identified important sites
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Figure 2: Social Map – All socially important sites
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Figure 3: Environment Map – All environmentally important sites
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Figure 4: Development Map – All current development sites
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Figure 5: Saboga‘s Town Map – All important sites in the community
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9.3.2 Pamphlet
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9.4 Photographs
Figure 6: A street below the church Figure 9: Catholic Church
Figure 7: A street with a Cantina Figure 10: Semi-circular corral trap
Figure 8: The power plant Figure 11: Saboga houses
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Figure 12: Construction site on Playa Corral
Figure 13: Newly constructed road
Figure 14: Grupo del Sol‘s 10 year development plan (www.islasaboga.com, 2010)
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9.5 Spanish Summary for Institutions
1.0 Descripción del Pueblo
Calle Principal
La comunidad de Saboga esta sobre una loma al este de la isla. La escuela, la casa de la representante, una tienda, una fonda y algunas casas están en la calle principal. La cantina, muy popular entre la gente por los bailes, está al lado de la calle principal, y la iglesia, las otras tiendas y fondas, y la otra cantina están a una distancia de próximamente dos minutos del centro del pueblo. En general el pueblo está muy concentrado en una pequeña porción de la isla.
Las casas están hechas de bloque y el techo es de zinc. Eso es diferente de antes, cuando las casas estaban hecho de cañazas, suelos de tierra, y techos de paja. Todos tienen luz 24 horas al día y hay casas que tienen la infraestructura para transportar agua hasta ellas, pero ya no están en uso. Eso es por que no hay suficiente agua del pozo para llenar los tanques. Entonces, la gente del pueblo caminan un mínimo de 600 metros hasta el pozo, conocido como ―Pozo Grande,‖ para buscar agua, lavarse, etc.
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El puerto principal del pueblo es ―Puerto Nuevo,‖ al lado de la comunidad y al frente de la isla Contadora. Alrededor de 15-30 lanchas que pertenecen a la comunidad se quedan en el puerto. Estas lanchas se usan para mover gente de Saboga hasta otras islas, o de otras islas a Saboga (principalmente Contadora, San Miguel, etc), para trabajar. También, se usan para transportar turistas de Contadora alrededor del archipiélago, pescar, etc. Hay jóvenes de Saboga que van a estudiar a otras islas en botes. Lanchas que transportan alimentos y materiales de construcción desde la Ciudad de Panamá se pueden ver en el puerto también.
La comunidad tiene una estación de policía y un centro de salud también. El centro de salud está abierto durante horas de trabajo y tiene una enfermera, pero no ofrece medicinas. Gente que necesitan atención de un medico van a la Isla Contadora.
Hay varias opciones para llegar a la isla. Lo más rápido es tomar un vuelo con Aeroperlas o Air Panamá del aeropuerto de Albrook hasta la Isla Contadora. Desde Contadora, es muy fácil pedirle a alguien que lo transporte una lancha que toma de 10-15 minutos hasta Saboga. Además, hay lanchas que salen de la ciudad de Panamá hasta Contadora o Saboga. Hay una lancha comercial que sale los sábados y regresa los domingos ($70 para ir y regresar). También, hay una lancha nueva que sale y regresa cada jueves hasta el lunes por el mismo precio ($70 para ir y regresar).
2.0 Situación Actual
En 2009, la empresa Centroamericana, Grupo del Sol, anuncio que van a desarrollar las playas de la Isla Saboga. Compraron 70% de la isla y van a invertir $1.5 mil millones en el desarrollo para hacer de ella un ‗paraíso‘ turístico (Latin World, 2009). Grupo del Sol tiene un plan de desarrollo de 10 años que puede causar cambios en la sociedad y el ambiente de la isla. Dice que va a intentar hacer un desarrollo sin impactos, pero esos nos parecen inevitables.
A la derecha pueden ver un imagen del plan de desarrollo de Grupo del Sol.
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(www.islasaboga.com)
3.0 Empleos y Educación
La mayoría de la gente con quien hablamos trabajan en los sectores de turismo, a la isla Contadora, o en los proyectos de construcción en Saboga. Hay algunos que están trabajando para el programa ―Survivor‖ ahora también. Además de la construcción de Grupo del Sol, el gobierno está construyendo una fonda/cantina/hospedaje sobre el Puerto Nuevo, y un comedor para la escuela.
