Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). cucumariids, however, still require to be re-assigned and are here. are so and done re-assigned be to require still however, cucumariids, ge­ new to species several referred writer the when recently nera (Thandar 1985; 1987; 1989; 1990). The remaining remaining The 1990). 1989; 1987; 1985; (Thandar nera and (s.e.) amendments. with albeit earlier papers (1952 & 1953) did not consider Panning’s Panning’s accepted, consider widely now is not which did family the 1953) of revision (1949) & (1952 papers earlier oee, hr wr svrl usqet diin t the to (1952, Cherbonnier of works additions the of subsequent result a as several mainly fauna, (1948). were Deichmann and there (1923) Clark However, H.L. trea­ by was detail family in ted The species). (18 holothurians drochirotid (Thandar paper another of subject the is Phyllophoridae fml wih nlds oto te otenArcn den­ African southern the of most includes which family a The genera. new two and subfamily new one diagnosed on revision of need in Psolidae, The latitude). (23Vi°S corn tylidae was recently revised by Thandar (1989), who who (1989), Thandar by revised recently was Sclerodac­ The tylidae family. the to additions subsequent there no — being (1948) Deichmann by documented well all species, Ludwig, 1907; Cucumariidae and 1949 Oestergren, Panning, Phyllophoridae Sclerodactylidae 1902; 1970; Pawson, Perrier, Heterothyonidae 1965; Psolidae Feil, & seven Pawson include dae currently holothurians dendrochirotid The a world-wide basis, is poorly represented by only four four only by represented poorly is basis, world-wide a Capri­ of tropic the of south waters, African southern the in 93 & 90. t s ertal ta Cebnir n his in Cherbonnier that regrettable is It 1970). & 1953, aiis Paohria asn Fi, 95 Paracucumi­ 1965; Feil, & Pawson Placothuriidae families: 1990), in which one new genus is erected. is genus new one which in 1990), Introduction 1894. Of these only the latter four families are represented represented are families four latter the only these Of 1894. .Ar .Zo. 1991,26(3) Zool. J. S.Afr. Thus most of the southern African species of of species African southern the of most Thus In the present paper only the Cucumariidae are dealt with, dealt are Cucumariidae the only paper present the In The cucumariid holothurians of southern Africa with the erection of a new genus new a of erection the with Africa southern of holothurians cucumariid The Zoology Department, University of Durban-Westville, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000 Republic of South Africa South Republic of Durban, 4000 UniversityDepartment,Durban-Westville,X54001, Zoology Privateof Bag wat uit Suider-Afrika bekend is op 10 genera en 18 spesies te staan. Sleutels word vir alle spesies verskaf en verskaf spesies wordvir alle Sleutels staan. Cucumariidae te aantal die bringspesies 18 veranderinge en Hierdie genera 10 Suider-Afrika uit aangeteken. op uit Suider-Afrikais wat keer bekend eerste die vir word elke spesie word kortliks beskryf en/of bespreek, terwyl kaart in wordverspreiding huikortliks plaaslike word. gebring bespreek, en/of beskryf spesie elke theirdistributions local mapped. Cherbonnier, 1953 word onderskeidelik verwys na die genera genera die na verwys onderskeidelik word 1953 Cherbonnier, van sinoniem word hersien en 'n nuwe genus genus nuwe 'n en hersien word n npeie npe mt ir ae Hebnwn word Hierbenewens gate. vier stafies met gevurkte dun van kombinasie knopies uit’n bestaan knopperige wat en liggaamswand-neerslae besit spesie Hierdie huisves. southern Africa to 10 genera and 18 species. All species are keyed, briefly described and/or discussed, and from known discussed, and/or now briefly holothuriansdescribed keyed, cucumariid are of number All species total species. the 18 Inand result genera 10 Africa to changes southern These Africa. southern Die Suider-Afrikaansedendrochirotiede Holothuria van die familie Cucumariidae HolothuriaCucumariidae familie die van Suider-Afrikaansedendrochirotiede Die ( Cucumariidae family the of holothurians African dendrochirotid southern The eois I addition, In deposits. specimen tentatively referred to as as to referred tentatively specimen violaceus are revised and a new genus genus new a and revised are (Théel, 1886); 1886); (Théel, respectively to the genera genera the to respectively 98 wih osse cmiaino sedrfre rd adfu-oe nbe btosa bd wall body as buttons knobbed four-holed and rods forked slender of combination a possesses which 1938, Thyone (s.e.) have remained in these genera until until genera these in remained have (s.e.) Théel, 1886 en 'n eksemplaar wat tentatief na na tentatief wat eksemplaar 'n en 1886 Théel, Ocnus capensis Ocnus uuai rigidapeda Cucumaria etca squamosa Pentacta Trachythyone (Théel, 1886) verklaar; 1886) (Théel, Pseudoaslia eevd8Nvme 90 cetd3My 1991 May 3 accepted 1990; November 8 Received Pseudoaslia Trachythyone pan/a Trachythyone hrone, 92 and 1952 Cherbonnier, Cucumaria and and hrone, 90 s elrd snnm of synonym a declared is 1970 Cherbonnier, is erected to accommodate accommodate to erected is word opgerig om wordopgerig .. Thandar A.S. Ocnus;

Cucumaria rigidapeda Cucumaria and R. stephensoni R. webbi R. frauenfeldi Thyonidiinae frauenfeldi Roweia frauenfeldi Cucumella triplex Cucumella africanus Pawsonellus Pseudocolochirus violaceus Pseudocolochirus rigidapeda T. Cucumariinae ? T. parva improvisa T. sykion P. sinorbis P. spyridophora Aslia Trachythyone crucifera Trachythyone insolens Pseudocnella tetracentriophora Pseudoaslia tesselera P. doliolum Pentacta (uwg 17) r rcre o te is tm from time first the for recorded are 1875) (Ludwig, and their local distributions are mapped. are distributions local their and ?T. corbulus O. capensis Ocnus Colochirinae treated, a comprehensive key is included to separate them them separate to included is key comprehensive a treated, List of southern African Cucumariidae Cucumariidae African southern of List Trachythyone parva Trachythyone All the southern African cucumariids are here briefly briefly here are cucumariids African southern the All sp. suooohrs violaceus Pseudocolochirus etca squamosa Pentacta rcyhoee Ocnus; en Trachythyone Cucumaria tetracentriophora Cucumaria . corbula C. (apn 1885) (Lampen, (Ludwig, 1875) (Ludwig, (Cherbonnier, 1952) (Cherbonnier, Cherbonnier, 1970 Cherbonnier, (uwg 1875) (Ludwig, (Cherbonnier, 1953) (Cherbonnier, (hrone, 1952) (Cherbonnier, (on 1939) (John, (he, 1886) (Théel, Cucumaria tetracentriophora Cucumaria Ldi Hdn, 1935 Heding, & Ludwig (als 1766) (Pallas, (..Cak 1923) Clark, (H.L. hrone, 93 r referred are 1953 Cherbonnier, Cherbonnier, 1952 en en 1952 Cherbonnier, (hna, 1977) (Thandar, (he, 1886) (Théel, Ldi, 85 vry word, verwys 1875) (Ludwig, Tadr 1986 Thandar, (epr 1869) (Semper, sensu (sensu hrone, 90 s ’n as 1970 Cherbonnier, (he, 1886) (Théel, asn Fl, 1965) Fell, & Pawson (Heding, 1938) (Heding, (uwg 1882) (Ludwig, Pwo el 1965) &Fell, Pawson en en Tél 18 ad a and 1886 Théel, Pseudocolochirus Heding, 1938, te 1938, Heding, cu capensis Ocnus . corbula C. Heding,

115 Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). suonla Sclerothyone Pseudocnella, ers, belongs to this genus. Rowe (1970) transferred one one transferred (1970) Rowe genus. this to belongs ers, Remarks: this revision, which erects the genus genus the erects which in revision, re-assigned are this species the remaining in The genus Sclerodactylidae. latter the species, more eight accommodate southern African species to the genus genus the to species African southern species African southern to the assigned of none fact, In holothurians. Diagnosis: n ipet sios ltsa bd wl dpst.O this On deposits. wall body as plates spinous to simple and (1985, 1987, 1989 & 1990) diagnosed the genera genera the diagnosed 1990) & 1989 1987, (1985, African southern the of descriptions Pan­ his adopt in not did system 1953) ning’s and (1952 Cherbonnier that able genus to include only those cucumariids with 10 tentacles tentacles 10 with cucumariids those only include to genus Thyonidii- and 1949; Panning, Colochirinae 1894; Ludwig, family Phyllophoridae and the preceding two in the family family the in two preceding the and Phyllophoridae family N = Natal, SWA = Namibia, T = Transkei, i = intertidal, intertidal, = i Transkei, = T Namibia, = SWA Mozambique, = M Natal, Province, = Cape N = C records: depth and the of analyses their in (1976) Courtman-Stock & Clark basis Panning transferred most of the then known southern southern known of then species the African of most transferred Panning basis s = shallow (0-99 m), d = deep (100-499 m), vd = very very = vd m), (100-499 deep = d m). (500+ m), deep (0-99 shallow = s regions indicate to used are symbols following The groups. expres­ in system standard the become will holothuroids, hoped is the it excluding and echinoderms, African southern by employed latitude/longitude also was using method This of used. is method squares, degree (1967) Day’s records, 500. SEM Philips the using graphed, then were They evaporates. alcohol the once stick together normally transferred, then and alcohol absolute of changes electron scanning water For lucida. distilled in camera the with washed illustrated 1966), and Mahoney (see with removed were antiformin Spicules (1977). Doty more & and Rowe (1948) recently, Deichmann (1907), specimens Fisher notably The writers, (UDW). Durban-Westville of University Muse­ African South the (UCT), Town Cape of University the type species of of species type the three All 1954. Africa. southern in Panning represented & are sub-families Heding in by included Phyllophoridae formerly the family, polytentaculate latter the only family, the the being within 1954; Panning, Cucumariinae and the Heding southern nae include from (1965) species 18 Fell & about Pawson and Included Africa. genera species. 10 170 are approximately here and genera comprises 30 spicules, about microscopic and ring calcareous simple Family Cucumariidae Ludwig, 1894 Ludwig, Cucumariidae Family marine African southern the all of distribution the sing photo­ and mA 30-40 at min 5 for gold with sputter-coated they which to stub several specimen a onto through alcohol, of drop passed a with were spicules the microscopy, were studied by conventional methods outlined by previous previous by outlined methods conventional by studied were the of Department Zoology the years, and several writer the by over trips undertaken collection through and (SAM), um the from loan on obtained was investigation this for Material Material and Methods and Material 116 For the purpose of indicating local distributions and and distributions local indicating of purpose the For By designating designating By hs aiy caatrzd y -0 etce, a tentacles, 8-20 by characterized family, This SePnig 14:1;Pwo, 1982:815. Pawson, 1949:411; Panning, See Cucumaria Cucumaria frondosa Cucumaria Cucumaria, Cucumaria by Cherbonnier or the earlier work­ earlier the or Cherbonnier by , Temparena to other genera. It is regret- regret- is It genera. other to Panning (1949) restricted the the restricted (1949) Panning Aslia, unrs 16 as 1767 Gunnerus, and and Pseudoaslia, while Thandar Thandar while Thyonina Roweia, to to

parva 6. Body wall spicules include generally incomplete incomplete generally include spicules wall Body 6. complete of form the in spicules of layer Superficial 4. relegated to the synonymy of of synonymy the to relegated Trachythyone 2. Spicules include complete or incomplete baskets, the the baskets, incomplete or complete include Spicules 2. Cucumariidae of species (PMNH). History Cherbonnier Natural by described but collection the in present collections the in present are family the of species 15 Only 5. Spicules of inner layer of body wall in the form of of form the in wall body of layer inner of Spicules 5. quadriloc- mostly wall body of layer inner of Spicules 3. samples of the types received from the Paris Museum of of Museum Paris the from received types the of samples C. transfers n a pcmn ettvl ietfe as identified tentatively specimen a and accommodate accommodate In addition, addition, In e t te ufmle ad oten African southern and subfamilies the to Key wall body or para types from illustrated are 1970), (1953, not species, remaining some of spicules The examined. here . etce oeta 0 Thyonidiinae 10 than more Tentacles 1. is recorded. is cal, dichotomously branched rods, at least in juveniles in juveniles least at rods, branched dichotomously cal, hollow fenestrated spheres, in addition, knobbed knobbed addition, in spheres, fenestrated hollow to restricted pedicels knobs; marginal 10 quite with layer inner regular of plates or buttons baskets; cup-like more of up (made complex or material) calcareous multilocu- include wall body of layer inner of Spicules otenArcnseis uuaine 16. Cucumariinae species African southern in addition to smooth to knobbed plates knobbed to smooth to addition in papillae with of number interambulacra varying a knobs; with irregular marginal quite layer etce 10 -1 8 Tentacles buttons present in some species in some present buttons into developed or of material up calcareous of of made layers form often several the plates, in multilocular wall knobbed body large, of layer inner of Spicules showing nodules rarely or knobs plates, incipient multilocular smooth, simple, the in baskets reduced spicules of layer Superficial naked interambulacra ambulacra; the addition, in material); species in some calcareous present buttons knobbed of layer one than of layer single a of (composed simple either plates, lar single a of up made aterial m plates calcareous of layer or buttons knobbed ular pcls xld bses fay om a lat n the in least at form, any of baskets exclude Spicules Colochirinae asymmetri­ or symmetrical slender, as appearing latter baskets or large spinous crosses with bifurcate arms, arms, bifurcate with crosses spinous large or baskets (papulae) inner of plates or buttons rods; branched thin of form ...... 1876 ...... ad C. and rigidapeda etca squamosa Pentacta Pseudoaslia tetracentriophora Pseudoaslia uuai tetracentriophora Cucumaria ...... Cucumella triplex Cucumella ...... corbula ...... hrone, 92 o h genus the to 1952 Cherbonnier, Aslia spyridophora Aslia Cherbonnier, 1954 to to 1954 Cherbonnier, S.-Afr. Tydskr. Dierk. 1991,26(3) Dierk. Tydskr. S.-Afr. Ocnus capensis Ocnus ...... hrone, 90 is 1970 Cherbonnier, Ludwig & Heding, 1935. Heding, & Ludwig ...... Trachythyone ...... (Heding, 1938) (Heding, eig 1938, Heding, ...... TTrachythyone (he, 1886) (Théel, (lr, 1923) (Clark, ...... Studer, Ocnus. 10. 7. 4. 6. 2. 5. 3.

Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). 12. Incomplete baskets present as a superficial layer layer superficial a as present baskets Incomplete 12. . ltseogt ihnmru salhls mri of margin holes; small numerous with elongate Plates 9. 11. Small species; spicules of body wall include, besides besides include, wall body of spicules species; Small 11. one at knobbed faintly mm), 0,8 to (up huge Plates 8. 10. Body barrel-shaped; superficial spicules incomplete incomplete spicules superficial barrel-shaped; Body 10. 7. Superficial spicules in the form of large spinous spinous large of form the in spicules Superficial 7. .Ai.J ol 1991,26(3) S.Afir. Zool. J. juveniles only) and complex, knobbed plates without without plates knobbed complex, and only) juveniles o fly erce; oor aibe uuly light, usually variable, colour retracted; fully dom etclt; nerda ppla wl dvlpd sel­ developed, well end papillae one with interradial rarely denticulate; plates knobbed life; throughout m og ad oeie i aa rgo o slightly of region anal in sometimes and long) 25 to mm (up juveniles in only present baskets Incomplete life in green olive dark very or black never ny nopee akt (n n seis rsn in present species one (in baskets include wall incomplete body only of spicules species; Medium-sized irregular knobbed buttons knobbed irregular ...... to regular of layer a ‘handle’, projecting a with naked some­ and spines or knobs with ornamented always ‘handles’; buttons absent buttons ‘handles’; often plates knobbed complex and baskets incomplete u mtra, bog r eeoe it fenestrated into developed or oblong calcare­ of material, plates layer one multilocular ous than more species; of up one made complex, of adults in absent ficial spicules mostly in the form of complete baskets baskets complete of form the in mostly spicules ficial hollow fenestrated spheres; interambulacra usually usually interambulacra spheres; into developed fenestrated or hollow multi-layered either plates locular multi­ bodies; reticulated delicate into developed times 1987 Thandar, large fewer) (usually 12 to up with irregular Plates oy oehtqarnua ncos eto; super­ section; cross in quadrangular somewhat Body papillae with interambulacra spheres; nodules without plates rarely with minute nodules on surface on nodules minute with rarely baskets in the form of dichotomously branched rods, rods, branched dichotomously of form the in baskets imbricating, and smooth mm), 0,4 to (up large Plates lts irglrkobd utn ad iue rosette­ minute and buttons knobbed irregular plates, holes; margin of plates often with incipient nodules incipient with often plates of margin holes; to smooth minute, with region plates or buttons knobbed anal extremity; include elongate, multilocular, smooth to knobbed knobbed to smooth multilocular, elongate, include shaped granules granules shaped incomplete mostly of form the in spicules Superficial crosses with bifurcate arms; plates thick, smooth to to smooth thick, plates arms; bifurcate with crosses baskets with stout primary cross; other deposits deposits other cross; primary stout with baskets all w body in granules rosette-shaped or buttons lgty nbe, ih e (p o 2 hls no holes; 12) to (up few with knobbed, slightly though sometimes few in number, and smooth to to smooth and number, in plates knobbed slightly few baskets, sometimes complete mostly though include spicules wall Body ......

...... Trachythyone rigidapeda Trachythyone Pseudocnella sinorbis Pseudocnella ...... Trachythyone improvisa Trachythyone Trachythyone crucifera Trachythyone ...... Trachythyone ? parva Trachythyone Pseudocnella insolens Pseudocnella ...... (Cherbonnier, 1952) (Cherbonnier, (Cherbonnier, 1952) (Cherbonnier, ...... Trachythyone (epr 1869) (Semper, (Ludwig, 1875) (Ludwig, (Ludwig, 1875) (Ludwig, (Théel, 1886) (Théel, ...... Pseudocnella ...... 11...... sp. 12. 13. 9. 8. 8 Srih, ot clnrcl pce, nfrl bak in black uniformly species, cylindrical soft, Straight, 18. 7 Vnrlot w tnals eue t sus spicules stubs; to reduced tentacles two Ventralmost 17. body scalloped; ring calcareous of margin Anterior 16. 5 Mdu-ie seis ecig lnt o 10 mm; 100 of length a reaching species Medium-sized 15. 4 Sal pce, ooye mtr fml) 1 m in mm 11 female) (mature holotype species, Small 14. 13. Skin thin; baskets simple with 2-4 holes, never never holes, 2-4 with simple baskets thin; Skin 13. s d n e spicules of body wall slender, curved rods with forked forked with rods curved slender, wall body of spicules ambulacrum; per rows 6-12 in pedicels ventral life; of layer superficial a spectacle-shaped by spicules accompanied size; often equal rods, of Tentacles numerous interradial papillae (papulae); superficial superficial (papulae); papillae interradial numerous plates multilocular imbricating thick exclusively minute, slender rods rods slender minute, either spicules wall body with plates projections; radial anterior but long scalloped not ring Calcareous aey omn rtcltd ois pae lre not large, plates bodies; reticulated forming rarely al pcls moh o lgty nbe pae or plates knobbed slightly to smooth spicules wall spheres fenestrated hollow into developed thick imbricating plates or spectacle-shaped rods or or rods spectacle-shaped or plates imbricating thick or lenticular plates bodies; reticulated delicate developed into hollow fenestrated spheres fenestrated hollow into developed ‘buttons’, absent in large (>80 mm) specimens mm) (>80 large in absent ‘buttons’, cup-like, deep, baskets reduced; two somewhat ventral length; in tentacles mm 35 than less species, Small ‘biscuits’ fe icmlt; utn nmru, eua; plates regular; numerous, buttons incomplete; baskets length; in often mm 55 to up species Medium-sized tentacles usually of equal size; baskets often forming forming often baskets size; equal of usually tentacles ee etclt toeend n e one at denticulate never utn;pae fe etclt toeend n e one at denticulate often plates buttons; interambulacra ...... oslpdcl wl dvlpd i obe os inter­ rows; double in developed, well pedicels dorsal egh bses evl ndlr cmlt; o regular no complete; nodular, heavily baskets length; spheres; dorsal pedicels papilliform, often scattered in scattered often papilliform, pedicels dorsal spheres; multiloc­ buttons holes; four bodies; than more with reticulated irregular mostly delicate into often spiny, baskets developed spicules; with packed thick, Skin ambulacra naked naked ambulacra reg­ usually buttons bodies; reticulated into developed ular plates often developed into hollow fenestrated fenestrated hollow into developed often plates ular a pae nvr eeoe it fnsrtd spheres; fenestrated into developed never plates lar multilocu­ holes; four and knobs marginal 10 with ular minute, papillae interradial denticulate; end one ...... dorsally least at life, in green olive ...... strongly retractile; colour always black or a very dark very a or black always colour retractile; with strongly (20%) often plates knobbed individuals; larger ...... Pseudocolochirus violaceus Pseudocolochirus ...... Pawsonellus africanus Pawsonellus Pentacta tesselera Pentacta Pseudocnella sykion { sykion Pseudocnella Ocnus corbulus Ocnus Roweia stephensoni Roweia Pentacta doliolum Pentacta Ocnus Roweia Ocnus capensis Ocnus Fre n odi, 1839 Goodsir, and Forbes ...... Pentacta Tadr 18 18. 1985 Thandar, (Cherbonnier, 1952) (Cherbonnier, ...... Cherbonnier, 1970 Cherbonnier, Goldfuss, 1820 Goldfuss, Lampert, 1885) Lampert, Thandar, 1986 Thandar, (als 1766) (Pallas, (John, 1939) (John, (he, 1886) (Théel, ...... Theel, 1886 Theel, ...... 14. 17. 117 15. Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). N(30/30/i, 28/32/i), 70 spec. 70 28/32/i), N(30/30/i, N(30/30/i). Distribution: examined: Material records: Previous spyridophora Aslia spyridophora Aslia Aslia Remarks: Diagnosis: spyridophora Pentacucumis spyridophora Ludwigia Remarks: Diagnosis: Africa the genus is represented by only only by represented is genus the Africa Ocnus spyridophora Ocnus genus preoccupied the in included formerly buttons, Diagnosis: Aslia Ludwigia 347. (H.L. Clark). (H.L. scarcely five species, all referred to it by Rowe. In southern southern In Rowe. by it to referred all species, five scarcely wigia 1949 Panning, Colochirinae Subfamily rnh18:24 1 text-fig. 1 274, 1981: Branch four-holed and baskets complete with species those date 685). 1970: Rowe designation lefevrei Cucumaria species: Type 1963:28). Pawson juvenile the in least at baskets, reduced or complete either erected to accommodate accommodate 1938. Heding, to erected Cucumaria spyridophoraU.L. Cucumaria tributed over six genera, of which which of genera, six over dis­ species 14 tributed by Africa southern in represented is It stage. Genus Genus 1948: 347, pi. 19, figs. 6-9. figs. 19, pi. 347, 1948: 118 9 Spriil pcls es, las omn a continu­ a forming always dense, spicules Superficial 19. Rw, 9065 lr oe 1971:202. Rowe & Clark 1970:685; Rowe, by Panning (1949). The genus at present includes includes present at genus The (1949). Panning by ous layer; anal region generally without rosettes; south rosettes; without generally region anal layer; ous perforated with rods curved slender present, if cules, never variable, colour species, barrel-shaped or U- ly with rosettes; east coast form coast east rosettes; with ly muarm n itrail aile spriil spi­ superficial papillae; interradial no ambulacrum; Superficial spicules usually absent, if present, rare, rare, general­ region anal present, layer; if continuous a forming absent, never usually spicules Superficial form coast west and ends uniformly black; ventral pedicels in 2-5 rows per per rows 2-5 in pedicels ventral black; uniformly ......

Aslia (partim) Panning, 1949: 431 (preoccupied: (preoccupied: 431 1949: Panning, (partim) This subfamily is characterized by the presence of of presence the by characterized is subfamily This e HL Cak 12: 1; ecmn 1948: Deichmann 410; 1923: Clark, H.L. See SePnig 1949:411,425. Panning, See See Rowe 1970: 685. 1970: Rowe See ...... Rowe, 1970 Rowe, From Lambert’s Bay on the south-west coast south-west the on Bay Lambert’s From Roweia frauenfeldi frauenfeldi Roweia frauenfeldi a eetd y oe 17) o accommo­ to (1970) Rowe by erected was Roweia frauenfeldi webbi Roweia frauenfeldi C(33/l 8/i, 34/22/i to 34/25/i, 32/27/i), 32/27/i), 34/25/i, to 34/22/i 8/i, C(33/l Rowe, 1970: 685 (passim). 685 1970: Rowe, (..Cak 93 Fgrs a , 14a) 3, la, (Figures 1923) Clark, (H.L. C(34/20/i,s to 34/27/i,s); T(31/29/i), T(31/29/i), 34/27/i,s); to C(34/20/i,s Panning, 1971: 30. 1971: Panning, Panning, 1949: 431. 1949: Panning, Roweia Roweia frauenfeldi ...... a, 94 12 Bac & Branch 192; 1974: Day, Clark, 1923: 410; Deichmann Deichmann 1923:410; Clark, uuai tetracentriophora Cucumaria Barrois, 1882 (by original original (by 1882 Barrois, ...... Pseudoaslia (hna, 1977). (Thandar, . spyridophora A. (uwg 1882) (Ludwig, (Ludwig, 1882) (Ludwig, is here here is Lud­ 19.

Remarks: Remarks: obnto hs en ulse tie ny Dy 1974; (Day only twice published been has combination some show or smooth be may few a occasionally but knobs, of region anal the in especially developed, well remarkably 3j). interradial (Figure fused are adjacent ring and calcareous the of radial plates midventral the genus, the of the life, in red being as species the described (1923) Clark Habitat: 16. Figure preoccupied. Rowe (1970) designates designates (1970) Rowe preoccupied. places Panning paper (1927) Mortensen although species type as 1841 Forbes, Pentacucumis Ludwigia erected by Deichmann (1957) for for (1957) Deichmann by erected spyridophora mis H.L. Although mm. 17-40 being material present the of tteepne ns(iue3 h). & wavy 3g (Figure usually ends expanded the with at longer are contain introvert introvert the and of tentacles those The Typical rods, absent. 3f). are (Figure plates suckers end the in occur plates are perforated walls pedicel The holes. 16 to up with plates knobbed 14a) & 3b (Figures buttons The ones. primary four the with ye pce: uuai lactea Cucumaria species: Type Diagnosis: as listed are collection Several UCT the coast from west the specimens on Bay Saldanha as far as extending characteristic is speci­ As off-white. or Alcohol-preserved white to fade usually rust-coloured. mens often with suckers maroon dark the or greyish-brown grey, is colouration life which which 28). 1963: son (Brandt) which clearly belongs in in cumis belongs clearly which genus (Brandt) The 1981). Branch & Branch true of presence the and congeneric. not tentacles are species two the the Hence baskets. of size unequal ones small several and holes central large few and margins while mm), 0,22 to (up rods perforated by mm), strengthened (0,07-0,17 large marginal of 10 formation the with towards tendency regular quite are mm), (0,045-0,095 alternating holes smaller four with often individuals, young coast. east the on Vidal, Cape of south Rock, Perrier’s to indicated that both both that indicated lists (1949) Panning genus. this of species 1970). Rowe designation subsequent (by Ocnus Genus it records (1974) Day but Bay Still of west occurring species local stones. and shells sand, of conglomerates soft in or faunic in its form, absence of interradial papillae (papulae), (papulae), papillae interradial of absence form, its in 1868). The baskets (Figures 3a, e & 14a) (0,03-0,06 mm), are are mm), (0,03-0,06 14a) & e 3a, (Figures baskets The The writer could not find any definite record of the the of record definite any find not could writer The In the form of its buttons this species comes close to the the to close comes species this buttons its of form the In Cucumaria tetracentriophora Cucumaria has long been relegated to the synonymy of of synonymy the to relegated been long has Forbes, 1841: 229; Panning 1949: 437; (non Semper Semper (non 437; 1949: Panning 229; 1841: Forbes, Ocnus lactea, Sand, pebbles, broken shells, rock. Usually crypto- crypto- Usually rock. shells, broken pebbles, Sand, pri) ann, 99 41 pecuid Paw­ (preoccupied: 431 1949: Panning, (partim) This is a small species (Figure la), the size range range size the la), (Figure species small a is This There is some confusion regarding the type type the regarding confusion some is There See Panning 1949:437. Panning See Dihan 1957:13. Deichmann, being the older, has priority. In the same same the In priority. has older, the being Forbes and Goodsir, in Forbes 1841 Forbes in Goodsir, and Forbes but as far as it could be ascertained, this this ascertained, be could it as far as but lactea lactea and and S.-AÉr. Tydskr. Dierk. 1991,26(3) S.-AÉr. Dierk. Tydskr. in in brunneus obs n Gosr 1839 Goodsir, and Forbes Heding, 1938 but differs differs but 1938 Heding, Ludwigia, Ocnus. are synonymous of of synonymous are lactea uuai planci Cucumaria Pentacucumis Hence Hence cu brunneus Ocnus a name long long name a s h type the as Pentacucu­ Ocnus. Pentacu­ was was

Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). V.rfirjrrj unn, I 'JbZ: burning, (JMUsifU 70 h JVu.irKfliirtjprnrtj fJiiun CJcMiii ûranv-o ihr i> !l;lïr£ pi^uT ^tiile tti i iu ig v u d -.if ,Jr species no* type toi, with incÉcmpcr^if » ■X k pe ^j- tL s i U ed 71k grm* * rim 1 g k 1 7 d le p c L c a U Only by ft Arrie iii m ish ln lam it-L in ^¡jc- rrfnTicnlia; e p [> r h I jui;v-r ui h i u h }Liifi.jir-; i j However. {lOIIJi, íirufl/ifií ui species j ml h i n u n m to.l.nh' u J *iEiir:ld ™ H AlTTBr u b.-.ilh»ffl P I gum M 05 11 ii-i W Etct I | I. Fip IB. |4 3I& * W m u Eltic ta Wi icii-iic 171, 1035: Wds..k 2.fg f. fig 20. IWKdist.J.pk. ngi b4*u L 4M.pL.4Z. . lJ 7 J ^ fc 1 iM lO-lZ;Ctaerbnnrucr i r 'b I M I . ÏÜ 1 20. [S*?: VAN .j u 'rï lAK l'hriï, i U w ^ i ru a j.jjn arrmi ii m r r a /.«A \ copenu:, a * aí i ui* it -.lij it ruH A TktOnl lynriiv AC brwuvHi imt j i l -i. fioth 1W1.Z6{J¡ ena O k i .nm. IIPJQ: iflTlî C’Eark -117; ¡M*c r.unim|. Æ ntnj ijfn k jp trn tn 1 junin* subjective synonym ni ni synonym subjective junin* Ic UH F^ui 4 l4t<) H 4h ia u ^ iF UIHI . IfcW unil, - f H o d r y g ) ; b f i f ' l r f i i i L n w T J j l f e r i t n u ( T h i t l ) , ( e ;■ e ( , ) l t i h T ( u n t i r e f l j J T w n L i i i f r l ' f i f b ; ) g y r d o H f - foJlow foJlow -6 2 i S fg 7 ■■'»t I 7 fig. S. pi. 62 m ^ rnui, rrpiird:-; is, u n ir w M O. ifip m u i I'Hicel) I'Hicel) i u m ifip 1 A ijuwnym ijuwnym .milli Ocmti l[?>fan# lacias. iut pydopKtfa K p o d y Ip t \itu wr-tl

