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Appendix I: Extra Reserve

As part of Haldane's army reforms, 23 of the line were ordered to form a total of 27 Extra Reserve battalions. All eight Irish regiments formed such battalions; four of these regiments each formed two battalions. They became the 4th and 5th Battalions of their . These 12 battalions were intended to perform a similar service in as Territorial units did on the mainland. The two Extra Reserve battalions of the Royal Irish Rifles maintained a separate existence for the duration but both Extra Reserve battalions of the , the and the Royal Fusiliers were absorbed by their 3rd Battalions in May 1918. The 4th of the Royal Irish Regiment remained a discrete unit but those of the , the and the Royal Inniskilling Fusi!iers were absorbed by their 3rd Battalions in April and May 1918. In , the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), Highland Light and the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders formed Extra Reserve battalions. The three battalions were part of the Forth or Tay Garrisons and survived the war. Eleven English regiments formed a 4th (Extra Reserve) Battalion while the , which had four Regular and two Reserve battalions, formed the 7th (Extra Reserve) Battalion. Five of these twelve Extra Reserve units fulfilled their original purpose and went overseas as fighting infantry. Four of the remaining battalions served in garrisons alongside their regiments' 3rd (Reserve) Battalions. The remaining three battalions also served as coastal garrison units. The seven battalions which spent the war in the UK were part of the home army but con­ tinued to function as draft finding units.

4th (Ex.Res.) Royal Warwickshire Garrison 7th (Ex.Res.) Royal Fusiliers May 1916 4th (Ex.Res.) King's France March 1915 4th (Ex.Res) Tees Garrison 4th (Ex.Res) France July 1916 4th (Ex.Res) Fusiliers Severn Garrison 4th (Ex.Res) East Harwich Garrison 4th (Ex.Res) S. Staffordshire France October 1917 4th (Ex.Res) Manchester Humber Garrison 4th (Ex.Res) N. Staffordshire France October 1917 4th (Ex.Res) Durham L.l. Tyne Garrison 4th (Ex.Res) Tyne Garrison

205 Appendix II: Home Defence Scheme, July 1914*

Central

GHQ: Hotel Metropole,

Independent Mounted HQ: Bury St Edmunds 4 Mounted 2 Cyclist Battalions

First Army HQ: Highland Division Welsh Division (if ordered) West Riding Division (if ordered) 2 Mounted Brigades

Second Army HQ: 1st London Division Home Co. Division Wessex Division (if ordered) 2 Mounted Brigades 3 Cyclist Battalions

Third Army HQ: Luton East Anglian Division North Midland Division South Midland Division 2nd London Division 2 Mounted Brigades 1 Cyclist Battalion

* Excluding garrisons of Defended Ports.

206 Appendix II 207

Local

Divisions Mounted Brigades Cyclist Battalions

London District 1 1 2 Northern Command 2 1 3 Western Command 1 1 Southern Command 1 2 Irish Command 2 1

Total and Local Forces

Divisions Mounted Brigades Cyclist Battalions

14 14 14 Appendix III: Provisional Units

In June 1915 the 56 recently formed and numbered Provisional battalions were grouped into Provisional brigades. Similarly, the home service field companies, artillery brigades and field ambulances were also numbered and brigaded. The brigades fell under the command of the GOCs of the six Home Commands and as such constituted elements of the home army. By mid-1916, probably 17 of the original 56 had been disbanded and the remaining 41 were serving in 10 Provisional brigades. Apart from 3 Provisional , which had five battalions, the formations each had four battalions. ACI 2364 and 2426 of 1916 allocated all Provisional units to County Associations with effect from 1 January 1917. The infantry battalions quickly, but not immediately, dropped their numbered designations and became Home Service Territorial battalions of their county regiment. In late 1916, the 6th, 8th and 9th Provisional brigades were transferred to the three new Home Service divisions, the 71st, 72nd and 73rd. Their brigades were numbered from 212 to 220 and each contained three battalions of the now reg­ imentally named and numbered former Provisional units. Six Home Service bat­ talions were scattered amongst the formations and each division contained a third brigade of what were nominally Second Line Territorial battalions. The remaining seven of the original ten Provisional brigades became 221-227 Brigades, each of four battalions. By 1918 they were known as Mixed brigades. These remained as part of XXIII Army Corps, Northern Command or until the end of the war. However, those Provisional units which had gone to the three Home Service divisions were, in 1917, replaced by the Graduated battalions and disbanded.

208 Appendix IV: The Home Army in November 1918*

XXIII Army Corps

(-General Sir W.S. Pulteney) HQ: Bury St Edmonds 64th (2/Highland) Division: 191, 192, 193 Bdes (all Graduated bns). 67th (2/Home Co.) Division: 201, 202 Bdes (all Graduated bns). 214 Special Bde: 16/R.W. Surrey; 2/lst Herts; 2/1st Warwickshire Yeo. 68th (2/Welsh) Division: 203, 204, 205 Bdes (all Graduated bns). (These formations had the usual divisional attached). 1 Cyclist Bde: 2/1, 2/2 ; 2/1 Pembroke Yeo; 2/1 Gamorgan Yeo; 2/1 Montgomery Yeo; 2/1 Denbighshire Yeo. The following Mixed brigades were attached to the divisions: 223 Mixed Bde: 27 (HS) King's; 14/Suffolk; 17/; 9/N'hants. 224 Mixed Bde: 24/Ches; 23/RWF; 4/Monmouth. 225 Mixed Bde: 19/R.W. Surrey; 11/Beds; 18/Essex; 32/Middlesex. 226 Mixed Bde: 17/Gloucester; 28/DLI; 29/London; 30/London. 227 Mixed Bde: 35/N.Fus; IS/Devon; 17/Hants; 13/ L.l. The following Territorial Force Cyclist battalions were attached to the Mixed brigades or the 67th Division: 2/ZSth London; l/6th Suffolk; 2/8th Essex; 2/7th Welsh; 2/7th Devon; 2/9th Hants. The following Heavy Batteries RGA were attached to the Mixed brigades: 2/lst Fife; 2/lst Kent; 2/lst Carnavon; 2/lst Essex; 2/lst London; 2/2nd London. No.2 Armoured Train. XX!II Corps Signal .

Kent Force: (Major-General A.G. Dallas)

HQ: Pall Mall, London. Cyclist Division: 5 Cyclist Bde: 2/lst S. Notts Hussars; 2/lst Derby Yeo; 2/1st City of L.Yeo. 11 Cyclist Bde: 2/lst R. Bucks Hussars; 2/lst Notts Yeo; l/7th Devon (Cyclist).

* Excluding Irish Command.

209 210 Appendix IV

12 Cyclist Bde: 2/1st Staffs Yeo; 2/lst Leics Yeo; 2/lst Lines Yeo. 2/lst Kent Cyclist Bn and divisional units were attached. 221 Mixed Bde: 13 (HS) R.Sco.Fus; 15/Sco.Rifles; 21/HLI; 16/A&SH. 222 Mixed Bde: 37 (HS) N.Fus; 18/Yorks; 26/DLI; 27 /DLI. 393rd and 396th Independent Batteries. 2/lst Warwickshire Heavy Battery RGA. 2/2nd Lancashire Heavy Battery RGA.

Northern Command

HQ: . 69th (2/East Anglian) Division: 206, 207, 208 Bdes (all Graduated bns). Cyclist battalions: 1/Northern; 2/1st Northern; 1/1st Hants; 2/lst Hunts; 2/6th Norfolk; 1/Sth E. Yorks; 2/6th Suffolk; 1/7th Welsh 2/lst North Riding Heavy Battery RGA. 2/lst West Riding Heavy Battery RGA.

Additional troops

28 garrisons on the coast with RGA and RE and some attached infantry. 7 bdes. 14 Reserve Infantry bdes TF. 6 Training Reserve bdes (all Young Soldier bns). 23 Infantry Cadet units. 6 Recruit Distribution bns. Appendix V: Coastal Fortresses and Garrisons 1

The size and extent of Britain's coastal defences and garrisons had evolved through the centuries. A few Martello towers, built to defend the coasts against Napoleon, were still used by naval and military personnel in the early twentieth century, but most of the fortresses had been built in the 1860s. In the 1890s, the growing awareness that the threat might come from the east, rather than the south, caused a limited amount of improvement to be carried out on defences at the Firth of Forth, the Tyne, Humber, Tees and at Leith. In 1903, a Joint Military and Naval Committee, known as the Owen Committee, reclassified cer­ tain ports in view of the enhanced threat by cruisers coming from across the . Coastal defences were weakened, however, in the following year when responsibility for mining shallow waters was removed from the and given to the . Believing that friendly vessels had more to fear from mines than enemy ones, the navy did virtually nothing. Rather more determined work to improve the East Coast's forts and ports was conducted between 1910 and 1914, largely at the expense of those in Ireland and those on the West Coast. By 1914, responsibility for manning the fortresses was divided between the Regular Army and the Territorial Force. For example, during the Precautionary Period, Falmouth Fortress, with its fixed armament of two 6-inch Mark VII bat­ teries and seven machine guns, was garrisoned by a total of eight officers and 204 ORs, a figure which included 41 Regulars of the RGA and 26 Regular RE. On the first day of mobilization the garrison would expand to 95 officers and 2107 ORs, of which 48 and 1322, respectively, were Territorials. By the fifth day, when three Special Reserve battalions had arrived to replace most of the Territorial infantry, the total was to reach 143 officers and 3989 ORs. Territorial RGA units were divided into Garrison Companies and had a full establishment of a little over 400 all ranks. The companies could be scattered over several coast sites. In addition to the gunners, most garrisons had two Fortress Companies and one Fortress Works Company RE. Each Fortress Company had an establishment of about 135, which included an Electric Light Section and a Signalling Section, and the Works Company one of about 170 all ranks. The four Fortress Companies and two Fortress Works Companies comprising, for example, the Humber, Tees and Tyne Garrisons under Northern Command totalled 29 offi­ cers and 1058 ORs. Humber Defences was under the command of either a Major­ General or a Brigadier-General, who had two GSOs, an Assistant Adjutant, a QMG and an attached Intelligence and Anti-Aircraft Officer at his HQ. On mobilization, the Regular RGA coastal units were brought up to strength by Army and Special Reservists. Their existing troops were usually posted over­ seas fairly quickly. During the war, the companies were used to form siege batteries for the Expeditionary Forces and experienced a very rapid turnover of personnel. At , No.3? Company RGA helped to found 71 siege

211 212 Appendix V batteries; No.13 Company, at Languard Fort, had 91 officers and almost 4000 ORs pass through it during a 30-month period. In April 1917, the total number of RGA personnel serving the coastal batteries amounted to 527 officers and 9910 ORs. Twelve months later these men were man­ ning 383 guns, of which 103 were the 6-inch Mark VIII, and another 103 were 12-pdr Quick Firers. In August and September 1918, the RGA companies were abolished and reorganized on a system of Fire Commands. For example, No.1S (Yorkshire) Fire Command, with its 4.7-inch and 4-inch guns, was formed from five companies of the East Riding RGA TF stationed in the Outer Defences of the Humber Garrison. By the time of the reorganization, it is probable all fit men had long since been posted away. Notes

Introduction: The Invasion Issue

1. See I. Beckett, Riflemen Form: A Study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859-1908 and H. Cunningham, The Volunteers: A Social and Political History 1859-1920 for accounts of the raising of the Rifle Volunteers. 2. For a detailed analysis of the contemporary arguments over , see M. Allison, 'The National Service Issue 1899-1914'. unpublished PhD thesis. 3. CAB 3/l/20A1 of 23 Feb.1904. 4. London's defences were officially abolished in March 1905. The conclu­ sions of the CID's report were accepted by the newly elected Liberal Government. 5. Haldane was Secretary of State for War 1905-12, when he became Lord Chancellor. His detractors accused him of being pro-German. 6. CAB 3/l/38A, 18 June 1906. For detailed discussions on the problems faced by Haldane in attempting to execute his reforms, see E. Spiers, Haldane: An Army Reformer; R.B. Haldane, Richard Burdon Haldane: An Autobiography R.B. Haldane, Before the War and D. Sommer, Haldane of Cloan. 7. ]. Gooch, 'Haldane and the ""', in I. Beckett and]. Gooch, Politicians and Defence, pp. 71-2 and E. Spiers, Haldane, pp. 160-86. 8. I. Beckett and]. Gooch, Politicians and Defence, pp. 77-8. 9. The inquiry sat from November 1907 to September 1908. 10. P. Dennis, The Territorial Army 1907-1940, p. 8: 20% of them deserted and a further 25% were discharged before completing their term of service. ].K. Dunlop, The Development of the 1899-1914, p. 48. 11. ]. Dunlop, ibid., p. 45. 12. In 1906 the and the Volunteers were respectively 40,000 and 100,000 under strength.]. Gooch, 'Haldane and the National Army' in I. Beckett and ]. Gooch, Politicians and Defence, p. 77. Ewart was DMO 1906-10 and AG 1910-14. He became GOC Scotland 1914-18. 13. Viscount Esher had been Chairman of the Committee on Reconstruction at the 1903-1904, permanent member of the CID 1905-18 and President of the Co. of London TF Association. He enjoyed close connections to the royal family and with just about anyone involved in political and mil­ itary affairs. He was the ultimate eminence grise. 14. Ewart diary, 10 Dec.1906, quoted I. Beckett and]. Gooch, Politicians and Defence, p. 80. 15. Technically, although the Special Reserve did replace the Militia, the 'old constitutional force' was not quite eliminated. Several thousand Militiamen did not transfer to the new formations and served out their term of service in their old Militia unit. It was not until 1913 that the last batch of six-year men was finally discharged. 16. There were also three Special Reserve regiments, the , South Irish Horse and King Edward's Horse, but they were not drafting

213 214 Notes

units. Although having been in existence for many years, the King Edward's Horse only became a Special Reserve unit in june 1912. 17. l.F.W. Beckett and K. Simpson, A Nation in Anns, p. 4. 18. In his Autobiography, op.cit., p. 185, Haldane recalled that when he men­ tioned to the his intention of creating a 'Hegelian Army ... the conversation fell off'. 19. Hansard, 4th Series Vol.l69,1301, 25 Feb.1907. 20. Fisher had become First Sea Lord in October 1904. He was responsible for cre­ ating the modern navy and the Dreadnought. He was outspoken, at time irra­ tional, and usually resisted co-operation with the War Office. 21. Lord Roberts VC, hero of the South African War and C-in-C 1901-1904. He was President of the NSL and advocated conscription for the Regulars and the home forces. 22. CAB 16/3A; CAB 3/2/1/43A. 23. Tirpitz's statement is printed in G.P. Gooch and H.V. Temperly, British Documents on the Origins ofthe War 1908-1914, Vol.VI, p. 116. 24. Final report, CAB 3/2/44A of 22 Oct.1908. 25. J. Gooch, The Plans of War, p. 285. 26. W033.462, Appreciation of the Situation in the UK in the Event ofHostilities with a European Maritime Power, 1 Sept.1908. was DMT 1907-12, Inspector of Infantry 1912-14, Lord French's Chief of , DCIGS and then CIGS in 1915. 27. W033.462. 28. H.R. Moon, The Invasion of the , p. 380. 29. Hyndmann was the founder of the (socialist) Social Democratic Federation. 30. Admiral Lord Charles Beresford was a Unionist MP at various times. He was a hugely experienced fleet commander and vociferously opposed Fisher's reforms. Their feud attracted great public interest. 31. Hansard House of Lords, 16 79-1704, 23 Nov.1908. 32. Ewart diary entry 12july 1909. Ewart MSS Vol.V. Cited in N.W. Summerton, 'The Development of British Military Planning for a War Against 1904-1914'. unpublished PhD thesis, pp. 347-8. 33. The risks inherent in the construction of the Dreadnought, and the continu­ ing worries over the Kaiser's attitude towards Britain, finally compelled the Liberal Government to lay down more capital ships than even the Admiralty had requested. 34. E. Spiers, Haldane: An Anny Refonner, p. 172. 35. Further testimony to Haldane's intention of using the Territorials alongside the Regulars both at home and abroad can be seen in the organization and equipment of the TF divisions: these almost precisely mirror those of the Regular units. 36. P. Dennis, The Territorial Army, p. 20; M. Howard, The Continental Commitment, p. 39. General Sir Ian Hamilton was QMG 1903-04, GOC Southern Command 1905-1909 and AG 1909-1910. He next became GOC Mediterranean and Inspector for Overseas Forces 1910-14. 37. In his Autobiography, pp. 195-6, Haldane explains that he told the House of Commons 'we should probably have to resort to compulsory military service'. He argued that the principle of universal liability to serve in home defence rested on a strong historical precedent and on the 'common law of the land'. Hansard, 5th Series, Vol.l,1615, 1625, 4 Mar.1909. Notes 215

38. In Before the War, p. 175, Haldane noted that the General Staff acknowledged it would be 'unwise to try, during a period of unrest on the Continent, to commence a new military system'. 39. It has been estimated that something like 8o/o of the male population of Britain in 1914 had experienced some form of military training and that 41 o/o of boys had belonged to an 'improving' youth organization of some descrip­ tion. I. Beckett and K. Simpson, A Nation in Arms, pp. 7, 4.

Chapter 1 Supplementing the Home Army

1. Asquith succeeded Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman as PM in 1908. The policies pursued by Asquith, Sir Edward Grey, the Foreign Secretary and Haldane were 'unknown and probably unacceptable to the majority of his administration as well as of their parliamentary support', N.W. Summerton, The Development of British Military Planning for a War Against Germany, p. 473. See also J.W. Coogan and P.F. Coogan, 'The British Cabinet and the Anglo-French Staff Talks: Who Knew What?', Journal of British Studies, 24, 1985, pp. 110-31. 2. Hansard, 5th Series, Vol.1,1630, 4 Mar.1909. Arnold-Forster's own attempt to reform the between 1903-05 had failed. 3. Hansard, 5th Series, Vol.14,1227, 7 Mar.1910. 4. Ibid., Vol.14,1176, 7 Mar.1910. 5. Wyndham had been Under Secretary to the War Office 1898-1900 and Chief Secretary for Ireland 1900-1905. He was the CO of the and spoke on military affairs 1905-13. 6. Ibid., Vo1.14,1199, 7 Mar.1910. 7. Ibid., Vol.14,1388, 7 Mar.1910. 8. Ibid., Vol.22,702, 2 Mar.1911. 9. W032.8603, Proposed Committee to Consider the Organization of the Special Reserve, 1910. 10. W033.505, Committee on the Organization of the Special Reserve, Second Report, 1910. 11. Hansard, 5th Series, Vol.22,2087-8, 14 Mar.1911. 12. Ibid., Vol.22,2176, 14 Mar.1911. 13. Two of the Government's fiercest critics were: Robert Peel, Unionist MP for Woodbridge, former and CO of the 4/East Surrey, and Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen, Conservative MP for Dudley. He was CO of the 3/West Kent and remained with it after its conversion to a SR unit. One of the warmest supporters was Sir Courtney Warner, Liberal MP for Lichfield. He was Lord Lieutenant of Suffolk and CO of the 3/0x.Light Infantry. 14. Hansard, 5th Series, Vol.41,2309, 1 Aug.1912. 15. The SR's walking out uniform of red serge and helmet was commonly thought to have been designed to use up government stocks of cloth left over from the army's transition from scarlet to khaki. 16. Treasury 1/11400, Re-engagement bounty of £1 for the Special Reserve. 17. Ibid., Vol.50,1129-30, 19 Mar.1913. 18. Hansard, 5th Series, Vol.1,1623, 4 Mar.1909. 19. W032.6585, The Formation of the Territorial Force Reserve. 216 Notes