La escuela tiene tres maestras. Dos vienen de la Ciudad de Panamá y la maestra de Kinder y Pre-Kinder, la ―Madre-Madre‖, es de Saboga. Tiene cuatro aulas. Una es utilizada para las computadoras, y tiene un proyecto para tener Internet en la escuela. Están esperando por eso todavía. Las otras aulas están llenas con los 65 estudiantes de primaria. En las tardes, de las 3 a 7, tienen cursos de la secundaria también. Hay 15 estudiantes de secundaria en Saboga ahora mismo.
La educación de los hijos fue la respuesta más común como razón para salir de Saboga hacia la Ciudad u otras islas. Después de la educación de sus hijos, hay gente que regresan para vivir en Saboga. Otras se quedan en otro lado por el trabajo y regresan a la isla para las fiestas y vacaciones solamente.
4.0 La Cultura
4.1 La Iglesia
La comunidad de Saboga está muy orgullosa de su iglesia Católica. Data del siglo 18 y está en uso todavía. Casi todos a quien hablamos consideran la iglesia como un sitio muy importante para la cultura de la isla, y para el turismo. Los más viejos a quien hablamos dijeron que la iglesia fue más importante en las vidas de la gente antes. Antes, la gente era más religiosa, pero se identifican como Católicos todavía. Aunque, no siguen todas las tradiciones. Por ejemplo, parece que mucha gente no se
70 casa. Siempre en estos días, la iglesia está encargada de fiestas populares, como la Semana Santa.
Durante estas fiestas, los familiares y amigos de isleños vienen de todos lados y la comunidad se llena. Vimos que las mujeres de la isla tejían sus cabellos para prepararse para la Semana Santa. Este año, la iglesia fue pintada de nuevo para Semana Santa y como cada año, tenían una procesión de los santos de la iglesia. Grupo de Sol pago a un seminarista para venir de la Ciudad de Panamá para estar a cargo de la iglesia. Pero, durante la Semana Santa, él intento cambiar las tradiciones del pueblo cuando impuso un toque de queda para la procesión de los santos. Normalmente, la gente festeja con los santos hasta muy temprano en la mañana. Esta imposición molesta a la comunidad bastante, y al fin el seminarista se fue de la isla.
La importancia de la iglesia se refleja en historias alrededor de ella. Escuchamos una historia de un carpintero que se enamoró de la isla durante su visita allá. Quiso dar un regalo, en la forma de un santo para la iglesia de la comunidad antes de salir, entonces se fue buscando un buen trozo de madera. Buscó en toda la isla, pero fue muy difícil buscar madera de buena calidad. Vio un árbol con madera perfecto en la Playa Corral, pero el tronco estaba torcido. Siguió buscando en el resto de la isla, pero no encontró otra madera. Se rindió y regreso a la Playa Corral para cortar el árbol torcido. ¡Milagro! Cuando regresó, el árbol se había transformado a una forma perfecta para hacer el santo. El mismo santo existe todavía en la iglesia hoy.
4.2 Los Corrales
Las Playas de Corrales tienen más significado que la leyenda del santo de la iglesia. En estas playas, hay dos estructuras precolombinas, hechas de piedras por los indígenas, y tienen mucha importancia por el pueblo hoy. Las estructuras son corrales semicirculares que se usan para capturar pescados, mariscos, y tortugas. Cuando la marea esta alta, los pescados entran en los corrales y quedan atrapados adentro cuando la marea baja. La gente de Saboga utiliza bastante estos
71 corrales para recoger pescados. Durante nuestras encuestas, fue un tema del que hablaban mucho, por lo que los corrales son sitios que la gente quiere proteger para futuras generaciones.
Una anciana del pueblo nos dijo que su padre le enseñó que lo que recogen de los corrales es comunal, porque los corrales no tienen dueños. Hay una leyenda que cuenta que cuando la gente comparta los pescados de los corrales, se multiplican. Pero, si intentan venderlos o no compartirlos, los pescados van a disminuir. Aunque, los otros a quien hablamos dijeron que, en general, comen los pescados que recogen de los corrales, o los venden a las fondas, sus vecinos, etc.
Los corrales son causa de preocupación para la gente de Saboga. La primera fase de desarrollo se da en las Playas Corrales, y la gente de Saboga tiene miedo de perder su acceso a estos recursos. La empresa ha cambio el nombre de la playa a ―Playa Encanto.‖ Eso es una manera de apropiar la playa. Saben que playas son públicas por la ley, pero piensan que la empresa y los turistas no van a querer que ellos los utilicen. Deben saber que tienen todo los derechos de mantener su acceso. Cuando hablamos con gente de la empresa acerca de esta inquietud, nos contestaban que la gente tiene derechos a las playas, y que van a hacer senderos específicamente para ellos.
