Overview of Math Accommodations

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Foothill – De Anza Community College District California Community Colleges

An Overview of Math Accommodations

10:00 A.M. Introduction and Expectations PowerPoint: Overview

11:45 A.M. Lunch

1:00 P.M. Manipulatives * Geometry Protractor, rulers, raised line drawing kit * Algebra Magnet boards

Additional options for Braille readers * Cubarithm board * Math Window

Counting * Chisenbop * Abacus

2:00 P.M. Break

2:15 P.M. Calculators *Orion *AGC *MathTrax

3:30 p.m. PIAF and Scientific Notebook * Creating graphs & Exporting to tactile graphics * Creating matrices

4:00 P.M. Q&A Evaluations

4:30 P.M. End

http://www.htctu.net rev. 10/27/2011

Day Two

9:00 A.M. Introductions and Expectatoins Overview of Access Technologies Intro to Math ML

10:15 A.M. Break

10:30 A.M. Math Type * Creating Equations using MathType

MathPlayer

MathDAISY

MathTalk: http://www.mathtalk.com/demos.htm

11:45 A.M. Lunch

1:00 P.M LaTeX * Creating and Reading Equations with LaTeX * Exporting LaTeX equations * Creating equations in MathType * Creating equations in Scientific Notebook and saving as TeX

Scientific Notebook * Entering equations

2:30 P.M. Break

2:45 P.M. Workflow: Book to E-text with math Infty & Chatty Infty

3:30 P.M. R-Project for Statistics vs. SPSS with JAWS script

4:00 P.M. END

Objectives

Participants will be able to do the following:

• understand the complexity of creating math access • understand and use a wide range of manipulatives • use finger counting • know when to recommend Nemeth or DotsPlus for Braille users • understand how to create Nemeth and DotsPlus Braille • understand how to create and use Math ML • create e-text with math equation software

http://www.htctu.net rev. 10/27/2011

• be familiar with computer programs designed to support math access

http://www.htctu.net rev. 10/27/2011 Math Accommodations

Issues

 Accessing books/problem sets  Doing homework/tests  Getting information in class

Tips for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students

1 Suggestions for Instructors

 Face the students – Do not talk facing the board  Repeat student questions – The deaf student may not have been looking at the questioner  Make sure you can be seen clearly – Do not stand and talk in front of a bright window  Use gestures – Pointing to what you’re talking about is helpful  Build in pauses – Deaf students do a lot of multi-tasking, allow some pauses

Tips for Students with Upper Limb Impairments

Software

 Math equation programs allow keyboard entry – Scientific Notebook – MathType (plug-in for Word)  MathTalk allows voice entry –Requires MathTalk, Dragon NaturallySpeaking and Scientific Notebook (all three!)

2 Books

 Scan to PDF  Read on-screen  Foot pedal mouse  Use Dragon to advance pages onscreen

 Remove spine and rebind to lay flat

 Use hardware page-turning systems

Tips for LD Students

Verbalize

 Instructor side – Concrete, specific descriptions – Verbalize equations and operations  Student side – Verbalize the process – Have students explain patterns they see

3 Strategies

 Spread one semester courses over two  Teach strategies, not just algorithms  Tactile graphs  Manipulatives  Color highlighting  Draw pictures

Self-help

 Work in quiet without clutter  Videotape students studying – Students may be totally unaware of what they are doing while studying— videotaping provides feedback

Word Problems

 Learn key words – “and,” “sum,” “increased” mean add – “take away,” “difference,” “less” mean subtract – “of,” “times” means multiply – “per,” “out of,” “ratio of,” “quotient” mean divide  Highlight what is important – Look for key words  List information  Draw pictures

4 Auditory Math

 Math books in MathML – Create in MathType or Scientific Notebook  MathPlayer reads and highlights – Free download from Design Science – http://www.dessci.com/  Read&Write Gold, Dolphin Tutor, and WYNN work with MathPlayer – Kurzweil only works from the Web interface.

Online Help

 ModuMath Tutorials – Video tutorials for basic math and algebra – http://www.modumath.org/  ALEKS – Assessment and learning – http://www.aleks.com/highered/math/  Khan Academy (videos) – http://www.khanacademy.org/

MuchoMath

 Professor Larry Perez at Saddleback College – [email protected]  You Tube math videos – www.saddleback.edu/faculty/lperez/

5 Learning Styles for Math

 Christine Tunstall at Mt. SAC – Instructional Specialist in ABI  Resources to help students learn how to learn math  http://elearn.mtsac.edu/ctunstall/dsps 30/

Tips for Low Vision Students

Software for Writing Math

 Keyboard entry – Scientific Notebook –MathType  Equations can be enlarged  Voices what is written – Chatty Infty

6 Creating Large Print

 Start with PDF  Crop pages  Print to fit page (11 in. x 17 in.)

