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Strategies for Enhanced Production of Commercially Important Secondary Metabolites from in Vitro Established Cultures of Linum Usitatissimum L

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Strategies for Enhanced Production of Commercially Important Secondary Metabolites from in Vitro Established Cultures of Linum Usitatissimum L Strategies for Enhanced Production of Commercially Important Secondary Metabolites from In Vitro Established Cultures of Linum usitatissimum L. By ADNAN ZAHIR Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Biological Sciences Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan 2019 Strategies for Enhanced Production of Commercially Important Secondary Metabolites from In Vitro Established Cultures of Linum usitatissimum L. Thesis submitted to The Department of Biotechnology Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad In the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In BIOTECHNOLOGY BY ADNAN ZAHIR Supervised by Dr. BILAL HAIDER ABBASI Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Biological Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2019 DECLARATION The whole of the experimental work included in this thesis was carried out by me in the Plant cell culture Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. The findings and conclusions are of my own investigation with discussion of my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bilal Haider Abbasi. No part of this work has been presented for any other degree. ADNAN ZAHIR God does not charge a soul with more than it can bear It shall be required for whatever good and whatever evil it has done. Our Lord! Take us not to task if we forget, or Lapse into error our Lord! Charge us not with the burden You laid upon those before us. Our Lord! do not burden us beyond what we have the strength to bear and pardon us and forgive our Sins, and have mercy on us You alone are our protector and help us against people who deny the Truth. (Ameen) Dedicated to My Parents At this day, this moment, What I am is because of my Parents. If I want to thank them, I could not, as they deserve to be thanked, But my whole life is at their service. Contents LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. x SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ xii CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 2 1.1. Medicinal uses .............................................................................................................. 2 1.2. Phytochemistry ............................................................................................................. 4 1.3. In vitro Propagation of Linum usitatissimum ................................................................ 10 1.3.1. Regeneration ............................................................................................................. 10 1.3.2. Anther Cultures ....................................................................................................... 18 1.4. Bioactive Metabolites Production Using in vitro Established Cultures of Linum usitatissimum ........................................................................................................................... 33 1.5. Aim and Objectives ......................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................... 39 2. IN VITRO CULTURES OF LINUM USITATISSIMUM L.: SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS AND PHOTOPERIOD REGIMES ON GROWTH AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF LIGNANS AND NEOLIGNANS ....................... 40 2.1. ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 40 2.2. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 41 2. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................. 43 2.3.1. Inoculum Preparation ............................................................................................. 43 2.3.2. Determination of Fresh and Dry Weight ............................................................... 44 2.3.3. Determination of Callus Growth Rate ................................................................... 44 2.3.4. Phytochemical Analysis ........................................................................................... 45 2.3.5. Free Radical Scavenging Assay .............................................................................. 45 2.3.6. HPLC Analysis ......................................................................................................... 45 2.3.7. Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................... 46 2.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 46 2.4.1. Trends in Growth Kinetics and Morphological Changes ..................................... 46 2.4.2. Trends in Biomass, Phenolics and Flavonoids Accumulation .............................. 49 2.4.3. Trends in Free Radical Scavenging Assay ............................................................. 53 2.4.4. Trends in Lignans and Neolignans Accumulation ................................................ 55 i 2.5. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................... 59 3. CHEMOGENIC SILVER NANOPARTICLES ENHANCE LIGNANS AND NEOLIGNANS IN CELL SUSPENSION CULTURES OF LINUM USITATISSIMUM L. .............................................................................................................................................. 60 3.1. ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 60 3.2. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 61 3.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................... 62 3.3.1. Inoculum Preparation ............................................................................................. 62 3.3.2. Characteristics of Ag-NPs ....................................................................................... 62 3.3.3. Optimization of Ag-NPS Concentration ................................................................ 62 3.3.4. Ag-NPs Treatments .................................................................................................. 63 3.3.5. Biomass Determination ........................................................................................... 63 3.3.6. Phytochemical Analysis ........................................................................................... 64 3.3.7. Free Radical Scavenging Assay .............................................................................. 64 3.3.8. HPLC Analysis ......................................................................................................... 64 3.3.9. Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................... 65 3.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 65 3.4.1. Effects of Repeated Elicitation with Ag-NPs on Biomass Accumulation ............ 65 3.4.2. Effects of Repeated Elicitation with Ag-NPs on Phenolics and Flavonoids Content ................................................................................................................................ 67 3.4.3. Effects of Repeated Elicitation with Ag-NPs on Production of Lignans and Neolignans ........................................................................................................................... 73 3.5. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................... 77 4. BIOGENIC ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ENHANCE PRODUCTION OF LIGNANS AND NEOLIGNANS IN CELL SUSPENSION CULTURES OF LINUM USITATISSIMUM L. ............................................................................................................. 78 4.1. ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 78 4.2. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 79 4.3.1. Inoculum preparation .............................................................................................. 80 4.3.2 Characteristics of ZnO-NPs ..................................................................................... 80 4.3.3. Optimization of ZnO-NPs Concentration
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