Seria importante para el trabajo de grupos, como ACD, seguir las preguntas de los corrales y el acceso que la gente de Saboga tiene a ellos. También, con un poco de educación, los corrales podrían ser sitios interesantes para turistas, por que ofrecen un poco historia de la isla, y de la cultura actual.
4.3 Sitios Arqueológicos
Hay 18 sitios arqueológicos en la isla Saboga. Además de los corrales, hay montones de conchas y pedazos de cerámicas precolombinos también. Estos sitios son importantes a proteger del desarrollo. La empresa está intentando cuidarlos, y escuchamos que quiere construir un museo.
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4.4 Los Sabogueños
La gente de Saboga le gusta festejar. La música se escucha siempre en la calle, y la gente le gusta ir a la Cantina para bailar y tomar. La baile se puede mover hasta las calles también. El alcohol hace un grande parte de la cultura moderna y se consume a todo tiempos del dia, cada dia de semana. Vecinos se sientan a fuera de sus casa y socializan siempre. Parece como una comunidad muy cercana. Muchos son parientes, y nada es secreto en este comunidad.
La pelea de gallos es muy popular, especialmente entre los muchachos. Puede ver los jóvenes caminando orgullosamente en el pueblo, gallos en mano. Los gallos que utilizan por la pelea son mucho mas bonitos que los gallos de casa. La pelea de gallos involucrada apuestas y mucho tomando. Vimos algunos desacuerdos entre gente como resulto de la palea de estos actividades.
Durante las fin de semanas, familias van a la playa, Puerto Nuevo. Hay niños que nos digieron que hay veces que van nadar a la Playa Santiago tambien, pero la mayoria de los adultos a quien habloms dicen que le gustan mas el Puerto Nuevo por que es lo mas cerca. Otras playas que visitan son las Playas Corrales, para recoger pescados de los corrales.
5.0 La Vida en Saboga
5.1 La pesca, agricultura, y cacería
Aprendimos bastante sobre la vida en Saboga, hoy y en el pasado. Tuvo bastantes cambios en la forma de vida. Escuchamos historias de los ancianos de la comunidad de cómo era la vida antes. Se acuerdan del tiempo cuando la mayoría de la gente practicaba la pesca y la agricultura para sobrevivir. Uno de los más viejos de la isla nos digo que sus padres pescaban en velero. En todo caso, la pesca fue la fuente más importante económicamente, y de alimentación también. Hoy, muchos hombres nos digieran que les gusta pescar, y que salen para recoger pescados para alimentar a sus familias, pero no se dedican a eso para sobrevivir. Hay veces, cuando pescan pescados grandes o valiosos, que los venden a las fondas de Saboga, a restaurantes en Contadora o al Mercado de Mariscos en la Ciudad de Panamá.
Hay alguien que pescan otros mariscos, como las conchas de perlas, langostas, etc. Hacen buceo para las langostas, pero nos dijeron que son los Kunas que hacen más buceo alrededor de Las Perlas. Las conchas de perlas se recogen para comer la carne. No hay suficiente perlas
73 en las conchas para sobrevivir de eso, pero hay veces que buscan perlas en las conchas. En estés casos, las guardan, las dan como regalos, o pueden intentar venderles.
Escuchamos la historia de una anciana también, de su padre que no tenía suficiente comida para sus 11 hijos. Fue a la playa para caminar y hablar con Dios de su tristeza. Vio una concha sobre la playa, y cuando lo abrió, vio una perla muy grande! Fue un día de suerte, por que había una lancha de extranjeros al lado de la isla. El hombre le considero un regalo de Dios, y fue para vender la perla ¡Los extranjeros la compraron por $100! El hombre regresó a su familia y dijo a su esposa que eran millonarios. Esta perla alimentó su familia por mucho tiempo, y enseñó a sus hijos a hablar con Dios cuando tenían problemas.
La agricultura tenia mucho mas importancia antes también. Antes que Contadora fue desarrollada, la gente de Saboga hicieron agricultura allá también. Hoy en este día, hay plátanos, guineos, yuca, ñame, mangos, papaya, etc que se siembran en Saboga. Hay muy poco gente que van sembrar y que pueden vender las cosas después. Tambien, hay gente que tienen estas cosas sobre sus tierras. Pero, por lo mas, la gente compran sus alimentos de la Ciudad de Panamá o de otras islas.