20. 9/Gen/1239 of 16 Dec.1908. 21. Miles had been Director of Recruiting and Organization 1904 and was QMG 1908-12. 22. W032.6585 (4), 24 Mar.1909. 23. W032.6585 (8). No date but probably Jun.1909. 24. W032.6585 (5), 27 Apr.1909. Nicholson was Director-General Mobilization and Military Intelligence 1901-1904, QMG 1905--{)7 and CGS and CIGS 1908-12. 25. The Council was established in 1908 to advise the Secretary of State upon the larger questions of policy affecting the Territorial Force on its formation. It consisted of representatives from the county associations, representative officers of the TF and one or two distinguished officers. W032.9698, The Territorial Force Advisory Council. 26. W032.6585 (18), 27 July 1909. 27. W032.6585 (39), 2 Dec.1909. 28. W032.6585 (41), 28 Dec.1909. 29. W032.6585 (47), 16 Mar.1910. 30. Hansard, Vol.14.1169, 7 Mar.1910. 31. Original War Office Circular Memo No.262 of 21 May 1909 was superseded by Special Army Order 9/Gen/1259 of 23 Mar.1910. 32. Similarly, Reservists of the 6/ were allowed to keep only their trews rather than their more expensive . NAS, MD7/36, 28 Oct.1910. 33. Hansard, Vol.8,1865, 4 Aug.1909. · 34. W032.6585 (38A). Comment by AG. No date. 35. The Territorial Force Advisory Council, which had met only seven times, was similarly dissolved in May 1914. Its final meeting was held in Apr.1912. W032.9698. 36. Several TF associations minuted at some length the divisions and disputes between the various bodies comprising the different VADs. 37. Rather belatedly, W09/Reserve/1163 (AG1) of 17 June 1914 ordered associations not to enrol dockyard workers and GPO telephonists in Classes I or II of the National Reserve. The Admiralty raised no objection to the ban and agreed that its workers should register only in Class III. ADM1/8391/71; For examples of labour opposition to the Territorial Force see: West Yorkshire RO WR Co.TA Association, Book 24, 30 June 1909, letter from York and District Trades and Labour Council, NAS MD2/2, 15 Mar.1912 for mention of a Lanarkshire miner's leader urging men to resign from the Territorials and NAS, MD11/2, 29 Oct.1913 for a minute of an Co-operative manager instructing his staff to either resign from the Territorials or from their . 38. W091/Reserve/74(AG1) of 14 Apr.1913. Kent Association made an attempt but its enquiries met with little response. 39. The original scheme was another fertile idea from the Surrey Association. See W032.4744, Scheme for Local Guides for the County in the Event of Invasion (Surrey). 40. These items would suffice to identify the wearers as combatants. 41. W032.4744, no ref., DMT to CIGS, 11 Mar.1910. Murray was DMT 1907-12, Inspector of Infantry 1912-14, DCIGS and the CIGS. He was replaced by Lt.-Gen Sir William Robertson in late 1915 and became GOC Egypt. 42. W032.4744, no ref., DMT to CIGS, 15 Mar.1911. Notes 217

43. Kiggell was DSD 1909-13, of the Staff College 1913-14 and Director of Home Defence 1914-15. He then became Chief of the General Staff BEF 1915-18. 44. W032.4744, no ref., DSD to CIGS, 18 Sept.l911. Haldane made it clear he had no objection to associations compiling a preliminary register of guides. 9/Surrey/201 (AGS), May 1910. 45. Hansard, Vol.l8,722, 27 June 1910. 46. Regulations for the Veteran Reserve included with Regulations for the Territorial Force Reserve, 9/Gen.No.1239, issued with Special Army Order of 17 May 1910. 47. The Times 20 June 1910. 48. The Times 22 May 1911. 49. Hansard, Vol.26,1346, 1 June 1911. SO. Essex R0,6E17D/2, 7 Sept.l910; Kent RO, MD/TAl/1, 30 Sept.1910; Norfolk RO TAl/1, 15 July 1911; Oldham Chronicle 7 Nov.l911. 51. National Reserve Regulations, Nov.1911. 52. Hansard, Vol.35,1672, 18 Mar.1912. 53. Hansard, Vol.28,187, 11 July 1911. 54. Derbyshire RO, D530 No.1, 10 July 1912. Colonel Frederick Barron had been GSOl at the Staff College 1905-10. He became AAG (Director of Recruiting and Organization) in 1910. 55. Hansard, Vol.23,226, 21 Mar.1911. 56. Oxfordshire RO, 0/ll/1Al(2), 28 Oct.l911. 57. City of Glasgow, NAS, MDl0/6, 26 May 1913. 58. G.P. Gooch, 'Imperialism' in C. F. Masterman (ed.), The Heart of the Empire, 1901, p. 319, cited in J. Gooch, The Prospect of War, p. 46. 59. Surrey RO, 608/2/2, Report of sub-committee's meeting with War Office rep­ resentatives, 15 July 1912. See also Hansard, Vol.41,314, 16 July 1912. 60. Colonel Seely was originally a Unionist but later joined the Liberal Party. He was Under Secretary of State for the Colonies 1908-10, Under Secretary of State for War 1911-12 and the Secretary of State 1912-14. He resigned over the Curragh incident and, as a Major-General, commanded the Canadian 1914-18. 61. Hansard, Vol.41,313, 16July 1912. 62. Ibid. 63. Haldane, Hansard, Vol.40,1409, 4July 1912. 64. West Lancashire RO, 356WES/47, 30 Jan.1913; Shropshire RO, 1988/34, 3 Feb.1912. 65. The provisional regulations, which were later adopted in their entirety came out as W09/Reserve/711, issued with Special Army Order of 7 Mar.1913. 66. Hansard, Vol.S9,217, 3 Mar.1914. A breakdown of Glasgow's different divi­ sions shows that of its 202 Class I and 736 Class II, somewhere around 31% and 28% respectively were former Regulars. NAS, MD10/6, 26 Sept.l913. These percentages do not appear to be untypical. 67. Hansard, Vol.S3, 1958, 13 June 1913. Charles Burn was CO of the 2nd Co. of London , 1901-1906. 68. For example, see Ban on's address to the Northumberland County Association in (Newcastle) Daily Chronicle, 2 Aug.1912. 218 Notes

69. Hansard, Vol.41,2720, 5 Aug.1912. 70. Report of the National Reserve Committee of the Council of County Territorial Associations, Minutes, 25 Sept.1913. Duke of York's HQ. 71. Kent RO, MD/TA/1/2, 14 Feb.1913. Edinburgh also resolved that the time was right for the War Office to draw up schemes by which on mobilization the Reserve should become responsible for protection of the lines of com­ munication, bridges, power stations, coastal sites, maintenance of technical services and the distribution of food. NAS, MDll/21, 20 Nov.1913. 72. LMA, A/TA/14, 26 Feb.1913. 73. Hansard, Vol.50,116, 19 Mar.1913; 53.1121, 5 june 1913; 59.1454, 12 Mar.- 1914; 59.1481, 12 Mar.1914. 74. Hansard, Vol.59,1092, 10 Mar.1914. A little later in the debate, Seely partly retracted his earlier comment by declaring that the parity in figures was merely coincidental and that it should not be assumed that Class I Reservists would automatically fill up the Special Reserve battalions. Seely's figure for the shortfall in Territorial strength was an underestimate of more than 10,000. 75. Hansard, Vol.59,1092-4, 10 Mar.1914. 76. The Times, 29 June 1914.

Chapter 2 Planning for Defence

1. Henry was Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police 1903-18. 2. CAB 16/13, CID: Home Ports and Defence, 1909-10. 3. W032.9096, Memo on Principles governing the Defence of the UK (A1441). 4. W033.662, No.1 Fortress, Tyne Defences, Jan.1914; W033.671, Eastern Coast Defence: Defence Scheme Thames & Medway, Feb.1914; ADM116.3107, East Coast Defences and Comparison with France & Germany, 1913; CAB 16/28A, Attack on the British Isles from Overseas, 1913. 5. While DMO 1910-14, Brig-Gen and later Maj-Gen Sir Henry Wilson effec­ tively prepared a Continental Expeditionary Force. He became Assistant CGS 1914-15, GOC Eastern Command 1917 and CIGS 1918-22. 6. W032.9192. Reports in file, The TF in its relation to the Expeditionary Force, 12 ]an.1912. At the time, Kiggell was DSD. 7. CAB 2/2/2, Meeting of CID, 23 Aug.1911. 8. W032.9192. 12 Jan.1911. 9. W032.9192. Reference to CIGS in note by Bethune, 2 Feb.1912. 10. W032.9192. CIGS, 21 Feb.1912. 11. W032.9094, Principles Governing the Defence of the UK. DMT to CIGS, 13 Feb.1912. Bethune had seen service in the South African War and had been on Hamilton's staff when Sir Ian had been GOC southern Command 1905-09. He was GOC WestLancashire Division 1909-12 and DGTF 1912-17. 12. W0.9094. Minute by CIGS, 7 Mar.1912. 13. If the two divisions were retained in the UK it would essentially only have affected the Central Force. They would replace two TF divisions which would otherwise have had to be withdrawn from Local Forces in Southern and Western Commands. 14. W032.9094 (2a). Letter, 20 Feb.1912. 15. W032.9094 (1a). Letter to GOC-in-C, 1912. 16. H.R. Moon, The Invasion of the United Kingdom, p. 427. Notes 219

17. Hansard, Vol.22,701, 21 Feb.1912; Lord Esher, 'The Voluntary Principle', in National Review, 56, No.331, p. 46. 18. P. Dennis, The Territorial Army 1906-1940, p. 27. 19. Lee had served with the and as Military Attache in the USA. He later became, Parliamentary Military Secretary, Ministry of Munitions, Personal Military Secretary to the Secretary of State for War, and Director­ General of Food Production. 20. The Times, 17 July 1912. 21. Hansard, Vol.SO,llS, 19 Mar.1913. 22. Ibid., Vol.S6,1462, 6 Aug.1913. 23. The number of Territorials represented only 0.63% of Britain's male popula­ tion. I.F.W. Beckett and K. Simpson, op.cit., p. 129 and E. Spiers, op.cit., p. 186. 24. National Defence Association, Minutes, 11 Feb.1913. Duke of York's HQ. The Association and the Council of Territorial Associations shared the same offices and clerical staff. The former's chairman was Sir George Goldie and while it shared the National Service League's concern of the state of the nation's defences, it disagreed with the League's remedy. 25. H.R. Moon, op.cit., p. 456. 26. Minute by Nicholson to Haldane, 25 Aug.1911. Cited inN. Summerton, The Development of British Military Planning, p. 462. 27. Haldane mss: MS 5910 f.140. Asquith to Haldane; N. Summerton, op.cit., p. 463. Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson VC was a member of the CID from 1909. He succeeded Fisher as First Sea Lord in January 1910. He was removed by Churchill in November 1911 partly because of his poor showing at the August CID meeting but mainly because he was opposed to the concept of creating a naval War Staff. 28. For a discussion on the growth in public literature regarding both con­ scription and the proposals for despatching an expeditionary force to the Continent, see Samuel R. Williamson Jr. The Politics of Grand Strategy, pp. 301-2. 29. CAB 3/2/62A. Report of the Standing Sub-Committee of the CID, Attack on the British Isles from Overseas, 15 Apr.1914. 30. The Times, 6 Feb.1913. 31. CAB 16/28A, pp. 97-101. 32. CAB 37/115/24, Appendix XX, p. 245. Lord Esher 17 June 1913. 33. H.R. Moon, The Invasion of the United Kingdom, p. 445. 34. CAB 37/115/24, Appendix XXII, 25 June 1913. 35. CAB 3/2/56, Measures to Prevent the Blocking of Commercial Harbours, May 1913 and CAB 3/2/66, Blocking of Commercial Harbours, Feb.1914. 36. The Army Council had begun a further series of improvements on the East Coast defences in 1911 when it increased the number of RGA batteries at Tynemouth. As this was to be at the expense of the local Territorial Force unit, Northumberland County Association complained bitterly against the move and predicted increased problems in maintaining the strength of its other batteries. The Commanding Officer of the battery predicted that a large number of his officers and men would resign in protest. Northumberland RO, NR0408/8, 20 Nov.1911 and 31 Jan.1913. 37. CAB 3/2/62A, Attack on the British Isles from Overseas, 15 Apr.1914. 38. CAB 16/28A. Minutes, 25 Nov.1913, pp. 271-98. 220 Notes

39. W032.SS28, A Summary of the Policy and Work of Coast Fortification in Great Britain During the Last 60 Years. This survey was written by G.K. Scott Moncrieff, former Director of Fortifications and Works, Mar.1918. 40. CAB 17/110. Possible Reductions in the Garrisons of the South-West and West Coast Defences, 13 Nov.1913. Lt.-Col. Sir Maurice Hankey was Secretary to the CID 1912-1938. An immensely important figure behind the scenes and a very able administrator. 41. The new installations were not begun until after the outbreak of war. W032.SS28, Summary of Coast Defences, op.cit. 42. In some respects the new auxiliary force was similar to the old Sea Fencibles. This organization, raised for coast defence during the , allowed for mobilization of fishermen and the like. 43. These men would have to begin patrolling during the Precautionary Period. CAB3/2/63A, Methods of Passing Intelligence of Hostile Raids to the Admiralty and War Office, Jan.1914. 44. CAB3/2/71A, Coast Defence of the United Kingdom and the Question of Coast Watch. 45. W032.4744. 46. The Army and Navy, 3 Apr.191S described the guides as a 'body of men organ­ ized on such a basis that, collectively, they know every local bridle path, foot­ path and track of any description in the county, and they can thus receive troops on the border of the county, pass them on from guide to guide, and forward their passage by the most suitable routes'. Cited in A. Strachey, St. Loe Strachey, p. 249. Authorization to commence raising the corps came with WO 9/Surrey/201 (AGS) of 24 Aug.l912. 47. Cost remained paramount in all of Seely's calculations. A WO letter empha­ sized that the guides would not be awarded service pay even if mobilized. The CO of the troops to whom a guide was attached was empowered to remunerate the man in accordance with the nature and value of his service. The East Riding Association predicted difficulty in forming a corps if this unsympathetic attitude was maintained. The Council of County Territorial Associations declined to take up the East Riding's observation with the Army Council. CCTA, Minutes, 14 Mar.1913. 48. Circular 227,602 of 7 Nov.1912. 49. Many of these were expected to provide some precautionary measures on their own volition for their plants and factories. SO. W032.9098.2A. The War Office considered whether National Reservists might be used to help the Police in assisting and guiding Army Reservists at railway stations and mobilization centres. 51. W032.9098.8A. Copies of The Impressment of Horses in Time of National Emergency was circulated to Chief Constables in September 1912. Whereas formerly the Police had been responsible for the task, the annual inspection of animals that would be taken on mobilization was performed by the county associations. 52. HO circular, no ref. of 15 Sept.1911 found in W032.9098, The Duties of the Civil Police in the Event of War. The Second Police Reserve originated from an Act of William IV. 53. I. Beckett, The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558-1945, pp. 191-2. 54. Ibid. Notes 221

55. LMA, A/TA/1, 4 Dec.1913. 56. Hansard, Vol.50,1089, 19 Mar.1913. There are also several examples in asso­ ciations' minutes of candidates being refused permission to enrol in the TF Reserve. 57. Hansard, Vol.54, 1649, 1 July 1913. Several Territorial units are known to have tried to build up a specific reserve and to create a 'nursery' by fostering a par­ ticular cadet company. One such example was the work done by the Commanding Officer of the Kent (Fortress) Company RE. 58. W032.7087.1a. Correspondence May-June 1910. 59. See, for example, W033.578 South-West Coast Defences: Falmouth Fortress, Nov.1911. 60. At the time this suggestion was not accepted but it was revived after the out- break of war and formed the basis of the creation of the Royal Naval Division. 61. ADM 116/3107, East Coast Defences, Aug.1913. 62. W033.662, No.1 Fortress (Tyne Defences), Jan.1914. 63. W033.671, Eastern Coast Defences Scheme: Thames and Medway, Feb.1914. The book specifies the Territorial division as being the 2nd London but it should undoubtedly have been the Home Counties Division comprising the Surrey, Middlesex and Kent Infantry Brigades. 64. W032.5528, A Summary of the Policy and Work of Coast Fortification in Great Britain During the Last Sixty Years, 6 Mar.1918, p. 15. 65. Asquith's decision is noted in CAB 16/28A, minute of 25 Nov.1913: CAB 3/2/5/62A, Report of Standing Committee of the CID: Attack on the British Isles from Overseas, 15 Apr.1914. 66. W033.694, Central Forces Scheme, Aug.1914; W033.692, Distribution of Home , Aug.1914. 67. CAB 3/2/5/62A, op.cit. 68. The figures of those discharged or re-engaged do not match; there were over 5000 unaccounted men. Hansard, Vol.59.1068; 59.621. 69. Hansard, Vol.37,2187, 7 May 1912; W032/18612 (?A), letter of 22 Apr.1914. 70. Council of County Territorial Associations, Minutes, 10 Apr.1913. 71. Northumberland RO, NR0408/5, 8 Aug.1913. 72. There was a, largely, disingenuous 'plan' to form an Irish National Reserve. See W032.6638, The Formation of the National Reserve in Ireland, 1910-1914. For the difficulties and problems which beset attempts to form, or ban, aux­ iliary forces in Ireland, see I. Beckett, The Amateur Military Tradition 1558-1945, Appendix, pp. 292-5. 73. Henry Sclater had been QM General and GOC Quetta Division between 1904-12. He was AG 1914-16, when he became GOC Southern Command. 74. A. Strachey, St Loe Strachey, pp. 250-6. 75. Roberts Papers. NAM 7101-23/85/32. Strachey to Roberts 4 June 1914.

Chapter 3 Mobilization and New Auxiliaries

1. Until May 1913, the mobilization process was the responsibility of two War Office departments. The reorganization brought it under the control of a Director of Mobilization who worked within the AG's department. Little evi­ dence of the Director and his staff's work survives. See W0162.23. 222 Notes

2. ]. Burrows, Essex Units in the War, 1914-1919, Vol.5, p. 364; Regt., compiled, The London Cyclist Battalion, p. 96. 3. R.S. Moody, The Historical Records of the Buffs, 1914-1919, p. 66; P.G. Bales. The 1/4th Duke of Wellington's Regiment, 1914-18, p. 2. 4. E. Riddell, The Cambridgeshires 1914-1919, p. 2; A.G. Wauchope, The History of the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) in the Great War 1914-1918, p. 239, p. 39. 5. F.C. Grimwade, The 4th Battalion London Regiment (RF) 1914-1919, pp. 2-4. 6. Douglas was AG 1904-09, GOC Southern Command 1909-12, Inspector­ General of Home Forces 1912-14. He replaced Sir John French as CIGS in March 1914 but died from over work in Oct.1914. 7. H.R. Moon, The Invasion of the United Kingdom, p. 480. 8. E. Wyrall, The Die-Hards in the Great War, Vol.I, p. 68. 9. Company commanders of rural-based battalions had usually received their mobilization schedules in 1913. In one battalion the orders covered 39 sheets of typed foolscap. A. Fair and E. Walton, The History of the 1/Sth Battalion. The , p. 8. One officer of the King Edward's Horse, however, claimed that in the regiment's concentration area remained undecided and it was unknown whether the unit was to mobilize under Eastern Command or the 2nd London Division. It did, in fact, assemble at Alexandra Palace and next moved to Watford to join the 2nd London Division. L. James (ed.), The History of the King Edward's Horse, p. 65. 10. The parting words on dismissal of the RSM to the Oldham Territorials. K.W. Mitchinson, Amateur Soldiers: A History of Oldham's Volunteer's and Territorials, p. 17. 11. C.H. Dudley Ward, History of the 53rd (Welsh) Division (TF) 1914-1918, pp. 12-13. 12. H. Wylly, The in the Great War, p. 22; ].C. Latter, The History of the , Vol.I, p. 101; E. Wyrall, The Regiment in the War 1914-1918, p. 59. 13. ].W. Burrows, Essex Units, Vol.4, p. 180; C. Falls, The Life of a Regiment: The History of the , p. 265. One observer noted that the smart soldierly bearing of the Special Reservists of the 7/RF was in marked contrast to the casual Territorials of the 4th and 5/DCLI they were relieving. C.]. Mead, Cornwall's Royal Engineers, p. 161. 14. ].W. Burrow, Essex Units, p. 180; E. Wyrall, The , p. 59; E. Wyrall, The History of the DCLI 1914-1919, pp. 78-9. 15. W033.671, Eastern Coast Defences: Defence Scheme Thames and Medway, Feb.1914. The TF RE companies were intended gradually to take over the role of the Regular companies in the fortresses. By October 1914 most of the Regulars had gone and although the Territorials had gained enough experience to work the lights, because so many of them were not skilled specialists in civil­ ian life, they were unable to maintain them. C. Mead, Cornwall RE, pp. 165-7. 16. W033.664, Amendments to 'Home Defence Instructions regarding the System of Command', 1914; W033.729, Emergency Scheme B for the Reinforcement of the Central Force, 1915. 17. W033.664, op.cit. 18. One supplier to the London Scottish was registered for 300 horses but in August 1914 could produce only a handful. J.H. Lindsay, The London Scottish in the Great War, p. 18. In the years before the war the minutes books of most Notes 223

county associations are replete with worries about the quality and quantity of horses that would need to be collected on mobilization. 19. A.M. Gilchrist, The Scottish 1900-1919, p. 13. 20. ].H. Lindsay, London Scottish, op.cit., p. 19. 21. W095.5453 and W095.5454. War diary. 22. P.L. Wright, The First Buckinghamshire Battalion 1914-1919, p. 2; C. Atkinson, , p. 5. 23. G. Elliot, The War History of the 5th Battalion KOSB, p. 14; E. Wyrall, The Die- Hards, p. 76. 24. E. Riddell, The Cambridgeshires, p. 5. 25. F.W. Bewsher, The History of the 51st (Highland) Division 1914-1918. 26. D.P. Grant, The 1/4th() Battalion, York & Lancaster Regiment 1914-1919, p. 11. 27. W033.694, Central Force Scheme. 28. R. Verdin, The Cheshire (Earl of Chester's) Yeomanry 1898-1967, p. 44. 29. ].C. Latter, Lancashire Fusiliers, p. 7. 30. H. Wylly, The Border Regiment in the Great War, p. 23. 31. C. Atkinson, The Devonshire Regiment, p. 5. 32. C.H. Dudley War, The History of the 53rd (Welsh) Division, pp. 12-13. 33. C. Atkinson, The Queen's Own Royal West Kent 1914-1919, pp. 67-8. 34. ].H. Lindsay, London Scottish, p. 20. 35. W.E. Grey, The 2nd City of London (RF) in the Great War, p. 4; Regt.Committee, Dorsetshire, p. 9; K.W. Mitchinson, Saddleworth 1914-1919, p. 16; G. Elliot, The War History of the 5th Battalion KOSB, p. 15. 36. C. Ponsonby, The West Kent (Queen's Own) Yeomanry 1914-1919, pp. 3-4. 37. W032.13745, Legal Authority for Military and Police Guarding Railways to Challenge and Fire on People, 1914. 38. A thorough examination of the reasons behind Kitchener's decision can be found in P. Simkins, Kitchener's Army, pp. 41-6. 39. Speech to MPs 2June 1916. Quoted in G. Arthur, Life ofLord Kitchener, Vol.III, pp. 329-30. 40. An article by Repington endorsed this view. The Times, 11 Aug.1914. 41. The Times, 15 Aug.1914. 42. ].Q. Henriques, The War History of the 1st Battalion Queen's Westminster Rifles 1914-1918, p. 10. 43. See I.F.W. Beckett, 'The Territorial Force in the Great War', p. 24, in P.H. Liddle (ed.), Home Fires and Foreign Fields. 44. It seems likely that about 4000 of the division declined to go overseas. They were partly replaced by almost 2700 National Reservists, many of whom were in poor physical shape. Letter from the East Lancashire Association in W032.18617 (SO) of 9 Dec.1914. 45. P. Simkins, Kitchener's Armys, p. 65. 46. CAB 37/121. Memo by Kitchener, 20 Oct.1914. 4 7. W033.681, Report of a Conference Assembled to Consider the Organization ofThree Special Reserve Divisions and the Mobile Column, for Service with the Central Force. 48. Hansard, Vol.65,2156, 7 Aug.1914. Tennant had been Financial Secretary to the War Office 1911-12 and was Under Secretary of State for War 1912-16. 49. W09/Reserve/1278 (AG1) of 11 Aug.1914. Lord Saye and Sele to county associations. 224 Notes