 Can tile pages – Portion of page enlarged to full sheet

Enlarging Math in Word

 Math equations created with MathType plug-in – http://www.dessci.com/en/products/  Create a “Preferences” file – Can save multiple preference files  Apply preferences  Enlarge text with Ctrl + Shift + >

Tips for Blind Students

7 Be wary of assumptions

 Blindness covers a range – Most blind folks have some sight – Many do see color  Not all blind people read Braille – In fact, many CC students do not  Not all students who read Braille read Nemeth math Braille

Nemeth Braille Example

 Numbers – 1234567890 –⠼⠂⠆⠒⠲⠢⠖⠶⠦⠔⠴  Symbols – x² + 2x + 2 = 10 – ⠭⠘⠆⠐⠬⠆⠭⠬⠆ ⠨⠅ ⠼⠂⠴

Use Meaningful Words

 Use concrete terms  Meaningless! – “Here is the equation.” – “We start with the equation and factor.” – “Set both factors equal to zero and solve to get the result.”  Avoid – This, that, here, there, thing

8 In the following example, you would say everything!

 Don’t just write it; verbalize it! Say each step. 6x2 = 53x + 9 Subtract 53x and 9 from both sides 6x2 –53x –9 = 0 Trinomial factoring gives us (6x + 1)(x –9) = 0 Set both factors equal to zero 6x + 1 = 0 and x –9 = 0 Solve each equation…etc.

Braille options

 Brailling math is expensive and time- consuming – Algebra books can cost $25,000+ – Calculus books can cost $100,000+  Check books already in Braille and see if instructor is willing to use the problem sets  Work with an instructor on “independent study” with a book already in Braille

Lots of Math in Braille!

 Alternate Text Production Center (ATPC) –www.atpc.net  ATPC produces Braille and tactile graphics free for the CCCs – Sells books to those outside CCC system  Must have syllabus to begin project – Do only required chapters – The more advance notice, the better

9 Other Nemeth Resources

 American Printing House for the Blind hosts the Louis Database – Anyone can search for Braille materials – www.aph.org  Hadley School for the Blind – Free courses – www.hadley-school.org/Web_Site/ 2_b_ae_and_hs_program.asp

Nemeth on Campus

 Scientific Notebook documents can be translated into Nemeth math Braille – www.mackichan.com – From other equation editors, save as LaTeX – Take into Scientific Notebook and save – Open with Duxbury Braille Translation Software (www.duxsys.com)

Tactile Diagrams

 PIAF paper – “Pictures in a Flash” (www.optelec.com) – Microcapsule paper – Can start from any computer file

10 Graphics Printer

 Tiger Embosser – Embosses graphics in raised dots (www.viewplus.com) – Creates Dots Plus math Braille

Other Tactile Strategies

 Be creative!  Magnet boards – Letters and numbers can be purchased – Symbols can be cut from magnetic sheets  Corkboard for graphics – Glue thread to make a grid – Push-pins and string for graphing

Be Creative!

 Manipulatives – Many standard K-12 manipulatives will work  Collage – Puff paint – Cut-outs –Real objects

11 Commercially Available

 Wikki Stix – www.wikkistix.com  Sewell Raised Line Drawing Kit – www.maxiaids.com  Non-slip abacus (Cranmer Abacus) , Braille ruler, protractor, compass, Cubarithm – www.aph.org  MathWindow –www.mathwindow.com

Scientific Calculator

 Orion TI-36X – Hand-held, talks – American Printing House for the Blind www.aph.org – MaxiAids www.maxiaids.com

Other Calculators

 www.maxiaids.com – Search on “calculator”

12 Software Calculator

 Audio Graphing Calculator – Computer software, talks – ViewPlus Technology www.viewplus.com – Note: Graphs can be printed on Tiger Embosser or to PIAF paper

MathTrax

 Free from NASA – http://learn.arc.nasa.gov/mathtrax/index. html

Useful Sites

 http://www.inftyreader.org/?p=92

 http://accessiblemath.dessci.com/

 http://www.calstate.edu/accessibility/ tutorials/math.shtml

13 10/26/2011

Strategies for Math & Science Accessibility

Ron Stewart Access Technology Instructor High Tech Training Center Unit California Community Colleges