11

OJD36 ttu ri wiOi I 4 { D ually ually D { 4 I wiOi ri ttu OJD36 Tiluuuui *nli tWt llqnfib ■ vjryinn îbijie irul l u r i e i j i b î n n i y r j v ■4 b i f n q l l Î S ^ tH tiW i l n * i u u u u l i T . > ; 4 MJt Ptin tttlctà m m à t c l t t t n i t P JIti fM [4d> A tÜstrilbilt\}ñ 4b Local w f i P i &HHM U . l f i f V ■■ i f PfVn'L a a m hotii¿ .n î J uLnu.iird iticr m f knIîbJ 31^G hWCD jliflg length iVjgmenL i mds; h l-'I.r. Spei i ec, sp Æfurnpnon 1 i. /d lË W f C iitii n m U AfüJrNilf trOtr- T in a bqgr bqgr a in T trOtr- z Fgr LJ !■ (Figurr uze ipNdirivMU hiHLHvpc wnU mt body frnlriitfd OÍ Í TiLxtxiüiier, M 19*1 IïcKhin;*™ .fr2. 6 lW tl l* T e c i i f.jj^]f ,vU Cfctftnmritr, uuv iyn. fVnfj;.jrj iifirjiiwiu 17701 m s i , t w a l f i A , t r a w f' M I D (I'l Pi’qJiï'ïJ Pi’qJiï'ïJ (I'l D M I bonmeri; (D P. (0*inn |l.yiLim"!l. l ! " m i L i y . l | n n i * 0 ( . P D ( ; i r e m n o b r c i O f t i i m . u j i K^wfltrn i t s u j . J a r p m n 0 1 * i # t i r u a t i r d u q ) i i n « 1t> rirrp ^'alen OÍ S.W. Cape I^dviiu^ I^dviiu^ Cape S.W. OÍ ^'alen 1t> rirrp (141 Afr M i*rTnr -iAÍ 2ÍVIÍA1. ÎV Í. -^ilA ' rZTönfr Tij* la Ú.- la h i o 6 I nynt™iiH tj™ n y n ' 7 m 0 0 4 - S S L . y ü i Ú Bm ÚBm ütdm tfd jü J 2} l o b , ÿ i d ^ f l d l O n o d o iir iir o d o n O l d l f ^ d i ÿ , b o l ) 7- IW)(e.-if -V 7 F'igmt m * ft O tm in ti, n h n ti, in tm O ft om lU ikfu 11022- 11022- ikfu lU 1 770- 770- 2 HÛ. I ! cu. b i ui

130 8. Air Tytbàr I W 1991,2*3)

t 9P_ ■_

o "c e S. -C ,J2 Fïpirc I SuABh Altear n, n ...... -| uh u i (f irnUDuedl. f v J'r* (forif»# fn lt^ fü fH-F-:uperji (b) f- njfíiíc^úfj f i ’h#rl^raii«rJL tt) ^,'w J.u ; ii/rjiCiv. riMítaU; l.tf) Afof.1 /riMii/rliJ: rl.u.ViJ( I. (r| ff -wbt-i ^TbanUr); ff. jtepAcnunFu n (l^nk -c4-i

eone trarr. off C tqz PenuMuU. 11« a Figure tft rvz U n pn-hahlc thai wih «ge the baskets become redactd io cnmie» and the M u m increase m n/e and «untrer Not ~ fT fü f siunfitiwwJi S W. Allani« O ton. E IPV&ct Phi 1fr unl.tr O .tyvnin ff tqmjmosa a »iso described m grey pint blandi, Lfuno and S Jipan weh a On* tody M ii Although » direct cow f n w of dic Habitai H o.l. VI..i+ ■ irnJ '■ ■ Lind " iv jrn! rodiles. body wal) spicata oí O rapensis and ff. jo u a n t» prwed imwvliuivc dic itiiKnen ¿picata art ideaucal m bods X*marLT, 'l'ikr spruiim-h ih *o imtUtf m Honu and spicata W i j v ï h (<ƒ l-ifixci 4d & 5di. Hence, ff. squamosa ta hrnr irie- fmlulyix? drjcrllvd hy I tyri i Lnt(i 1 "m Dure ts IiLÜ-r relegated io d»c tynunymy oíO. tápenos rioiihL ns u1 lu iddrtUly. Iloweves, ¡Lí ipfoita alw approach (h

C< Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). h eogt nbe lts Fgr b (p o ,6 mm 0,165 to (up 6b) (Figure plates knobbed elongate The composed of more than one layer of calcareous material. material. calcareous of layer one than more of composed (Figure 6c) (0,10-0,18 mm) are rounded, multilocular and and multilocular rounded, are mm) buttons The (0,10-0,18 6a). 6c) (Figure (Figure holes 4-8 by pierced base nodular baskets The PMNH. the the from and received type drawings his the of from fragment deduced here are these spicules does Cherbonnier Since size. appreciable any reach not does Remarks: Habitat: Distribution: examined: Material Record: (0,04-0,05 mm) have a strongly nodular rim and smooth to to smooth and rim nodular strongly a have mm) (0,04-0,05 the of dimensions the or holotype the of size the give not 0-3 m. 0-3 Diagnosis: mature female, which measured about 11 mm. As the the As species mm. the that 11 possible is it about eggs ripe measured contained specimen which female, mature a,Fed&Pnih 1970:83. Penrith & Field Day, plate and rods; (i) madreporite; (j) parts of calcareous ring. (MVR — midventral radial plate; MDIR — middorsal interradial plate) (a-g (a-g plate) interradial middorsal — MDIR plate; radial midventral — (MVR ring. calcareous of parts (j) madreporite; (i) rods; and plate uuai corbula Cucumaria corbulus Ocnus body wall; (c) smooth button; (d) button from side; (e) baskets of juvenile; (f) pedicel plates and rods; (g) tentacular rods; (h) introvert introvert (h) rods; tentacular (g) rods; and plates pedicel (f) juvenile; of baskets (e) side; from button (d) button; smooth (c) wall; body iue 3 Figure Scale A; h Scale B). Scale h A; Scale S. Afir. J. Zool. 1991,26(3) Afir.S. Zool. J. C(34/18/?i/s). Rock. si spyridophora Aslia This species is based only on the holotype, a a holotype, the on only based is species This See Cherbonnier 1953:594. Cherbonnier See nw ol fo tp lclt (as Bay), (False locality type from only Known (Cherbonnier, 1953) comb.nov. (Figure 6) 6) (Figure comb.nov. 1953) (Cherbonnier, Dorsal body wall fragment of holotype. of fragment wall body Dorsal Cherbonnier, 1953: 594, fig. 1 (1-23); (1-23); 1 fig. 594, 1953: Cherbonnier, (Clark). Spicules and other internal structures, (a) Baskets from dorsal body wall; (b) buttons from dorsal dorsal from buttons (b) wall; body dorsal from Baskets (a) structures, internal other and Spicules (Clark). Remarks: Diagnosis: Goldfuss, 1820:177, according to Deichmann 1948:352). Deichmann to according doliolum 1820:177, Goldfuss, Actinia species: Type Actinia Cercodemas Pentacta Deichmann 1930: 179; 1941: 98; 1948: 351; Cherbonnier Colochirus Cherbonnier 351; 1948: 98; 1941: 179; 1930: Deichmann surveys. Genus Genus type locality has been thoroughly investigated by the UCT UCT the by investigated its thoroughly although been again has taken locality been not perhaps type has is it species since The common not characters. noteworthy complete only are of baskets presence the and buttons, regular any and 1901: 97; Panning 1949: 439 (non (non 439 1949: 1971). Panning 97; 1901: long) usually have one end unthickened and denticulate. denticulate. and unthickened end one have usually long) Théel but the absence, in absence, the but Théel 1952:489; Panning 1971: 38; Clark & Rowe 1971: 201. 201. 1971: Rowe & Clark 38; 1971: Panning 1952:489; Such plates are reminiscent of those of of those of reminiscent are plates Such Pallas, 1766: 152 (preoccupied). 152 1766: Pallas, Pentacta Goldfuss, 1820: 177; H.L. Clark 1923: 416; 416; 1923: Clark H.L. 177; 1820: Goldfuss, Four species, referable to to referable species, Four See Deichman 1948:351; Panning 1971: 38. 1971: Panning 1948:351; Deichman See Troschel, 1846: 64; Ludwig 1887: 1229; Sluiter Sluiter 1229; 1887: Ludwig 64; 1846: Troschel, Selenka, 1867: 343. 1867: Selenka, Goldfuss, 1820 Goldfuss, . corbulus, O. Pallas, 1766 (designated (designated 1766 Pallas, Pentacta, of interradial papillae papillae interradial of Colochirus Cucumaria insolens Cucumaria ae o far so have Panning Panning 121

Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). Actinia doliolum Actinia Pentacta doliolum Pentacta body wall; (d) introvert spicules, (d Scale A; b Scale B; c Scale C). Scale c B; Scale b A; Scale (d spicules, introvert (d) wall; body il & ert 17: 3 Pnig 91 3, 9 (passim); 39 38, 1971: Panning 83; 1970: Penrith & Field 1-6; figs. 20, pi. 352, 1948: 180; 1930: Deichmann 416; doliolum Pentacta australis non to authority the also is who Cherbonnier, hrone 15: 9, i 4, is 11; a 15: 545; 1959: Day 381; 1-15; 363, figs. 359, 43, pi. 1937: 490, 1952: Toit du Cherbonnier & Stephenson Stephenson, are all not possibly but valid. Africa southern from reported been 4 Figure atr pce i hr rtie bt o ute rfrne is reference further no but retained here is species latter minutus rus oohrs doliolum Colochirus C. local the Since specific. tesselera young made to C. to made rnh& rnly 99 19 rnh& rnh 1981:247, Branch & Branch 169; 1979: Grindley & Branch 122 1 text-fig. Day, 311; 307, 301, 1962: 426; 1959: Morgans 192; 1974: 1887: 13; ? Panning 1949: 439, text-figs. 35, 36. 35, text-figs. 439, 1949: Panning ? 13; 1887: oohrs doliolum Colochirus etca squamosa Pentacta Ocnus capensis Ocnus Ludwig.) Cherbonnier, 1970 suggest that they may be con- con- be may they that suggest 1970 Cherbonnier, Ocnus capensis Ocnus minutus Maenae and Kalk, 1958 (non Ludwig) and and Ludwig) (non 1958 Kalk, and Maenae Pla, 76 12 i , is 10-12. figs. 2, pi. 152, 1766: Pallas, (als 76 Fgrs b 14c) & 7 lb, (Figures 1766) (Pallas, odus 12: 7; .. lr 1923: Clark H.L. 177; 1820: Goldfuss, except in Remarks under under Remarks in except von Marenzeller, 1874: 303; Ludwig Ludwig 303; 1874: Marenzeller, von (Théel) and the sympatry of of sympatry the and (Théel) (Théel). Spicules of adult, (a) Baskets from body wall; (b) knobbed buttons from body wall; (c) large plate from from plate large (c) wall; body from buttons knobbed (b) wall; body from Baskets (a) adult, of Spicules (Théel). uwg 18: 1 (= 818 1888: Ludwig, Cherbonnier is here considered a a considered here is Cherbonnier d minutus was determined by Dr Dr by determined was . tesselera, P. . tesselera. P. Pentacta Colochi­ the the P.

Material examined: Material Figure 16. Figure Habitat: Distribution: records: African southern Previous Diagnosis: discolor Cucumaria radial plates. Baskets (Figure 7a & j, 14c) rarely incomplete, rarely 14c) than j, & shorter 7a (Figure slightly Calcareous Baskets plates. plates mm). radial interradial 95 with as 7i) size (Figure ring maximum records 1952 nier Description: zone balanoid lower from crevices, rock in or Cryptofaunic reported Also m. 0-52 Transkei, the in estuary Mngazana spec. 118 34/18/i,s), to 32/18/i,s 1937:63. Bright 180; 1930: Deichmann 18-23 figs. 1, pi. 120, (= 1857: Sars 39; 1840: Grube figs., 35, non to 52 m. 52 to doubtful. are records these but Ceylon and Africa East from 18/?i; 34/18/i,s; 34/21/i; 33/25/i); T(31/29/i). 33/25/i); 34/21/i; 34/18/i,s; 18/?i; 1908: 428; Britten 1910: 239; H.L. Clark 1923: 410; 410; 1923: Clark H.L. 239; 1910: Britten 428; 1908: Ocnus Ocnus planci Colochirus doliolum Colochirus ,05mm 0 Sand, shell, rock, ?limestone, ?limestone, rock, shell, Sand, See Deichmann 1948: 352. 1948: Deichmann See Lret pcmn 5 m n egh (Cherbon­ length in mm 75 specimen Largest rm ueiz n ot Ws Arc to Africa West South in Luderitz From Brandt). SWA(26/15/i), C(28/16/i,s to 29/16/i,s; 29/16/i,s; to C(28/16/i,s SWA(26/15/i), Théel, 1886: 64, pi. 4, fig. 8; Vaney Vaney 8; fig. 4, pi. 64, 1886: Théel, delle Chiaje, 1828: 67, 71, 81, pi. pi. 81, 71, 67, 1828: Chiaje, delle S.-Afir.Tydskr. Dierk. 1991, 26(3) 1991, Dierk. S.-Afir.Tydskr. SWA (26/15/i,s); C(32/ C(32/ (26/15/i,s); SWA Phyllochaetopterus.

Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). Remarks: knobbed plates (Figure 7g). (Figure plates knobbed ois r ev fnsrtd pee, ,006 mm. 0,50-0,60 and spheres, knobs tiny with buttons fenestrated irregular mosdy lenticular with heavy large Introvert as or Plates mm. 0,09 bodies of length average and mm, of two types: with small knobs (Figure 7b) and an an 7c) and (Figure knobs 7b) large with (Figure or knobs mm 0,06 0,04-0,09 small of length Buttons with average adults. types: in two mm of 0,06 mm, to up bodies lated holes, 3-7 with and projections spiny numerous with always ipe 002002 m n ueie, oiid o reticu­ to modified juveniles, in mm 0,022-0,042 simple, b A, Scale (a button, knobbed (c) plates; denticulate (b) Baskets; Figure 6 6 Figure & c Scale B). Scale c & wall; (b) knobbed button from ventral body wall; (c) plates from ventral body wall; (d) introvert spicules, (b & c Scale A). Scale c & (b spicules, introvert (d) wall; body ventral from plates (c) wall; body ventral from button knobbed (b) wall; 5 Figure .Ai.J ol 1991,26(3) Afir.S. Zool. J. In a 10-mm specimen, the smallest in the present the in smallest the specimen, 10-mm a In cu corbulus Ocnus cu capensis Ocnus (Théel). Spicules of juvenile (= holotype of of holotype (= juvenile of Spicules (Théel). Cebnir. oy al pcls (a) spicules, wall Body (Cherbonnier). Records: tesselera Pentacta Diagnosis: Colochirus minutus. Colochirus tesselera Pentacta misidentified. are specimens Heifer’s and Pearson’s endemic to southern Africa. Its occurrence in tropical East East tropical in occurrence Its Africa. southern to probably is endemic it 32°S), (C Johns St. Port of north found yet not fia n Cyo teeoe s uiu. ehp both Perhaps dubious. is therefore Ceylon and Africa (1912). species, Heifer water shallow by cold a typically Africa is it East since from However, and (1903) Pearson spheres. fenestrated or plates presence lenticular the huge and of baskets of type the in differs it which from robustoides aezle (84, a udtd n smaie by summarized and unnecessary thought was it updated therefore and von (1948) was by Deichmann here given species (1874), species, same Pallas’ of the Marenzeller history not full was A described. specimen his that doubt precur­ probable the be to appear deposition, calcium dary lts n seily h nlrgo, hc,oigt secon­ to owing which, region, anal the especially in plates are plates the and rare are buttons knobbed small the ever, to repeat it here. it repeat to adults. of plates lenticular large the of sors type specimen of of specimen type scale-like numerous are there addition In number. in How­ few present. are spicules of complement full a material, etca squamosa Pentacta . doliolum P. The closest relatives of of relatives closest The Although Pallas’ (1766) description and figures of the the of figures and description (1766) Pallas’ Although (33/,; 2/3i,te atr eod ees to refers record latter the 26/33/i), ? M(23/35/i,s; See Cherbonnier 1970: 282. 1970: Cherbonnier See (Ekman 1918) and and 1918) (Ekman a as be rpre fo Cyo by Ceylon from reported been also has Cherbonnier, 1970:282, fig. 2 (A-O). 2 fig. 1970:282, Cherbonnier, Cebnir 90(iue 14d) & 8 (Figures 1970 Cherbonnier, 05mm , 0 cii doliolum Actinia Cherbonnier). (a) Baskets from ventral body body ventral from Baskets (a) Cherbonnier). . doliolum P. . australis P. are poor, there is little little is there poor, are appear to be P. P. be to appear (uwg 1875) (Ludwig 123 Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). Remarks: aayercie fo tePN, hr i n ob s to as doubt no is there PMNH, the from received paratype Habitat: part of the same collection and correspond well to the the to well correspond and collection same the of part Distribution: examined: Material radial plate), (a-g Scale A; f Scale B; h Scale C). Scale h B; Scale f A; Scale (a-g plate), radial holotype and 32 paratypes. Since the specimens at hand are are hand at specimens the Since paratypes. 32 and holotype EcHh 1485. EcHh Morrumbene, Mozambique, 3-5 m; m; 3-5 Mozambique, Morrumbene, midventral — (MVR madreporae. (j) ring; calcareous of part (i) (enlarged); baskets (h) spicules; introvert (g) rods; tentacle (f) plates; Inhaca Island. Inhaca from dorsal body wall; (c) large knobbed buttons from dorsal body wall; (d) fenestrated spheres from dorsal body wall; (e) dorsal pedicel pedicel dorsal (e) wall; body dorsal from spheres fenestrated (d) wall; body dorsal from buttons knobbed large (c) wall; body dorsal from Figure 7 Figure 124 Sand, shells, leaf detritus. leaf shells, Sand, etca doliolum Pentacta Cherbonnier (1970) based this species on the the on species this based (1970) Cherbonnier Known with certainty only from type locality, locality, type from only certainty with Known M(23/35/s), 47 spec, plus paratype paratype plus spec, 47 M(23/35/s), (Pallas). Spicules and other internal structures, (a) Baskets from dorsal body wall; (b) small knobbed buttons buttons knobbed small (b) wall; body dorsal from Baskets (a) structures, internal other and Spicules (Pallas). . minutus C. came from from came 1,5 m i mm 5 , 1 i .m iB 0.1mm dissected specimen. The scales of the holotype measured up up measured holotype the of scales The specimen. dissected o09 m hne r mc lne hn hs ee illustra- here those than longer much are hence mm, 0,9 to any in observed was vesicle weakly polian are the accessory of no ventro-medians, and plates the fused the including observations, ring, calcareous but Cherbonnieri quincunx to in Contrary disposed pedicels warts dorsal conical the large Cherbonnier, from to appreci­ arise any According reaches species size. the able that likely seem not does hs ae o a al biu i te pcmn t hand. at specimen the in obvious all at not are these Since mm. it 33 eggs, ripe contain mm only 20-25 measuring measured specimens female Cherbonnier, specimen largest by the probably selected holotype, The idendty. their 0,05 m |Q mm 5 0 , 0 i m [A mm 1 , 0 S.-Afr. Tydskr. Dierk. 1991,26(3) Dierk. Tydskr. S.-Afr. Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). even conspecific with with conspecific even with usually an X-shaped base and a knobbed rim (Figure (Figure rim knobbed a and base X-shaped an usually with However, it appears that that forms. well-known appears the it of However, any with conspecific not is concluded and it genus that the of species Pacific Indo-West small utai. lhuh uwgs 17) ecito o the of description (1875) Ludwig's Although Australia. 8h). mm) long, (0,02-0,03 mm buttons 0,035 minute to contains up introvert rosettes the while and plates & 8f rods, (Figure include spicules tentacle g) The length. in mm 0,10-0,48 (Figures scales The baskets. the as size same the of are ones & 8b (Figures buttons The diameter. in mm 0,08 to up and deep with 4-8 primary holes, rarely some baskets are flat flat are baskets some rarely holes, primary 4-8 with deep 8c & 14d) are of varying shape, multi-layered, measuring measuring multi-layered, shape, varying of are 14d) & 8c specks. The baskets (Figures 8a & 14d) (0,03-0,06 mm) are are mm) to (0,03-0,06 14d) & greyish 8a (Figures baskets are The specks. specimens alcohol-preserved but purple brown with violet blotches interspersed with small greyish greyish small with interspersed blotches violet with brown buttons from ventral body wall; (c) plates from dorsal body wall; (d) dorsal pedicel plates; (e) ventral pedicel plates; (f) tentacle spicules; spicules; tentacle (f) plates; pedicel C). Scale ventral (e) h & g plates; B; Scale pedicel dorsal (d) wall; body dorsal from plates (c) wall; body ventral from buttons individual variations, the present material corresponds well well clearly holotype. the of corresponds differences, description material the to above present the the variations, of individual exception the With ted. (g) tentacle rosettes (enlarged); (h) introvert spicules; (i) madreporite; (j) part of calcareous ring. (R — radial plate), (a & b, d-f Scale A; c A; Scale d-f b, & (a plate), radial — (R ring. calcareous of part (j) madreporite; (i) spicules; introvert (h) (enlarged); rosettes tentacle (g) Figure 8 8 Figure 14d) range in size from 0,03-0,13 mm but the commonest commonest the but mm 0,03-0,13 from size in range 14d) Cherbonnier compared his species with several other other several with species his compared Cherbonnier The live colouration of the species is said to be olive and and olive be to said is species the of colouration live The etca tesselera Pentacta . minuta P. . tesselera P. Cherbonnier. Spicules and other internal structures, (a) Baskets from dorsal body wall; (b) small knobbed knobbed small (b) wall; body dorsal from Baskets (a) structures, internal other and Spicules Cherbonnier. (Ludwig) from northern northern from (Ludwig) is closely related to or or to related closely is h eos ctee ppla/aua. acros ig simple, ring Calcareous papillae/papulae. scattered merous nu­ with interambulacra dorsal ambulacrum; dorsal 2-3 per ambulacrum, rows ventral per rows 3-5 in retractile, strongly Diagnosis: . tesselera. P. mm long; tentacles 10, of more or less equal size; pedicels pedicels size; equal less or more of 10, tentacles long; mm Genus under remarks his in this to reference no makes (1970) nier minuta P. until a direct comparison between the two is undertaken. is two the between comparison direct a until species, both examine to tunity Cherbon­ that pity a is It Cherbonnier. Dr by identified rial sad oabqe yMea ak(98 rm mate­ from (1958) Kalk & Maenae by Mozambique, Island, appears there well as this from Judging deposits. the of tions redescribed (1949) Panning deposits. pedicel distribution of podia, and in the form of the baskets and and baskets the of form the in and podia, of distribution shape, size, their in identical appear species both conclusion, to be little difference between the two species. Furthermore, Furthermore, species. two the between difference little be to illustra­ good provided and Fabricius) to credited (wrongly spicules of his species is rather brief to provide a definite definite a provide to brief rather is species his of spicules Pseudoaslia was reported as as reported was eimszd bre-hpd om, p o 110 to up forms, barrel-shaped Medium-sized, However, since Cherbonnier has had the oppor­ the had has Cherbonnier since However, gen. nov. gen. Colochirus minutus Colochirus . tesselera P. is here retained retained here is from Inhaca Inhaca from . minuta P.

126 S.-Afr. Tydskr. Dierk. 1991, 26(3)

V

a 0,05mm 5mm

Figure 9 Pseudoaslia tetracentriophora (Heding). Spicules and other internal structures, (a) Part of calcareous ring; (b) slender forked .o ' rods (? reduced baskets) from dorsal body wall; (d) pedicel spicules; (e) tentacle spicules; (f) madreporite; (g) introvert spicules (b-e Scale "a A). s 5 fco without posterior bifurcations to the radial plates; radial and buttons or plates of the inner layer. Although it resembles w o Aslia in possessing mostly quadrii ocular plates thoe are s interradial plates solidly fused together. Body wall spicules w a superficial layer of minute, slender, slightly curved, forked many significant differences which suggest that both genera i rods and a deeper dense layer of irregular, usually four- are not closely allied. "XS holed knobbed buttons or plates, rarely some spicules deve­ c s loped into simple multilocular plates. Pseudoaslia tetracentriophora (Heding, 1938) (Figures le, Type species: Cucumaria tetracentriophora Heding, 1938 9 , 14e) (designated herein). Cucumaria tetracentriophora Heding, 1938: 631, text-figs. « 1-5; Deichmann 1948: 343, pi. 18, figs. 4-12; Cherbonnier Etymology: The generic name is derived from the combina­ 1952:487, pi. 41, figs. 18-22, pi. 42, figs. 14-28. tion of pseudo (Gr. false) and Aslia. The gender is feminine. Ludwigia tetracentriophora Panning, 1949:431. •5 iS Pentacucumis tetracentriophora Day, Field & Penrith 1970: <3 Remarks: This genus is erected to accommodate only the C/D type species as no similar form has yet been described. 83. .o ' Pseudoaslia most closely resembles, not Aslia, but Pseudoc­ Diagnosis: As for the genus. "a nella from which it differs in the form of the superficial wo S layer of rods (? reduced baskets) and the simplicity of the Previous records: C(33/25/i, 33/27/i, 33/28/i), T(32/28/i). "a o «sST Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). ened to form knobs, and with further addition of calcareous of addition further with and knobs, form to ened branches dichotomous their develop of first fusion the rods of result Such a as evident. holes is rods X-shaped from smooth, specimen. plates knobbed 110-mm of formation a the of juveniles, in those to However, identical less or more are remarkable change in the form of the spicules with the age age the with spicules the of form the in change remarkable Remarks: 9a) is well calcified and not ‘cartilaginous’ as described described proba­ as who Deichmann, ‘cartilaginous’ and Heding not both by and independently calcified well is 9a) o om ipe moh utn wih ae bcm thick­ become later which buttons smooth simple form to specimen 12-mm a of deposits calcareous The animal. the of Roweia frauenfeldi bly worked on old material. old on worked bly difficult however, are, these des­ large, as Cherbonnier ’teeth’ and anal Heding the both cribe Cherbon- Although and (1948) (1952). Deichmann nier (1938), Heding by given Habitat: 16. Figure Distribution: mm and correspond well to the description of the species species the of description the to well correspond and mm to demonstrate or are absent. The calcareous ring (Figure (Figure ring calcareous The absent. are or demonstrate to examined: Material 27/i, 33/28/i), 17 spec. 17 33/28/i), 27/i, (h) rods; tentacle B). Scale (g) f & e tentacles; A, Scale from d & (c rosettes (f) plate), interradial introvert; middorsal — from (MDIR (rosettes) madreporae. (j) rods ring; branched calcareous of (e) part (i) rods; rods; pedicel introvert (d) Tegion; anal from plates Figure 10 10 Figure .Ar .Zo. 1991,26(3) Zool. J. S. Afr. As in many cucumariids, this species also shows no no shows also species this cucumariids, many in As Usually found burrowed in sand together with with together sand in burrowed found Usually The present specimens range in size from 12-110 12-110 from size in range specimens present The Trachythyone crucifera Trachythyone ' 0 False Bay to Qolora, north of East London. London. East of north Qolora, to Bay False , 05mm and and C(34/18/i, 34/20/i, 34/22/i, 34/24/i, 33/ 33/ 34/24/i, 34/22/i, 34/20/i, C(34/18/i, Pseudocnella sinorbis. Pseudocnella (Semper). Spicules and other internal structures, (a) Crosses from anal region; (b) cross (enlarged); (c) (enlarged); cross (b) region; anal from Crosses (a) structures, internal other and Spicules (Semper). n wrat hge txnmc tts o i. h species The it. for status taxonomic higher a warrant and eaae hs pce sapy rm hs icue in included those deposits from superficial sharply of species type this the separate and (papulae) papillae ral up smaller, slightly are 9g) (Figure rods introvert the while the equal size of the tentacles, the presence of interambulac- interambulac- of presence the tentacles, body, the the of size of form equal the The ends. them between of resemblance species the the of those like four-holed long mm. 0,25 mm to 0,35 to up are 9e) (Figure deposits tentacle The and number spectacle-shaped and are rods size pedicel in The 10. consistently variable never are knobs marginal The measure 14e) & 9c (Figure buttons The ends. perforated (Figure 9d), 0,06-0,12 mm, with digitated or swollen ends. ends. swollen or digitated with mm, 0,06-0,12 9d), (Figure towards tendency some with and holes quite 1-2 often but with four-holed irregular usually are and mm 0,045-0,140 the formation of knobbed plates of the the of plates knobbed of formation the occasionally but foiked usually with mm) (0,024-0,077 this life. throughout in develop­ retained in are formed early Hence, once and deployed ment are spicules. spicules the of least, at still complement species and full perforations 12 the to up contain with plates of the in development stages all show may juvenile single A plates. knobbed material, some of the buttons develop into large multilocular multilocular large into develop buttons the of some material, Although most of the plates of of plates the of most Although The rods (‘baskets’) (Figures 9b & 14e) are minute minute are 14e) & 9b (Figures (‘baskets’) rods The . tetracentriophora P. Aslia, Pseudocnus this is where where is this type. type. Aslia are are 127

Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). — middorsal interradial plate; O — oesophagus; P — pedicels; PV — polian vesicle; RM — retractor muscle; T — tentacle), (a Scale A; Scale (a tentacle), — T muscle; retractor — RM vesicle; polian — PV pedicels; — P oesophagus; — O plate; interradial middorsal — CR — calcareous ring; GT — gonadal tubule; I — intestine;.LM — longitudinal muscle; LRT — left respiratory tree; m — mouth; MDIR MDIR mouth; — m tree; respiratory B). left Scale — LRT b-e muscle; longitudinal — intestine;.LM — I tubule; gonadal — GT ring; calcareous — CR specimen; (g) madreporite; (h) part of calcareous ring; (i) tentacle; (j) dissected specimen. (A — anus; AP — anal papillae; C — cloaca; cloaca; — C papillae; anal entire — (f) AP anus; rods; and — (A plates specimen. tentacle dissected (e) (j) tentacle; plates; (i) introvert ring; (d) rods; calcareous and of plates part (h) pedicel (c) madreporite; wall; (g) body specimen; from plates nodulated feebly to smooth 11 Figure 128 rcyhoe parva ? Trachythyone MDIR Ldi) Siue ad te srcue, a Cmlt ad nopee akt fo bd wl; (b) wall; body from baskets incomplete and Complete (a) structures, other and Spicules (Ludwig). AP S.-Afr. Tydskr. Dierk. 1991,26(3) Dierk. Tydskr. S.-Afr. Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). Remarks: accommodate the type species, species, type insolens the accommodate Diagnosis: Pseudocnella Stereoderma Pseudocnus eierna. lhuh lsiid n h sbaiy Colo­ subfamily the in classified Although Mediterranean. oten fia n C. and Africa southern designation). sinorbis original Cucumaria species: Type Semperia Ocnus Cucumaria Genus similar ecologi­ a same the upon occupy niche. cal species both consequent fact In life. probably of mode are similarities the to close quite comes its spicules suggest that it is not congeneric with with congeneric not is it that suggest spicules its B). Scale b-d A; Scale e-g & (a, plate), radial — (R ring. calcareous of part (i) spicules; tentacle (h) spicules; introvert 1948: 342; Cherbonnier 1952: 477 (non de Blainville 1830). Blainville de (non 477 1952: Cherbonnier 342; 1948: However, externally. indistinguishable quite is it which from rm osl oy al () eeoig lt; d pae rm eta bd wl; e mnt aa pae; f bse rm nl ein (g) region; anal from basket (f) plates; anal minute (e) wall; body ventral from plate (d) plate; developing (c) wall; body dorsal from 12 Figure .ArJ ol 1991,26(3) Zool. S.Afr.J. (partim) Panning, 1949:437. Panning, (partim) Pseudocnella he, 86 n C. and 1886 Théel, Lampert, 1885; 250 (preoccupied). 250 1885; Lampert, This genus was erected by Thandar (1987) to to (1987) Thandar by erected was genus This rcyhoe rigidapeda Trachythyone SeTadr18: 142. 1987: Thandar See (partim) H.L. Clark 1923: 409; Deichmann Deichmann 409; 1923: Clark H.L. (partim) (partim) Panning, 1949:422; 1962: 58. 1962: 1949:422; Panning, (partim) (partim) Panning, 1949:422. Panning, (partim) Thandar, 1987: 288. 1987: Thandar, Thandar, 1987 Thandar, suonla sinorbis Pseudocnella syracusana sykion (Cherbonnier). Spicules and part of calcareous ring, (a) Baskets from ventral body wall; (b) plate plate (b) wall; body ventral from Baskets (a) ring, calcareous of part and Spicules (Cherbonnier). uuai snri, C. sinorbis, Cucumaria hrone, 92 (by 1952 Cherbonnier, Grube, 1840 from the the from 1840 Grube, (Lampert, 1885) from from 1885) (Lampert, (Cherbonnier) (Cherbonnier) P. sinorbis, P.

