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Escuela Superior Politécnica De Chimborazo Facultad De Ciencias Carrera De Bioquímica Y Farmacia

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Escuela Superior Politécnica De Chimborazo Facultad De Ciencias Carrera De Bioquímica Y Farmacia ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DE CHIMBORAZO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS CARRERA DE BIOQUÍMICA Y FARMACIA “DETERMINACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD INHIBITORIA DE LA FRACCIÓN ALCALOIDAL DE Hymenocallis sp. SOBRE LAS ENZIMAS ACETILCOLINESTERASA Y BUTIRILCOLINESTERASA” TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN TIPO: TRABAJO EXPERIMENTAL Presentado para optar al grado académico de: BIOQUÍMICA FARMACÉUTICA AUTORA: EDITH MARIELA VERGARA ZURITA TUTORA: Lcda. KAREN LISSETH ACOSTA LEÓN M.Sc. Riobamba-Ecuador 2020 © 2020, Edith Mariela Vergara Zurita Se autoriza la reproducción total o parcial, con fines académicos, por cualquier medio o procedimiento, incluyendo la cita bibliográfica del documento, siempre y cuando se reconozca el Derecho del Autor. ii Yo, Edith Mariela Vergara Zurita, declaro que el presente trabajo de titulación es de mi autoría y los resultados del mismo son auténticos. Los textos en el documento que provienen de otras fuentes están debidamente citados y referenciados. Como autora asumo la responsabilidad legal y académica de los contenidos de este trabajo de titulación; El patrimonio intelectual pertenece a la Escuela Superior Politécnica De Chimborazo. Riobamba, 23 de enero de 2020 Edith Mariela Vergara Zurita 060345164-2 iii ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DE CHIMBORAZO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ESCUELA DE BIOQUÍMICA Y FARMACIA El Tribunal de Trabajo de Titulación certifica que: El trabajo de titulación: Tipo: Trabajo Experimental, “DETERMINACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD INHIBITORIA DE LA FRACCIÓN ALCALOIDAL DE Hymenocallis sp. SOBRE LAS ENZIMAS ACETILCOLINESTERASA Y BUTIRILCOLINESTERASA”, realizado por la señorita: EDITH MARIELA VERGARA ZURITA, ha sido minuciosamente revisado por los Miembros del Tribunal del trabajo de titulación, el mismo que cumple con los requisitos científicos, técnicos, legales, en tal virtud el Tribunal Autoriza su presentación. FIRMA FECHA BQF. Norma Cecilia Toaquiza Aguagallo PRESIDENTE DEL TRIBUNAL 23-01-2020 Lcda. Karen Lisseth Acosta León DIRECTORA DEL TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN 23-01-2020 Dra. Susana del Pilar Abdo Lopez MIEMBRO DEL TRIBUNAL 23-01-2020 iv DEDICATORIA Quiero dedicar este trabajo de titulación a mis padres Luis Alfredo Vergara Sevilla y Elvia Piedad Zurita Zurita en este arduo camino, quienes han sido un motor fundamental en mi vida, por estar siempre a mi lado apoyándome con sus consejos, ánimo, confianza, amor y por ser mi ejemplo de vida. A mis hermanos Heidy Vergara y Alex Vergara por su apoyo incondicional. A mi esposo Carlos Carrillo y a mi Hija Arianna Carrillo, que me han impulsado para seguir siempre adelante. Edith. v AGRADECIMIENTO Agradezco a Dios y a la Virgen María por cada bendición derramada en mi vida y guiarme en cada paso para alcanzar y cumplir con una meta más en mi vida. A mis padres por nunca dejarme sola, todo este logro se los debo a ellos quienes, con sus palabras de aliento, su apoyo incondicional y su infinito amor me ayudaron a cumplir con esta meta. A mis hermanos les agradezco infinitamente por su apoyo incondicional y por ser mi ejemplo de superación. Mi sincero agradecimiento a la Lcda. Karen Acosta León M.Sc. por su tiempo, conocimientos compartidos y sobre todo por su apoyo incondicional para realizar este trabajo de titulación. Agradezco a la Dra. Susana Abdo y al BQF. Diego Vinueza M.Sc., por brindarme sus conocimientos, ya que han sido parte importante en el trabajo de titulación. A la Dra. Nora Oleas de la Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica y al Dr. Jaume Bastidas de la Universidad de Barcelona por su aporte en este trabajo de titulación. A mis amigos con quienes compartimos momentos de felicidad y dolor, gracias por regalarme años maravillosos que recordare toda mi vida y los guardare en mi corazón. Edith. vi TABLA DE CONTENIDO ÍNDICE DE TABLAS .....................................................................................................................xi ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................................ xiii ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICOS .............................................................................................................. xiv RESUMEN .................................................................................................................................... xvi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. xvii INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO I 1. MARCO TEÓRICO REFERENCIAL....................................................................... 4 1.1. Alzheimer ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1. Descripción ................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2. Factores de riesgo ......................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3. Estadios en la enfermedad de Alzheimer ...................................................................... 5 1.1.4. Fisiopatología en la enfermedad de Alzheimer ............................................................ 6 1.2. Tratamiento del Alzheimer ......................................................................................... 6 1.2.1. Tratamiento farmacológico .......................................................................................... 6 1.2.1.1. Galantamina .................................................................................................................. 7 1.2.2. Tratamiento no farmacológico ..................................................................................... 8 1.2.2.1. Etiología de la enfermedad del Alzheimer ..................................................................... 8 1.2.2.1.1. Hipótesis Colinérgica .................................................................................................... 8 1.2.2.1.1.2. Acetilcolinesterasa ......................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2.1.1.3. Butirilcolinesterasa ...................................................................................................... 10 1.2.2.1.2. Hipótesis de la cascada Amiloide ................................................................................ 11 vii 1.2.2.1.3. Hipótesis de la proteína Tau ........................................................................................ 11 1.2.2.1.4. Hipótesis Viral ............................................................................................................. 11 1.3. Familia Amaryllidaceae ............................................................................................. 12 1.3.1. Amaryllidaceae en el Ecuador .................................................................................... 12 1.3.2. Hymenocallis sp. ......................................................................................................... 13 1.3.3. Taxonomía: Hymenocallis sp. .................................................................................... 13 1.3.4. Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae ..................................................................................... 13 1.3.5. Acciones farmacológicas de alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae ........................................ 14 1.4. Cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas ................................ 15 1.4.1. Cromatografía de gases (GC) ..................................................................................... 15 1.4.2. Espectrometría de masas............................................................................................. 15 1.5. Método Ellman ........................................................................................................... 16 CAPÍTULO II 2. MARCO METODOLÓGICO ................................................................................... 17 2.1. Población de estudio .................................................................................................. 17 2.2. Tamaño de la muestra ............................................................................................... 17 2.3. Lugar de investigación ............................................................................................... 17 2.4. Equipos, Materiales y Reactivos ............................................................................... 18 2.4.1. Equipos ........................................................................................................................ 18 2.4.2. Materiales .................................................................................................................... 18 2.4.3. Reactivos ..................................................................................................................... 20 2.5. Recolección del material vegetal ............................................................................... 20 2.6. Identificación botánica .............................................................................................. 21 2.7. Preparación del material vegetal. ............................................................................. 21 viii 2.8. Extracción de alcaloides ............................................................................................ 21 2.9. Identificación de alcaloides por Cromatografía de Gases Acoplada
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