MathType

• MathType is an equation editor for MS Office

• Allows equations to be entered into MS Word documents much like the Equation Editor

• Document with equations can be exported as: – Web page with MathML – Images (.GIF) – TeX/LaTeX

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MathPlayer

• MathType provides export option to create Web pages from MS Word

• Exported Web pages may contain equations presented as images OR MathML

• Web pages and equations can be viewed in either Firefox or Internet Explorer (requires MathPlayer)

Infty Reader

• OCR application that recognizes STEM documents into editable content

• Can convert to LaTeX, MathML, and XHTML

• Recognized content may be exported to MS Word 2003/2007 for additional editing

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Infty Editor & Chatty Infty

• Infty Editor is an authoring tool for math expressions

• Chatty Infty is an extension of Infty Editor that provides speech output of math content

Assistive Technologies

• Screen‐Reader – Dolphin Supernova, Freedom Scientific JAWS, GW Micro Window‐Eyes, NVDA

• Screen‐Magnification – ZoomText 9, MAGic with Speech, Supernova

• Reading Systems – Dolphin EasyTutor, TextHelp Read & Write Gold (Windows), Claro Read (Windows), Kurzweil 3000 (Windows), WYNN

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Sample Workflow

• Create or edit the equations in MS Word using MathType

• Export as a Web page using the Publish to MathPage function – Choose MathML export – Select XHTML+MathML

• View the page in the appropriate browser

MathDAISY

• Component for Save As DAISY add‐in

• Converts MathType equations into DAISY compatible format

• Requires DAISY reader that supports MathML

4 10/26/2011

Thank you

Ron Stewart Access Technology Instructor [email protected]

Advanced Topics in Curricular Accessibility: Strategies for Math and Science Accessibility

Sean Keegan, Stanford University

Ron Stewart, Chair AHEAD Instructional Materials Accessibility Group

Creative Commons License

Attribution - Non-Commercial - Share Alike http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

MathType

Application Details

• URL: http://www.dessci.com/en/ • Cost: $97 ($57 Academic pricing) • Operating Systems: Mac OS X 10.3 and later; Microsoft Windows XP, Vista, Windows 7

Introduction

MathType is an equation editor that allows for the rich display of mathematical numbers, symbols, and equations on the Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh platforms. MathType expands on the basic equation editor symbol set and provides additional equation and notation options for the display of mathematical content. MathType is commonly used within Microsoft Office applications (e.g., MS Word and PowerPoint) or the Apple iWork suite (e.g., Pages and Keynote), to author mathematical symbols and other science notation. In addition to desktop published applications, MathType can also support the inclusion of mathematical content into numerous Web-based platforms, including learning management systems, Google Docs, Wikipedia, and many other online interfaces. MathType is also a major component in supporting the conversion of documents into accessible alternate formats that include mathematical content.

MathType provides a separate editing interface for the authoring and editing of mathematical content. For applications like Microsoft Word or PowerPoint, math content may be created or edited in the MathType window and then saved back into the original document. This will create a MathType "object" in the document.

Adding Equations in Microsoft Word

Once MathType has been installed, an additional tab called the MathType ribbon will appear in the Microsoft Word interface. To add an equation to a document, switch to the MathType ribbon and select either the Inline Equation or Display Equation option. An Inline Equation will add a MathType object within the same line as the cursor focus. A Display Equation will add a MathType object centered and on a new line.

MathType will automatically open the MathType interface. For entering numbers or letters, use the keyboard to enter the relevant characters. MathType automatically adjusts the spacing and formatting for "math" specific content; as a result, the space bar is disabled to prevent unintended spacing in the equations.

To save the equation back into the Microsoft Word document, choose File > Close and Return to Document (Ctrl+F4). This will save the current MathType object and return you back to the original document.

For entering symbols, such as the radical symbol or fraction symbol, use the templates provided just above the MathType editing window. These symbol templates provide a mechanism to control the placement of numbers or other characters in order to properly display the equation.

Example: Equations with Fractions 1. To enter an equation with a fraction, use the fraction template to establish the numerator and denominator template regions (hotkey command Ctrl+F). 2. Enter the appropriate value for either the numerator or denominator. 3. Switch between the numerator and denominator regions by using the up or down arrow keys. 4. To exit the numerator or denominator regions, press the right arrow key to move the cursor focus outside of the fraction. 5. Return to the document by choosing File > Save and Close (Ctrl+F4).