La cazaría no tiene una grande importancia sobre Saboga. Lo mas importante que cazan en Saboga es la iguana, a pesar del hecho de que esta prohibida. Comen los huevos de tortugas también, lo que es prohibida. Los únicos mamíferos que están en Saboga son algunos ñeques y conejos, y hay alguien que crecen puercos en el bosque. Otros van a otras islas para cazar venados. Contadora tiene venados, y nos digieran que tenia venados que nadaron a Saboga una vez, pero no se quedaban por mucho tiempo.
5.2 Uso de Recursos del Bosque
Aprendimos de los ancianos que la gente hicieron un ―vino de palma‖ antes, pero no le hacen hoy. Fermentaban la savia de una palma (la palma corosso), y fue muy popular. Nunca le hace hoy, por que el tradición se perdí y la gente no saben como le hacer.
La isla tiene plantas medicinales en abundancia también. Algunas mujeres a quien hablamos conocen bastante sobre esos, y los niños a la escuela tuvieron un proyecto sobre ellos.
6.0 El Ambiente Natural
Saboga tiene más que solamente sus playas de arena blanca y negra. Hay manglares, estuarios, pozos de agua dulce, y un bosque precioso. Los isleños aman su isla, pero parece
74 que no se mueven tanto del pueblo. Entonces, no conocen tan bien los recursos que tienen, pero es importante cuidarles de caro al desarrollo. Saboga tiene bastante riquezas marinas también. Al lado de Saboga está el mayor el arrecife de coral del archipiélago. El Dr. Héctor Guzmán nos dijo que las playas de Saboga son sitios de anidación de tortugas marinas. Vimos delfines y ballenas jorobadas, que se aparean en la costa de Saboga.
Las riquezas del ambiente de Saboga necesitan cuidarse, y hay riesgos que van a sufrir por el desarrollo. Seria muy importante de educar la gente de la isla, la empresa, y turistas de los lugares importante para el ambiente en la isla.
Escuchamos que la empresa tiene pensado hacer un área protegida en el bosque de la isla. El bosque no les pertenece, y cuando preguntamos a la gente de Saboga lo que piensan de este posibilidad, contestaban con vacilo. Algunos apoyaban la idea, para proteger el bosque y los animales de la isla. Otros nos preguntaban:¿ para quién quieren proteger el bosque? Los últimos tenia miedo que una área protegida hiciera la cacería de iguanas más difícil, por ejemplo.
7.0 Problemas Sociales y Ambientales
7.1 Agua
El problema más importante en Saboga hoy es el agua. Saboga tiene algunos pozos de agua dulce, y hay casas que tienen la infraestructura para tener agua en ellas, pero no hay agua en el pueblo. Los isleños necesitan caminar un mínimo de 600 metros para ir al pozo para buscar su agua, lavarse, etc. La mayoría de las casas no tienen baños. La escuela tiene baños, pero por que no hay agua, los estudiantes no tienen el derecho de utilizarlos.
En nuestras encuestas, hay dos razones por la falta de agua. La primera es la estación: durante la estación seca, hay menos agua en el pozo. Pero, la otra razón es que la empresa usa el mismo pozo para obtener el agua que utilizan en la construcción. Estas actividades de la empresa molestan mucho la comunidad. Digieran que no recibían compensaciones de la empresa, y que deberían tener prioridades al acceso al agua.
El problema del agua va probablemente a aumentar en el futuro. Escuchamos de gente que trabajan para la empresa que van a construir muchas piscinas, y es claro que las casas van a necesitar mucha agua. La empresa dicen que tienen otras maneras de obtener agua dulce. Por ejemplo, tienen una maquina de desalinización que están guardando en Contadora por que
75 tienen problemas a instalarla en Saboga. La empresa quiere colectar el agua de la lluvia también. Sin embargo, pensamos que el agua esta causando problemas que necesitan atención ahora mismo.
7.2 Basura
Preguntamos a los isleños lo que hacen con la basura. Supimos que hay un sistema de recolección de basura en la isla, pero hay un poco confusión sobre quien está ofreciendo este sistema. Algunos piensan que es la empresa, y otros dicen que es el municipio. El carro que viene a recoger la basura la pone en un vertedero lejos de la comunidad. Hay gente que quema su basura también.