50. W065/308 (AG3) of 10 Aug.1914 and 11 Aug.1914. 51. W065/314 (AG3) of 17 Aug.1914. 52. W065/315 (AG3) of 22 Aug.1914. 53. Derbyshire RO, D530/2, 26 Aug.1914; Hertfordshire RO, TAFA/1, 19 Sept.1914. 54. Viscount Grey of Falloden, Twenty-Five Years, Vol.II, p. 68. 55. Buckinghamshire RO, T/A/1/4, 6 Aug.1914. On 25 Sept.1914 GOC Southern Command ordered these Class Ill protection groups to stand down unless the water companies or local corporations paid the men for performing the guard duty. As they were reluctant to do this, members of often replaced the National Reservists. 56. Hansard, Vol.66,45, 26 Aug.1914. 57. War Illustrated, 12 Aug.1916, p. 604. 58. CUST 143/19, Revenue Cruisers and Coastguard; CUST 49/352, Coast watching, 1915. Although prepared by Customs House, the Admiralty published Memo for the Information of Members of the Coastwatching Force on Certain Points of Customs' Procedure as its own M.04312/15 of 15 June 1915. 59. ]. Tindall, The Sidmouth Volunteers 1914-1918, p. 7. The same source claims that local residents paid for the watchers' out-of-pocket expenses. 60. H045/10766/272183/l. 61. Volunteer Training Corps Gazette, No.3, 19 Dec.1914, p. 42. Hereafter, VTC Gazette; F. Simpson, The Chester Volunteers, p. 21. 62. E.]. Disbrowe, A History of the Volunteer Movement in Cheshire 1914-1920, p. 3. 63. O'Moore Creagh VC had just returned from India where he had been C-in-C, and was on the Retired List. 64. Harris, a lawyer by profession, served on the London County Council. He was its Deputy Chair 1915-16. He became the Liberal MP for Harborough in 1916. 65. The Times, 6 Aug.1914. 66. The Times, 8 Aug.1914. 67. Ibid. 68. As W.H. Grenfell, Lord Desborough had been a prominent figure in the pre-1908 Buckinghamshire Volunteer movement. He was a former MP and High Sheriff of Bucks. 69. Wiltshire RO, Ll/101/2, 22 Aug.1914. 70. Fergusson was CO of 2nd Life Guards and later GOC 5 Cyclist Brigade. 71. This involved the raising of the posse comitatus, a levy of all able-bodied males between 15 and 60. The posse had been called out intermittently at times of national danger or civil disorder, the last occasion being in 1842. I. Beckett, The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558-1945, pp. 80, 142. 72. The Times, 13 Aug.1914. Strachey, as High Sheriff of Surrey had organized such groups to patrol railway bridges within three days of the outbreak. He suggested the nationwide formation of home defence corps in the Spectator, 15 Aug.1914. 73. The Times, 13 Aug.1914. Doyle wrote to the Sussex Territorial Association seeking permission to use the Crowborough Drill Hall and range. Sussex RO, TER8/1, 16 Sept.1914. 74. The Times, 17 Aug.1914. 75. The Times, 18 Aug.1914. 76. The Times, 20 Aug.1914. Notes 225

77. The Times History of the War, CCXCVIII, p. 362; F. Simpson, Chester Volunteers, p. 25. 78. Central Association Volunteer Regiments, The and the Volunteer Training Corps During the Great War, p. 3. Hereafter cited as VF & VTC. This publication is sub-titled The Official Record of the Central Association Volunteer Regiments and was produced after the war by the Central Committee. Much of what is printed in the book can also be found in W0161/105, Memo on the Creation of the VTC. 79. The Times, 19 Aug.1914; Stockport Archives, D1697.DD/VD, Cheadle Hulme Volunteer Defence Corps, Minute Book, 7 Sept.1914; Winscombe and District Civil Defence Corps, Minute Book, DD/X/TBW, 15 Mar.1915. 80. Cited in F. Simpson, Chester Volunteers, p. 24. No other copy of this letter has been found in any War Office file or local corps' minute books. 81. Reginald McKenna was First Lord of the Admiralty 1908-11 and advocated an expanded Dreadnought programme. He became Home Secretary 1911-15 and replaced Lloyd George as Chancellor in 1915. 82. Home Office Circular 254.975d of 17 Aug.1914. 83. Article by Percy Harris in Daily Telegraph, 19 Dec.1919. 84. The Times, 22 Aug.1914. 85. F. Lock, Records of the East Yorkshire Volunteer Force 1914-1919, p. 6; H045/10766/272183/5. 86. Letter from Major H. Huntington, late Instructor of Musketry. The Times, 22 Aug.1914. 87. The Times, 24 Aug.1914. 88. Blackburn Times, 29 Aug.1914; E.]. Disbrowe, A History of the Volunteer Movement in Cheshire 1914-1920, p. 13. 89. W0161/105, The Creation of the VTC.

Chapter 4 Protection Companies and Invasion Scares

1. CAB 38/28/40, Attack on the British Isles from Overseas, 14 Sept.1914. 2. H.R. Moon, The Invasion of the United Kingdom. 3. W032.5266, memo by CIGS to Secretary of State, 23 Sept.1914. 4. Kent RO, MD/TA 3/3, 9. Sept.1914; F. Reynard, A Brief History of the Territorial Force Association of the County of York (North Riding) 1908-1919, p. 13; Manchester RO, M73/3/6, 11 Sept.1914; RO, R68/11, General Purpose Committee, 14 Oct.1914. 5. General Sir Francis Lloyd, quoted by H.J. Tennant. Hansard, Vol.66,675, 10 Sept.1914. Lloyd had been GOC Welsh TF Division 1909-13 and was GOC London District 1913-18. 6. W09/Reserve/1378 (AG1) of 8 Sept.1914 followed hard on a telegram making much the same request, sent to many associations a few days earlier. By mid­ September about 90 of Surrey's Reservists had followed this route, a figure which by November had risen to 220. Surrey RO, 608/2/2, 14 Sept.1914 and 9 Nov.1914. 7. NAS, MD7/37, 14 Aug.1914 and 18 Aug.1914, in response to W065/314 (AG3) of 17 Aug.1914. 8. Buckinghamshire RO, T/A/1/4, 8 Oct.1914; ACI No.195 of 22 Aug.1914; Hertfordshire RO, TAFA/2, 10 Oct.1914; Guildhall MSS, 12,613 Vol.l, 226 Notes

6 Oct.1914; Northumberland RO, NR0408/8, 9 Oct.1914; Cornwall RO, DDX295/3, 13 Oct.1914. 9. CAB 37/121. Memo by Kitchener, 20 Oct.1914. 10. Hamilton had returned to the UK on 15 July and his appointment as Inspector-General Overseas Forces was to expire on 1 August. On 30 July he was appointed C-in-C Home Defence. This overall role was combined with that of GOC Central Force. J. Lee, A Soldier's Life, pp. 129-30. 11. W032.5528, A Summary of the Policy and Work of Coast Fortifications in Great Britain during the Last Sixty Years, March 1918. 12. W032.7087, Draining in the Fen Country: Information Required in Connection with Home Defence. 13. H.R. Moon, op.cit., p. 526. 14. M. Farndale, The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914-1918: The History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, pp. 368-69. 15. A.S. Hamilton, The City of London Yeomanry (Roughriders), p. 26. 16. Somerset RO DD/X/TBW. Winscombe and District Civil Defence Force, Minutes 18 Aug.1914-24 Sept.1914. 17. Stockport Archives, D1697, DD/VD, Cheadle Hulme Volunteer Defence Corps. Minutes 9 Dec.1914; VTC Gazette No.9, 30 Jan.1915 p. 151 and No.6, 9 Jan.1915, pp. 90-91. 18. Hansard, Vol.68,550, 19 Nov.1914. 19. Ward, Labour MP for Stoke, had founded the union in 1889. 20. Hansard, Vol.S9,1141, 10 Mar.1914; Saddleworth and Mossley Reporter, 19 Oct.1914. 21. C.F. Harriss, The Home Front, IWM Dept. of Printed Books, TSS 33953. 22. For example, see History of the Bethnal Green VTC, MSS in IWM Dept. of Printed Books; Documents from E.J. Martin, no ref. 23. General Sir Richard Harrison in Devonshire and General T.C. Porter in Cornwall are two of the many examples who combined both roles. 24. Essex RO Box ZllA; VTC Gazette, No.5, 2 Jan.1915, p. 66. 25. War Illustrated, 29 July 1916, p. 570. 26. C.F. Harris, op.cit., IWM Dept. of Printed Books, TSS 33953. 27. The Times History of the War, Vol.XX, Part 258, p. 362. 28. For example, 100 men were present at the first meeting of the Lydney VTC but only 20 enrolled. Gloucester RO DS627 7/6. 29. F. Simpson, The Chester Volunteers 1914-1920, p. 37. 30. J.M. Osborne, 'Defining Their Own Patriotism: British Volunteer Training Corps in the First World War', Journal of Contemporary History, Vol.23, 1988, p. 65. 31. Hansard, Vol.66,158-61, 27 Aug.1914. 32. Ibid., Vol.65,2311, 10 Aug.1914. 33. H045/10766/272183/5. 34. H045/10766/272183/l. 35. CAB 3/2/80A, Instructions to Local Authorities in the Event of Belligerent Operations in the UK, 6 Oct.1914. 36. Lt.-Gen. had been DMT 1904-06 and GOC London District 1906-09 but had never commanded troops in battle. 37. Among other documents relating to operational strategy and tactics, Stopford presumably had access to Central Force Scheme which provided Notes 227

details of the number of animals likely to be available to an invading force. Calculations suggested, for example, that there would be 35,000 meat rations per square mile in areas within 25 miles of a landing place. 38. CAB 3/2/SOA. The sub-committee which produced the report of 6 Oct.1914 had also heard that Brightlingsea had similarly spontaneously formed a local committee. If the Germans landed the committee had decided to organize the movement of all boats up river. 39. Kent RO, C/AZ/5/1. 40. H045/10766/272183/13. 41. The Times, 15 Oct.1914. 42. The Times, 22 Aug.1914. 43. Ibid., 25 Aug.1914. 44. Leicester RODE 819/1, 10 Dec.1914. 45. The Times, 17 Oct.14. 46. Daily Mail, 29 Oct.1914. 47. The Times, 31 Oct.1914. The article was also published in the Daily Mail of the same date. 48. Spectator, 7 Nov.1914. 49. Balfour had been PM 1902-05 and despite having resigned as Unionist leader in 1911, retained enormous influence. He became First Lord of the Admiralty in 1915 and Foreign Secretary in 1916. 50. The Times, 11 Nov.1914; Hansard, Vol.68, 414 and 774, 18 Nov.1914 and 23 Nov.1914. 51. Hansard, Vol.68,197, 16 Nov.1914. Craik was MP for Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities. 52. Ibid. 53. 20/Gen.No.3604 (AGl) of 19 Nov.1914. 54. For example, Hansard, Vo!.68,775, 782, 940, 23-24 Nov.1914. 55. Hansard, Vol.68,1112, 25 Nov.l914. 56. See Hansard, Vol.68,782, 23 Nov.1914. 57. Professor T.E. Holland, an acknowledged expert on international law, queried whether the brassard adequately fulfilled the Convention's four con­ ditions for recognition and drew attention to the controversies of 1871 with regard to franc tireurs. The Times, 25 Nov.1914. See also, H045/45/10766/ 272183/40. 58. Several of the speakers had themselves earlier been heavily involved in the Rifle Volunteers and the Militia. 59. Manchester Guardian, 26 Nov.1914. 60. Daily Express, 27 Nov.1914. Rule 7 actually soon became known as the 'Press Gang Clause'. In fact, if a Recruiting Officer did ever make such a demand, the Volunteer had merely to resign from his corps; he would then have the same status as all other citizens in a non-conscriptionist state. 61. CAB 22/1/6. War Council meeting, 7 jan.1915. 62. ACI No. 9 of September 1914; ACI 22 of Oct.1914; Cambridgeshire RO, R68/ll, General Purpose Committee, 25 Nov.1914; Oxfordshire RO, 0/11/1/A1/3, 31 Oct.1914; ACI 44 of ; RO, DE819/1, 15 Mar.1915; Leigh Chronicle 12 Feb.15. 63. RO, DDTA 4/2, 14 Jan.1915; Lanarkshire was still com­ plaining in December that it could not acquire uniforms large enough to fit 228 Notes

National Reservists, NAS, MD2/2, 18 Dec.1914; Shropshire RO, 1988/2, 7 Nov.1914. The county association was placed first for the sixth successive time in the War Office's Financial Statement for 1913-14. 1988/35, 24 Jul.l915. 64. Derbyshire RO, 0530/2, 15 Mar.1915; L.A. Vidler, The Story of the Rye Volunteers, p. 72; Hansard, Vol.70,41, 22 Feb.1915. 65. Hansard, Vol.68,1122, 25 Nov.1914. 66. W09/Res/2151 (AG1) of 21 Dec.1914. 67. W032/18617, Call up of Class A National Reservists, 1914-1916. 68. W09/Reserve/1751 (AG1) of 28 Nov.1914 and two others of similar content dated 21 Dec.1914 and 24 Dec.1914. All originated from ACI 311 of November 1914. 69. W032/18617 (SOA), (SOW) and (SOV). Hampshire said that in addition to its 110 available National Reservists, there were nearly 600 fully equipped home service Territorials who had not gone to India with the county's 4th and 5th Battalions. 70. Ibid. (SOAA). 71. W09/Reserve/1379 (AG1) of 14 Dec.1914. Class III men were instructed not to wear their National Reserve badge in case it was mistaken for that of a munitions worker. Hansard, Vol.77,1293, 10 Jan.1916; Worcestershire RO, 004:6BAS204/8, 14 Dec.1914. 72. Cornwall RO, DDX295/3, 13 Oct.1914. Oldham Chronicle, 23 Nov.l914.

Chapter S The Home Army in 1915

1. Post-war regimental accounts sometimes make pointed references to the con­ temporary preference given to the New Army at the expense of the Territorial Force. See, for example, A.S. Hamilton, The City of London Yeomanry (Roughriders), p. 11 and A. Fair and E. Wotton, The History of the 1/5 Battalion The Suffolk Regiment, p. 9. 2. For the problems in equipping and accommodating the New Armies, see P. Simkins, Kitchener's Army. 3. CAB 22/1/21. War Council meeting, 14 May 1915. 4. Rundle had been GOC Northern Command 1905-07, and Governor of 1909-15. He was a personal friend of Sir Ian Hamilton and succeeded him as GOC Central Force. 5. Kitchener papers, PRO 30/57/73, WS/23. Letter from GOC Central Force to Kitchener, 12 May 1915. 6. Some sources suggest 68 Provisional battalions were formed but it has proved impossible to verify this number. 7. Some formations were known briefly as Northern Coast Battalions before changing their title to Provisional battalions. 8. The War Office intended that a Provisional brigade should comprise: HQ, 1 squadron of Yeomanry, 1 cyclist company, 4 battalions, 1 battery RFA and ammunition column, 1 field company, 1 field ambulance and 1 ASC com­ pany. ACI 31 of 4 July 1915. 9. Unless otherwise stated, information on the activities and shortages of the Provisional and Second Line units comes from war diaries in W095.5453-S464. Notes 229

10. NAS MD6/48, 12 Oct.1915. 11. NAS MD7/37, 13 Sept.1915. From Aug.1915 Provisional battalions were allowed to recruit up to 25% over establishment but were not allowed to accept boys of 17-19 years. When men were posted from their Second or Third Line they were supposed to be sent to the Provisional unit which was administered by their county association. This instruction was so widely ignored that in January 1916 the War Office was forced to issue a warning that the abuse had to be stopped. ACI 273 of 23 Aug.1915; ACI 2 of 1 Sept.1915; ACI 221 of 27 Jan.1916. 12. NAS MD6/20, 6 Dec.1915. 13. E.R. Cooper mss, IWM Department of Documents, p. 13. The battalion had been raised from home service men of the 5th (City of London) Regiment and was known by its men as the 'One Hundred and Worst'. 14. History of the , Regimental Committee, p. 260. 15. An officer of one First Line unit armed with 15-pdr guns remarked to an infantry officer that his battery was probably 'capable of hitting the sea'. D.P. Grant, The 1/4 (Ha/lamshire) Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment 1914--19, p. 12. 16. ].C. Latter, The History of the Lancashire Fusiliers 1914-1918, Vol.I, p. 87. 17. Kitchener talked to the War Cabinet in very gloomy manner of the worth of the Territorial divisions. CAB22/1/21, 14 May 1915. 18. W033.729, Emergency Scheme B for Reinforcement of the Central Force, 1915. 19. CAB 3/3/87A, Home Defence, memo of 5 July 1915. 20. W032.5268, The Present Situation as regards Home Defence, Sept.1915. Kiggell had replaced Hamilton as Director of Home Defence in March 1915. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid. Minute by CIGS, 25 Sept.1915. 23. Ibid. Minute by Kitchener, 7 Oct.1915. 24. W032.5268. Paper on efficiency of home forces, 25 Sept.l915. 25. P. Harris interview in the Daily Chronicle, quoted in VTC Gazette No.5, 2Jan.1915, p. 65. 26. Hansard, Vol.70,283, 24 Feb.l915. The situation remained so critical that Act 695 of 1915 compelled TF drafts to an Expeditionary Force to travel from their home stations entirely unarmed. 27. The Leicestershire & Rutland Citizens' Corps Gazette, No.7, 11 Mar.1916, noted it had 'always been a source of gratification to the VTC that ... the King was one of the first to recognize the potential value of these Corps in a letter [of] 21 March 1915'. 28. VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.21, 24 Apr.1915, p. 390; Vol.l No.19, 10 Apr.1915, p. 358. 29. For example, see City of London Volunteer Corps papers, IWM Dept. of Printed Books, 316.33. K876. 30. VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.3, 19 Dec.1914, p. 42; Vol.l, No.4, 26 Dec.1914, p. 63. 31. The Guard's committee comprised the heads of practically all the leading financial and commercial institutions of the City. The Times, 17 Dec.1914. 32. E.]. Martin, 'VTC 1914-1918'. IWM Dept. of Printed Books; Blackburn Times, 7 Nov.1914; M. Yearsley, IWM Dept. of Documents DS/Misc/17, p. 75; VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.7, 16 Jan.1915, p. 107; No.12, 20 Feb.l915, p. 204; Vol.3, No.62, 5 Feb.1916, p. 150; Vol.l, No.19, 10 Apr.1915, p. 358; 230 Notes