MathType Keyboard Commands MathType provides a large number of keyboard commands to simplify the authoring or editing of mathematical symbols and equations. For instance, Ctrl+F will automatically include the fraction template whereas Ctrl+R will embed the square root symbol into the editing region.

To review all the keyboard commands or change the current keyboard mapping, in MathType go to Preferences > Customize Keyboard. Expand open the menu list of keyboard commands to review the currently established options or to set new keyboard commands.

The current shortcut keys will be displayed in the "Current Keys" region. If you wish to return all the keyboard commands to the original settings, press the "Reset All" button. This will reset all the keyboard commands to the default settings when MathType was first installed.

Appearance of Math Content

One challenge when working with MathType is that it can be difficult to discern which parts of the document are text-based and which parts of the document are MathType objects. There are two methods one can use to differentiate between the text content and MathType objects. Color You can set MathType objects so that they may be a different color than the surrounding text-based information.

1. To change the color of an equation, double-click on the equation to open the MathType window. 2. Select the entire equation (Ctrl-A). 3. Choose Format > Color, and then select the color you wish to use to represent the equations. The color you choose will be represented in the final version of the document, so ensure appropriate color contrast. 4. To change all future equations to be of the same color, choose Format > Color > Edit Color Menu. 5. Choose your desired color and press the Set as Default button. This will set the color for future MathType equations.

Browse by Equation In addition to setting the color for a MathType equation, it is also possible to navigate through the document from equation to equation and skipping the text-based content. To move from equation to equation, press the Previous or Next button (in the Browse region) to move by MathType objects through the document.

Browsing by equation will allow you to quickly jump from one equation to the next and provide a visual indicator of the equation in the document. This can be useful if you do not wish to change the color of equation as described in the previous section. This can also be a useful method to evaluate if there are any "empty" MathType objects in the document.

Export to the Web

MathType offers numerous export options for equations authored within the MathType interface. To ensure a version of the document is compatible with assistive technology, it is necessary to use the Publish to MathPage export option. Please note - this is different than using the Save As Web page option from within the Microsoft Office

Example: Exporting as a Web Page 1. Create your document and add the relevant MathType objects. 2. Save the document. 3. Choose Export to MathPage in the MathType ribbon.