7.3 Títulos de Propiedad
Nadie a quien hablamos tiene un titulo de propiedad, pero la mayoría están en el proceso de obtenerlo. Nos enteramos de una mujer que piensa pagar $2.50-2.75 por metro de su propiedad. Vimos trabajadores del municipio que fueron midiendo las propiedades cuando fuimos a la isla. Tener título de tierra es un nuevo fenómeno en las islas. Es una posibilidad que dividir la tierra hace parte del desarrollo de la isla. Si hay distintas propiedades, pueden vender tierras, etc. Hay un extranjero de Francia que compro tierra en Saboga, y se construyo una casa grande.
7.4 Alcohol y Drogas
A pesar de su cultura fiestera, hay veces que el consumo de alcohol causa disputas entre la gente. Alguien con quien hablamos tiene preocupaciones sobre las peleas que se forman entre gente en la isla. Además, el consumo de alcohol provoca un comportamiento agresivo hacia los perros.
7.5 Percepciones del Pueblo
Tuvimos una experiencia fantástica en la isla Saboga. La gente que encontramos fue muy simpática, amigable y hospitalaria. Fue una sorpresa saber que la percepción extranjera de los Sabogueños es diferente. Desde conversaciones con gente en Contadora, aprendimos que la percepción de afuera es que la cultura Sabogueña es áspera y violenta. Ha habido rumores de
76 ladrones armados que fueron de Saboga a Contadora en los últimos meses. También, ha habido rumores de robos en Saboga.
Sin embargo, la gente que vive en Saboga le gusta mucho su isla. Mucha gente a quien hablamos que se fue de la isla y regreso porque quieren vivir sus últimos días en su isla.
8.0 El Desarrollo y el Turismo
Parece que el desarrollo y turismo son inevitables en Saboga. Sin embargo, la disposición del pueblo frente al desarrollo y turismo es muy positiva. Hay un sentimiento que un crecimiento de turismo puede dar más oportunidades económicas y ocasiones por mas intercambios culturales a la isla. Del otro lado, hay preocupaciones entre la gente por que no saben como la comunidad va a ser afectada, si van a estar involucrados en el desarrollo, o cuales cambios van a imponerse sobre ellos. También, tienen miedo que la comunidad no esté lista por el turismo.
Algunas encuestas muestran que la gente siente un poco confusión por que nadie les ha explicado lo que va a pasar en la isla, o cuales son los planes futuros. Pero, había encuestas con gente que está muy alegre con la empresa, y dicen que tenían cursos para prepararles por el turismo, etc.
En gran mayoría, la gente de Saboga a quien hablamos estaba muy entusiasmada por los turistas. Hay mucha gente que trabaja actualmente con turistas en Contadora. Hay veces que los turistas vienen a Saboga por giras de un día. No pueden quedarse, por que no hay hospedajes en la isla. De acuerdo con la gente a quien hablamos, lo que más le interesa a los turistas en Saboga son la iglesia, las playas, el cementerio, y actividades como el snorkelling. La gente de Saboga estaba entusiasmada entre turistas y locales también. Describían un turista típico como alguien amigable y feliz.
La incertidumbre del pueblo tiene bases. Necesitamos ver cuales oportunidades van a tener para integrarse en el proceso del turismo. Es muy importante que tengan un rol si el turismo y el desarrollo de Saboga van a ser sostenibles.
9.0 Sitios importantes & resultados de encuestas
Sitios identificados en las encuestas, giras y observaciones en Saboga
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De las encuestas, observaciones y las giras que hicimos en Saboga, identificamos sitios importantes para la sociedad, la cultura, y el ambiente de la isla. Identificamos lugares donde han empezado el desarrollo también.
9.1 Lugares Socio-Culturales
Los sitios siguientes fueron identificados como importantes para la sociedad y cultura de
Saboga por que están siendo usados por el pueblo, o por que son asociados con leyendas o la vida día-a-día de la gente de la isla.
Sitio Coordinada Descripción
Corrales N 08˚37.543 En estas playas hay corrales que se W079˚04.180 hicieron en la época precolombina. La gente de Saboga los utiliza todavía para N 08˚37.313 recoger pescados para comer. W079˚04.267
Loma de Floral N 08˚38.063 Este es un lugar donde había árboles con muchas flores, pero ya no existen. Ahora, W079˚03.962 se puede ver un precipicio de 40 metros.
Pozo Grande N 08˚37.472 Este es el pozo de agua dulce principal del pueblo. W079˚03.954
Cementerio N 08˚37.689
W079˚03.645
Escuela N 08˚37.614 En Saboga hay casi 65 estudiantes que van a la escuela primaria y alrededor de W079˚03.690 15 estudiantes van a la escuela secundaria. La escuela secundaria es en la noche.