Semperia insolens Semperia insolens Pseudocnella fig. 1 & ? 2. ? & 1 fig. uuai sykion Cucumaria 1-23. figs. 39, pi. 1952:480, Cherbonnier 1923:411; Clark uuai insolens Cucumaria two nomenclature. the of stability However, layer. superficial more the change, than adaptive to subject rather least be may this since deposits subfamilies are here tentatively retained for the sake of of sake the for retained tentatively here are subfamilies of layer inner the consider to preferable be might It genera. more until subfamilies the unite to tempted therefore is One satisfactory characters are found to reassemble related related reassemble to found are characters satisfactory upheld. be cannot and artificial is integument, the of superficial the layer in baskets of absence or presence the of basis in classified once were genus this of species to related than one layer of calcareous material. The fact that most most that fact The material. calcareous more of of up layer made one plates than knobbed and baskets, incomplete niae ta te eaain f h to ufmle o the on subfamilies two the of separation the that indicates as baskets incomplete of presence the of because chirinae, fering from it in the presence of interradial papillae, papillae, interradial of presence the in it from closely fering most be to appears genus the deposits, superficial Pseudocnus Ldi,18: 21 1236. 1231, 1887: Ludwig, pri) ecmn, 98 36 p. 19, pi. 346, 1948: Deichmann, (partim) he, 86 7, i 4 fg 5 H.L. 5. fig. 4, pi. 70, 1886: Théel, (he,18)(iue I 14f) & Id (Figures 1886) (Théel, o te ufml Ccmria, dif­ Cucumariinae, subfamily the of Pseudocnus, 129

130 S.-Afr. Tydskr. Dierk. 1991,26(3)

Cucumaria sinorbis Cherbonnier, 1952: 482, pi. 38, figs. 1-13; pi. 39, figs. 24-31. Pseudocnella sinorbis Thandar, 1987: 291, fig. Id, 3, 5e & f) (synonymy). Diagnosis: See Cherbonnier 1952: 482. 0 ,05mm Records: C(33/18/?i to 33/28/i); N(31/30/i, 27/32/i); M(24/35/i). Distribution: Table Bay to Jangamo, south of Inhambane (Mozambique); intertidal. Figure 17. Habitat: Cryptofaunic, usually buried in sand; also found in soft conglomerates of stones, sand, shells, etc. Remarks: This species is also well described by Cherbonnier (1952) and can be readily separated from the almost totally sympatric P. sykion, by its light colouration and the pres­ ence throughout life of incomplete baskets in the outer layer of the integument. Thandar (1987) commented on the ecolo­ gical isolation of both species.

Pseudocnella sykion (Lampert, 1885) (Figures If & 14h) Semperia sykion Lampert, 1885:250. Cucumaria sykion Théel, 1886: 266; H.L. Clark 1923: 412; Deichman 1948:346 (partim). Cucumaria jdgeri Lampert, 1885:249. Pseudocnus dubiosus jägeri Panning, 1952: 126, figs. 6-9. Pseudocnus dubiosus jaegeri Panning, 1962: 66, figs. 10 & 11. Pseudocnella sykion Thandar, 1987: 292, figs. lb, c, 4 & 5a Figure 13 Trachythyone sp. Spicules and other structures, (a) Cross (synonymy). M and basket from body wall; (b) minute knobbed plates (rosettes) from Diagnosis: See Thandar, 1987: 292. body wall; (c) large knobbed plates from body wall; (d) elongate plates; (e) part of calcareous ring; (0 madreporite. (IR — interradial Records: C(34/18/i to 33/28/i); T(32/28/i, 31/29/i); N(29/30/ plate), (a & b Scale A; c & d Scale B). i to 31/30/i, 27/32/i); M(26/32,33; 24/35/i); Distribution: Cape Agulhas to Jangamo, south of Inham­ -C ? Pseudocnus dubiosus africanus Panning, 1962: 64, figs. bane, Mozambique; intertidal. Figure 17. 7-9. Habitat: Common under stones, in pools and in rock crevices. Pseudocnella insolens Thandar, 1987 : 289, figs. la, 2, 5a-c Remarks: This species has been commented upon in detail (synonymy). jN by Thandar (1987) who amended its diagnosis and thus Diagnosis: See Théel, 1886: 70; Cherbonnier 1952:480 requires no further comments. Records: SWA (26/15/i), C(29/16/i to 29/17/i; 33/17/i,s to Genus Trachythyone Studer, 1876 34/21/i,s; 33/25/i to 33/26/i). be Trachythyone Studer, 1876: 453; Panning 1949: 426 Distribution: From Luderitz (Namibia) to Port Elizabeth, (synonymy); 1964:162. 0-40 m. Figure 17. Leptopentacta (partim) Panning, 1966: 56 (non H.L. Clark Habitat: Stones, coarse and khaki sand, shells and Phyllo- 1938:453, Deichmann 1941:92). chaetopteris debris. Diagnosis: See Panning, 1949:426; 1964; 162. s Remarks: This species is well described by Théel (1886) Type species: Trachythyone muricata Studer, 18% (by and Cherbonnier (1952). Thandar (1987) indicated the subsequent designation Panning 1949). dimensions of the spicules and the changes in these with the Remarks: Panning (1964) suspects that the type species is age of the animal. It is the only brood-protecting species in conspecific with Cucumaria (= Trachythyone) parva Lud­ the genus and easily separated from its congenors. wig, 1875. If this is so then C. parva, which has priority, must replace T. muricata as type species of this genus. Pseudocnella sinorbis (Cherbonnier, 1952) Trachythyone, as diagnosed by Panning in 1949, was -o' (Figures le & 14g) cosmopolitan, containing about 20 nominal species. Since Cucumaria sykion Deichman, 1948: 346 (partim), pi. 19, then several new species have been described. However, in figs. 3 & 4. 1%6, Panning transferred several species, including one "c o Os Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). Cherbonnier 1955: 164, pi. 45, figs. k-v; Clark & Rowe Rowe & Clark k-v; figs. 45, pi. 164, 1955: Cherbonnier crucifera Trachythyone Cucumaria crucifera Cucumaria southern African nominal species, probably referable referable probably species, nominal African southern Fg.2, 0& 15a) & 10 2a, (Figs. Trachythyone crucifera Trachythyone four the of three Leptopentacta, Since waters. wanner in distributed is insolens Pseudocnella capensis Ocnus However. Rowe (pers. comm.) is of the opinion that that opinion the of is comm.) (pers. Rowe However. lo form, African southern (a) holothurians. cocumarixi African southern of spicules wall body of micrographs SEM 14 Figure here classified in classified here thyone 91 12(iL;Pnig 91 7 a 1974:192. Day 1971:37; Panning 182(disL); 1971: 86 6; ecmn 14 33 p. 8 fg. -; Kalk 1-3; figs. Lampert 18. pi. 5-11; Maenae 238: 343, 1958; 1948 figs. 216, ; 1, Deichmann pi. 19. 60; 1896; 1887; Ludwig 100; 1886: .Ar.J ol 1991.26(3) Afr S.. Zool. J. is probably a cold waier genus while while genus waier cold a probably is (Théel); (c) (c) (Théel); r fo coe tmeae aes te are they waters, temperate cooler from are Trachythyone. (Théel); (g) (Théel); Sme, 89 11 i 1 i. 1; Théel fig. 1, pi. 121, 1869; Semper, (epr 1869) (Semper, ann, 99 47 fg 15; fig. 427. 1949: Panning, k ak 98 17 19 130. 119; 107, 1958: Kalk etca doliolum Pentacta Leptopentacta . sinorbis P. (Cherbonnier); (h) (h) (Cherbonnier); .. lr, 1938. Clark, H.L. (Pallas); (d) (d) (Pallas); Leptopentacta Trachy­ . tesselera P. P. sykion P. 10 10

Remarks: Habitat: been known from the east coast of Africa. Its Natal record is record ItsNatal Africa. of coast east the from known been distribution: General ctsug,03.Fgr 17. Figure 0-3m. Scottsburgh, Also reported from the Bay of Bengal. of Bay the from reported Also oa distribution: LocaI examined: Material Previoussouthern Africanrecords: Diagnosis: Trachythyone cruciferae (sic) cruciferae Trachythyone ^Trachythyone crucifera ^Trachythyone 94 170.1964: 1 text-fig. (Lampert). (Scale bars = 10 p.m). 10 = bars (Scale (Lampert). Cherbonnier; (e) (e) Cherbonnier; Rock and sand. and Rock This characteristic Indian Ocean species has long long has species Ocean Indian characteristic This See Deichmann 1948 : 343; Panning 1949: 427, 427, 1949: Panning 1948 343; : Deichmann See oabqe o aa a fr ot as south far as Natal to Mozambique N(30/30/i, 30/31/s), 3 spec. 3 30/31/s), N(30/30/i, suosi tetracentriophora Pseudoaslia Predominantly West Indian Ocean. Ocean. Indian West Predominantly Pnig 16: 7.fg 9. 170.fig. 1964: Panning, rnh Bac 18: 247, 1981: Branch & Branch si spyridophora Aslia N(30/30/i);M(26/32,33/i). Hdn) (f) (Heding); Cak; (b) (Clark); 131 'duced. by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). colouration of the species beige with darker pedicels. One of of One pedicels. darker with beige species the of colouration specimens were here re-examined together with another another with together re-examined here were specimens sions correspond well to those given by Panning (1964) for (1964) Panning by given those to well correspond the sions and length 10c in mm (Figures plates 0,06-0,11 are 15a) be & lOa.b to (Figures variations the shows (1869), Semper by holotype the of those figured with crosses the of comparison a ever, Deichmann. by overlooked was abnormality four This only ambulacra.has it that in abnormal quite is specimens UCT the The Durban. at collected 2a) (Figure specimen recent more same The survey. UCT the by Durban) of (S. Umtwalumi at (f) (f) Deichmann briefly diagnosed the species and remarked thai thai remarked and species the diagnosed briefly Deichmann life the and mm 63 is material present the of size maximum collected specimens two on based (1948) Deichmann of that 7. insignificant. How­ forms. southern and northern the in vary crosses the iue S E mcorpso oy al pclso otenArcnccmri hltuin. (a) holothurians. cucumariid African southern of spicules wall body of micrographs SEM IS Figure 1991.26(3) Tydstar.Dierk. S.-Afr. 132 The spicules are better developed ventrally. The crosses crosses The ventrally. developed better are spicules The R. frauenfeldi webbi R. frauenfeldi parva ? (Ludwig); (c) 7. 7. (c) (Ludwig); (Thandar); (g) (g) (Thandar); Sc. 5) ,403 m. hs dimen­ These mm. 0,14-0,30 15a) rigidapeda R. stephensoni R. (Cherbonnier); (d) (d) (Cherbonnier); & (on.(cl as= IOpm). = bars (Scale (John). asnlu africanus Pawsonellus Ck efe lgtykobd h pdcldpst Fgr lh r typi­ are lOh) (Figure deposits pedicel The knobbed. slightly cal, up to 0,26 mm long. The tentacle and introvert deposits deposits introvert and tentacle The long. mm 0,26 to up cal, ut o opeed Te rtr ges ih ann i as in Panning with agrees writer present The at diffi­ comprehend. done is to that is cult convergence as evolutionary of families degree a these demands separating thus and of deposits spinous the to Cucumariidae. crosses the spinous the likens within Panning position exceptional an occupies reua mri wie hs fo te n) ein a be may region ana) the from those while margin irregular nld bt eogt (iue O & ) n branched, and g) long. mm & 0,02 to up lOd 0 & 10e (Figure (Figure rods rosetle-like elongate both include an usually and holes 3-12 have plates The lectotype. the the Cucumariidae and the currently known Sclerodactylidae Sclerodactylidae known currently the and Cucumariidae the him, mauritiana Ohshimella 7. it in include to 1949. However, in 1964 he revised the genus but hesitated hesitated but genus the revised he 1964 in However, 1949. h seis a rfre to referred was species The 7. 7. ñ crucifera Tadr (e) Thandar; & 3rl t3 occupies an intermediate position between position intermediate an occupies V

crucifera Roweia frauenfeldi frauenfeldi frauenfeldi Roweia eig n Pnig Acrig to According Panning. and Heding Trachythyone crucifera Trachythyone hc, codn t him. to according which, Trachythyone

y ann in Panning by (epr, (b) (Semper), (Ludwig); (Ludwig); Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). eois n hs seis ant e xlie n n other any in explained be cannot species these in deposits unrelated species with spinous rods and the presence of such such of presence the and rods spinous with species of unrelated species typical in are they as Trachythyone. packed densely as not are mauritiana West Indian Ocean in distribution and in both, the spicules spicules the both, in and distribution in Ocean of Indian West deposits spinous ■ (continued). the records as actual much on based holothurians cucumariid African southern common of Distribution 17 Figure insolens Ocnus capensis Ocnus iue 6 itiuin f omn oten fia ccmri hltuin bsd n cul eod. ■ records. actual on based holothurians cucumariid African southern common of Distribution 16 Figure (Théel); A (Théel); are similar. Further, both species are typically typically are species both Further, similar. are However, there exist several other totally totally other several exist there However, (Théel); o o (Théel); P. sinorbis P. 33 29 25 Pentacta doliolum Pentacta (hrone) T (Cherbonnier); JH S AFRICA EST W KJTH •Ms Bay . crucifera T. (als;•• (Pallas); P. sykion P. and and Pentacta tesselera Pentacta E ROVI E' C IN V O PR PE A C Jt?íit.íí Jt?íit.íí _ÇaEriçorn_ „ (Lampert); • (Lampert); 0. 23

Lampert and an as yet undescribed species of of species undescribed yet as an and Lampert but also in their calcareous rings. The spinous deposits of of deposits spinous The rings. calcareous their in also but mauritiana . 0 These species must have developed similar deposits quite quite deposits similar developed have must species These independently and this may also be true of of true be also may this and independently are here mind to come that forms Ocean Trachythyone crucifera Trachythyone way but by convergent evolution. The two West Indian Indian West two The evolution. convergent by but way 25 Cherbonnier; □ Cherbonnier; 27 'Durban 29 since they differ not only in tentacle number number tentacle in only not differ they since al ta a n lapu! Pseudoaslia tetracentriophora Pseudoaslia moc vm o (Semper); o o (Semper); A qi iq b m 33 i a mb nal 35 apo T. rigidapeda T. >mil«s— Aslia spyridophora Aslia iHm

27 Holothuria parva Holothuria . crucifera T. (Heding). (Cherbonnier). Orphnurgus. Pseudocnella (Clark); A A (Clark); and and 0.

Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). are modified baskets has no foundation, Panning is perhaps perhaps is Panning foundation, no has baskets modified are Remarks: Record: mauritiana xss ann rcmed ta te pce sol be should species the that material type disregarded. no recommends As 1900. Panning after exists Museum the by received the into brought material on based was description Ludwig’s done. is this before juveniles, of study a from especially that asserting in correct subgenus the of species in notably rods, Distribution: examined: Material Diagnosis: africanus Hamburg Museum firom Algoa Bay before 1870, while while 1870, before Bay Algoa firom Museum Hamburg Panning However, Bay. Algier from came mislabelled were probably and specimens Ludwig’s Koren), mediterranean and the (Diiben that resembles speculated species (1948) the Deichmann since and (1886) Théel Both he, 86 17 HL Cak 93 44 Dihan 1948: Deichmann 414; 1923: Clark H.L. 107; 1886: Théel, monotypic genus. However, more evidence is needed, needed, is evidence more However, genus. monotypic of crosses spinous the that assumption the Since Trachythyone improvisa Trachythyone • (continued). records actual on based holothurians cucumariid African southern common of Distribution 18 Figure material firom the African Mediterranean coast was only only was coast Mediterranean African the firom since material possible not was error an such that states (1966) description. its since found been not has Bay, Algoa from spinous with phyllophorids some in demonstrated clearly be 134 Trachythyone improvisa Trachythyone 349. improvisa Cucumaria C(38/25). Thandar; ▲ Thandar; This species, based on two specimens presumably presumably specimens two on based species, This See Ludwig 1875: 85; Deichmann 1948: 349. 1948: Deichmann 85; 1875: Ludwig See may be modified tables, such modifications can modifications such tables, modified be may Known only firom Algoa Bay. firom only Algoa Known None. Roweia frauenfeldi frauenfeldi frauenfeldi Roweia 25 uwg 17: 5 p. , i. 10; fig. 6, pi. 85, 1875: Ludwig, Pnig 1949:426. Panning, . crucifera T. (Ludwig, 1875) (Ludwig, should be assigned to a to assigned be should UH S AFRICA EST W >UTH Phyllophorella. (Ludwig); A (Ludwig); . crucifera T. . elongata T. AE ROVI E' C IN V O PR CAPE _Ti»eJeei jÇ»fi.riçorn _Ti»eJeei R. frauenfeldi webbi frauenfeldi R.

25 plates, although long and multilocular, are often complex, complex, often are multilocular, and long although plates, Description: record: African southern Previous forthcoming. is fauna shelf the of knowledge fauna shelf water deep African southern the of study The to referable knobbed at one end and constricted in the middle, quite quite middle, the in constricted for and illustrated those the unlike end and one flat at somewhat knobbed are species latter this of baskets restricted to ambulacra in double rows, a few also scattered scattered also few a rows, double in ambulacra to papillae Anal restricted lii). (Figure branched of 10, feebly and Tentacles size white. equal alcohol, in Colour, mm. 18 Length examined: Material Diagnosis: parva Trachythyone 20. fig. parva Semperia 92, 1925: Ekman 16-19; figs. 3, 1, pi. fig. 2, pi. perhaps is it figs. 2-4. figs. thorough a until stand to left be therefore should species that possible is it in odd interambulacrum, especially orally. especially interambulacrum, odd in 29, 1905: Perrier 833; 1889: Lampert 14-18; figs. 1, pi. 25, parva Cucumaria ? parva Trachythyone has only recently started receiving systematic attention and and attention systematic receiving started recently only has ___ 10, longer than pedicels. Pedicels cylindrical, mostly mostly cylindrical, Pedicels pedicels. than longer 10, ertal n seie i te rsn cletos is collections present the in specimen no Regrettably Calcareous ring (Figure 1 lh) simple, radial and interradial and radial simple, 1 lh) (Figure ring Calcareous At what depth depth what At 27 ■RAN! íohní Ludwig, 1875: 7; Panning 1949:428. Panning 1875:7; Ludwig, (Durbani 29 >P° ° Specimen (Figure (Figure Specimen T. T. (Thandar); □ □ (Thandar); T. T. l a t a n improvisa. Lmet 18: 152. 1885: Lampert, Maputo« rigidapeda Ldi, 85 7 fg 1; 87 1; 1898: 19; 1887: 12; fig. 7, 1875: Ludwig, T. T. T. T. C(34/17/vd), 1 spec. C(34/17/vd), Pnig 14:48 i. 6 16: 162, 1964: 16; fig. 428, 1949: Panning, improvisa (uwg 85 Fgrs 1 15b) & 11 (Figures 1875) (Ludwig, improvisa 33 The species that comes closest to closest comes that species The R. stephensoni R. T. T. described below. However, the the However, below. described improvisa. .Ai.Tdk.Dek 1991,26(3) S.-Afir.Dierk. Tydskr. would be found again. The The again. found be would was taken is not recorded. recorded. not is taken was None. Ilf) 23 (John). small, U-shaped. U-shaped. small, Pawsonellus

Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). are different and only smooth plates occur in the body wall. body the in Since occur plates smooth only and different are fic or consubspecific with it. with conspeci­ be consubspecific or fic possibly may differences, minute on separated deposits tentacle and ring calcareous the reduced, are cles tentac­ and pedicel the and cross primary five-armed a have ent type, and the plates small with few holes. Although Although holes. few with small plates the and type, ent ular deposits are different In different are deposits ular crassipeda plates of In presence holes. the few a and only crosses with nodular of occurrence tentacles, the lack of a deep notch in the radial plates, the the plates, radial the in notch deep a of lack the tentacles, macphersonae T. bouvetensis the ventral tentacles are reduced, the baskets are of a differ­ a of are baskets the reduced, are tentacles ventral the Brazil. of coast and the from Leone Sierra from parva depth where the water is as cold as in the shallow Subant­ shallow the in as cold region. arctic as is water the where depth ling. However, the specimen was taken from a considerable considerable a from taken certain was specimen single the puzz­ is a However, recorded, ling. been not yet has which holothurian Ocean from Southern coast, African southern (spinose) primary crosses, similar to those found in the the in found those to similar nodular specimen. present with crosses, baskets primary illustrated and (spinose) described has (1905) Remarks: 1925), both from New Zealand; Zealand; New from both 1925), bution of pedicels and the type of spicules, while R. Perrier Perrier R. while spicules, of type the and Panning pedicels of However, bution baskets. the that slender, shown has of the (1964) in crosses and nodular podia finely interradial distributed sparingly parva T. the well known known well the Local distribution: fvrigsae n ihjge agn Fgr lid). (Figure margins jagged with and shapes plates varying of perforated finely with Introvert 1 le). (Figure deposits is a deep water form which may not be conspecific with with conspecific be not may which form water deep a is it Since region. Antarctic-Subantarctic buted1the throughout General distribution: General nodular slightly uneven, (0,15- an Plates and 15b). holes & 1-12 with lia mm) 0,40 (Figures rim and cross primary margin (Figures 1 lb & 15b). Pedicel rods and plates (Figure (Figure plates and rods Pedicel 15b). 1& lb (Figures margin nodular a usually large, with mm) plates rods; (0,05-0,10 Baskets cross-shaped to imbricating. reduced rarely flat few, each trunk with a few short sac-like diverticulations. Baskets Baskets diverticulations. sac-like short few trunks, a main with trunk two each of consisting each short, trees Respiratory tubules, larger tubules with developing eggs (Figure llj). llj). (Figure eggs developing with tubules larger tubules, (Figure mesentery in lodged not ovoid, madreporite curved; Ile) three-holed or spectacle-shaped. Tentacles with similar similar with Tentacles spectacle-shaped. or three-holed Ile) slightly short, canai Stone llj). of left (Figure to slightly mesentery elongate, dorsal vesicle Polian blunt. radiais projections of anterior size; equal of and fused delicately plates .Ar .Zo. 1991,26(3) Zool. J. Afr. S. llg). Gonad in two tufts, each consisting of 6-7 unbranched unbranched 6-7 of consisting each tufts, two in Gonad llg). It differs from from differs It In many respects the specimen shares affinities with with affinities shares specimen the respects many In If the specimen is indeed indeed is specimen the If T. parva T. it is here briefly described. It differs from the typical typical the from differs It described. briefly here is it in possessing equal, poorly branched tentacles, tentacles, branched poorly equal, possessing in The single specimen is tentatively identified with with identified tentatively is specimen single The has 10 equal tentacles the baskets frequently frequently baskets the tentacles equal 10 has (Ludwig and Heding, 1935) from Bouvet Island; Island; Bouvet from 1935) Heding, and (Ludwig is highly variable, some of the above species, species, above the of some variable, highly is off off south-west Cape Province, 3157-3257 m. . parva T. Pawson, 1962 and and 1962 Pawson, . bouvetensis T. Antarctic, Subantarctic. Antarctic, T. parva T. (Ludwig), a species widely distri­ widely species a (Ludwig), . crassipeda T. . macphersonae T. . parva T. T. fallax is very variable in the distri­ the in variable very is T. fallax in the equal size of the the of size equal the in . bollonsi T. its occurrence off the the off occurrence its the two ventral tenta­ ventral two the hrone, 1961 Cherbonnier, Cebnir 1958 Cherbonnier, and and (Mortensen, (Mortensen, . bollonsi T. T. T. T.

juvenile was described as as described was juvenile Remarks: reminiscent of of reminiscent Habitat: prevents its identification with this species. this with identification its prevents rosettes, absent in all stages of development of of development of stages all in absent rosettes, naked interambulacra. The specimen, however, may belong belong may however, specimen, The interambulacra. naked in one Description: examined: Material tons (Figure 29c), and smooth to knobbed plates (Figure (Figure plates handle. knobbed spinose unthickened, to an with often smooth latter the 29d), and but­ 29c), 29b), (Figure (Figure tons granules rosette-shaped spinous minute to reduced crosses), (frequently 29a) (Figure baskets of form Calcare­ naked. interambulacra rows; 2-3 in Pedicels duced. but this was not published. It is here referred to to referred here is It published. not was this but u rn (iue 9) ih nue pae. pcls n the in Spicules plates. unfused with 29e) (Figure ring ous rather are deposits with affinities calcareous has species the of Perhaps features. type distinctive and pedicels and plates of the introvert type (Figure 12h). (Figure type introvert the of plates and ? Trachythyone ? baskets. and form body similar European the the of distribution and nature rigid the wall, body the of curved rods. The tentacles are without rosettes but with rods rods with but rosettes without are tentacles The rods. curved shaped, often knobbed plates (Figure 12g) and elongate elongate and 12g) (Figure plates knobbed often shaped, with multi-layered or holes, large 6-55 with simple either Remarks: African dendrochirotids. The form of its body, the thinness thinness the body, its of form The dendrochirotids. African nrvr cnan mnt (,500 m) rnl rosette­ crinkly mm) (0,05-0,09 minute contains introvert plates The rim. the of nodules more or two fusion of of result tips a as holes of accessory develop often and flat ueos eue hls bt tps curn i te same the in Minute occurring specimen. types both holes, reduced numerous holes are present in the anal region (Figure 12e). The The 12e). (Figure region anal the in present are holes be may They usually end. mm), one at (0,33-0,80 knobbed huge faintly are and 15c) thickened 12b-d, (Figures series present the in specimen largest The examined. Habitat: Distribution: examined: Material measures 105 mm along the ventral surface. ventral the along mm 105 measures not spicules anal and introvert the and given not the are of spicules dimensions the that except complete is specimen, mm record: Previous See Diagnosis: Cucumaria rigidapeda Cucumaria Fgrs2, 2& 15c) & 12 2b, (Figures rigidapeda Trachythyone 120-185 m. Figure 17. Figure m. 120-185 1-17. This species holds a unique position amongst the southern southern the amongst position unique a holds species This The baskets (Figures 12a, f & 15c) (0,04-0,08 mm) are are mm) (0,04-0,08 15c) & f 12a, (Figures baskets The Pseudocnella because of spinous crosses, some smooth plates and and plates smooth some crosses, spinous of because Cryptofaunic, in sand. in Cryptofaunic, Green mud, clay clay mud, Green h snl Cp Vdl pcmn ovosy a obviously specimen, Vidal Cape single The Cherbonnieri description, based on a single 98- 98- single a on based description, Cherbonnieri egh m. etams to etce re­ tentacles two Ventralmost mm. 9 Length f Oag Rvr ot t Lmets Bay, Lambert’s to Mouth River Orange off . tergestina T. Cherbonnier, 1952: 485. 1952: Cherbonnier, s.(iue 13) (Figure sp. since the crosses and handled plates are are plates handled and crosses the since . insolens. P. Type locality only, C(30/16/d). only, locality Type N2/2i,1 spec.1 N(28/32/i), (c. C(28/14/d, 30/16/d, 32/17/d), 13 spec. 13 32/17/d), 30/16/d, C(28/14/d, 0,1 mm) button-like plates with 5-8 5-8 with plates button-like mm) 0,1 Cebnir 15;45 i 4, figs. 41, pi. 485, 1952; Cherbonnier, Cucumaria cm Cebnir 15) comb.nov. 1952) (Cherbonnier, - Sr) ih hc i sae a shares it which with (Sars) sand. However, the presence of of presence the However, sp. by Thandar (1971) (1971) Thandar by sp. . insolens, P. Trachythy­ 135