In the Publish to MathPage window, provide a title for the document. This will become the title of the Web page that is displayed at the top of the browser (this creates the tag). Check the location of where the file will be stored in the File Name region. To change the file save location, press the Browse button and select a new file location. In the Equations section, click the radio button MathML using: and select the option "XHTML+MathML". This will create a Web page with MathML content compatible with the most Web browsers. Open the resulting file using a MathML compatible Web browser (e.g., Internet Explorer with MathPlayer, Firefox, etc.). In order to view the resulting content in Internet Explorer, you will need to download and install the free MathPlayer plug-in from Design Science. MathPlayer Application Details • URL: http://www.dessci.com/en/ • Cost: Free • Operating Systems: For use with Internet Explorer (Microsoft Windows) Introduction MathPlayer is a free plug-in for the Internet Explorer browser that supports the rendering of MathML content for Web pages. In addition to the display of MathML content, MathPlayer provides a zoom function as well as the capability to speak and highlight the mathematical equations. MathPlayer also supports assistive computer technologies, such as screen-reading applications and MathML-DAISY books, by providing the necessary interface to read and highlight the math equation to the user. Note - if you receive an error message that says Internet Explorer has blocked an Active X control when attempting to view MathML-content with MathPlayer, choose the Allow Blocked Content option to allow MathPlayer to start. Math Zoom To view a larger version of the math equation, use the Math Zoom function in MathPlayer. Perform a mouse-click on the equation and it will be displayed in a larger font with a yellow background. Speak Expression MathPlayer can use the default speech engine and voice on the computer to speak and highlight the equation back to the user. Perform a right-click on the equation and choose Speak Expression. MathPlayer will use the current default speech engine to voice the math expression. For individuals using assistive technologies, it is not necessary to perform a right-click and choose Speak Expression. When viewing the MathML content through a Web page, the assistive technology will automatically read the math equation content as well as the text on the page. The following assistive technologies are compatible with MathPlayer for MathML-based content. Screen‐Readers • JAWS • Window-Eyes • Supernova • NVDA Learning Applications and Document Readers (Windows platform only) • Kurzweil 3000 • Read and Write Gold • Claro Read • WYNN MathDAISY Application Details • URL: http://www.dessci.com/en/ • Cost: $179 ($97 Academic pricing) • Operating Systems: Microsoft Windows XP, Vista, Windows 7 • Requires: Microsoft Office XP, 2003, 2007, the Save As DAISY plug-in, and MathType 6.5 or later. Playback requires a MathML-compatible DAISY player. Introduction MathDAISY is a software application that supports the conversion of Microsoft Word documents containing math and science notation into MathML-compatible DAISY books. MathDAISY works in conjunction with MathType and the Save As DAISY plug-in to convert equations within Microsoft Word documents into DAISY books that can visually render and speak mathematical equations. MathDAISY itself does not require any configuration or modification in order to create the DAISY book; rather it is a required component that is invoked when using the Save as DAISY plug-in. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure that the equations within the Microsoft Word document have been created using MathType in order to ensure the proper conversion to the DAISY format. Using the Save As DAISY Plug‐In The Save As DAISY plug-in may be downloaded from the DAISY Consortium website (http://www.daisy.org/project/save-as-daisy-microsoft-word-add-in). If you have previously installed an earlier version of the Save As DAISY plug-in, you will first need to uninstall that version before continuing with the installation of the most recent version. The Save As DAISY plug-in will add a new ribbon to the Microsoft Word interface called "Accessibility". This ribbon provides the various tools to creating a DAISY or DAISY XML book. Example: Creating a DAISY Book 1. Create a new Microsoft Word document. 2. In the Accessibility ribbon, press the Import button to add all the DAISY styles to the Microsoft Word style menu. 3. Add the desired content, using the Microsoft Word Styles menu to markup the appropriate text information. If authoring math content, use MathType to add the appropriate math and science notation. If using images, add text descriptions to the relevant images. 4. Save the document. 5. In the Accessibility ribbon, press the Validate button to assess the validity of the document for conversion to the DAISY format. 6. In the Accessibility ribbon, press Save As DAISY > Full DAISY > Narrator to DTbook to DAISY. This will create a DAISY book with the computer's default voice. You will be prompted to select the output directory as well as set the document properties, including the title of the file and creator. Generally speaking, the title field would be the title of the book or document and the creator field would be the author(s) of the book. Press "Translate" to begin the process of converting the MS Word document into a full- text/full-audio DAISY book. If MathDAISY has been installed and if there are any MathType objects in the MS Word document, then the result will be a DAISY book with MathML support. Playback of a DAISY book with MathML requires a compatible DAISY player. As of this document, the two software players that support this formatting includes the Easy Reader player (Dolphin Computer Access) and Read Hear (gh- accessibility). Infty OCR and Editing Tools Application Details • URL: http://www.inftyproject.org/en/software.html • Cost: o InftyReader $800 including