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Tiendas N 08˚37.661 Hay tres tiendas en el pueblo.
W079˚03.645
N 08˚37.658
W079˚03.633
Cantinas N 08˚37.641 Hay dos cantinas populares en el pueblo.
W079˚03.643
N 08˚37.664
W079˚03.640
Fondas N 08˚37.644 Hay tres fondas en el pueblo que venden platos de comida entre $2-2.50. W079˚03.650
N 08˚37.651
W079˚03.636
N 08˚37.643
W079˚03.610
Telefono N 08˚37.645
W079˚03.624
Iglesia N 08˚37.634 La Iglesia de la isla es un tesoro del pueblo. Es una de las iglesias más viejas W079˚03.598 de América que aún se utiliza hoy. Desde este sitio se puede gozar de una vista bellísima. Centro de Salud N 08˚37.642 El centro de salud tiene solamente una enfermera, no hay médicos. En las W079˚03.589 situaciones más graves la gente va a la isla Contadora.
Policia N 08˚37.639
W079˚03.586
Puerto Nuevo N 08˚37.599 Eso es el puerto principal de la isla. El
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W079˚03.559 Grupo de Sol tiene su oficina aquí también. Además, es la playa preferida donde nadan los isleños los fines de semana.
Planta Electrica N 08˚37.449 Este planta eléctrica suministra a las islas Saboga y Contadora. W079˚03.173
9.2 Sitios Ambientales
Estos son sitios importante para el ambiente de Saboga. Fueron mencionados durante encuestas con la gente de Saboga y con discusiones con el científico Dr. Hector Guzman.
Estos sitios representan las riquezas natural de la isla, sitios que ofrecen servicios ecológicos a la isla, y lugares que necesitamos cuidar de cara al desarrollo.
Sitio Coordinada Descripción
Playa Blanca N 08˚37.985 Una playa linda con arena blanca.
W079˚03.957 Las playas de Saboga son sitios de anidación de tortugas marinas también.
Playa Tembladera N 08˚37.845 Los isleños dicen que la arena tiembla cuando camina sobre este arena negra.. W079˚04.024
Playa Corral N 08˚37.552 Este playa es el sitio de la primera fase de desarrollo. Grupo del Sol le llama ―Playa W079˚04.108 Encanto.‖ Además, es la playa donde se encuentran los corrales precolombinos.
Playa Santiago N 08˚38.050 Hay manglares sobre esta playa.
W079˚03.695
Playita N 08˚37.141
W079˚04.144
Playa Larga N 08˚36.990
W079˚04.140
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Playa Grande N 08˚37.008
W079˚03.992
Arbol de Deseo N 08˚37.098 Este árbol muy lindo representa la importancia del bosque de Saboga W079˚03.875
Mirador del N 08˚36.793 Estuario W079˚03.872
Arrecife de Coral N 08˚37.586
W079˚03.158
9.3 Sitios de Desarrollo Actual
Estos sitios son lugares donde ya han empezado el desarrollo. Los identificamos durante una gira con gente del Grupo del Sol, y gracias a nuestras propis observaciones y las encuestas.
Sitio Coordinadas Descripción
Primera Fase de N 08˚37.654 Esta sobre la Playa Corral Desarrollo (Proyecto El W079˚03.977 Encanto)
Oficina de la N 08˚37.594 En la oficina de Grupo del Sol hay Empresa comodidades para sus empleados W079˚03.574 también.
Tanque de Agua N 08˚37.363 Esta agua va a suministrar el proyecto El de Encanto Encanto en el futuro, con la ayuda de una W079˚03.681 maquina de desalinizadora.