No.9, 30 ]an.1915, p. 139; Vol.Z No.38, 21 Aug.1915, p. 182; Vol.l No.5, 2]an.1915, p. 72. 33. VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.19, 10 Apr.191S, p. 350. 34. The Times, 6 Apr.1916. 35. VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.22, 1 May 1915, p. 410. 36. The Times, 9 Feb.191S. 37. Harris reminded A.F. Uniacke, Secretary of one Kent VTC, that the Yeomanry and Volunteers of 1794 had remained as separate administrative units for years. Letter 2 Feb.1915. Kent RO C/AZ/14/2. 38. Ibid. 39. Central Association circular. Found in Stockport Archives D1697, DD/VD. 40. The Times, 6 Apr.191S. 41. Devon RO 1262M/Ll25, Bundle 14. Quoted in a letter from Lord Fortescue to a local VTC Secretary, 7 July 1915. 42. VTC Gazette, Vol.Z, No.27, 5 june 1915; Blackburn Times, 20 Mar.1915; Lancashire RO DDX/11/1; T. Murray Ford, Memoirs of a Poor Devil, p. 189; £.]. Martin, 'VTC 1914-1918', IWM Dept. of Printed Books (3rd Vol., Bn.Herts Regt); C. Gerring, A Record of the Early Volunteer Movement (The Sherwood Foresters), p. 14; W018/Inf/2004 (AG1) of 25 May 1915; VTC Gazette, Vol.Z, No.36, 7 Aug.191S, p. 147; Fortnightly Review, ]an-june 1918, pp. 764-74. 43. Stockport Archives D1697, DD/VD, 12 Apr.191S. 44. Letter of 8 May 1915, Devon RO 1262M/L125. The VTC Gazette, Vol.Z, No.28, 12 June 1915, p. 24, also objected to the expectation that Volunteers would help with the harvest. 45. Quoted by M.Yearsley, IWM Dept. of Documents DS/Misc/17, p. 78. 46. VTC Gazette, Vol.Z, No.29, 19 June 1915, p. 46. 47. Hansard, Vol.71,588, 27 Apr.191S. Tennant generally avoided the issue by answering that the VTC were for training only and if they were called upon to do anything else, procedures would be put in place. 48. Hansard, Vol.70,631, 1 Mar.191S. 49. Ibid., Vol.70,628, 1 Mar.191S. SO. Ibid., Vol.71,1654, 12 May 1915. The officer, who was also the chairman of the company which owned the theatre, was told 'peremptorily to leave'. He declined to do so and the issue was subsequently raised in the House. Lord Athlumney, the Provost-Marshal, defended his staff by explaining the policy was designed to put a stop to the increasing practice of Volunteers appearing in public in uniform but without the brassard. The Times, 17 Aug.1915; Hansard, Vol.74,154, 16 Sept.1915; VTC Gazette, Vol.Z, No.32, 10 July 1915, p. 80; Vol.Z, No.38, 21 Aug.1915, p. 184. 51. Hansard, Vol.69,96, 3 Feb.1915; Vol.69, 102, 3 Feb.l915. 52. VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.3, 19 Dec.1914, p. 46; No.4, 26 Dec.l914, p. 62. 53. E.]. Martin, 'VTC 1914-1918', IWM Dept. of Printed Books, Warwickshire Volunteer Regiment; I. Beckett, 'Aspects of a Nation in Arms: Britain's VTC in the Great War', Revue Intemationale d'Histoire Militaire, No.63, 1985, p. 31; VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.1, 5 Dec.1914, p. 16. The journal reported that Rothschild and Astor each contributed £1000 for the purchase of arms and equipment. 54. This was rescinded by W020/Gen/3604 (AGJ) of 26 Aug.l915. Notes 231

55. E.]. Martin, 'VTC 1914-1918', IWM Dept. of Printed Books (Gainsborough report); M. Yearsley, IWM Dept. of Documents DS/Misc/17, p. 77: VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.5, 2Jan.1915, p. 76; E. Potton (ed.), A Record of the United Arts Rifles 1914-1919, p. 12; Cheadle Hulme Corps fought a protracted battle with landowners, contractors and a rifle club over the rights, costs and rents of their self-built range. Stockport Archives D1697,DD/VD, Minute Book 1914-15; Deptford Corps opted to contract for the use of the local swimming bath as a miniature range. VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.5, 2Jan.1915, p. 79. 56. One corps was trained in the practice of 100 yard volleys by a former colonel of the Indian Army. He had the front rank kneeling and the rear standing. T. Murray Ford, Memoirs of a Poor Devil, p. 199. 57. Gloucester RO D5627 7/6,June 1915. 58. VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.5, 2 Jan.1915, p. 78. 59. A leaflet published by the Central Association in July 1915 was almost iden­ tical to that prepared by the Surrey County Association when it campaigned for the creation of a Corps of Guides in 1909. Another of 30 May 1915 wanted commandants to take their men out to study their locality. No num­ ber, but found in W0.161/105; VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.18, 3 Apr.1915, p. 337. 60. Hunslett Corps drilled on Wednesday afternoons to allow shopkeepers to attend on their half day closing. 61. Preston VTC required 6 per month, at least 2 of which had to be on a Saturday. Lancashire RO D.DX/11/1, 14 July 1915. 62. Essex Volunteers paid between 25 and 30 shillings each for a winter camp in Epping Forest. VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.3, 19 Dec.1914, p. 38. 63. One such occurrence caused a question to be raised in Parliament. Hansard, Vol.73,2456, 28July 1915. 64. The Times, 13 Sept.1915; VTC Gazette, Vol.2, No.32, 10 July 1915, p. 80. 65. VTC Gazette, Vol.2, No.34, 24 July 1915, p. 120. The Earl of Derby was Director-General of Recruiting 1915-16, Under Secretary at the War Office 1916 and Secretary of State for War 1916-18. 66. The Times, 4 Nov.1915. One participant thought the parade, 'the worst I have ever seen. The line was a very long one and only about one quarter heard the order; the rest saluted when they saw their neighbours presenting arms. The ragged effect was dreadful, and must have set Kitchener's teeth on edge.' T. Murray Ford, Memoirs of a Poor Devil, p. 196. 67. Lancashire RO DDX/11/1, 26 Oct.1915; VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.3, 19 Dec.1914, p. 39; No.ZO, 17 Apr.1915, p. 370; Oldham Town Council was about to award £50 to one corps when it discovered there were two others operating within the town. VTC Gazette, Vol.2, No.30, 26 June 1915, p. 56; Rugely VTC received a grant from the Lord Lieutenant's fund. I. Beckett, 'Aspects of a Nation in Arms: Britain's VTC in the Great War', op.cit., p. 31. 68. VTC Gazette, Vol.l, No.22, 1 May 1915, p. 410; Hansard, Vol.71,589, 27 Apr.1915. 69. See, for example, Hansard, Vol.66,649-50, 856; Vol.70,1590; Vol.80,566. 70. Telegrams 1699 (AG1) of 29 July 1915 and 1704 (AG1) of 31 July 1915. The assembly camp at Halton was opened in August and the raising of the 7 battalions for overseas service was confirmed by 9/Res/5031 (TF2) of 25 Nov.1915. An article outlining the history of these battalions appeared in the Rifle Brigade Chronicle of 1928. 232 Notes

71. ACI 249 of 1915. 72. Under ACI 271 of March 1917, an eighth battalion, the 25th, became the depot unit for the 7 overseas battalions. It received Bl men from Territorial units, especially the London Regiment. Many of these appear to have been former National Reservists. The War Diary regularly complains of the exces­ sive work demanded from an inadequately staffed depot. W09S.S460. 73. Review of Reviews, Vol.LII, Oct.l91S, p. 294. 74. VTC Gazette, Vol.2, No.33, 17 May 1915, p. 104. 75. Gloucestershire RO D4277/6, 6 Sept.l91S. 76. Lancashire RO DDX/11/1, 4 Jan.l916. 77. The United Arts Rifles organized a dinner at Frascati's in December 1915 where the Lord Lieutenant's commissions were handed out. E. Patton (ed.), A Record of the United Arts Rifles 1914-1919, p. 18. 78. Lord Durham did later modify his stance and agreed to accept the presidency of the county regiment on the condition that recognition would not be 'unduly delayed'. VTC Gazette, Vo1.2, No.4S, 9 Oct.l91S, p. 291 and No.SZ, 27 Nov.l91S, p. 413. 79. Ibid., Vol.3, No.62, S Feb.l916, p. 148. 80. E.J. Disbrowe, A History of the Volunteer Movement in Cheshire 1914-1920, p. 33; Journal of the RUSI, Vol.62,1917, pp. 812-13; Hansard, Vol.77,37, 20 Dec.191S; VTC Gazette, Vol.3, No.60, 22Jan.l916, pp. 115-16. 81. The Hackney & Stoke Newington Recorder ran such a series in June 1915; Recruitment poster for 1st Volunteer Battalion. Shropshire RO 1681/198/6. 82. Clause 1 of the Bill read: 'It shall be lawful for His Majesty to accept, for pur­ poses in connection with the present war, the services of any volunteer corps, being a corps which is duly affiliated to the Central Association Volunteer Training Corps, as recognized and approved by the Army Council, and whose services are offered through that Association.' 83. The Times, 20 Nov.l91S. Horace Smith-Dorrien had been GOC Aldershot and Southern Commands before becoming GOC II Corps in August 1914 and GOC Second Army in 1915. He was removed and sent home to command First Army, Central Force, and later went to East Africa. 84. Hansard, Vol.76,1389, 8 Dec.l91S. 85. Ibid., Vol.78,89S, 24 Jan.l916. 86. VTC Gazette, Vol.3, No.S4, 11 Dec.l91S, p. 19; No.61, 29 Jan.l916, p. 131. 87. Statements and letters quoted in VTC Gazette, Vol.3, No.S9, 15 Jan.l916, p. 100; No.62, S Feb.l916, p. 158.

Chapter 6 Reforming and Expanding the Home Army

1. French had been C-in-C 1902--07, Inspector-General of Forces 1907, CIGS 1912-14, Field Marshall1913, C-in-C BEF 1914-15. As the result of some intrigue on the part of Sir Douglas Haig, and general disap­ pointment with the outcome of the 1915 battles, he was removed and sent home. 2. R. Holmes, The Little Field Marshal: Sir John French, p. 315. 3. G. French (ed.), Some War Diaries, Addresses and Correspondence of FM The Right Han. Earl of , pp. 242-3. 4. Ibid., p. 248. Notes 233

5. The report was produced in]an.l916. 6. W032.5273 (IA), Possibilities of a German Invasion, 4 Feb.l916. 7. Some brigades had more than the usual four battalions. 89 Brigade of the orig­ inal Fourth Army had, for example, at first comprised IS/Northumberland Fusiliers, 11/Yorkshire, 16 and 17 /DLI. In April 1915 the brigade became for a short time a 'Reserve Draft Producing Brigade' and was quickly renamed the 1st Reserve Infantry Brigade. Its establishment was simultaneously increased by the addition of another three battalions: 10th(2nd Reserve) N. Staffordshire, 10th(2nd Reserve) Leicestershire and 11th(2nd Reserve) N. Staffordshire. 8. Authority to form them came with L.19/Inf/8107 (AG1) of 25 Apr.l915. 9. ACI 5 of 2 ]an.1916; ACI 325 of 9 Feb.1916. A further two companies were stationed in the Channel Islands. 10. Hamilton had been GOC Scottish Command 1909-13 and had held several Home Defence posts before being appointed GOC Northern Army. Paget had been GOC Eastern Command 1908-11 but had not distinguished himself as GOC Ireland during the Curragh incident. Against War Office opposition, French had insisted upon Paget's appointment as GOC Southern Army. 11. Thus, the 3/lOth Battalion became the lOth Reserve Battalion Manchester Regiment. 12. W032.5273 (26A). Memo from DCIGS, 22 Feb.1916. 13. G. French (ed.), Some War Diaries, Addresses and Correspondence of F-M the Right Hon.Earl ofYpres, p. 337. 14. W032.5273 (3A). Memo by French to CIGS, 13 Feb.l916. 15. VTC Gazette, Vol.3, No.65, 26 Feb.1916, p. 195; Hansard, Vol.80, 63, 16 Feb.l916; Vol.80,244, 17 Feb.1916. 16. Hansard, Vol.80, 371, 367, 364, 356, 371, 17 Feb.1916. 17. W032.5273 (26A). Memo from DGTF to DCIGS, 22 Feb.1916. 18. CAB 37/143/19, 23 Feb.1916. At the meeting Kitchener explained a plan by which he thought adequate organization would be given to the Volunteers by administrative action under the 1863 Act rather than recourse to fresh legislation. 19. An editorial in the Irish Times, 5 Feb.1916, admitted that the only way for­ ward for the movement on the mainland was for the Government to exclude the Irish corps in any forthcoming legislation. 20. W0161/105. Walter Long, a Unionist and in 1916 MP for The Strand, had been an ardent supporter of conscription. He had been CO of the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry 1898- 1906 and was President of the Local Government Board 1915-16. He then became Secretary of State for the Colonies. 21. Hansard, Vol.80,876, 29 Feb.l916. 22. The Times, 23 May 1916. 23. VTC Gazette, Vol.3, No.74, 29 Apr.1916, p. 344; The Times, 24 May 1916. 24. 9/VF/24 (C2) of July 1916. The Privy Council also printed a draft order ready for despatch to the King should the 'emergency' ever arise. W032/18SS, Procedure for Calling out the Volunteer Force, 1916. 25. VTC Gazette, Vol.3, No.74, 29 Apr.1916, p. 340; VTC & VF, op.cit., p. 17. 26. Letter from Lloyd George to the Central Association, 27 Dec.1915. VTC Gazette, Vol.3, No.67, 11 Mar.1916, p. 227. 27. The Times, 17 Apr.1916; E.]. Disbrowe, A History of the Volunteer Movement in Cheshire 1914-1920, p. 33; G. French (ed.), Some War Diaries, Addresses and 234 Notes

Correspondence of F-M the Right Hon.Earl of Ypres, p. 242; French to Norfolk Volunteers, 22 Oct.1916. 28. R. Holmes, The Little Field Marshal: Sir John French, p. 317. 29. W032.5273 (IA). French to War Office, 12 Apr.1916. 30. G. French (ed.), Some War Diaries, Address and Correspondence of F-M the Right Hon.Earl of Ypres, p. 258. 31. ACI 841 of 19 Apr.l916. Little contemporary attention was paid to the announcement of the new body's creation. The most extensive newspaper coverage was probably that given by the Daily Express of 20 Mar.1916. It sim­ ply explained the RDC was a means of giving former National Reservists a fuller recognition and the benefit of the title 'Royal', venturing no opinion of its future. Some months later at a War Committee meeting, even Lloyd George seemed unaware of the corps' purpose. French duly explained its role and Robertson added that the War Office would try to replace its men with Volunteers as soon as possible. The men, he suggested, would then return to civilian employment. This declaration of intent was immediately supported by Montagu, the Minister of Munitions, who complained of the 'appalling want of labour'. CAB42/18/8, 30 Aug.1916. 32. Buckinghamshire RO T/A/1/1, 4 Nov.1915. 33. W09/Reserve/6612 (TF2) of 6 Sept.l916. 34. Hansard, Vol.82,1141, IS May 1915; Vol.85,1842, 16 Aug.1916; Vol.87,226, 8 Nov.1916; Vol.91,381, 7 Mar.1917; Vol.87,604-6, 16 Nov.l916. 35. W020/GN/4240 (AG1) of 19 Apr.l916 claimed: 'The Territorial Force Associations are clearly marked out for this duty.' 36. VTC Gazette Vol.4, No.84, 8 July 1916, p. 83. 37. E. Potton (ed.), A Record of the United Arts Rifles 1914-1919, p. 20. 38. Cambridge Independent, 29 June 1916. 39. W020/Gen/421 (TF2) of 29 July 1916. 40. W020/Gen/4241 (TF2) of 17 Aug.1916. 41. VTC Gazette, Vol.4, No.84, 8 July 1916, p. 83. 42. Only the Cheshire County Association opted for a slightly different arrangement. 43. 9/VF/128 (TF2) of 21 Sept.l916 and ACI 183 of 1916. 44. Buckinghamshire RO T/A/1/13, 4 Aug.1916; Circular in IWM Dept. of Printed Books, 316.338, KS616. 45. Hansard Vol.82,513, 25/07/16. 46. 9/VF/43 of 15 June 1916. 47. F. Lock, Records of the East Yorkshire Volunteer Force 1914-1919, p. 13. 48. C. Gerring, A Record of the Early Volunteer Movement (The Sherwood Foresters), p. IS; Hansard, House of Lords, Vol.22,218-19, 30 May 1916; F. Lock, Records of the East Yorks Volunteer Force 1914-1919, p. 9; Manchester Archives, M73/3/22, 21 July 1916; Durham RO D/TA3, 1/02/17; ACI 1837 of 21 Sept.1916 or VFO No.XVI; VTC Gazette, Vol.4, No.103, 18 Nov.l916, p. 360; Hansard, Vol.80,1717, 9 Mar.1916; Vol.84.1602, 25 July 1916. 49. ACI No.l652 of 24 Aug.l916 or VFO No.IX; Hansard, Vol.81,2295, 19 Apr.1916. SO. T. Murray Ford. Memoirs of Poor Devil (e.g.) p. 202 is particularly critical of volunteer officers. 51. As late as Dec.1916 a group of Non-Conformist ministers talked of organiz­ ing a petition against Sunday drill and presenting it to French. VTC Gazette, Vol.S, No.l06, 9 Dec.1916, p. 14; No.85, IS July 1916, p. Ill; No.91, 26 Aug.1916, p. 201. Notes 235

52. Stockport Archives, D1697, DD/VD, Secretary's Report, 5 Oct.1916; Buckinghamshire RO T/A/1/13, 2 Nov.1916; VTC Gazette, Vol.4, No.103, 18 Nov.1916, p. 359. 53. VTC Gazette, Vol.4, No.87, 29 July 1916, p. 143; F. Lock, p. 9. 54. ACI No.2417 of 23 Dec.1916. 55. VTC Gazette, Vol.4, No.99, 21 Oct.1916, p. 302. Lloyd George in an answer to Jonathan Samuel (Stockton) and Bethune to the Edinburgh Volunteers on 9 Oct.1916. 56. Ibid., No.98, 14 Oct.1916, p. 288; No.100, 28 Oct.1916, p. 314; No.102, 11 Nov.1916, p. 343 and p. 346. 57. W0161/108. 58. 9/VF/194 (TF2) of 21 Oct.1916. Found in W032/18566, Conditions of Service in the Volunteer Force. 59. 9/VF/194 (TF2) of 24 Oct.1916. Ibid. 60. The Times, 23 Oct.1916. 61. G. French (ed.), Some War Diaries, Addresses and Correspondence of F-M the Right Hon.Earl of Ypres, p. 254. 62. The Times, 20 Nov.1916. 63. W033.771, Note by the General Staff on Home Defence, 23 Aug.1916. 64. W033.776, General Scheme for the Employment and Reinforcement of Troops in the event of a Raid or Invasion. No date but probably 1916. 65. W033.771, Note by the General Staff on Home Defence, 23 Aug.1916. 66. For an account of the complaints made by the London Associations see K.W. Mitchinson, Gentlemen and Officers: The Impact and Experience of War on a Territorial Regiment. The controversy further damaged the contempo­ rary and later the post-war relations between the Territorials and the War Office. 67. For example, the 8th(Reserve), 9th(Reserve) and 10th(Reserve) Battalions Manchester Regiment combined to form the 8th(Reserve) Battalion Manchester Regiment in the East Lancashire Reserve Brigade. 68. FM French's diary, for example, 22 Oct.1916 and 5 Nov.1916. IWM Dept. of Documents JDPF 1 PP/MCR/C32. 69. Ibid., 21 Oct.1916. 70. VTC Gazette, Vo1.4, No.l03, 18 Nov.1916, p. 320. 71. Hansard, Vol.88,508, 30 Nov.1916. 72. Bethune's speech to Newcastle Volunteers, 21 Nov.1916. Reported in VTC Gazette, Vo1.4, No.104, 25 Nov.1916, p. 361. 73. Hansard, House of Lords, Vol.23,786-92, 30 Jan.1916. 74. Ibid., Vol.23, 793-5, 30 Nov.1916. 75. French's words echoed those of a recent article in the Fortnightly Review by Archibald Hurd. Hurd, an avowed adherent of the 'blue water school', urged: 'Let us not repeat the old error of treating patriotic citi­ zens with contempt'. Quoted in VTC Gazette, Vo1.4, No.109, 30 Dec.1916, p. so. 76. Hansard, Vol.88,1415-18, 19 Dec.1916. 77. R eported in VTC Gazette, Voi.S, No.l08, 23 Dec.1916, p. 41. 78. VTC Gazette, Voi.S, No.l06, 9 Dec.1916, p. 14. 79. E. Potton (ed.), A Record of the United Arts Rifles 1914-1919, p. 20; Stockport Archives D1697,DD/VD, Secretary's Report, 5 Oct.1916. 80. VTC Gazette, Vol.S, No.l11, 13 Jan.1917, p. 83. 236 Notes