'duced. by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). om typica forma Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Diagnosis: Diagnosis: Diagnosis: Records: plates of the calcareous ring are said to bear short, paired, paired, short, bear to said are ring calcareous the of plates multilocular smooth, rosettes. with irregular, Introvert plates. and rosettes with Tentacles irre­ minute, with Pedicels nodules. tiny more or one often two of plates spicules multilocular wall imbricating, Body interradial thick, projections. and exclusively anterior radial long but with plates plates radial to bifurcation rior species. four and Pseudocolochirus Colochirus Habitat: Diagnosis: africanus Pawsonellus africanus designation). original Pawsonellus species: Type 1894 Ludwig, Cucumariinae Subfamily posterior prolongations. Hence it does not seem likely that that likely related. seem closely are not species two does the it Hence radial prolongations. the posterior and curved distincdy is form body kind. the different a of Further, are are deposits pedicel plates) the in and long rosettes introvert no the are mm there end, one (0,5 at roughened and spicules prolonged the however, species, poste­ no simple, ring Calcareous stubs. ven­ to 10, reduced two Tentacles tral naked. inter-ambulacra dorsally; rows, shorter double in ambulacra to restricted pedicels with species genera three by represented is subfamily the Africa southern are Rarely spicules. wall body as plates knobbed to smooth only with with only genus. new the of those from different are genera of those to resemblance barrel­ small, by represented species type the only date gular, smooth to slightly nodular plates; end plates absent. absent. plates end plates; nodular slightly to smooth gular, Genus Genus Distribution: Genus holes; others irregular to discoidal with larger holes and and holes larger with discoidal to irregular occluded, others often small, holes; with smooth, oblong, majority types: In deposits. of layer superficial a by accompanied these from the north-east Atlantic and Mediterranean, notably notably Mediterranean, and Atlantic north-east the from ring, calcareous the of these both of crowns tentacular the and rings calcareous the some show do species new the of Na­ spicules of the waters Although shallow tal. the from collected specimens shaped 136 1908. 181; James 1976: 59. 1976: 181;James Pawsonellus Pseudocolochirus Reef sand, sea weeds and bryozoans. and weeds sea sand, Reef N(30/31/s). This subfamily includes dendrochirotids with with dendrochirotids includes subfamily This In its spicules, tentacular crown and some features features some and crown tentacular spicules, its In This genus was erected by the writer to accommo­ to writer the by erected was genus This A genus of small, somewhat U- or barrel-shaped barrel-shaped or U- somewhat small, of genus A 412. 1949:411, Panning See SePasn 90 172. 1910: Pearson See As for the genus. the for As (partim) Théel, 1886: 78; Koehler & Vaney Vaney & Koehler 78; 1886: Théel, (partim) uuai ( ?Pniga hyndmani ? Panningia) (= Cucumaria Southern Natal, 6-36 m. Figure 18. Figure m. 6-36 Natal, Southern illustrated by Panning (1949). In the latter latter the In (1949). Panning by illustrated ero, 90 12 Dihan 1930: Deichmann 172; 1910: Pearson, Thandar, 1986 Thandar, Tadr 96(iue c& 15d) & 2c (Figures 1986 Thandar, . africanus P. Pearson, 1910 Pearson, Pseudocolochirus shares some affinities affinities some shares hna, 96 (by 1986 Thandar, and and Panningia, Thomson Thomson

Remarks: point out this error. Since the genus was initially established established initially was genus the Since error. this out point the re-diagnosed and never and re-erected Mortens en to therefore letter She a in published. Pearson by proposed belonging not as (1895) Koehler and suspected (1886) species Théel both type the by accommodate to (1910) Pearson Pseudocolochirus violaceus Pseudocolochirus violaceus Colochirus species: Type Remarks: Diagnosis: oe17: 8 ds.;Jms 96 9 i. (-) i 1. pi. (g-j), 1 fig. 59, 1976: James (dist.); 180 1971: Rowe violaceus Pseudocolochirus Indo- all others contains the and present Atlantic west at one genus species, five The about species. type the designated to person first the was (1976) James workers. some to amongst credited erroneously been has then, since which, genus Local distribution: Local examined: Material anterior projections. Spicules of body wall a superficial superficial a wall body of Spicules projections. anterior West Pacific forms. Pacific West for name the that thought (1930) to strictly uuai tricolor Cucumaria violaceus Colochirus monotypy). ih n o mr hls t ah n ad fe wt few with often and end each at holes more or one with an and subspecies), one in rare perfor­ or (absent and/or forked extremities at ated rods, curved slender, minute, of layer posterior without ring Calcareous papillae. with or naked ra A Diagnosis: record: African Southern her by Ludwig & Heding (1935) and Clark & Rowe (1971) (1971) Rowe & Clark and (1935) Heding & Ludwig by her (Natal). tricolor 2. 1 and figs. inner layer of fairly thick spectacle-shaped rods or ‘biscuits’ or rods spectacle-shaped thick fairly of layer inner long with plates radial but plates radial the to bifurcations interambulac­ dorsally; rows two and ventrally rows 2-12 ambulacra in to restricted usually Pedicels size. equal of less or Genus bright a yellow. ambulacra the but violet Pearson, by stated as were, Insti­ the Research off taken Oceanographic the also by was coast species Natal this northern of specimen plates. long single mm 0,063 A and tentacles 9-10 papillae, few very Japan. S. and China Islands, Phillipine Australia, distribution: General shaped cucumariids, up to 130 mm long. Tentacles 10, more 10,more Tentacles long. mm 130 to up cucumariids, shaped were There ambulacra. the the on white and (1910), on violet as interambulacra recorded the Pearson is colour by The mm. 95 described measured larger briefly specimens two specimen which was superbly coloured, the interambulacra living interambulacra this the In coloured, writer. superbly the was by which identified specimen and Durban in tute 1976: 59.1976: oohrs violaceus Colochirus Roweia Sluiter, 1901: 81). 1901: Sluiter, The genus genus The The species record from Mozambique is based on on based is Mozambique from record species The See Théel, 1886: 78; Pearson 1910: 170; James James 170; 1910: Pearson 78; 1886: Théel, See oohrs = Pentacta). (= Colochirus eu o mdu-ie, yidia t U- to cylindrical medium-sized, of genus Thandar, 1985 Thandar, Querimba (N. Mozambique) to Kosi Bay Kosi to Mozambique) (N. Querimba N2/3s,1 spec. 1 N(27/33/s), Pearson, 1903: 188 (non (non 188 1903: Pearson, E. Africa, Bay of Bengal, E. Indies, N. N. Indies, E. Bengal, of Bay Africa, E. he, 86 7, i 5 fg 4 p. 13, pi. 4, fig. 5, pi. 78, 1886: Théel, Pseudocolochirus M( 10/40), depth not recorded. not M( 10/40), depth he, hs pce ms te be then must species this Théel, (Théel, 1886) (Théel, ero, 90 10 Cak & Claik 170; 1910: Pearson, S.-Afir. Tydskr. Dierk. 1991,26(3) S.-Afir. Dierk. Tydskr. Pseudocolochirus However, Deichmann Deichmann However, Théel, 1886 (by (by 1886 Théel, was erected by by erected was Cucumaria was only only was

Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). runed frauenfeldi frauenfeldi Roweia stephensoni Roweia Roweia stephensoni Roweia Diagnosis: Remarks: an 98 34 p. 8 fg. 82; hrone 1953: Cherbonnier 18-25; figs. 18, (1-15). 2 fig. 596, pi. 344, 1948: mann region. anal the in rods digitated strongly and rosettes of Cucumaria Cucumaria frauenfeldi coast East containing little sand; never found buried in sand. in buried found never sand; little containing uuai stephensoni Cucumaria absence general superficial the the and 15e) in (Figure wall rods body the curved of layer slender of layer continuous coast. west and South Habitat: rpcl at os form sub­ the coast from east differing tropical coasts, west and south the of waters Distribution: webbi: f R. insolens, P. sinorbis P. insolens, embedded in sand; found low down on shore usually unco­ usually shore on down low found sand; in embedded has record this but Java from verified. come been never have to said is spe­ Semper’s cimen 18). (Figure Mozambique southern to Angola (Thandar, 1977), the former restricted to the temperate temperate the to restricted former the 1977), (Thandar, the south coast usually associated with with associated usually coast south on LWS; below kelp the among sometimes LWS, during vered frauenfeldi Roweia M(24/35/i). frauenfeldi: frauenfeldi R. records: African Southern : Diagnosis 32/18/i; 33/17/i,s; 34/18/i to 33/28/i). to 34/18/i 33/17/i,s; 32/18/i; Cucumaria webbi Cucumaria deichmanni Cucumaria (sic) frauenfeldii Cucumaria frauenfeldi Roweia it) i 9 i. 1. fig. 29, pi. dist.), figs. Cucumaria posthuma Cucumaria John 1923:413; Clark H.L. 1-3; figs. 26, 1911: Vaney 239; frauenfeldi Cucumaria Remarks: 12); SWA (19/12/i; 20/13/?i,s; 23/14/i; 26/15/i); C(28/16/8; C(28/16/8; 26/15/i); 23/14/i; 20/13/?i,s; (19/12/i; SWA 12); Cucumaria characterized by slender curved rods in combination with with combination in rods curved slender by characterized 62,p.3,fg. 14-21. figs. 38, pi. 16-24, original designation). original spectacle-shaped rods in the body wall. body the in rods spectacle-shaped 13-17; Cherbonnier 1952: 477, pi. 37, figs. 1-14; 1-14; figs. 37, pi. 477, 1952: Cherbonnier 13-17; frauenfeldi Cucumaria species: Type margin. the on processes or digitations knobs, the type species and and species type the 'Cucumaria’ frauenfeldi 'Cucumaria’ figs. 18, pi. 345, 1948: Deichmann 6; and 5 figs. 325, 1939: . rJ ol 1991,26(3) Zool. fr.J. S.A Thandar (1985) recognizes two subspecies, subspecies, two recognizes (1985) Thandar This genus was established by Thandar (1985) for for (1985) Thandar by established was genus This See John 1939: 321; Deichmann 1948: 344. 1948: Deichmann 321; 1939: John See SeTadr18: 110. 1985: Thandar See sp. Semper, 1868: 236, pi. 39, fig. 22. fig. 39, pi. 236, 1868: Semper, sp. I ceie bten adtn slabs sandstone between crevices In — Throughout southern Africa from southern southern from Africa southern Throughout T(32/30/i); N(30/30/i to 29/30/i, 27/32/i); 27/32/i); 29/30/i, to N(30/30/i T(32/30/i); Thandar, 1977: 57, figs. 1 and 2. 1and figs. 57, 1977: Thandar, Tadr 1985:110. Thandar, Tadr 18: 113. 1985: Thandar, (uwg 82 Fgrs2, 15e,f) & 2d,e (Figures 1882) (Ludwig, and and (on 99 Fgrs2 15g) & 2f (Figures 1939) (John, Lampert, 1885: 248, fig. 52; fig. 248, 1885: Lampert, H.L. Clark, 1923:413 (partim). (partim). 1923:413 Clark, H.L. (Ludwig, 1875) and and 1875) (Ludwig, Cebnir 15:48 i 3, figs. 37, pi. 478, 1952: Cherbonnier, uwg 18: 3; rte 1910: Britten 130; 1882: Ludwig, Jh, 99 31 fg. -; Deich­ 1-4; figs. 321, 1939: John, . stephensoni R. Clark and Rowe, 1971: 192 (part, (part, 192 1971: Rowe, and Clark Pseudoaslia tetracentriophora. Pseudoaslia R . webbi f. (R. Bac n Bac, 91 247, 1981: Branch, and Branch — In pool or under rock, rock, under or pool In — ) by the presence of a of presence the by ) uwg 17 (by 1875 Ludwig, Jh, 99, both 1939), (John, Pseudocnella . . webbi f. R. A(15/ A(15/ R.

pronged toothed apex; ventral table discs with 3-10 holes; holes; 3-10 with discs table ventral apex; toothed pronged tables with an angulated disc and a spire ending in a three- three- a in ending spire a and disc angulated an with tables dorsal discs with about 12-21 holes. 12-21 about with discs dorsal Diagnosis bly more. Spicules of body wall exclusively three-pillared three-pillared exclusively wall body of Spicules more. bly triplex Cucumella triplex Cucumella Remarks: species — type (male) 14 mm long. Tentacles 13-15, possi­ 13-15, Tentacles long. mm 14 (male) type — species C. genus: the to species other Heding and Panning. and Heding is 3-9 14: 2, is 1 ad 3 Dihan 1948: Deichmann 16(a-e). 13;fig. 66, 1954: and 12Panning & Heding 359; figs. 220, 1942: 39-49; figs. C. and Australia S.W. (by original designation). original (by the Phyllophoridae Heding & Panning (1954) referred two two referred (1954) Panning & Heding Phyllophoridae of the revision their In description. its of time the at species type Diagnosis: record exists of its occurrence on the East African coast. African East the on occurrence its of exists record Type species: Cucumella triplex Cucumella species: Type go’ where where go’ Remarks: 220; Deichmann 1948: 358; Heding & Panning 1954:64. Panning & Heding 358; 1948: Deichmann 220; Cucumella restricted to the West Pacific and East Indian Oceans. No No Oceans. Indian East and Pacific West the to (1971), restricted Rowe & Clark in table distribution the Archipela­ Mergui of fauna ‘Marine the on Pearson by also ous as Pearson’s (1910) paper on the ‘Marine fauna of of fauna ‘Marine describes the nor on paper (1910) Pearson’s as ous Genus Genus 1954 firom Japan. All three species are well keyed by by keyed well are species three All Japan. firom 1954 were misled by the subsequent article in the same paper, paper, same the in article subsequent the by misled were eib Acieao Pruus Es Arc’ ete lists neither Africa’ East Portuguese Archipelago, Kerimba errone­ is This Pearson (Mozambique). by Africa reported East was Portuguese from subfamily, this to belonging also (1954), Panning & Heding Diagnosis: Remarks: presence of interradial papillae (papulae), a high pedicel pedicel high a (papulae), papillae interradial of presence ige niiul rm h Auhs ak Acrig to According Bank. Agulhas the from individual single only by Habitat: 1948: 358. 1948: Subfamily Thyonidiidae Heding and Panning, 1954 1954 Panning, and Heding Thyonidiidae Subfamily ring. the calcareous of body, type different soft a and number its in species, type the distinct very congenor, is its it that from except comments special no requires Records: rock pools containing little sand, from LWN to below LWS; LWS; below to LWN from sand, little containing pools rock Distribution: sometimes washed up on shore after a heavy storm. heavy a after shore on up washed sometimes T(32/28/i). Cucumella egd n ad ceie bten tns r in or stones between crevices sandy in Wedged uuel triplex Cucumella C(34/18/i,s to 34/21/i; 34/24/i to 33/28/i); 33/28/i); to 34/24/i 34/21/i; to C(34/18/i,s This genus was erected to accommodate only the the only accommodate to erected was genus This This subfamily is represented in southern Africa Africa southern in represented is subfamily This This species has been described several times and and times several described been has species This fo Ldi ad eig 13) A small A 1935): Heding, and Ludwig (from uwg n Hdn, 95 20 Hdn 1942: Heding 210; 1935: Heding, and Ludwig . typicus A. See Ludwig & Heding 1935: 210; Deichmann Deichmann 210; 1935: Heding & Ludwig See See Heding and Panning, 1954: 32. 1954: Panning, and Heding See False Bay to Qolora in the Transkei. Figure 18.the Transkei.into Qolora FigureBay False . typicus. A. Ludwig and Heding, 1935 Heding, and Ludwig uwg n Hdn, 95 20 p. 2, pi. 210, 1935: Heding, and Ludwig Ludwig and Heding, 1935 Heding, and Ludwig is recorded from Ceylon. According to to According Ceylon. from recorded is problematica Apparently Heding & Panning Panning & Heding Apparently Ludwig and Heding, based on a a on based Heding, and Ludwig Actinocucumis typicus Actinocucumis mutans Ldi ad eig 1935 Heding, and Ludwig Heding and Panning, Panning, and Heding (oha 11) from 1914) (Joshua, . typicus A. Ludwig, Ludwig, 137 is Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). Remarks: Record: PMNH for sending me fragments of types housed in the the in housed types of fragments me sending for PMNH Distribution examined: Material CHERBONNIER, G. 1954. Complement a l'etude des des l'etude a Complement 1954. G. CHERBONNIER, criticism. This research was partly financed by a grant made made grant a by financed partly was research This criticism. CHERBONNIER, G. 1953. Complement a l'etude des l'etude a Complement 1953. G. CHERBONNIER, des connaissance la a Contribution 1952 G. CHERBONNIER, of shores living The 1981. MARGO. BRANCH, & G. BRANCH, Australian the of formerly Rowe, Frank Dr Museum. Paris the and UCT of Brown Alec Prof. to due are thanks Special and certain not is number tentacle Its size. to appreciable grows species any the that likely seem not does it mm 14 only CLARK, AILSA, M. & ROWE, F.W.E. 1971. Monograph of of Monograph 1971. F.W.E. ROWE, & M. AILSA, CLARK, 1976. JANE. COURTMAN-STOCK, & M. AILSA, CLARK, Africa. South of fauna echinoderm The 1923. H.L. CLARK, des d’Holothuries espèces Nouvelles 1970. G. CHERBONNIER, and Committee. guidance Research UDW the by advice, expert his for thanked the is of Museum, Guille Alain Dr their to all of indebted loan the also for am SAM I the of material. Barry Tom Dr late its of this form separates sharply The spicules wall body material. and ring new calcareous from verification requires FISHER, K.W. 1907. The holothurians of the Hawaiian Islands. Islands. Hawaiian the of holothurians The 1907. K.W. FISHER, southern of Polychaeta the of monograph A 1967. J.H. DAY, References Acknowledgements forms. Pacific West related from species characterized well DEICHMANN, ELIZABETH. 1957. The littoral holothurians of of holothurians littoral The 1957. ELIZABETH. DEICHMANN, of fauna Holothurian The 1948. ELIZABETH. DEICHMANN, the of holothurians The 1930. ELIZABETH. DEICHMANN, cucumbers). (sea Holothuroidea Echinodermata: 1974. J.H. DAY, 138 od il T Lond. The echinoderms of southern Africa. Africa. southern of echinoderms The Paris nat. Hist. Paris nat. Hist. Harv. Afir.S. Mus. Paris nat. Hist. Africa. Part 1. Part Africa. pis. 469-509,16 Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. natn. U.S. Proc. Islands. Bahama the pp. shores, African South on life marine to guide A In: Lond. Hist.), (Nat. echinoderms. Pacific Indo-West shallow-water Mozambique. du et Sud du d'Afrique côtes 2enote. Sud. du l’Afrique de holothuries Note). (1“ Sud du l'Afrique de Holothuries Sud. du l’Afrique de holothuries pp. 272 Town. Cape Publishers, Struik Africa. Southern South Africa. Africa. South Ocean. Atlantic the of part western text-figs. 189-192, figs. Balkema, Cape Town. Cape Balkema, figs. 189-192, C(35/22/d). 71: 41-226, 7 text-figs., 24 pis. 24 text-figs., 7 41-226, 71: Since the type is a mature male that measured measured that male mature a is type the Since p. 7 text-figs. 275 pp., .Known only from the Agulhas Bank, 155 m. 155 Bank, Agulhas the from only .Known 3 2-3,4fg. i. 8-23. pis. figs., 4 221-435, 13: Ann. Natal Mus. Natal Ann. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist). Lond. Hist). (Nat. Mus. Brit. (2) 41(1): 280-299,9 text-figs. 280-299,9 41(1): (2) text-figs. 3 117-123, 26(1): text-figs. 594-598,2 25(6): (2) 238 pp. 238 None. Am. Mus. Novit., Mus. Am. 32: 637-744. pis. 66-82. pis. 637-744. 32: 11: 325-375. 11: Trans. Roy. Soc. S. A A S. fr. Soc. Roy. Trans. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. comp. Mus. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist). (Nat. Mus. Brit. No. 1821: 1-20, 71 1-20, 1821: No. Bull. Mus. natn. Mus. Bull. i-vi + 458 pp. 458 + i-vi Bull. Mus. natn. Mus. Bull. Bull. Mus. nain. Mus. Bull. Brit. Mus. Brit. 33: Ann.