license to install on two PCs ChattyInfty $400 including license to install on two PCs InftyReader + ChattyInfty Bundle $1000 Including licenses for two PC’s • Operating Systems: Mac OS X 10.3 and later; Microsoft Windows XP, Vista, Windows 7 Introduction InftyReader is an Optical Character Recognition (OCR) application that recognizes and translates STEM documents into LaTeX, MathML and XHTML. InftyReader can recognize tables including math expressions in the cells so long as the ruled lines are not broken. InftyReader incorporates the use of three OCR engines. ChattyInfty is a talking math editor. It can export files into the following formats: LaTeX, HTML, MathML, Human Readable TeX (HrTeX), Word 2007, Spoken Text (entire document, current paragraph and selected text), and Word XML. The program can Import files of the following types: LaTeX, image file (TIF, BMP, GIF, and PNG), Scanner, and PDF file. ChattyInfty is an extended version of InftyEditor with a plug-in speech interface to output in voice the content of editing data by InftyEditor including math expressions, accordingly to the cursor movement. It is an editor of math documents with voice output, usable by people with visually impairments. InftyEditor is an authoring tool for mathematical documents. It provides the functionality needed to create and edit mathematical expressions. Other required components (no cost): LaTeX Tool kit : http://www.inftyproject.org/download/TeXInstaller25.zip Required for LaTeX capabilities in Infty software Math Fonts: https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Mozilla_MathML_Project/Fonts Required for proper display of MathML symbology Using InftyReader Source File Requirements: • 600 DPI for best results, 400 DPI files will work as well but the results will be impacted. • All input files must be black and white only. InftyReader will fail if any color or grayscale content is processed. • PDF and TIFF files are processed with equal recognition quality. Program Usage Recommendations: • Scan hard copy materials to either PDF or TIFF format at 600DPI, Binary • Our recommendation is to scan to PDF to provide the ability to modify the output file with the Acrobat tools if needed. • Some issues have been noted with the processing of files, it is currently the recommendation that each output file be placed in its own empty folder. • The size of the source file seriously impacts InftyReader. Chapter size files are the maximum that should be attempted. The program appears to work most effectively with 20-30 page source files. • Be aware of the character path name limitations inherent in non Windows operating systems. Some issues have presented themselves when long file names are used in both the input and output file name. • In the processing of the document with Infty all structural layout will be lost and have to be edited back Capture Perfect Settings: (other scanners will be similar) PDF Setting (Ideally no compression is desirable) Adjust language setting if necessary Scanner Properties Settings InftyReader Settings • These are the recommended settings if the output document is going to be edited in MS Word 2007 or 2003. This process has been validated with Word 2003 and Word 2007. It currently does not work with Word 2010. • For a document that is going to be edited in OpenOffice then the recommended setting would be XHTML(MathML). • If the document is going to be edited in ChattyInfty or InftyEditor then IML is the required output format. Exporting to MS Word • Once the source file is processed with InftyReader, you are ready to bring the document into MS Word. • Open MS Word and then open the file intended to be edited. We always recommend you start the target application and then open the file. This is to insure that all the necessary plugins and secondary applications are loaded prior to opening the document. Select the MathType Ribbon Convert Equations Settings Once the conversion process is completed you are now ready to edit the document and insure that all of the equation elements are the same as in the original source materials. MathType Publisher: Design Science, Inc. 4028 Broadway Ave. Long Beach, CA 90803 USA http://www.dessci.com/en/ Phone: 562-433-0685 FAX: 562-433-6969 General Information: info@dessci.com Retail Cost: Full Price (Academic): $57.00 Upgrade Price (Academic): $37.00 Check with Design Science for site license pricing if order is greater then 5 units System Requirements:  Microsoft Windows XP, 2000, Me, 98 SE or Apple Macintosh OS 9 or OS X  10 to 20 MB hard disk space  CD-ROM drive (can also download from Internet) Description Design Science MathType™ for Windows and Macintosh is a powerful interactive tool that will revolutionize the way you create print and web-based documents that contain math. MathType works with any word processor, presentation program, page layout program, HTML-authoring tool, plus other types of software, to create equations for research papers, class materials, web pages, slide presentations, journal articles and books. MathType provides several options for creating accessible math content. MathType can export mathematical expressions as images (GIF, PNG, etc.) or as MathML content. Web content can also be created from MS Word using the MathPage export function. Math equations created using the MathPage export are recognized by screen-reader technologies and read to the individual. Additionally, if using Internet Explorer, the MathPlayer plug-in provides the Web page with the capacity to “speak” the equation. Creating Math Equations for the Web To create mathematical equations for the Web, it is first necessary to input the equations using MathType (in MS Word). Once the mathematical expressions have been entered into MS Word, there are several options for exporting the content in a Web-ready format. Exporting a Web page for Internet Explorer: 1. Choose MathType from the menu bar and choose Export to MathPage. 2. In the Title field, enter a title for the Web page. You can also select where the resulting file will be placed. 