Chapter 7 Restructuring and Compulsion

1. The 10/Norfolk, for example, which had formed as a K4 battalion in the original 31st Division had, by stages, become the 25th Training Reserve Battalion, 219th Graduated Battalion and finally, 51st (Graduated) Battalion Bedfordshire Regiment. 2. VF Gazette, Vol.l, No.6, 9 Jan.1915, p. 89; The Bishop of Colchester thought clergy should join ambulance sections, whereas the Bishop of Winchester believed the church should only go as far as allowing the use of church halls. VF Gazette, Vol.l, No.15, 13 Mar.1915, p. 271. 3. Most work on the tribunal system has concentrated on the narrow issue of conscientious objection. See, for example, J. Rae, Conscience and Politics: The British Government and the Conscientious Objector to Military Service, 1916-19; T.C. Kennedy, The Hound of Conscience: A History of the Non-Conscription Fellowship, and K. Robbins, 'The British Experience of Conscientious Objection', in H. Cecil and P. Liddle, Facing Armageddon, pp. 691-706. For how the tribunals functioned in their day-to-day business and their impact on local communities, see K.W. Mitchinson, Saddleworth 1914-1919: The Experience of a Pennine Community During the Great War, pp. 56-66 and K.R. Grieves, 'Military Tribunal Papers: The Case of Leek Tribunal in the First World War', Archives, 16, 1983, pp. 145-50. 4. VF Gazette, Vol.3, No.69, 25 Mar.1916, p. 258; The Times, 22 May 1916. 5. VF & VTC in the Great War, p. 13; The Times, 10 June 1916; LGB Circ.R.95, 6 July 1916; W070.42. 9/VF/83 TF2 of 15 Aug.1916. 6. VF Gazette, Vol.5, No.105, 2 Dec.1916, p. 1; No.107, 16 Dec.1916, p. 26; Hampshire RO 37/M69/3, 16June 1916. 7. Sections A, B, C and D were formed under ACI 84 of 13 Jan.1917, VFO XXI and ACI 765 of 12 May 1917, VFO LXVI Sections P and R were formed under ACI 66 of 11 Jan.1917, VFO XXX. 8. Territorials had been required to perform only 40 drills per year. 9. VF Gazette, Vol.5, No.113, 22Jan.1917, p. 98. 10. W032.5058, Future Policy as Regards the Volunteer Force, July 1917. 11. Ibid. The Liverpool Daily Post, 1 Mar.1917, estimated that the number of men of military age in the city's 18 battalions amounted to over 80% of the total. 12. Whigham had served under General Sir William Robertson at the Staff College and also in the early stages of the war on the Western Front. He became DCIGS under him and went to France as GOC 62nd Division in 1918. Macready had been Director of Personal Service 1910-14 and AG BEF 1914-16 when he became AG at the War Office. He left in 1918 to become Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. 13. In May 1917, Macready had described the Volunteers as a 'body of men who were useless from the military point of view' and told a GOC District, 'I fear we can do nothing [but] if I saw my way I should bag the lot'. C.F.N. Macready, Annals of an Active Life, Vol.l, pp. 281-2. 14. W032.5048 (10), 22June 1917. 15. The lOth Earl of Scarbrough, Frederick Lumley, was a former CO of the Yorkshire Dragoons and Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding. 16. W032.5048 (16A), Future Policy as Regards the Volunteer Force: Notes on the AG's Memo, 26July 1917. Notes 237

17. Hansard, Vol.93,1768, 17 May 1917. Macpherson, Liberal MP for Ross and Cromarty had been Parliamentary Secretary to the Under Secretary of State, 1914-16. 18. VF Gazette, Vol.6, No.l43, 25 Aug.1917, p. 146, p. 154. 19. VF Gazette, Vol.S, No.107, p. 48; H045/272.183 (39). 20. H045/272.183 (99). 21. H045/272.183 (102). 22. H045/272.183 (104). 23. VF Gazette Vo!.6, No.135, 30June 1917, p. 58; No.122, 31 Mar.1917, p. 209. 24. VF Gazette Vol.S, No.llS, 10 Feb.1917, p. 126; No.l19, 10 Mar.1917, p. 174; Buckinghamshire RO, TA/1/13, 1 Mar.l917; VF Gazette, Vol.S, No.l28, 12 May 1917, p. 287; Liddell Hart Papers, 8/200, newspaper cutting of 19 Aug.l917; G. French (ed.), Some War Diaries, Addresses and Correspondence, of F-M the Right Hon.Earl of Ypres, p. 289; VF Gazette, Vol.S, No.l27, 5 May 1917, p. 275, No.128, 12 May 1917, p. 293, Vol.6, No.l45, 8 Sept.1917, p. 180. Basil Liddell Hart was invalided home from the in 1916 and served as adjutant for two VF battalions. During this period he wrote several pamphlets on infantry training. 25. W032.5048 (34B). Letter from FM French, 21 Nov.l917. 26. C. Repington, The First World War: Personal Experiences, Vol.I, p. 469. 27. Ibid., p. 501. 28. 9/VF/212 (SD2) of 18 ]an.1917. The proposed allocation was: 61,000 for coast defence, 35,000 for the London defences and 45,000 for a General Reserve. The 57,000 for lines of communication would be of the lowest standards of training and equipment. 29. It is unclear why FM French was contemplating this reduction and the idea does not reappear in later proposals. 30. W0161/107. Evidence from Territorial Force Directorate, 24 July 1917. Volunteer battalions arranged their own assembly points, usually drill halls but, unlike the pre-war Territorials, do not appear to have known their war stations. 31. Some battalions had a procedure by which officers contacted NCOs with the order to mobilize. The NCOs were supposed to maintain up to date lists of names and addresses of their men and would then visit them at their homes to give the order to mobilize. There are few examples, however, in the sur­ viving records of the method employed by most units. 32. Hansard, Vol.90,2212-13, 1 Mar.1917. Henry Croft, MP for Christchurch, had commanded the 1st Hertfordshire in France, 1914-15. 33. Ibid., Vol.90,2223-26, 1 Mar.1917. 34. Ibid., Vo1.90,2234-35, 1 Mar.1917. 35. E.R. Cooper mss, p. 16, IWM Dept. of Printed Books; E. Patton (ed.), A Record of the United Arts Rifles 1914-1919, p. 22; 1st City of London Vol.Regt. Monthly Orders, May 1917. IWM Dept. of Printed Books, 316.338; VF Gazette, Vol.S, No.l24, 14 Apr.l917, p. 237; Hansard, Vol.92,39, 26 Mar.1917; C. Repington, The First World War: Personal Experiences, p. 497. The uncer­ tainty caused by the March alarm prompted the Mayor of Deal and the Chairman of Walmer UDC to issue a leaflet on what the population should do in the event of a German landing. Its understated preamble read: 'It has come to the notice of the Military Authorities that there is some doubt on 238 Notes

the part of the civil population ... as to the preparations which have been made for the conduct and movement of the civil population in case of inva­ sion.' East Kent Archives, U924/06, 1/05/17. 36. W032.5274, The Invasion of Great Britain 1917-1919: Extract of Minutes of the War Cabinet on 15 Mar.1917; Fisher's evidence to War Cabinet on 28 Mar.1917, ZA (79/9707); Admiralty and French's evidence on 16 Mar.1917, (79/9707). 37. W033.812, Distribution of Home Defence Troops, 1 Mar.1917. 38. Ibid. 39. W033.872, General Summary of Home Defence Emergency Schemes, 1917. 40. Ibid. 41. W033.830, Organization of the Lines of Communication in the Event of Operations in the United Kingdom, July 1917. This scheme amalgamated and updated several earlier papers. 42. Ibid. 43. W033.801, Regulations for the Supply of Troops in the Event of Operations in the United Kingdom, Dec.1916. 44. W033.830, op.cit. 45. W033.862, Summary ofRailway Arrangements in connection with Home Defence, Mar.1917. 46. W033.862; W033.788, Scheme J: Arrangements for the Protection of Lines of Communication in Great Britain, Dec.1916. 47. W032.5048 (2A) Letter from FM French to War Office, 31 Mar.1917. A strength return for 31 Mar.1917 in the same file gives 136,176 enrolled in Sections A and B. The total strength was given as 292,951, of whom only 8,099 were in Sections P and R. This left 148,676 as still'unclassified'. Of this total, 40% were either above or below military age, 32% had been sent by the tribunals and the remaining 28% were simply described as 'Others'. 48. WO letter 99/132 TF2 of 4 Apr.1917. 49. CAB3/3/89A, Report of the Vulnerable Points Committee, 20 Apr.1917. The full report can be found in W033.871, with other reports and correspondence in W033.792, W033.793 and W032.5279. SO. W032.5058 (30). Memo from Scarbrough, 10 Nov.1917. 51. W032.5048 (18A). Notes on Employment of Volunteers, 7 Sept.1917. 52. W070.43. French reported that as of 25 Dec.1917, only 218 RDC personnel had been replaced by Volunteers. This figure is attached to an earlier letter, 99/392 TV2, dated 2 Nov.1917. 53. Non-infantry units, viz Volunteer engineer, signal and ambulance sections, had gradually been approved during 1917. 54. W032.5048. Memo by DCIGS, 7 Sept.1917. 55. Maurice had served under Robertson at the Staff College and became DMO in 1915. In May 1918 he came to public notice for his part in the controversy concerning the strength of the BEF. 56. W032.5048 (79/8) DMO to DCIGS: Notes on Distribution of Volunteers for Home Defence, 25 Sept.1917. 57. See, for example, 1/9th (Stoke Newington) Battalion Orders November 1917. Hackney Archives D/S/49-11 and VF Gazette, Vol.6, No.l34, 23 June 1917, p. 48 for a report of Lord Leconfield's speech to Sussex Volunteers. In September General Sir Frank Lloyd spoke of the possibility and, in December, Notes 239

General Sir Edward Hutton announced that an invasion might be expected before the end of April1918. VF Gazette, Vol.6, No.146, 15 Sept.1917, p. 182; No.158, 8 Dec.1917, p. 314. 58. Major E.H. Coumbe's report of a conference, 7 June 1917. A Regular officer had told the assembled Volunteer officers that a 'raid in force is considered quite probable' and encouraged them to 'press on with your musketry, entrenching and field exercises'. Hackney Archives D/S/49/10; Cumbria RO TIAF/2, 25 Jan.1917. Lord Errol had been GOC 65th (Lowland) Division 1915-16, Co.Commandant of the Cumberland VF and member of the Central Association. 59. Hansard, Vol.99,381, 14 Nov.1917; VF Gazette, Vol.6, No.154, 10 Nov.1917, pp. 266, 278. Strangely, Percy Harris offered the contrary view: 'Even the most severe critic of the Bluewater School will admit now that invasion on a large scale is quite out of the question'. Hansard, Vol.98, 1379, 30 Oct.1917. 60. W032.5048 (25A). Minutes of A Conference in the DSD's Room, 19 Oct.1917. 61. W032.5048 (39A). Future Policy as Regards the Volunteer Force, 27 Nov.1917. 62. W032.5048 (42A). Memo from Scarbrough following a conference on 21 Dec.1917. 63. W032.5048 (39A). Future Policy as Regards the Volunteer Force, 27 Nov.1917.

Chapter 8 'A Sham or a Real Thing'? The Volunteer Force in 1917

1. Brigadier-General H.P. Croft, Hansard, Vol.90,2212-23, 1 Mar.1917. 2. W.C. Price, 'The Spare Time Force', The Fortnightly Review, Jan.-June 1918, p. 769. 3. Lancashire RO DDX/11/1, 5 Jan.1917; W070.43; lWM Dept. of Printed Books 316.338 C.6051, 19 Jan.1918; ibid., 18 May 1917; Manchester Archives M73/3.22, 8 Aug.1916; IWM Dept. of Printed Books 316.338 C.6051, 13 Jul.1917 and ACI 287 of 1917 (VFO No.XLIV); Hansard, Vol.82, 1994, 23 May 1916. It was thought old soldiers would abuse such a privilege by selling on the tobacco; Hansard, Vol.101,684, 21 Jan.1918. 4. Cllr-Sgt Lewis, 13th Battalion WR Volunteer Regiment, holder of the Indian Medal attended camp in 1917, aged 82 years. VF Gazette, Vol.6, No.142, 18 Aug.1917, p. 26. One man on a digging parade in Jan. 1917 had joined the Rifle Volunteers in 1863. W0161/111; NAS MD6/48, 11 Dec.1917; Letter to the Yorkshire Post cited in VF Gazette, Vol.6, No.149, 6 Oct.1917, p. 26. 5. W070.42. Letter 99/411 TV of 21 Nov.1917. Funerals of Volunteers killed in connection with air raid duties were paid for out of the public purse but those who died in the course of other duties came under the Workmen's Compensation Act. ACI 860 of 1918 (VFO No.CXCII); When Lt.-Gen. Bethune inspected the Northumberland Volunteer Regiment in November 1916 the men were deemed to be on 'temporary service' and could claim rations allowance at a rate of 5d for 8 hours' duty. This was a very rare con­ cession. W070.43; WO letter 99/243 TV of 27 Aug.1917 told the Cornwall Association that it could not give separation allowances to men away on courses no matter what their home circumstances. Macpherson explained 240 Notes

that the Volunteers went on such courses voluntarily. It had been an obligation for Territorials. Hansard, Vol.92, 1487, 5 Apr.1917. 6. One invalided army instructor attached to a Volunteer unit was fined one guinea for wearing his army uniform in public. His corps wore a green suit but he claimed he could not afford to buy one. VF Gazette, Vol.5, No.105, 2 Dec.1916, p. 2; Manchester Archives M73/3.23, 25 May 1917. The East Lancashire Association ordered that all movable items, including beer pumps in canteens, should be removed before allowing Volunteers to use its drill halls. Ibid., 19 Apr.1917; Cooper claimed he did not have a Sunday at home for 8 consecutive weeks. E.R. Cooper mss, p. 8, IWM Dept. of Printed Books. One signaller attended 124 from a possible 129 sessions, none of which was counted as an official drill. J. Tindall, The Sidmouth Volunteers 1914-1918, Culver well & Sons, nd., p. 35; Colonel Bamford, OC 8th Manchester Vol. Battalion was one of many who complained to the Gazette about the dearth of instructors. VF Gazette, Vol.5, No.121, 24 Mar.1917, p. 26. 7. WO letter 9 /VF /215 TV of 2 7 Apr.1917 stressed the role that local authorities were still expected to play in financing corps. 8. W070.42. WO letter 99/M/83 TV of 1 Mar.1918 refused permission for the CO of the 5th Bn.Middlesex Vol. Regiment to hold a street collection. 9. VF Gazette, Vol.3, No.72, 15 Apr.1916, p. 26. 10. Hansard, Vol.101,534, 17 Jan.1918; VFGazette, Vol.?, No.169, 23 Feb.1918, p. 86. 11. Hansard, Vol.101,1493-94, 29 Jan.1918. 12. WO letter 99/107 TF2 of 4 Apr.1917 compelled Territorial associations to ensure the security of armouries used by Volunteers. Armouries took many forms: the 2/2 Essex Battalion hired 3 rooms of a disuse shop at Harwich and the Oldham battalion used schools, houses and a public house. Essex RO Buildings and Ranges Committees, 11 Apr.1917, Manchester Archives M73/3/23, 5 Oct.1917; VF Gazette, Vol.6, No.l33, 16 June 1917, p. 25. In February 1918 Western Command ordered units not to keep rifles at small out-lying detachments but pointed out the danger of keeping too many together in one building unless it was properly guarded. Trusted individuals were allowed to retain their own weapons but where large numbers were stored together, bolts had to be kept separately. Shropshire RO 1681/198/7, 20 Feb.1918; Associations also had to insure Volunteers' weapons, the Surrey Association, for example, paying an annual premium of almost £62. Surrey RO 608/3/6, 30 July 1917. 13. W0161/107/3; In June 1917 all West Riding units were reported to be fully equipped apart from gas masks, Cumberland and Ayr's battalions by July and Surrey's by October. Archives, WRTF Assoc. Book 2, 25 June 1917, Cumbria RO TTAF/2, 26 July 1917, NAB MD5/22, 3 July 1917, Surrey RO 608/1/2, 15 Oct.1917; In July Shropshire's two battalions had arms for only about two-thirds of its men and equipment for one-third and Buckinghamshire reported it was still 1600 rifles short of establishment. Shropshire RO 1988/35, 28 July 1917, Buckinghamshire RO T/A/1/1, 5 July 1917. 14. Cambridgeshire RO R.68/11, 28 Apr.1917. Handbooks for the Hotchkiss did not always arrive with the guns. As late as July 1918 one 2Lt. was advised to buy a manual from Gale & Pollen. Shropshire RO 1681/198/6, 17 July 1918. 15. WO Jetter 99/81 TF2 of 17 Feb.1917. In addition, group adjutants, responsi­ ble for a 'brigade' of 3-4 battalions, and county adjutants were also Notes 241

appointed; WO letter 99/109 TV of 23 May 1917. The 'TF Reserve' was removed in August by 99/200 and left simply as 'General List'. 16. Liddell Hart Papers 7/1920/17-38. In terms of his later career and fame, Liddell Hart was the most celebrated serving member of the VF. 17. W0161/111, Inspectors' Reports. 18. W0161/111 (1). 19. W0161/111 (9). 20. W070.42. Letter 99/721. No date butJan.1918. 21. The Secretary of the Newent Corps indignantly refused the offer of a £2 hon­ orarium insisting he did not do the job for monetary gain. Gloucester RO D4277/6, 25 Jan.1917; Hansard, Vol.98,1380, 30 Oct.1917; WO letter 9/GN/6608 TF2 of 5 Apr.1917; London Metropolitan Archives A/TA/15, 14 June 1917; Liverpool RO 356WES/65, 28 Apr.1917; Guildhall Library Ms.12.606/2, 15 Nov.1917. 22. Sir Auckland Geddes had returned from France where he had served as BAAG at GHQ 1915-16. He became Director of Recruiting and, in 1917, Minister for National Service. 23. W032.5274 (16A), 2 Jan.1918. See R.J. Adams and P.P. Poirier, The Conscription Controversy in Great Britain, 1900-1918, London: Macmillan, 1987, pp. 368-9. 24. Adm. 167/53, Official Copy ofMeetings of the Board of Admiralty December 1917. 25. W032.5274 (13A), Cubitt to French, 21 Dec.1917. 26. W032.5274 (16A), Robertson to French, 2 Jan.1918. 27. Ibid. 28. The 65th, 71st, 72nd and 73rd rather than merely the 72nd and 73rd which had been agreed in Dec.1917. 29. Minutes of War Cabinet 316, 7 Jan.1918; W032.5274 (23A), 8 Jan.1918. 30. Repington had left The Times following an argument with Lord Northcliffe, and moved to the Morning Post. His influence declined then, and even more after his conviction for contravening the DORA legislation. 31. C. Repington, The First World War: Personal Experiences, Vol.!!, p. 26. 32. Hansard, Vol.101,117, 14 Jan.1918, Vol.103,783, 20 Feb.1918. 33. W070.43. Letter from GOC Eastern Command, 99/583 of 8 Feb.1918. 34. The Gazette's editor wanted Northcliffe's assertion that 'unless the Volunteer movement increases, the raising of the military age limit ... will be neces­ sary', to be widely disseminated. 35. W070.42. WO letter 99/604 of 10 Apr.1918. 36. Ibid. WO letter 99/626 of 23 Apr.1918. 37. Hansard, Vol.104,1429-31, 9 Apr.1918. 38. Ibid., and Vol.105,139, 15 Apr.1918. Royds was Co.Commandant of the Lincolnshire VF. 39. W070.42. WO letter 99/688 F3 of 6 June 1918. The immediate pre-war Territorial Force establishment was almost 315,000. 40. The 4th Vol.Bn.Lincolnshire Regiment had 627 men passed as efficient between March 1917 and February 1918. The precise strength of the unit is unknown but incidental references suggest it was below establishment. IWM Dept. of Printed Books 316.338 C.6051, 29/04/18. In contrast, Leicestershire reported a much slower rate of increase and only 17o/o of Durham's 242 Notes

Volunteers were efficient in January 1918. Leicestershire RO DE819/2, 4 July 1918, Durham RO D/TA3-14/3, 12 Feb.1918. 41. WO letter 99/217 TV of 31/12/17. 42. Ibid., letter of 6 May 1918. 43. Ibid., letter of 14 May 1918. 44. The Mayor of St Helens sought permission to raise a battalion in the town. Liverpool RO 356WES/65, 6 June 1918.