JOHN, D.D. 1939. Two South African holothurians with similar similar with holothurians African South 1939.Two D.D. JOHN, 6. echinoderms. Indian on Studies 1976. D.B. JAMES, 1: Nuremburg Zoologie. der Handbuch 1820. G.A. GOLDFUSS, LUDWIG, H. 1875. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Holothurien. der Kenntniss zur Beiträge 1875. H. LUDWIG, echinodermes des raissoné Catalogue 1895. R. KOEHLER, LUDWIG, H. & HEDING, S.G. 1935. Die Holothurien der der Holothurien Die 1935. S.G. HEDING, & H. LUDWIG, von Golf im Hartmeyer Dr von einige Über 1912. H. HELFER, Eine Phyllophoridae. 1954. A. PANNING, & S.G. HEDING, 1938. S.G. HEDING, MARENZELLER, E. VON. 1874. Kritik adriatischer Kritik 1874. VON. E. MARENZELLER, Zoology. in techniques Laboratory 1966. R. MAHONEY, PAWSON, D.L. 1963. The holothurian fauna of Cook Strait, Cook of fauna holothurian The 1963. D.L. PAWSON, Macquarie from cucumber sea new A 1962. D.L. PAWSON, Holothurien-Familie die über Bemerkungen 1971. A. PANNING, Holothurien-Familie die über Bemerkungen 1964. A. PANNING, Familie der Neuordnung einer Versuch 1949. A. PANNING, 1766. P.S. PALLAS, the of echinoderms the of Handbook 1927. TH. MORTENSEN, natural A 1958. (eds.) MARGARET KALK, & W, MACNAE, PANNING, A. 1966. Bemerkungen über die Holothurien-Familie Holothurien-Familie die über Bemerkungen 1966. A. PANNING, des zoologischen Museums in Kopenhagen. Kopenhagen. in Museums zoologischen des Holothurien dendrochiroten polytentaculaten der Bearbeitung Hist. Africa. South from holothurian dendrochirote zool. Fr. zool. Sonde. la de iles aux Korotnev M. par recuellis text-figs. 6 deposits. calcareous seas. on note a with holothurians known little two of Redescription figs. 327-334,17 Holothurien. gesammelte Suez haun. Island. Island. 3. pi. text-figs., 5 (Schluss). Teil Dendrochirota).6. (Ordnung Cucumariidae Gattungen Kosswig-Festschrifi: Inst. Mus. Zool. Hamb. Gattungen Die Teil. 3. Dendrochirota). (Ordnung Cucumariidae text-figs. 62 404-470, Dendrochirota). (Holothurioidea, Cucumariidae pp. 404 London. Butterworths, Univ. Witwatersrand Mozambique. Island, Inhaca of history Formen. Formen. dendrochirote und Fusslose Expedition. Tiefsee Deutschen Wurzburg Inst. zoot. - zool. Goldfuss 1820. 1820. Goldfuss 1938. Clark, H.L. Die Tiel. 5. Dendrochirota). (Ordnung Cucumariidae an early juvenile of of juvenile early an New Zealand. Zealand. New text-figs. pi. 1 figs, 3 152-156, Hagoee: pp. 471 Lond. Press, Univ. Oxford Isles. British Holothurien. pp. 163 i-iv, Johannesburg: Press. Die Gattungen um Gattungen Die 4. pi. text-figs, 1-696, 2 pis. 2 1-696, Valdivia1.1898-1899. (11 3-3,5 text-figs. 5 631-634, (11)1: J. mar. biol. Ass. India Ass. biol. mar. J. 13: 7-209,102 text-figs. 7-209,102 13: Trans. R. Soc. N. Zeai. N. Soc. R. Trans. 8: 374-^123, pi. 9. 374-^123, pi. 8: Wiss. Ergehn. Deutsch. Tiefsee • Exped. Dampfer Exped. • Tiefsee Deutsch. Ergehn. Wiss. Heterothyone Stereoderma, Staurothyone Stereoderma, Verh. K.K. Zool.- Bot. Ges. Wien. Ges. Bot. Zool.- K.K. Verh. Zool. Pub. Viet. Univ. Viet. Pub. Zool. Mitt. Hamb. Zool. Mus. Inst. Mus. Zool. Hamb. Mitt. Actinia doliolum Actinia Mitt. Hamb. Zool. Mus. Inst. Mus. Zool. Hamb. Mitt. Cucumaria tetracentriophora sp. tetracentriophora Cucumaria Ocnus Holothuria scabra Holothuria Ann. Mag. not. Hist. Ser. Hist. not. Mag. Ann. 24: 123-214, 65 text-figs., 2 pis. 2 text-figs., 65 123-214, 24: Panning 1949 und und 1949 Panning Forbes 1841 und um um und 1841 Forbes 2(2): 77-120, pis. 6, 7. 6, pis. 77-120, 2(2): 8 56, tx-i. 1 text-pl. text-fig., 1 55-61, 18: 8() 74,p. 1. pi. 47-48, 88(4): S.-Afr. Tydskr. Dierk. 1991,26(3) Dierk. Tydskr. S.-Afr. Mitt. zool. Mus. Beri. Mus. zool. Mitt. Miscellanea Zoologica. Zoologica. Miscellanea No 36: 1-38, 7 text-pls. 7 1-38, 36: No und und Jaeger from the Indian Indian the from Jaeger Trachythyone. Mitt. Trachythyone. Leptopentacta Spolia zool. Mus. zool. Spolia 67: 29-51, 67: 159-174,10 159-174,10 (11)4: 321-329, 321-329, (11)4: Ann. Mag. not. Mag. Ann. 63: 51-69,9 51-69,9 63: 24: 299-320. 24: Pentacta Zool. Jb. Zool. Mém. Soc. Mém. n., a new new a n., 6:

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Reproduced by Sabinet Gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2010). THANDAR, A.S. 1987. The status of some southern African African southern some of status The 1987. A.S. THANDAR, THANDAR, A.S. 1989. The sclerodactylid holothurians of of holothurians sclerodactylid The 1989. A.S. THANDAR, THANDAR, A.S. 1986. A new genus and species of a of species and genus new A 1986. A.S. THANDAR, the in genus African southern new A 1985. A.S. THANDAR, THANDAR, A.S. 1971. The intertidal holothurian fauna of the of fauna holothurian intertidal The 1971. A.S. THANDAR, SEMPER, C. 1869. Die Holothurien Ostafiikas. In: Reisen in Ost Ost in Reisen In: Ostafiikas. Holothurien Die 1869. C. SEMPER, shallow-water The 1977. J.E. DOTY, & F.W.E. ROWE, of species British the on note A 1970. F.W.E. ROWE, PERRIER, R. 1905. Holothuries antarctiques du Museum Museum du antarctiques Holothuries 1905. R. PERRIER, MeTgui Archipelago. the of fauna Marine 1910b. J. PEARSON, PEARSON, J. 1910. Littoral marine fauna of Kerimba of fauna marine Littoral 1910. J. PEARSON, PEARSON, J. 1903. Holothurioidea. In: Report to the to Report In: Holothurioidea. 1903. J. PEARSON, PAWSON, D.L. & FELL, H.B. 1965. A revised classification of of classification revised A 1965. H.B. FELL, & D.L. PAWSON, PAWSON, D.L. 1982. Holothuroidea. In: Synopsis and Synopsis In: Holothuroidea. 1982. D.L. PAWSON, .ArJ ol 1991,26(3) Zool. S.Afr.J. Lond. nominal species of of species nominal and their ecological isolation. isolation. ecological their and two new genera. genera. and new two subfamily new one of erection the with Africa southern Cucumaria frauenfeldi Cucumaria Aff.: S. Univ. thesis, M.Sc. Unpubl. Natal. of shores rocky dendrochirotid holothurian from southern Africa. Africa. southern from holothurian dendrochirotid Holothuroidea) with the recognition of two subspecies in subspecies two of recognition the with Holothuroidea) (Echinodermata: Cucumariidae family holothurian 3(1): Heidelberg. & Leipzig Decken. der von C.C. Afrika. i-v + 235 pp. 235 + i-v holothurians of Guam. Guam. of holothurians genera. nominal new two of erection the involving cucumarians 109-114. Paris. de Naturalle d’Histoire 1-2, pi. 117-122,1 Holothuroidea. Lond. Soc. zool. Holothuroidea. Africa. East Portuguese Archipelago, rep. Suppl. Gulf of Manaar. (Ed.) W.A. Her Her dm W.A. (Ed.) an. Manaar. of the Gulf of Fisheries Osyter Pearl the on Ceylon of Government 18-21. 1-143, 14 text-figs., pis. 1-5, text-figs A-N. text-figs 1-5, pis. text-figs., 14 1-143, holothurians. dendrochirote the Parker. McGraw-Hill, New York. New P. McGraw-Hill, Sybil Parker. (Ed.) 791-818. pp. organisms, living of classification 210: 483-188. 210: J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. Ass. biol. mar. J. 5: 181-208, 3 pis. 3 181-208, 5: Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. Soc. zool. Proc. 90 1712 text-figs. 5 167-182, 1910: S. Afr. J. Zool. J. Afr. S. Cucumaria Ludwig. Ludwig. Micronesica Ann. Sei. nat. Zoologie nat. Sei. Ann. S. Afr. J. Zool. J. Afr. S. (s.e.) referable to a new genus genus new a to referable (s.e.) 683-687. 50: 24: 290-304. 24: Breviora S. Afr. J. Zool. J. Afr. S. 13: 217-250, 9 text-figs. 9 217-250, 13: 1910: 183-194, figs. figs. 183-194, 1910: London (R. Soc). (R. London N.24 1-7. 214: No. 22(4): 287-296. 22(4): 20(3): 20(3): J. Zool., J. 9: Proc.

P. tesselera P. Pentacta doliolum Pentacta P. squamosa P. eig 1935Heding, africanus Pawsonellus Cucumella triplex Cucumella C. webbi C. C. sykion C. C. stephensoni C. C. sinorbis C. C. rigidapeda C. C. C. improvisa C. C. C. frauenfeldi C. C. corbula C. Cucumariacapensis and (1948)Deichmann by subsequent authors Cucumariidae and their present disposition present their and Cucumariidae Nominal species listed speciesNominal Results scient. Rep. 2. Part Holothurioidea. 1886. H. THÉEL, Appendix 1 Appendix THANDAR, A.S. 1990. The phyllophorid holothurians of of holothurians phyllophorid 1990.The A.S. THANDAR, jaegeri spyridophora tetracentriophora deichmanni insolens crucifera Zool. o.‘hlegr Zo. 9 120 16pis. 1-290, 39: (Zool.) ‘Challenger’ Voy. southern Africa with the erection of a new genus. genus. new a of erection the with Africa southern Tadr 1977 Thandar, (apr, 1885)(Lampert, 25: 207-223. 25: Lmet 1885 Lampert, Cebnir 1953 Cherbonnier, Cebnir 1952 Cherbonnier, Tél 1886 Théel, Cebnir 1970 Cherbonnier, Sme, 1869 Semper, Cebnir 1970 Cherbonnier, Ldi, 1875 Ludwig, Cebnir 1952 Cherbonnier, Ldi, 1882 Ludwig, Jh, 1939 John, Cebnir 1952 Cherbonnier, ..Cak 1923 Clark, H.L. Ludwig & Ludwig List of southern African nominal species of species nominal African southern of List (als 1766)(Pallas, eig 1938 Heding, Tél 1886 Théel, Tadr 1986 Thandar Pseudoaslia/this 1985 Thandar, hna, 1985 Thandar, this paper this paper No changeNo of Synonym to Referred Subspecies of Subspeciesof n.g.of species Type to Referred sykion/ hna, 1987Thandar, of species Type No changeNo change No Nochange to Referred hna, 1987 Thandar, Synonym of of Synonym this paper this to Referred to Referred hna, 1987 Thandar, 1949 Panning, to Referred 1985 Thandar, Type species of of species Type Synonym of of Synonym to Referred OcnurAhis to paper Referred 1949Ocnur/Panning, to Referred disposition/ Present Ldi, 82/hna, 1985 1882)/Thandar,(Ludwig, authority 1949 Tadr 1987Thandar, Aslia/ Pseudocnella/ Roweia/ Pseudocnella/ Trachythyone/ Trachythyone/ Trachythyone/Pmnmg, Pseudocnella Ocnus capensis/Ocnus Roweia frauenfeldi Roweia frauenfeldi/ paper Pseudocnella/ Roweia Rw, 1970 Rowe, S. Afr. J. Afr. S. /

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