3. Select the radio button marked MathML using: and choose the MathPlayer (IE behavior) option from the drop-down list. 4. Select OK. MathType will then export the file and open the Web page within the Internet Explorer browser. NOTE – You may receive an error message in IE that says Internet Explorer has restricted this file from showing active content. Click in the message and choose the option Allow Blocked Content and then select Yes. This will allow the math content to be displayed with the MathPlayer. Exporting a Web page for multi-browser functionality: 1. Choose MathType from the menu bar and choose Export to MathPage. 2. In the Title field, enter a title for the Web page. You can also select where the resulting file will be placed. 3. Uncheck the checkbox Display in default browser. 4. Select the radio button marked MathML using: and choose the XHTML + MathML option from the drop-down list. 5. Select OK. MathType will create a .xht file that contains all the page information with mathematical content. You will need to create a <a href="/tags/Hyperlink/" rel="tag">hyperlink</a> to this .xht file in order to view the relevant mathematical expressions using a Web browser. NOTE – It is recommended to choose the “Exporting a Web page for multi-browser functionality:” option in order to best serve the widest audience possible. This will allow individuals using specialized assistive computer technology to access the necessary math content as well as provide options to individuals using non-IE Web browsers (e.g., FireFox, Mozilla). Considerations When creating mathematical expressions for the Web, it is important to remember the following guidelines. If you are exporting MathType content using the “MathPlayer (IE behavior)” option, then individuals will be able to view the content only with the Internet Explorer browser. If you are exporting MathType content using “XHTML+MathML” option, then individuals will be able to view the content with either Internet Explorer, Netscape 7, or Mozilla/FireFox. It will be necessary to download the appropriate MathML fonts for Netscape 7+ and Mozilla/FireFox. You can download the appropriate MathML fonts at: http://www.mozilla.org/projects/mathml/fonts . The “Font Installer” is located in the right sidebar of the page. Internet Explorer may not be able to view the Web page with the .xht extension if the file resides on the computer. If you upload the .xht file (and appropriate folder) to your Web server, then you will be able to view the Web page with your preferred browser (i.e., Internet Explorer, Mozilla/Firefox, Netscape 7+). You will need to ensure that your Web server can serve documents with the extension .xht. This can be accomplished by setting the appropriate MIME-type for your Web server. For more information, please visit: http://www.dessci.com/en/products/mathplayer/author/creatingpages.htm Creating Math Equations for Scientific Notebook Scientific Notebook now allows the importing of RTF documents containing mathematical expressions created using MathType. This process is useful if the final content is to be embossed as Nemeth Braille. To import math equations into Scientific Notebook, it is necessary for content to originally be created in MS Word using MathType and saved in a .RTF format. From within Scientific Notebook, it is possible to import the .RTF document and prepare the information for embossing. MathType also provides an option to copy an equation from the MathType authoring tool directly into Scientific Notebook. It is necessary to choose the translation type before moving a MathType expression into Scientific Notebook. 1. Open the MathType equation editor and compose a mathematical equation. 2. Select Preferences from the menu bar and choose Translators. 3. Choose the radio button marked Translation to other language (text). Choose the translator in the drop-down list that corresponds to the output of your choice. For Scientific Notebook, you may choose any one of the “Tex” translators. 4. Select OK. 5. Select the equation you wish to copy into Scientific Notebook and choose Copy (under Edit on the menu bar). 6. Switch to Scientific Notebook and select Edit from the menu bar. Choose Paste Special. You will need to select the Text format and the radio button marked Internal Format. 7. Select OK. You may need to clean up part of the equation in order to ensure the entire equation is recognized as “math”, however, your equation should now be usable from within Scientific Notebook. MathType and DotsPlus In order to print mathematical content in the Dots Plus format, it is necessary to use the Tiger font (from View Plus Technologies), and the MathType editor. Math equations can be created in MS Word from MathType. When the document is ready to be printed to the Tiger embosser (from MS Word), the user needs to select the Tiger font. This will allow for content to be properly embossed in the Dots Plus format. For more information on the Tiger embosser, visit: http://www.viewplus.com/ Resizing Equations in MathType “Design Science Technical Support” <support@dessci.com> 2/26/2007 Good afternoon, The process for [enlarging equations] is essentially a 2-part process. You would first use MathType to create a “Preference” file and then apply that preference to the existing Word document. Here’s what you do. Making a preference file: 1. Open MathType on its own. 2. From the Size Menu choose Define 3. The very top size category is called “Full” this is what all the others follow so you’d only have to change this one. Set it to 24 point. Click OK. 4. From the Preferences menu choose Equation Preferences/Save to file. 5. Name and save the file in the default location. 6. Close MathType. Note, you can make as many preference files as you like. Call them, 24point, 36 point, etc. Applying the preference file 1. Open the Word document 2. From the MathType menu in Word choose Format equations 3. In the resulting dialog, click the radio button next to MathType preference file then click the browse button. 