Chapter 9 The Diminishing Threat

1. W095.5459, War Diary of 1st Training Reserve Brigade. Boys under 19 years were rushed to France, the Young Soldier battalions being practically denuded of recruits as the result. On 26 March the War Cabinet was told that about 20,000 troops per day would soon be crossing to the Continent. CAB 23/5, 26 Mar.1918. 2. CAB 23/5, 25 Mar.1918. 3. CAB 23/5, 27 Mar.1918. 4. CAB 23/5, 25 Mar.1918. 5. CAB 23/5, 29 Mar.1918. 6. Ibid. 7. Robertson, the first ranker to enter the Staff College, had been its Commandant between 1910-13. He was DMT 1913-14, QMG 1914-15, CGS GHQ 1915 and then CIGS from 1915 until Feb.1918. He came home to be appointed C-in-C HF. 8. Irish Command had eight cyclist brigades, six cyclist battalions and 24 (largely Special Reserve) battalions of infantry. 9. Unless otherwise stated the following detail on unit strength, changes and capability come from the Robertson papers deposited in the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College, 5/1/2-70 and the war diaries of home defence units, W095.5453-5464. 10. ].Nettleton, The Anger of the Guns, p. 124. 11. Western Command had expressed horror at the dress and behaviour of junior officers serving with the training battalions at Southport. Their 'general con­ duct and bearing was ... unsoldier-like and ungentlemanly ... [and] ... subver­ sive of all discipline'. K.W. Mitchinson, Amateur Soldiers, p. 109. 12. W032.5274 (34A), 7 June 1918. 13. W032.5274 (41A), 18June 1918. 14. W032.527 4 (36A), 12 June 1918. 15. W032.5274 (42A), 17 June 1918. 16. The ROC battalions were formed under W09/RDC/1835 (AG2) of 31 July 1917 and ACI 1217 of 1917, W032, 18622, The Reorganization ofthe RDC. A 19th Battalion had also been formed but it was intended exclusively for work on RFC (and later RAF), aerodromes. 17. Ibid. (lA), 15 Sept.l917; Ibid. (3A), Oct.1917. 18. This involved the use of armed Special Constables or company guards. 19. W032.18622. Minutes 123 (SD2) of 14 ]an.1918; Ibid., (44B), n. d. 20. Ibid. (45A), 26 Jan.1918. 21. W032.18622 (64A), 18 Mar.1918. Notes 243

22. The battalions were disbanded under 9/RDC/2340 (AG2) of 28 Jan.1918 but the last unit, the 16th Battalion, was not disbanded until 31 Aug.1918; W032.18622 (107 A), 20 June 1918. 23. Memo to the War Office of 20 Apr.1918. Ibid. (79a). 24. In June the Gazette reported 'yet more rumours' of mobilization but advised members to disregard them. To call them out now, it wrote, would constitute a 'distinct breach of faith'. VF Gazette, Vol.7, No.l87, 29 June 1918, p. 301. 25. M. Yearsley, Home Front Diary 1914-1918, p. 94, IWM Dept.of Documents, DS/Misc/17; VF Gazette, Vol.7, No.176, 13 Apr.l918, p. 168; There were reports of 'very strong' rumours in Chester, F. Simpson, Chester Volunteers 1914-1920, p. 111. 26. W032.5049, Special Service Companies of the Volunteer Force, (1A), 22 May 1918 and W070.43, 99/672 nd. 27. Ibid., (2A), 29 May 1918. 28. Ibid., (7A), 29 May 1918. 29. These included the railway, fishing and mining industries. 30. W032.5049 (8A), 30 May 1918. 31. W099/674 (TV2) of 8 June 1918. Each company was to have one major or captain, 4 subalterns, one major and company quarter­ master sergeant, 4 sergeants, 8 , 92 privates and 3 signallers. 32. The Volunteers were, for example, used to fill up Territorial Force units such as the 1/5 East Yorkshire and 2/6 Norfolk. Although the men were intended to coast watch, not all were to be provided with bicycles. W070.43. 33. The County Commandant of Suffolk was so enthused by the scheme that he offered the permanent services of himself and of his entire HQ Staff. His offer was gently declined on the grounds that only company officers were being sought. Ibid. Letter of 4 June 1918. 34. Some Suffolk farm labourers were reported to have been erroneously accepted. These and others who should not have been taken were released under W099/Releases/89 (TV2) of 19 July 1918. 35. E. Potton (ed.), A Record of the United Arts Rifles 1914-1919, p. 24. 36. W099/Inf/12 (TV1) of 27 Aug.1918 declared complaints about the food and accommodation at a camp in Fife were unfounded; ]. Tindall, The Sidmouth Volunteers 1914-1918, p. 47; E.R.Cooper mss, IWM, p. 29. 37. F.H. Lock, Records of the East Yorkshire Volunteer Force 1914-1919, p. 52; Shropshire RO 1681/198/6, Company Orders. 38. Hansard, Vol.109,638, 1 Aug.1918; Vol.109, 1568, 8 Aug.1918; The Times, 29 Aug.1918. 39. W070.43. The letter of thanks was published as W099/674 (TV2) of 28 Sept.1918; E.R. Cooper mss, IWM, op.cit., p. 11. 40. Two Volunteers from Hertfordshire are known to have died while serving with the companies. Herts RO TAFA/1, 30 Sept.1918. The War Office decided fatal­ ities' next-of-kin should receive a memorial plaque and scroll (45/Gen.No/2153 of 3 June 1920) and any man who fell ill or had an illness aggravated by his period of service should receive a Silver Badge (99/825 of2 Nov.1918). 41. Quoted in E.R. Cooper mss, IWM, op.cit., p. 3; The Kent Fencible, Vol.3, No.10, Oct.1918 reported on the authorities' 'thorough satisfaction' with the work of the companies. 42. W070.41. Letter 99/786, no date. 244 Notes

43. W032.5274. Draft paper dated 3 Sept.1918. 44. Ibid. Memo by DSD to DMO 4 Sept.1918. 45. Ibid. Memo: Proposals as regards the Reorganization of Home Defence, 25 Sept.1918. 46. W033.899, Scheme T: Mobilization of Tank Companies at the Tank Training Centre, Wool and Wareham, Oct.1918. 47. Hansard, Vol.109, 638, 1 Aug.1918. 48. Manchester Central Library M73/3/24, 2 Aug.1918. 49. RO ML1540 Vol.III, unidentified newspaper report on 2/Northampton Vol.Regiment; Hampshire RO 37M69/4, Commandant's Report on 1918 camp. 50. J. Tindall, The Sidmouth Volunteers 1914-1918, p. 45. 51. The Perthshire Association agreed to pay the hotel lodgings of 2 lady typists at the Blair Athol! Camp. NAS MD?/38, 21 June 1918; Battalion Orders for the 21/West Yorks Vol.Regiment camp at Scarborough required all members to carry a swagger cane on leaving the site. Walking sticks were considered inappropriate. West Yorkshire Archive DB17 C.43. 52. The West Lancashire Association discussed the matter in October 1918 but had evidently made an earlier response to the ACI of 17 Aug.1918. Liverpool RO 356WES/65, 16 Oct.1918. 53. One association simply minuted the War Office's intention and recorded no comments. Nottinghamshire RO DDTAl/2, 29 Oct.1918; 'Many' of Cheshire's COs tendered their resignations and the county association passed a resolution 'deprecating' the War Office move. F. Simpson, Chester Volunteers 1914-1920, p. 121; VF Gazette, Vol.?, No.201, 5 Oct.1918, p. 469; No.202, 12 Oct.1918, p. 481; No.203, 19 Oct.1918, p. 493; No.205, 2 Nov.1918, p. 518; No.207, 16 Nov.1918, p. 542. 54. One member of the ROC wrote: 'The ROC is the most easy-going regiment I have ever met. We are not treated like soldiers ... no one bothers us [and] there's a wonderful absence of red tape.' H. Thompson mss IWM Dept.of Documents, no ref; AIR1/1190/204/5/2596, Demobilisation of RDC men work­ ing for the RFC, gives a brief history of the corps. 55. Hansard, Vol.108,721, 15 July 1918; ibid., Vol.109, 224-5, 30 July 1918. 56. W032.5274 (56B), 2 Oct.1918. 57. Ibid. The meeting with the Admiralty representatives is ibid. (58A), 30 Sept.1918. The outcome was discussed by the War Cabinet on 14 Oct.1918. 58. W033.892, Home Defence Scheme, Aug.1918. 59. W033.880, Home Defence Emergency Arrangements No.ll, 1918. 60. W033.906, Home Defence Administrative Arrangements, July-Aug.1918. 61. W033.878, Organization of the Lines of Communication in the Event of Operations in the UK, May 1918. 62. W033.877, Emergency Scheme L for Bringing Reinforcements Consisting of Composite Brigades and Units, 1918. 63. See Appendix IV. Dallas had been on the Mobilization and Military Operations Staff at the War Office before the war. During the war he saw service in France, Gallipoli and Egypt. Notes 245

Epilogue

1. For an account of the problems associated with the demobilization process, see A. Rothstein, The Soldiers' Strikes of 1919. 2. If they had enlisted in the SR in 1914, they would have had a maximum of one year to serve. 3. R.S. Moody, Historical Records of the Buffs 1914-1919, p. 64. 4. H. Whalley-Kelly, 'Ich Dien' The Prince of Wales' Volunteers (The South Lancashire Regiment), p. 35; C.T. Atkinson, The Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment 1914-1919, p. 64. 5. C.C. Murphy, The History of the Suffolk Regiment 1914-1927, p. 322. 6. E. Wyrall, The West in the War 1914-1918;]. Buchan, The History of the Fusiliers 1678-1918. 7. E. Wyrall, The in the War 1914-1919, p. 33. 8. H. Whalley-Kelly, op.cit., p. 262. 9. E. Wyrall, The in the Great War 1914-1918, p. 404. 10. 3/Suffolk probably suffered 6 fatalities in the raid. 11. Soldiers Died lists only 104. 12. The London Regiment lists 79 deaths, the Sussex 8 and the Cameronians 7. It is probable that the latter figures could be taken as a rough average for a county regiment. Pte Edwin Brown of the 36th Supernumerary Company was 61 and Pte G.Holland of the 23rd Company was 60. Only 7 regiments record deaths in Provisional battalions separately from other home service units: a total of 17 men are listed. 13. W032.5274, 26Jan.1919. 14. Hansard, Vol.115,147, 30 Apr.1919; Vol.115,774, 6 May 1919; W032.18672, letter of 13 Mar.1919. 15. Hansard, Vol.114, 196, 25 Mar.1919; AIR1/1190/204/S/2596. 16. W032.18672 (131A); ibid. (154A), 26 Nov.1919. 17. The RDC lost 31 officers and over 600 other ranks. Thirty-one of the men went down with the Leinster in the Irish Sea in October 1918. The deaths of members Pte.]. Gambie and Captain W. Curtis actually predate the creation of the corps. 18. See I. Beckett, The Amateur Military Tradition 1558-1945, pp. 244-7 and P. Dennis, The Territorial Army, pp. 109-215. 19. O'Moore Creagh had said he wanted to see the VTC develop into something similar to the landsturm, 'Otherwise I should hardly be willing to take all the labour and trouble'. VTC Gazette, No.4, 26 Dec.1914, p. 52. 20. Ibid., Vol.4, No.90, p. 180; Leicester and Rutland Citizen Corps Gazette, No.7, Mar.1916. 21. Kent Fencible, Vol.3, No.12, Dec.1918. 22. E. Patten (ed.), A Record of the United Arts Rifles 1914-1919, p. 27. 23. F.S. Bowring, 'The Passing of the Volunteer Force', Journal of the RUSI, Vol.65, 1920, pp. 587-590. 24. Hampshire RO 37M69/4, 20 june 1919. 25. Wiltshire RO LI/101/2, 12 Apr.1919; Cornwall RO DDX.295/12, 5 Apr.1919; LMA A/TA/15, 11 Nov.1918. 246 Notes

26. VF Gazette, Vol.7, No.209, 30 Nov.1918, p. 570. Liddell Hart wrote under the pseudonym 'Gold Bars'. 27. Hansard, Vol.110,3351, 19 Nov.1918. 28. W099!837 (fV2), 10 Nov.1918 warned that even if drills did cease, Volunteers with a training agreement were not released from it. 29. VF Gazette, Vol.7, No.208, 23 Nov.1918, p. 553. 30. E.R. Cooper mss p. 12, Department of Documents IWM; J. Munson (ed.), Echoes of the Great War: The Diary of the Reverend Andrew Clark, p. 269; Leicestershire RO DE819/2, 6 Feb.1919. 31. W032.5050. Memo from Robertson to AC 30 Nov.1918. W099/871 of 14 Jan.1919 announced that Volunteers would not be allowed to purchase their rifles as a 'memento'. 32. Liverpool Daily Post, 28 Feb.1919; W032.5050, 30 Dec.1918. 33. W032.5050, 2Jan.1919. 34. Ibid., ACto GOC-in-C GB, 8 Jan.1919. 35. Hansard, Vol.112,1751-2, 26 Feb.1919. The practice of awarding honorary rank threw up anomalies which caused much resentment. 36. Letter in the Daily Mail, 24 Feb.1919. O'Callaghan had been on the staff of the Director of Artillery. 37. W032.5050, Precis for the Army Council, No.987, July 1919. 38. Ibid., letter to Lords Lieutenant, 25 Feb.1919. 39. W099/859 (AG1) of 25 Sept.1919. Motor units were considered to be a use­ ful asset in the event of transport strikes. 40. Hansard, 113, 40, 3 Mar.1919; Report of the Proceedings at a Conference between the Secretary of State and Representatives of the TF Associations(B 19/17 4). At the conference, Churchill said a reconstitution of the NR 'should be considered'; Surrey RO 608/1/2, 28 Apr.1919. 41. Northumbria RO 408/8, 7 Feb.1919. One Durham TF unit recorded its 'strong feeling of discontent' at the delay in reclaiming its drill hall. Durham RO D/TA3 Vol.III, 18 Feb.1919. 42. Entrenching tools were prized as gardening tools. Hampshire refused to dis­ charge 194 of its men until they had either returned or bought their great­ coats for £1. Hants RO 37M69/4, Dec.1919. One company lost 9 rifles. Devon RO Z19/46/14, 31 Mar.1919. 43. M. Yearsley, Home Front Diary 1914-1918, p. 10; T. Murray Ford, Memoirs of a Poor Devil, p. 203. 44. For example, VF Gazette, Vol.8, No.213, 15 Mar.1919, p. 25, M. Yearsley, op.cit., p. 1. 45. Letter in Pall Mall Gazette in W032.5050. Ibid, unidentified newspaper cutting. 46. Hansard, Vol.112,1751-2, 26 Feb.1919; Vol.114,1409, 3 Apr.1919; Vol.l16, 2013, 4 June 1919. 47. Only 61 men of the United Arts Rifles, one of the movement's most presti­ gious battalions, volunteered to line the route for London's Victory Parade, E. Potton (ed.), op.cit., p. 25. 48. VF Gazette, Vol.8, No.216, 21 June 1919, p. 62. 49. Devon RO Z19/46/14, 19 Oct.1919; NAS MD8/16, 29 July 1919. 50. W032.5050 contains several drafts. An annotation by Scarbrough on one describes it as 'too bald'. Notes 247

51. M. Yearsley, op.cit., p. 100; Lord Harris quoted in VF Gazette, Vol.S, No.221, 15 Nov.1919, p. 130. 52. The Ministry of Labour resisted the attempt to classify the Special Service Company men as 'ex-servicemen' (W099/955 of 16 Dec.1920) but gave way. 53. VF Gazette, Vol.9, No.225, 20 Mar.1920, p. 24. 54. Only one VTC was ever officially mobilized, and that was done in error. The Deal Company manned beach trenches with the Royal Marines in February 1916. Deal, Walmer and Sandwich Mercury, 25 Oct.1919 and 5 Mar.1921. 55. Both the VTC and the Home Guard were regarded by many contemporaries as people's militia or citizen home defence armies. They both eventually became accepted elements of the Crown's forces, were ultimately equipped by the state, originally denied the use of formal military ranks, administered by the Territorial associations and later confronted the difficulty of having their volunteer status diluted by the compulsory enlistment of sometimes reluctant conscripts. 56. H.R. Moon, The Invasion of the United Kingdom, p. 650.

Appendix V: Coastal Fortresses and Garrisons

1. The information comes from Adm116.3107; W032.5528; W033.576; W033.662; W033.671; W095.5457; M. Farndale, The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914--1918: The History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Annex 4. Bibliography National Archives, Kew.

Papers from

Admiralty, Cabinet Office, Customs & Excise, Home Office, Ministry of National Service, Treasury, War Office.

Unpublished Territorial County Association Papers, County Record Offices. Council of Territorial County Associations, Duke of York's HQ, London.

Unpublished PhD theses

M.Allison, The National Service Issue 1899-1914, University of London, 1975. H.R. Moon, The Invasion of the United Kingdom: Public Controversy and Official Planning 1888-1918, London, 1968. N.W. Summerton, The Development of British Military Planning for a War Against Germany 1904--1914, London, 1970.

Unpublished memoirs and unofficial papers

E.R. Cooper mss, Department of Documents, IWM. Viscount French mss, Department of Documents, IWM. Viscount Haldane mss, National Library of Scotland. C.F. Harriss, The Home Front mss, Department of Printed Books, IWM, 33953. Montague Johnstone mss, AF-GEN 6012/23, National Army Museum. B. Liddell Hart mss, King's College, London. E.]. Martin mss 'VTC 1914-1918', Department of Printed Books, no ref., IWM. FM Sir W. Robertson mss, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College, London. Maj.-Gen. Sir H. Sclater mss, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College, London. ]. St Loe Strachey mss, House of Lords Record Office. H. Thompson mss, Department of Documents, IWM. M. Yearsley, Home Front Diary 1914-1918 (microfilm) Department of Documents, DS/Misc/17, IWM.

Published papers

Army Annual Army List Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series Officers Died in the Great War, London: HMSO, 1919. Soldiers Died in the Great War, London: HMSO, 1921.

248 Bibliography 249

Volunteer List October 1918, London: HMSO, 1918. War Office List G.P. Gooch and H. Temperley, British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898-1914, HMSO, 1926-38. P.K. Kemp, Papers of Admiral Sir John Fisher, Navy Record Society, 1964. A.]. Marder, Fear God and Dreadnought: The Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher of Kilverstone, 3 vols, Cape, 1952-59. A.]. Morris (ed.), The Letters of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles a Court Repington CMG Military Correspondent of The Times 1903-1918, Sutton Publishing for Army Records Society, 1999. ]. Munson (ed.), Echoes of the Great War: The Diary of the Reverend Andrew Clark, Oxford University Press, 1988. Anon., The Rifle Brigade Chronicles, London: Rifle Brigade Club & Association, 1928.