Puerto Nuevo N 08˚37.599 El gobierno esta construyendo un hospedaje/cantina sobre la playa. W079˚03.559
Escuela N 08˚37.614 El gobierno esta construyendo un comedor para la escuela. W079˚03.690
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9.4 Resultados de nuestras entrevistas Tabla 8: Familia e Historia
Familia e Historia Razones para vivir - Nacer en la isla en isla Saboga - Familia es de la isla - Venir a Saboga con su esposo/esposa - Oportunidades de trabajo Razones para salir - Educación de sus hijos la isla - Oportunidades de trabajo en otros sitios - Familia o esposo/esposa vive en un otro sitio Niños - Ir a la escuela primaria y secundaria en Saboga - Ir a la escuela primaria y secundaria en la ciudad de Panamá o en otras islas (ej. San Miguel) - Regresar a Saboga o quedarse donde fue a la escuela/ encontrando trabajo/esposo La vida antes - Agricultura o Aguacates, plántanos, guineos, cocos, mangos - Pesquería o Pescar y bucear por las perlas madres, langostas, mariscos, etc. Cambios - Las casas no son hechas de caña de azúcar, de suelo de tierra, ni con tejado de paja - Construcción en Saboga - Cambios de dieta o Antes: muchos peces y mariscos o Ahora: puerco, pollo, and peces - Agua: reservas y infraestructura - Antes tenía 6 horas de electricidad cada día hora tiene electricidad 24 horas cada día
Tabla 9: Social Social Número de - Entre 300-450 personas personas en Saboga o Casi la misma cantidad como antes - Algunas no saben cuántos gente vive en Saboga
Ocupación - Construcción - Trabajar para programa ―Survivor‖ - Trabajar a sus casas - Cocineras - Trabajar en isla Contadora
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o Transportar turistas en lanchas o Limpiar casas o Trabajar en hoteles Escuela - 4 maestras en total o 2 empleado por el gobierno (son de la ciudad de Panamá) o 1 de Saboga (―Madre madre‖) o 1 maestra de escuela secundaria - Pre-Kindergarten y kindergarten - Escuela primaria o 4 aulas . Aula de tecnológica . Internet es esperando pronto o 65 estudiantes - Escuela secundaria o En la noche o Desde 3pm hasta 7pm o 15 estudiantes o El mismo edificio de la escuela primaria - Bastantes niños van a la escuela en otras islas ej. San Miguel y Pedro González. - Estudiantes van a la Ciudad de Panamá para estudiar también o Bastantes estudiantes salen para ir a la escuela secundaria en otros sitios Agua - Hay ninguna casa que tienen agua corriente, aunque hay infraestructura o Necesitar ir al pozo de agua, Pozo Grande (600 m del pueblo), para obtener agua o El problema más importante planteado durante las entrevistas o Agua de Pozo Grande está siendo usada para la construcción y desarrollo de la Isla también (reservas decrecientes) Electricidad y el - Todos tienen electricidad 24 horas por día Internet o Antes la planta eléctrica hubo electricidad solamente entre 6pm-10pm o La planta electica en Saboga suministra electricidad a Contadora también - La escuela recibirá internet pronto o Solamente los estudiantes y los maestros tendrán acceso a internet Número de - 15-30 personas con lanchas Casa vacios - No hay muchas casas que no tienen dueños - Bastante gente trabaja y vive en la ciudad de Panamá y tienen casas en Saboga cuando ellos regresan para las vacaciones - La empresa de desarrollo alquila casas de gente que vive en la ciudad pero tiene casa en Saboga todavía Títulos de Tierra - La mayoría no tiene títulos de propiedad, pero esta tratando de (de Propiedad) obtenerlos
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o Gente irá a medir su tierra - Es necesario tener un titulo de tierra para demostrar propiedad - Cuesta $2-2.50 por metro para obtener un titulo La Iglesia - El orgullo del pueblo es la iglesia o Es un lugar importante, porque la gente quiere proteger la iglesia para las generaciones siguientes - Un sitio famoso para los turistas - Iglesia católica - De tiempo colonial - La empresa contrató un hombre que está estudiando para ser un sacerdote para cuidar la iglesia o El abandonó porque hubo desacuerdo con los isleños durante la Semana Santa Lugares Favoritos - Las playas en la isla o Especialmente Puerto Nuevo, Playa Corrales - Sus casas - La iglesia
Tabla 10: Ambiente Ambiente Recursos Naturales - Construcción - Turismo - Pesquería Problemas - Algunos no creen que hay problemas ambientales en la isla Ambientales - Agua o Proyectos de construcción usan el agua de pozo de comunidad o Es muy difícil especialmente durante los meses de verano o El pozo de agua no es suficiente para mantener ambos la construcción y la comunidad - Las fosas sépticas se están llenado - Basura - Construcción causa deforestación y afecta las aguas subterráneas - Demasiada pesca de langostas por Kunas cerca de la costa de Saboga - Caza de tortugas marinas y sus huevos (identificado como un problema por Dr. H. Guzmán) Proteger por o Los corrales precolombinos media-circulares generaciones o Playa Corrales (2 playas) futuras o Tener miedo de no tener acceso a los corrales en los años siguientes - El pueblo - El bosque y los animales - La escuela - Recursos de agua - Arrecifes
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- La iglesia Basura - Colectada y después va al vertedero en la isla y después eso lo queman - Algunas queman su propia basura todavía - No esta claro quién colecta la basura, la municipalidad o la empresa, Grupo del Sol Agricultura - No cultivan tanto como antes, porque casi todo los hombres trabajan en construcción y en turismo - Todavía se practica agricultura de sustento en campos de algunas personas o en el bosque o Guineos, plántanos, yuca, mangos, cocos - La gente de Saboga practicaban agricultura en isla Contadora antes del desarrollo de la isla Alimentos - Los alimentos vienen de la ciudad de Panamá - Gente compra sus alimentos en las tiendas locales - Alimentos locales incluyen pollo, peces, iguanas, huevos de tortugas, plátanos, cocos, yuca, mangos, guineos etc.