Published memoirs and biographies

R.]. Adams, Arms and the Wizard. Lloyd George and the Ministry of Munitions 1915-1916, Cassell, 1978. B. Ash, The Lost Dictator, Field-Marshall Sir Henry Wilson, Cox & Wyman, 1968. R.H. Bacon, Admiral, The Life of Lord Fisher of Kilverstone, 2 vols, Garden City, Doubleday, 1929. B. Bond, Liddell Hart: A Study of His Military Thought, Cassell, 1977. B. Bond, The Captain Who Taught Generals, Cassell, 1977. V. Bonham-Carter, Soldier True: The Life and Times of FM Sir William Robertson, Frederick Muller, 1963. B. Collier, Brasshat: A Biography of Field-Marshall Sir Henry Wilson, Seeker & Warburg, 1961. Viscount Esher, The Influence of King Edward and Essays on Other Subjects, John Murray, 1915. G. French, The Life of Field-Marshal Sir John French, Cassell, 1931. G. French (ed.), Some War Diaries, Addresses and Correspondence ofField-Marshal the Right Han. Earl of Ypres, Cassell, 1931. ]. Fisher, Memories and Records, 2 vols, Doran, 1920. R.B. Haldane, Before the War, Cassell, 1922. R.B. Haldane, Richard Burdon Haldane: An Autobiography, Hodder & Stoughton, 1929. Lord Hankey, The Supreme Command, 1914-1918, 2 vols, Allen & Unwin, 1961. R. Holmes, The Little Field Marshal: Sir John French, Cape, 1981. ]. Jolliffe (ed.), Raymond Asquith: Life and Letters, Collins, 1980. ]. Lee, 'A Soldier's Life', General Sir Ian Hamilton 1853-1947, Macmillan, 2000. F. Maurice, Haldane 1856-1915, Faber & Faber, 1937. C.F.N. Macready, Annals of an Active Life, 2 vols, 1924. T. Murray Ford, Memoirs of a Poor Devil, A.M. Philpot, 1926. ]. Nettleton, The Anger of the Guns, William Kimber, 1979. C. Repington, The First World War: Personal Experiences, 2 vols, Constable, 1920. J.E.B. Seely, Adventure, Heinemann, 1930. D. Sommer, Haldane ofCloan, Allen & Unwin, 1960. E. Spiers, Haldane: An Army Reformer, Edinburgh University Press, 1980. A. Strachey, St. Loe Strachey: His Life and his Paper, Gollancz, 1930. 250 Bibliography

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R. Adams and R. Poirier, The Conscription Controversy in Great Britain, 1900-1918, Macmillan, 1987. F.P. Armitage, Leicester 1914-1918: The Wartime Story of a Midland Town, Backus, 1933. C.T. Atkinson, The Queen's Own Royal West Kent 1914-1919, London, 1924. I.F.W. Beckett, Form: A Study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859-1908, Ogilby Trust, 1982. I.F.W. Beckett, The Amateur Military Tradition 1558-1945, Manchester University Press, 1991. I.F.W. Beckett and J. Gooch, Politicians and Defence, Manchester University Press, 1981. I.F.W. Beckett and K. Simpson (ed.), A Nation in Arms, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985. J.M. Bourne, Britain and the Great War 1914-1918, Edward Arnold, 1989. J. Buchan, The History of the 1678-1918, Nelson, 1925. J.W. Burrows, Essex Units in the War 1914-1919, Burrows & Sons, 1932. F.W. Bewsher, The History of the 51st (Highland) Division 1914-1918, London, 1921. H. Cecil and P. Liddle (eds), Facing Armageddon, Leo Cooper, 1996. Central Association of Volunteer Regiments, The Volunteer Force and the Volunteer Training Corps During the Great War, King & Sons, 1920. C. Cole and E. Cheesman, The Air Defence of Britain 1914-18, Bodley Head, 1934. L. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837, Yale University Press, 1992. J.E. Cookson, The British Armed Nation 1793-1915, Clarendon Press, 1997. ].0. Coop, The Story of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division 1916-19, Liverpool, 1919. H. Cunningham, The Volunteers: A Social and Political History 1859-1914, Croom Helm, 1975. P. Dennis, The Territorial Army 1907-1940, Boydell Press for Royal Historical Society, 1987. E.]. Disbrowe, A History of the Volunteer Movement in Cheshire 1914-1920, Hales & Sons, 1920. G. Elliot, The War History of the 5th Battalion KOSB, Dumfries, 1928. A. Fair and E. Wotton, The History of the 1/5th Battalion: The Suffolk Regiment, London, n.d. M. Farndale, The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914-1918: The History of the Royal Regiment ofArtillery, Dorset Press, 1988. W.G. Fisher, A History of the Somerset Territorial Units, Taunton, 1924. D. French, British Strategy and War Aims 1914-1916, Allen & Unwin, 1986. D. French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition 1916-18, Claredon, 1995. C. Gerring, A Record of the Early Volunteer Movement (The Sherwood Foresters) 1914-1919, Sisson & Parker, 1920. Bibliography 251

J. Gooch, The Prospect o( War, Cass, 1981. ]. Gooch, The Plans o(War, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974. ].H. Grainger, Patriotisms: Britain 1900-1939, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986. D.P. Grant, The 1/4 (Hallamshire) Battalion, York & Lancaster Regiment 1914-1919, London, n.d. W.E. Grey, The 2nd City o(London (RF) in the Great War, HQ London, 1929. F.P. Gibbon, The 42nd (East Lancashire) Division 1914-1918, London, 1920. K.R. Grieves, The Politics o( Manpower 1914-1918, Manchester University Press, 1988. F.C. Grimwade, The War History o(the 4/, HQ London, 1922. P. Guinn, British Strategy and Politics 1914-1918, Clarendon Press, 1965. A.S. Hamilton, The City o( London Yeomanry (Roughriders), London, 1936. ].Q. Henriques, The War History o( 1st Battalion Queen's Westminster Rifles 1914-1918, London, 1923. E.]. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, Cambridge University Press, 1990. M. Howard, The Continental Commitment, Ashfield Press, 1989. E.A. James, British Regiments 1914-1918, Samson, 1978. L. james (ed.), The History o(the King Edward's Horse, London, 1921. P. Kennedy, The Rise o(the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860-1914, Allen & Unwin, 1980. T.C. Kennedy, The Hound o(Conscience: A History o(the Non-Conscription Fellowship 1914-1919, University of Kentucky Press, 1981. P. Langford, Englishness Identified: Manners and Character 1650-1850, Clarendon Press, 2000. ].C. Latter, The History o(the Lancashire Fusiliers 1914-1918, Gale & Polden, 1949. J.H. Lindsay, The London Scottish in the Great War, HQ London, 1925. F. Lock, Records o( the East Yorkshire Volunteer Force 1914-1919, Hull: Eastern Morning & Hull News, 1922. L. Magnus, The West Riding Territorials in the Great War, Kegan Paul, 1920. A.E. Manning Foster, The National Guard in the Great War 1914-1918, Cape & Fenwick, 1920. T. Marden, The History o(the , Cardiff, 1932. A. H. Maude (ed.), The 47th (London) Division 1914-1919, London, 1922. F. Maurice, The History o( the London Rifle Brigade 1859-1919, Constable, 1921. R. McKibbin, The Idealogies o( Class: Social Relations in Britain 1880-1950, Clarendon Press, 1994. C.]. Mead, Cornwall's Royal Engineers, Plymouth, n.d. K.W. Mitchinson, Amateur Soldiers: A History o(Oldham's Volunteers and Territorials 1859-1938,]ade, 1999. K.W. Mitchinson, Gentlemen and Officers: The Impact and Experience o( War on a Territorial Regiment, Imperial War Museum, 1994. K.W. Mitchinson, Saddleworth 1914-1919: The Experience o( a Pennine Community During the Great War, Saddleworth Historical Society, 1995. G. Monger, The End o(Isolation: British Foreign Policy 1900-17, Nelson, 1963. R.S. Moody, The Historical Records o(the Buffs 1914-1919, London, 1922. A.]. Morris, The Scaremongers: The Advocacy o( War and Rearmament 1896-1914, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984. 252 Bibliography

E.A. Muenger, The British Military Dilemma in Ireland, Gill & Macmillan, 1991. C. Murphy, The History of the Suffolk Regiment 1914-1927, Hutchinson, 1928. I. Nish, The Anglo-Japanese Alliance: The Diplomacy of Two Island Empires 1894-1907, Athlone Press, 1966. J.M. Osborne, The Voluntary Recruiting Movement in Britain, 1914-16, Garland, 1982. M.S. Partridge, Military Planning for the Defence of the United Kingdom 1814-1870, Greenwood Press, 1989. F.W. Perry, The Commonwealth Armies, Manchester University Press, 1988. G. Phillips, Rutland and the Great War, Padfield, 1920. C. Playne, The Pre-War Mind in Britain, Allen & Unwin, 1928. C. Ponsonby, The West Kent (Queen's Own) Yeomanry 1914-1919, London, 1920. E. Potton (ed.), A Record of the United Arts Rifles 1914-1919, Alex Maring, 1920. J.M. Rae, Conscience and Politics: The British Government and the Conscientious Objector to Military Service 1916-1919, Oxford University Press, 1969. F.H. Reynard, A Brief History of the Territorial Force Association of the County of York (North Riding) 1908-1919, Joseph Walker, 1919. K. Robbins, Nineteenth Century Britain: Integration and Diversity, Oxford University Press, 1988. A. Rothstein, The Soldiers' Strikes of 1919, Journeyman Press, 1985. J.D. Sainsbury, Hert(ordshire's Soldiers From 1757, Herts Local History Council 1969. T. Sandall, A History of the 5th Battalion: The Lincolnshire Regiment, Oxford, 1922. R. Samuel, Patriotism: the Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, 3 vols, Routledge, 1989. P. Simkins, Kitchener's Army, Manchester University Press, 1988. F. Simpson, The Chester Volunteers 1914-1920, Courant Press, n.d. Z.S. Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War, Macmillan, 1977. G. Stedman Jones, Language of Class, Cambridge University Press, 1983. G.A. Steppler, Britons To Arms!, Budding Books, 1992. H. Story, The History of the Cameroneans (Scottish Rifles) 1910-1933, Watson & Viney, 1961. R.R. Thompson, The Fifty-Second (Lowland) Division 1914-1918, Glasgow, 1923. ]. Tindall, The Sidmouth Volunteers 1914-1918, Culverwell & Sons, n.d. R. Verdin, The Cheshire (Earl of Chester's) Yeomanry 1898-1967, Birkenhead, 1971. L.A. Vidler, The Story of the Rye Volunteers, Rye Museum Committee, 1954. C.H. Dudley Ward, The 56th Division, London, 1921. C.H. Dudley Ward, The History of the 53rd (Welsh) Division (TF) 1914-1918, Cardiff, 1927. P. Warner, Invasion Road, Cassell, 1980. H. Whalley-Kelly, 'Ich Dien': The Prince of Wales' Volunters (South Lancashire), Aldershot, 1935. R. Williams, Defending the Empire, Yale University Press, 1991. S.R. Williamson Jr, The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War 1904-1914, Harvard University Press, 1969. K.M. Wilson, 'British Power in the European Balance, 1906-1914', in D. Dilks (ed.), Retreat (rom Power: Studies in British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century, Vol. 1, Macmillan, 1981, pp. 21-41. H. Wylly, The Border Regiment in the Great War, Gale & Polden, 1924. H. Wylly, The 1914-1919, Richmond, 1926. Bibliography 253

E. Wyrall, The History of the Somerset Light Infantry, London, 1927. E. Wyrall, The East Yorkshire Regiment in the Great War 1914-1918, London, 1928. E. Wyrall, The Gloucestershire Regiment in the War 1914-1918, Methuen, 1931. E. Wyrall, The History of the Fiftieth Division 1914-1918, London, 1939. E. Wyrall, The Die-Hards in the Great War, London, n.d. E. Wyrall, The in the War 1914-1918, Bodley Head, n.d.

Articles

Anon., 'An Excellent Auxiliary', Journal of the RUSI, Vo!.62, 1917, pp. 812-15. I.F.W. Beckett, 'Aspects of a Nation in Arms: Britain's Volunteer Training Corps in the Great War', Revue Internationale d'Histoire Militaire, No.63, 1985. B. Bond, 'R.B. Haldane at the War Office, 1905-12', Army Quarterly 86, 1963, pp. 33-43. F.S. Bowring, 'The Passing of the Volunteer Force', Journal of the RUSI, Vo!.65, 1920, pp. 587-90. P. Dennis, 'The Reconstruction of the Territorial Force, 1918-20' in A. Preston and P. Dennis (eds), Swords and Covenants, London: Croom Helm, 1976, pp. 190-215. P.E. Dewey, 'Military Recruiting and the British Labour Force During the First World War', Historical Journal, Vo!.27, No.1, 1984, pp. 199-223. R. Douglas, 'Voluntary enlistment in the First World War and the Work of the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee', Journal of Modern History, Vol.42, No.4, 1970, pp. 568-45. D. French, 'Spy fever in Britain 1900-1915', Historical Journal, Vol.21, No.2, 1978, pp. 355-70. K.R. Grieves, ' "Total War"?: The Quest for a British Manpower Policy, 1917-18', Journal of Strategic Studies, IX, 1986, pp. 79-95. K.R. Grieves, 'Military Tribunal Papers: The Case of Leek Tribunal in the First World War', Archives, 16, 1983, pp. 145-50. M. Howard, 'Lord Haldane and the Territorial Army' in M. Howard, Studies in War and Peace, London: Temple Smith, 1970, pp. 86-98. K.W. Mitchinson, 'The National Reserve' Stand To!, No. 71, Sept. 2004, pp. 9-13. K.W. Mitchinson, 'The Special Reserve', Stand To! No.70, Apr. 2004, pp. 5-9. J.M. Osborne, 'Defining Their Own Patriotism: British Volunteer Training Corps in the First World War', Journal of Contemporary History, 23, 1, 1988. W.C. Price, 'The Spare Time Force', Fortnightly Review, Jan.-June 1918, pp. 764-74. K. Robbins, 'The British Experience of Conscientious Objection' in H. Cecil and P.Liddle (eds), Facing Armageddon, London: Leo Cooper, 1996. A. Summer, 'Militarism in Britain Before the Great War', History Workshop Journal, Vo1.2, 1976, pp. 104-23. K.M. Wilson, 'The Foreign Office and the "education" of public opinion before the First World War', Historical Journal, Vo!.26, No.2, 1983, pp. 403-11. D.R. Woodward, 'Did Lloyd George Starve the British Army of Men Prior to the German Offensive of 21 March 1918?', Historical Journal, Vo!.27, No.1, 1984, pp. 241-52. Index

Abbey Wood, 54 Bishops Stortford, 159 Adjutant-General, 15, 31, SO, 108, 'bolt from the blue', 2, 9 152, 178 Bonar Law, A., 157 Admiralty, 7, 15, 34-5, 39, 40-1, Bonner, Master, 69-70 46-7, 52, 66, 69, 79-80, 108, 120, Boys' Brigade, 138 140,158,191,204,216 Boy Scouts, 31, 200 Aldeburgh, 112, 159 , 117 Amesbury, 57 Brentwood, 58, 180, 193 An Englishman's Home, 10 Bridgeman, Brig-Gen, 114 , 79 Bridges, R., 84 Arbroath, 45 Brightlingsea, 227 Army Council, 17-20, 37, 42, 49, , 2 72-3,91,126,129,133,135,161, British Expeditionary Force, see 168, 178, 184, 198-9 Expeditionary Force Army Estimates, 10, 30, 38, 44, 156 Brunner, Mond & Co, 111 Army, Regular, 1-4, 8, 11, 22-3, Bull, Sir W, 114 , 14, 16, 23, 30, 43, 49, Bungay, 58 55, 159 Burn, Col, 30 Arnold-Forster, H., 14 Bury St Edmunds, 58 Asquith, H., 12, 13, 39, 41, 47, 90, 161 Cabinet, 10-11, 13, 76, see also Assistant Adjutant-General, 18, 26, War Cabinet 30-1 Cadets, 31 Assistant-Director Ordnance Supply, , 79 56, 103-4 Canadian Training Division, Aubers Ridge, Battle of, 99 159, 193 Australian Overseas Training Bde, 183 Cannock Chase, 124 Canterbury, 58, 180, 193 Baden-Powell, Lord A., 9 Caporetto, 173 Baker, H., 38 Carson, Sir E., 121-2 Balfour, A., 70 Cave, G., 72 Bannockburn, 57 Central Force, see Home Army Banon, Col. F., 26, 30-1 Chamberlain, Lord, 131 Barrow, 58 Channel, The English, 41, 47, 59, Battenberg, Admiral Prince L., 52-3 79-80 Bedford, 48, 57 Chelmsford, 107 , 36 Chelsea Pensioners, 28 Beresford, Admiral Lord C., 9, 122 Chief Constables, 43-4, 70, 80 Bethune, Maj-Gen E., 37, 102, 127, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, 129-30, 139, 144 15, 18, 21, 37, 53, 76-7, 79, 100, Bideford, 68 108, 124, 173, 179, 186, 188, Bigland, A., 83 191-2 Birmingham, 200 Childers, E., 4

254 Index 255

Chorleywood, 87 Director of Movements, 160 Churchill, W., 39, 76, 199, 203 Director of Organization, 185 Church Lads' Brigade, 116 Director of Recruiting, 153 Cleethorpes, 195 Director of Staff Duties, 21-2 coastguard, 42 Doncaster, 150, 57 Coasts, East, 76, 80, 113, 123, 143, Douglas, Gen Sir C., 53, 76-7, 79 159, 169, 172-3, 188, 191-2; Dreadnought, 35 South, 80, 159, 191; West, 159 Dukes of: Devonshire, 92; Norfolk, coast watch, 42, 67 92; Rutland, 97 Colchester, 58 Dumpton Gap, 52 Committee of Imperial Defence, 2-4, Dunblane, 57 41,94,219 Conan Doyle, A., 69-70, 74 East Anglia, 158, 179-80 conscription, 2, 4, Eastern Front, 141 Continent, 2, 5, 6, 7, 61, 77 Emergency Committees, 86, 90, 154 Continental commitment, 13 Employers' Territorial Association, 70 Cook, Sir F., 70 Errol, Lord, 164 Corps of Guides, 21-2, 42, 44 Esher, Viscount, 3, 5, 32, 38, 40 Craik, Sir H., 91 Ewart, Maj.-Gen. S., 5, 10, 24 Crewe, Lord, 110 Examination Service, 46 Croft, Brig-Gen, 156-7 Expeditionary Force, 7-8, 14-15, 17-18, Crowborough, 181 36,40,41,48, 52, 60,64,108 Cunliffe, Sir F., 71, 87 Extra Reserve, 5, 7, 14-15, 55, 182, Curragh, 50, 58 205, 222 Customs, 42, 67 Fenians, 44 Dallas, Maj-Gen A., 193 Fens, 45, 80 Dartmouth, Lord, 50 Fergusson, Col. A., 70 Deal, 237 Festubert, Battle of, 99 Defended Ports, see Ports Findley, Col., 18 demobilization, 194 Fisher, H.A., 73 Deputy Chief of the General Staff, Fisher, Admiral Sir]., 6, 9, 37, 80, 158 108, 152, 162-4 Form E624, 127 Deputy Quartermaster General, 181 Forster, H., 137-8 Derby, Lord, 117, 139, 144-5, 179, Fortescue, Lord, 112, 114 186 Forth Bridge, 60 Derby Scheme, 121, 123, 126, 148-9 France, 36 Desborough, Lord, 69, 91, 110, francs tireurs, 92, 114, 202 120, 129 French, FM Sir]., 93, 99, 122-3, 126, Director of Army Signals, 159 132-3, 136, 139-41, 143-4, 148, Director-General Territorial Force, 37, 154-8, 161, 164-5, 166, 172, 39, 127, 129-30 174, 178-9, 192 Director-General Territorial and French Army, 33 Volunteer Force, 152, 162, 165, fyrd, 11 175, 187 Director of Military Operations, 5, 10, Gallipoli, 100 163-4, 183 Geddes, Sir A., 173, 179, 187 Director of Military Training, 7-9, 21, , 16, 21, 111, 192 35-6, 80 General Staff, 7, 11, 17, 165 256 Index