Tabla 11: Pescaría Pescaría Métodos - Corrales precolombinos o Pertenecer a comunidad - Sedales, arpones, lanzas, buceo para langostas y ostras - Aprendido de sus padres Razones - Consumo personal - Vender a hoteles en Isla Contadora o a la ciudad de Panamá Lugares - Playa Corral - Isla Pacheca - Entorno de la isla Saboga Tipos de peces - Pargo - Pargo de la mancha, pargo Amarillo - Cojinúa - Trompeta - Corvina - Pez Dorado o Langostas liberar los pequeños de nuevo al mar - Vender a Contadora y si hay muchos vender a la ciudad de Panamá - Manta Raya, ETC Ostras de perlas - Todavía gente bucea por ostras de perlas, pero no hay muchas veces que alguien encuentra perlas - Comer la carne de las ostras con coco - Kunas de Kuna Yala vienen al archipiélago para bucear las ostras - Bucear con turistas Conchas - Comer la carne - No hacer cosas artesanales - Vendían las conchas a Contadora y hoy hacen eso ocasionalmente
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Tabla 12: Cazaría Cazaría Animales cazados - No hay mucha gente que caza en Saboga - Puercos domésticos - Iguanas en isla Saboga o También en isla Pacheca - Ñeque - Venado en otras islas ej. Contadora Island o No hay venados sobre Saboga Mamíferos - Perros - Puercos - Ñeque - Conejos - No hay tantos mamíferos Área Protegida en - Respuestas dividas el futuro - Contra la idea si prohíbe cazar de iguanas: o Iguanas son alimentos muy importantes para la comunidad y la cultura - Si protege el ambiente, el bosque y los animales es bueno - ¿Para quién va a proteger la empresa?
Tabla 13: Plantas de bosque Plantas de bosque Vino de Palma - Personas hacían este vino de palma antes, pero hoy no lo hacen (chicha de palma) porque la gente que sabe cómo hacerlo, eso ha muerto - La sapa de palma se fermenta - Hecho de Palma Corozo/Coquillo Plantas - Hay muchas plantas medicinales en Saboga medicinales - Todavía, las usan - Gente aprendió cómo usarlas de sus padres y abuelos, pero hay algunas personas que no saben cómo usarlas - Algunas plantas: o Yerba Buena o Salvia o Yerba limon o Elinojo o Torronjil o Anamo o Palo velenal o Vaxamino
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Tabla 14: Turismo Turismo Opiniones - Turismo es bueno en Saboga y beneficiará el pueblo o Oportunidades de empleo o Un intercambio de cultura - Desarrollo es bueno - Incierto si personas van a tener trabajo en los años siguientes - Tienen miedo de no tener tanto acceso a su isla; tienen miedo que los turistas no les quieren allá - Es importante que los isleños aprenden ingles y se preparan para turismo - Esperan que el turismo no cambie sus tradiciones y costumbres - Inconsciente sobre las planes de turismo o La empresa no ha explicado nada a la comunidad o Gente esta incierta sobre sus derechos . Tiene miedo de no tener acceso a los corrales, aunque las playas son publicas - Aparentemente, hay algunos cursos que la empresa da al pueblo para prepararse para el turismo - Mucha gente no sabe que va a pasar con el pueblo en el futuro Número de Turistas - Vienen por yate, veleros o de Contadora - No hay tantos turistas desde que el más grande hotel ha cerrado - Cuando mas turistas vengan, las cosas cambiarían – quizás mas trabajo Cosas que interesan - Las playas las turistas - La Iglesia - Arrecife — tubo de buceo - La escuela - El cementerio Interacción entre - Agradable los isleños y las - Tranquila turistas - Buena - Simpática
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