George V, 18, 24, 110, 123, 128, Extemporized units, 158-9: Fire 140, 143 Commands, 212 German Army, 175-8, 184, 186 Home Defence Bns, 94,126: Home Germany, 3, 6, 7, 36, 39, 76, 107, Service Bns, 195, 208; Home 115, 163 Service Divisions, (71st, 72nd, , 59 73rd) 142, 148, 158, 173-4, 179, Godley, A., 84 208; Home Service Garrison Bns, Goldie, Sir G., 219 124-5, 143, 158, 184; Gooch, G., 27 Independent Brigades, 158-9; Gravesend, 79 Independent (Kent) Force, 180, Great Yarmouth, 81 192-3, 209; Local Forces, 48, 126, Griffith-Boscawen, Sir A., 215 159, 207; Mixed Bdes, 143, 183, Grimsby, 52 189, 191, 193; Northern Army, Guildhall, 92 140, 142, 156, 158, 160; Provisional units, 100-3, 124-5, Haig, FM Sir D., 178-9 127, 132, 134, 141, 143, 158, 160, Hague Convention, 21, 26, 92 195, 208; Recruit Distribution Haldane, R. B., 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, Bns, 148, 182, 210; Southern 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22-4, Army, 132, 142, 156, 158, 160, 26-7,31,40,60,66, 75, 174; XXIII Corps, 180, 192-3, 201, 204 208-9 Halton Park, 118 Home Commands, 8, 21, 37, 42, 65, Hamilton, Gen. Sir B., 126, 142 77-8, 93, 125, 129, 133, 141, Hamilton, Gen. Sir 1., 11, 24, 123 192, 207: Aldershot, 9, 48, 126, Hamilton-Gordon, Gen., 184 193; Eastern, 35, 104, 125, 175, Hankey, Sir M., 41, 76, 107 181, 208; Irish, 126; Northern, Hapsburg Empire, 20 57, 179, 208, 210-11; Scottish, Harewood, Lord, 112, 139 78, 126, 196; Southern, 56, 126, Harmsworth press, 10 170, 179, 182; Western, 59, 117, Harris, Lord, 86, 112, 155, 200 242; London District, 9, 48, Harris, P., 68-70, 74, 110, 130, 136, 126, 193 145, 153, 157, 172, 175-6 Home Guard, 203 Harrison, Gen Sir, R., 226 Home Fleet, 12 Harrow, 53 Home Ports' Defence Committee, 41 Hatfield, 58 Home Office, 4, 48, 67, 72, 85-8, 92, Hayle, 78 154-5 Henry, Sir E, 35 Home Service Medal, 200 Hereford, 117 Horse Guards, 23 High Seas Fleet, 7, 39, 81, 158 Hotchkiss , 169 High Sheriffs, 70 Hunton, 107 Hindenburg, Gen., 158 Hurd, A., 235 Home Army Hutton, Gen. Sir E., 239 Central Force, 9-10, 15, 35, 41, 45, Hyde Park, 136 48, 57-8, 64, 76-7, 79, 86, 93, Hyndmann, H., 9 103-4, 107-8, 121, 125-6, 195, 206-7: Command Imperial Reserve Army, 157 Reinforcement Pools, 192; Imperial Service option, 61-2, Composite units, 156, 192; 98, 109 Depot Companies, 124; India, 4, 58-9, 76 Index 257

Indian Mutiny Medal, 167 London's defences, 3, 109, 114, 159, Inspector-General of 193, 198 Communications, 160, 192 London Fire Service, 198 Inspector of Gymnasia, 109 London General Omnibus Co., 193 invasion inquiries, 3, 7, 39, 123-4, Long, W., 130, 150 173-4 Laos, Battle of, 100 invasion/raid scares, 2, 7, 15, 35, 40, Lords Lieutenant, 86, 90, 119, 137, 61, 64, 76-7, 80, 89, 108, 123, 199-200: of Durham, 120; Kent, 140, 155, 157-8, 164, 167, 86, 112, 155, 200; Lincolnshire, 174-5, 189, 191, 193, 201, 204 120 Inverness, 57 Lowestoft, 159, 123 Ireland, 9, 35, 50, 121-2, 179, 183, Luton, 48 186 Ipswich, 52 Macpherson, I., 153, 157, 175, , 97 188, 190 Macready, Lt-Gen. Sir N., 152, 178 Jellicoe, Admiral Sir]., 80, 173 McKenna, R., 72, 92 Maidstone, 59 Keighly, 117 Manchester Ship Canal, 77 Kiggell, Maj.-Gen. L., 21, 36, 80, Maurice, Maj.-Gen. Sir F., 163 107-8, 123 Mediterranean, 5, 37 Kinghorn Fort, 52 MIS, 185 King's Lynn, 81 Miles, Lt-Gen. Sir H., 18 Kitchener, FM Lord H., 50, 54, 60-1, Militia, 2, 4, 5, 13-16, 23, 64, 66, 72, 79, 93, 99, 100, 105, 29, 90 108, 113, 117 Ministry of National Service, Kitchener's Army, see New Army 179, 187 Ministry of Reconstruction, 179, Landsdowne, Marquis of, 120 182-3 Lands End, 159 Mollington, 68 Landsrunn, 69, 196, 204 Mons, 64 Le Cateau, 64 Murray, Maj.-Gen. A., 7-9, Leconfield, Lord, 238 21, 35 Lee, A., 38 Murray, Sir G., 84 Legion of Scouts and Guides, 42 Leinster, 245 'nation-in-arms', 6 levee en masse, 89 National Defence Association, 39 Liddell Hart, B., 154, 170, 197 National Defence Corps, 196 Limmerick, 58 National Patriotic Association, 69 Lincolnshire, Marquis of 92, National Registration, 114 122, 128 National Reserve, 25-30, 32, 35, 43-5, Liverpool, 28, 59 49, 56-7, 64-7, 77-8, 81-2, 90, Lloyd George, D., 90, 130-1, 139, 94-6, 102, 110, 113-14, 118-19, 144, 155-6, 173, 178, 194 122, 133, 182, 191, 196, 199, Lloyd, Gen. Sir F., 77, 123, 139, 238 201, 203 Local Government Board, 118, 150, NR Divisions, 1st London, 33 152, 187 NR Battalions, City of Westminster, London Bombing School, 171 25: Edinburgh, 218 London County Council, 68 National Rifle Association, 26 258 Index

National Service League, 4, 6, 9, 80, 180, 183, 188; Hull, 41, 34, 28, 49 55; Lough Swilly, 41; Lowestoft, Navy League, 9, 10 77; Newhaven, 18; Orkneys, 47; New Army, 60-4, 70, 77, 82, 85, Pembroke, 55; Plymouth, 41, 89-90, 93-4, 98, 107, 109, 124, 54, 67; Portland, 41; 143,167,202 Portsmouth, 41; Scapa Flow, 41, Newcastle, 46, 144 79; Sheerness, 47, 55; Sheppey, Newton, Lord, 120 47, 55, 181; Shoeburyness, 55, Nicholson, FM Sir W., 18, 21, 37, 39 180, 183; Spurn Point, 41, 80; Norfolk, 1st Volunteer Bn Tees, 181; Thames and (Rifle Vols), 24 Medway, 35, 45, 47, 77, 79, Northcliffe press, 9, 10, 87 140, 180-1;Tyne, 35, 46, 52, Northamptonshire, 59 78, 181, 188 Norwich, 107 posse comitatus, 224 Pragnell, Sir G., 70 Officer Training Corps, 6, 14, 119 Precautionary Period, 7, 34-5, 42, 45, Oldham, 231 46, 52 O'Callaghan, Maj.-Gen. Sir D., 198 press, 4 O'Moore Creagh, Gen., 68, 70, 72, 'press gang clause', 91 84, 132 Preston, 59 Ostend, 79, 90 prisoners of war, 73, 185, 196 Privy Seal, Lord, 131 Paget, Gen. Sir A., 132, 142, 126, 174 Provost-Marshal, 115 Pals battalions, 64, see also Pulteney, Lt-Gen. Sir W., 193 New Army Parliament Acts, Amending, 130-1: Quartermaster General, 18-19 Defence of the Realm, 1914, 67, Queenborough, 86 104; Military Service, 99, 127, 134, 148, 154, 175-6, 179, 201; Official '', 59 Secrets, 1911, 43; Regulation of the railways, 35, 48, 57, 77-8, 81, 95, Forces, 1871, 55; Territorial and 160-1; Great Western, 81; Reserve Forces, 1907, 17, 129; Southern, 82; Regulating Volunteer, 1863, 120, 129-31; Stations, 160 Workmen's Compensation, 1906, Ranksborough, Lord, 197 131 Bills; National Service (TF), Regular Army, 1-4, 8, 11, 22-3, 29, 1913, 49 31, 40-1, 47-8, 53, 60, 65, 79, Peel, Lt-Col. R., 182, 215 122, 133, 137, 140, 162 Perth, 57 Agricultural Companies, 192, 194 Police, 34-5, 43-4, 47, 68, 85 Brigades, 18th, 35; 200th, 109; Police Chronicle, 85 206th, 180 Porter, Gen Sir T., 226 Composite Bdes, 156, 192 Ports/Defences, 34, 205, 211-12 Divisions 4th, 9, 35-7; 6th, 9, Berehaven, 41: Bull Island, 80; 35-7 Cromarty, 41, 159; Dover, 34, Graduated Bns, 147-8, 178, 182, 79; Falmouth, 41; Felixstowe, 189, 192, 208 47, 58, 195; Forth, 47, 54, 58, Independent Bdes, 156 181; Haile, 41, 80; Hartlepool, Labour Corps, 185 81, 180; Harwich, 34, 41, 46, Local Reserve Bns, 124 48, 55, 180-1; Humber, 35, 48 MGC, 148 Index 259

Regular Army - continued sabotage, 52, 85, lOS RE, 15, 20, 37, 55,163,211 Salisbury Plain, 48, 58, 107, 124 RGA, 15, 37, 41, 46, 55, 163, Salvation Army, 14 189, 211 Samuel, H., 118, Reserve Bns, 124-5, 142: Training Samuel, ]., 235 Reserve, 142, 158, 178, 195; Saughall, 68 4th Reserve RFA, 181; 1st Siege Saye and Sele, Lord, 64 Artillery Reserve, 194 Scarborough, 58, 181-2, 187 Regiments, Cameronians Scarbrough, Lord, 39, 161, 164-5, (Scottish Rifles), 19 5; East 175-7, 198-200 Yorks, 195; Guards, 25; Sclater, Lt-Gen. Sir H., SO , 26; Sea Fencibles, 220 Manchester, 4, 124; Seaford, 159 Northumberland Fusiliers, 4, Sea Scouts, 67 SO; Rifle Brigade, 201; Royal Seely,], 26-9, 32, 38, 40-1, 43-5, SO Scots Fusiliers, 194; Royal Selby, 57 Sussex, 195; South Lanes, 195; Selsey Bill, 159 West Yorkshire, 194 Shrewsbury, 59 Young Soldier Bns, 147, 181-2, Sidmouth, 68 189, 192 Simon, Sir]., 127 Repington, C., 4, 6, 10, 23, 39, 87, 88, Sittingbourne, 59 155, 157, 174 Smith-Dorrien, Gen. Sir H., 24, 121 Reserve of Officers, 5 Somme, Battle of, 129, 141 Richborough, 17 4 South African troops, 193 Rickmansworth, 87 South African War, 1, 115 Rifles, 94: Lee Enfield, 197, 130, 143; South Foreland, 125 Lee Metford, 107; Martini, 106, Southport, 28 130, 137; Meiji, 107; Ross, 137 Special Constables, 43-4, 67, 72, Rifle Volunteers, 2-6, 12, 15, 17, 24, 85-7, 150-4, 200 28-9, 39, 60, 166-7, 170, 190 Special Reserve, S-8, 13-16, 23, 29, Roberts, Lord, 4, 6, 9, 10, 24 40, 32-3, 45, 47, 55, 58, 64, 77, 41, 88 125-6, 142, 158, 182, 193-5, 201 Robertson, FM Sir W., 124, 173-4, SR units: 3/Bedford, 182; 3/Border, 179-81, 183-4, 192, 198 55; 3/Gloucestershire, 55; Roseberry, Lord, 70, 122 3/Gordon Highlanders, 55; Rothchild, Lord, 116 King Edward's Horse, 213, 222; Royds, Col., 176 3/KORL, 182; 3/Lancashire Fus, Royal Air Force, 180, 185, 196 55; 3/Manchester, 195; North Royal Defence Corps, 41, 127-9, Irish Horse, 213; 3/0x.& Bucks 132-5, 145, 161-3, 184-89, 191, LI, 215; 5/Rifle Bde, 182; 195-6, 201, 3/, 194; Royal Flying Corps, 242 3/Somerset Ll, 194-5; South Royal Navy, 1, 6, 7, 9-10, 25, 33-5, Irish Horse, 213; 3/Suffolk, 171, 37-40, 42, 47, 52, 76, 99, 193 194; 3/West Kent, 182, 215; Royal Marines, 46 3/Wiltshire, 194; Rundle, Gen. Sir L., 100 6/Worcestershire, 182 Russian Provisional Government, Spectator, 22 173 'splendid isolation', 3 Rye, 95 spies, 88, 90 260 Index

St Albans, 56 99, 206; 2nd London, 56, 58-9, St Bart's Hospital, 113 62, 99, 206; Lowland, 100; Stewart, Sir C., 69 North Midland, 99, 206; Stopford, Lt-Gen. Sir F., 86 Northumbrian, 46-7, 54, 99, Stowmarket, 77 101, 108; South Midland, 102, Strachey, John St Loe, 22, SO, 70, 89, 206; Welsh, 59, 100, 103, 206; 122,135 Wessex, 48, 54, 58, 76, 79, Stanmore Hill, 56 98-9, 206; West Lancashire, 48, Stratford, 160 56, 58; West Riding, 26, 48, 58, Stroud, 154 206; 57th, 126; 58th, 126; submarines, 46, 79, 82, 90, 106 59th, 126; 60th, 127; 64th, 126, 158, 179-81, 209; 65th, tanks, 189 126, 159; 66th, 126; 67th, Tennant, H., 64-6, 73, 92, 114, 121, 105, 126, 158, 161, 179, 209; 128-9 68th, 126, 158, 173, 179-80, Territorial Army, 199, 201, 204 209; 69th, 126, 173, 179, 181, Territorial Force, 1, S-8, 10, 14-17, 21, 193, 210 26-7,31-3,35-8,44-5,49,60-2, TF Brigades, South Lanes, 58; South 69, 73, 89, 94, 116, 122, 140, Wales, 59; Welsh Border, 54; 144-5, 151, 166-70 2nd West Riding, 57; East Lanes TF Advisory Council, 18 Reserve 181, 183; Home TF Council of County Associations, Co.Reserve, 183; West Lanes 31,39 Reserve, 181 TF County Associations, 10, 60, Yeomanry Brigades, 2/lst Highland, 169: Buckinghamshire, 66, 78; lOS; Welsh Border, 58 Cheshire, 234; Cornwall, 197; Yeomanry regiments, 15; London East Riding, 43, 137, 220; Essex, Roughriders, lOS; West 49; Derby, 26; Hertfordshire, Kent, 60 66, 78; Kent, 32, 216; TF Cyclist units, 21, 52, 106, 126, Leicestershire, 31, 197; City of 142-3, 158-9, 179, 193, 206-7, London, 134, 172-3; Co. of 243; Northern Cyclist, 46, 52; London, 32, 49, 197; 3/lst N.Midland Divisional Northumberland, 219; Cycle Coy, 106 Nottinghamshire, 94, 137; TF Regts, 1/6th Black Watch, 216: Oxfordshire, 26, 64; Perthshire, 2/6th Black Watch, 102; 78, 102; Shropshire, 94; Surrey, 5/Black Watch, 52; 7/Black 23, 42, SO; West Riding, 49, Watch, 52; 1/Brecknock, 59; 139; Wiltshire, 197 1/Buckinghamshire, 57; 2/Sth TF Reserve, 17-20, 22, 27, 44, 147, Buffs, lOS; 4/Buffs, 52; 169, 197 1/Cambridgeshire, 52, 57; 2/6th TF Technical Reserve, 19-21, 42 Cheshire, 109; 4/DCLI, 222; TF Divisions, 48, 54-9, 62, 64, 76, 5/DCLI, 63, 222; Devon, 54; 98, 108, 141: 1st Mounted, 48, 6/Devon, 57; 4/Dorset, 60; 5~ 10~ 107, 12~14~ 15~ 4/Duke of Wellington's, 52; 206; East Anglian, 58, 103, 206; 4/East Surrey, 182, 215; 1/Sth East Lancashire, 48, 58, 63, 79, East Yorkshire, 243; 2/8th 98-100, 223; Highland, 48, 57, Essex, 106; 8/Essex, 52, 106; 206; Home Counties, 48, 55, 4/Hampshire, 228; 59, 206; 1st London, 48, 52, 59, 5/Hampshire, 228; Honourable Index 261

Territorial Force - continued Veteran Reserve, 16, 19, 22-3 Artillery; Company, 63, 158; Voluntary Aid Detachment, 20, 22, 1/Hereford, 59; 5/KOSB, 57; 102, 151 4/KSLI, 59; , Volunteer Force, 147, 149-52, 156-7, 56; London, 54, 141, 195; 161-76, 178-9, 181, 183-7, 190, 5/London, 63, 99; 12/London, 192-3, 196-99, 202-3 99; 13/London, 99; 14/London, VF special service companies, 59, 62; IS/London, 63; 186-90,200,203 25/London, 52; 6/Manchester, VF units, Buckinghamshire, 169, 60; 9/Middlesex, 53, 57; 240: Cheshire, 244; Devon, 10/Middlesex, 57; 176-7; Essex, 171, 231, 240; Monmouthshire, 59, 99; 2/6th Gloucestershire, 170; Norfolk, 242; Rifle Brigade, 118; Hertfordshire, 243; 2/RF City of London, 53, 60; Huddersfield, 171; Kent, 154, 4/Seaforth Highlanders, 171; 171, 200; Lincolnshire, 241; Somerset Light Infantry, 54; London, 157, 159; Manchester, 2/4th Sussex, 109; 6/Sussex, 240; Oldham, 240; Ramsgate, 106; 6/Welsh, 59; West 175; Shropshire, 169, 240; Kent, 63 Suffolk, 171, 243; West TF Mise units, Durham Co. RGA, Yorkshire, 244; Vol. RFC, 167 81; 2/lst £.Anglian Divisional Volunteer Training Corps, 41, 67-8, Artillery, 103; Kent (Fortress) 70-3, 81-93, 109-21, 125, 128-9, Coy, RE, 221; Welsh Howitzer 131, 135-8, 140-1, 144, 146 Brigade, 106 148, 150 TF Supernumerary/Protection Central Committee, 74, 91, 93, Companies, 66, 94-8, 101, 110-16, 119, 135 149, 154, 177 118-19, 125, 133-4, 195 VTC units, Athletes' Corps, 83: TF Special Service Sections, 7, 35, Birkenhead Corps, 83; 42, 45-6, 52, 165 Birmingham Electrical, 112, First Line, 66, 83, 93, 97, 102, 120; Buckinghamshire Vols, 104, 135 116, 240; East Riding Vols, 137; Second Line, 63, 66, 93-4, 97-102, Essex Vols, 83; Deal Vols, 247; 109, 135, 141, 158,179 Fleet Street Company, 138; Third Line, 97-8, 109, 126-7, 135 JuJitsu Corps, 84; Lancashire Territorials, or 's last Vols, 83; LCC Corps, 116; hope, 38 Letchworth Vols, 143; Lydney Thanet, 52 Vols, 226; Middlesex Vols, 112; Thorne, W., 157 Motor Sections, 120; National Tilbury, 79 Guard, 110-11, 117; National Tirpitz, Admiral von, 7 Volunteer Guard, 73; Naval Totnes, 58 Home Defence Corps, 112; N-E trained bands, 11 Railway Corps, 116; Newent Treasury Coy, 241; Nottingham Vols, tribunals, 147, 149, 151-2, 155, 168 137; Old Boys, 83; Optimists, Troup, Sir E., 154 111; Oxford Vols, 137; Piano Tunbridge Wells, 59 Tuners' Corps, 83; Preston Vols, 231; Public School Corps, 111; , 69 Rye Company, 95; Station Unionist Party, 19 Companies, 112, 120; United 262 Index

Volunteer Training Corps- continued Wash, The, 79, 100, 124-5, 193 Arts Rifles, 84, 232, 246; Watford, 58 Warwickshire Vols, 112 Wells, H., 69-70, 87-8 vulnerable points, 34-5, 40, 48-9, Western Front, 99, 146, 155, 173 77-8,81,94,113,126 Whigham, Maj.-Gen. Sir R., 152, 162 Walmer, 237 Willesden, 160 Wandsworth, 68 Wilson, Admiral Sir A., 39 War Cabinet, 99-100, 161-2, 174, Wilson, FM Sir H., 36-7, 186, 191 178, 188, see also Cabinet Wirral, 68 War Council, 93 Woolcombe, Gen., 115 Ward]., 82 Woolwich, 54 Warner, Sir C., 215 Worthing, 100 War Office, 2, 7, 15, 17, 18, 20, 23, Wyrall, E., 194 25-30, 33-4, 36, 41, 43, 48-9, 55, Wyndham G., 14, 38 61-6, 69-78, 80, 83, 85, 90-6, 101, 103, 107, 113, 115, 117-18, Ypres, Battles of, 99,100, 162, 173 120, 127, 129-32, 137-40, 145-53, 155, 158, 161-2, 164-5, 168, 172, 175, 177, 179-80, Zeebrugge, 90, 93, 99, 157 184-8, 190, 197-9, 203 Zeppelins, 81,90, 108,195