4. Find the preference file you want and double click to select it. 5. Click ok. This will apply the size attributes saved in the preference file to each MathType equation in the document and end with a dialog that tells you how many objects were changed. Done! Thank you, Karl Valentine-Rothenberg Technical Support Design Science, Inc. 140 Pine Avenue, 4th Floor Long Beach, California 90802 USA Tel: (562) 432-2920 Fax: (562) 432-2857 support@dessci.com www.dessci.com Many commonly reported problems are addressed on our website. You may view our Technical Support Notices at http://dessci.com/en/support/support/tncentral.htm MathTalk Publisher: Metroplex Voice Computing, Inc. P. O. Box121984 Arlington, Texas 76012 fax: 817-543-1103 email: mathtalk@mathtalk.com Retail Cost: MathTalk bundled with Scientific Notebook: $295 MathTalk bundled with Scientific Notebook and Dragon Preferred: $495 MathTalk bundled with Scientific Notebook and Dragon Pro: $1020 System Requirements:  Dragon Naturally Speaking 7.0 & 8.0 & 9.0  1.5 MHZ PC; * Intel Pentium 4 for Dragon 9.0  1GB free hard disk space for Dragon 9.0  Microsoft Windows XP (SP1 or higher) Home and professional, 2000 (SP4 or higher) for Dragon 9.0  SoundBlaster or compatible soundcard  512 MB RAM minimum; * recommended 1 GIG RAM for Dragon 9.0  Microsoft Internet Explorer v.5 or higher (free download from www.microsoft.com)  CD-ROM drive for installation  Web connection is required for activation Description MathTalk can be used with Scientific Notebook and Dragon NaturallySpeaking to allow hands-free entry of math equations on the computer. Product demos are available on their Web site: http://www.metroplexvoice.com/demos.htm LaTeX Publisher: Varies: numerous free editors Retail Cost: Numerous free editors and others at low cost System Requirements: Varies: some editors are cross-platform, at least one is Web-based. TEX is a typesetting language created by Donald E. Knuth; it has extensive capabilities to typeset math. LATEX is an extension of TEX designed by Leslie Lamport; its major features include a strong focus on document structure and the logical markup of text; automatic numbering and cross-referencing. The term LaTeX refers only to the language in which documents are written, not to the text editor itself. In order to create a document in LaTeX, a .tex file must be created using some form of text editor. While many text editors work, many people prefer to use one of several editors designed specifically for working with LaTeX. There are a number of these editors available for free.  Led: http://www.latexeditor.org/  Texmaker: http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/ (cross-platform)  Keynote: http://evolve.lse.ac.uk/software/EquationEditor/ (Apple)  AMS-LaTeX: http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html  Web-based: http://www.monkeytex.com/ The American Mathematical Society has a free PDF manual available online for learning LaTeX:  http://tex.loria.fr/general/mil.pdf Web-based LaTex resource: http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/LaTeX/AoPS_L_About.php To help you get a general idea of LaTeX, I copied an example from Wikipedia. The example below shows the LaTeX input: \documentclass[12pt]{article} \title{\LaTeX} \date{} \begin{document} \maketitle \LaTeX{} is a document preparation system for the \TeX{} typesetting program. It offers programmable desktop publishing features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing, tables and figures, page layout, bibliographies, and much more. \LaTeX{} was originally written in 1984 by Leslie Lamport and has become the dominant method for using \TeX; few people write in plain \TeX{} anymore. The current version is \LaTeXe. \newline % This is a comment, it is not shown in the final output. % The following shows a little of the typesetting power of LaTeX \begin{eqnarray} E &=& mc^2 \\ m &=& \frac{m_0}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}} \end{eqnarray} \end{document} This input would produce the following LaTeX output: Because LaTeX is created completely with text-based commands, the underlying source code is readable with a screenreader. Many blind mathematicians and blind higher-math students work in LaTeX directly and then use the LaTeX editor to print out well-formatted math equations for their instructors. Scientific Notebook Publisher: MacKichan Software http://www.mackichan.com/ 19307 8th Avenue Suite C Poulsbo, WA 98370-7370 Phone: 360-394-6033 FAX: 360-394-6039 For customer service: info@mackichan.com Retail Cost: Full Price (Academic): $148.00 Upgrade Price (Academic): $52.00 System Requirements:  Microsoft Windows® XP, 2000, Me, 98, or NT 4.0 or Apple Macintosh® running an emulator program such as Virtual PC™  64 MB of RAM  70 to 250 MB hard disk space, depending on the type of hard drive and the installation options selected  CD-ROM drive Description Scientific Notebook is a math “word-processor” allowing authors to integrate mathematical expressions, text content, and graphics into one document. Using the computer algebra engine MuPad 2.5, Scientific Notebook provides the flexibility to not only create mathematical expressions, but also solve equations within the document itself. Scientific Notebook also provides the capability to compute symbolically or numerically, integrate, differentiate, and solve algebraic and differential equations. With menu commands, you can create 2-D and 3-D plots in many styles and coordinate systems; import data from graphing calculators; and compute with over 150 units of physical measure. Scientific Notebook now allows exporting in RTF, MathML, and HTML as well as reading MathType mathematics by importing RTF documents. Previous features including LaTex and PDF support are also included in Scientific Notebook. Scientific Notebook Shortcut Keys Note: When working in Scientific Notebook, go to View > Toolbars and turn on the Standard, Math Templates, Symbol Panels, and Tag toolbars. To enter Press Toggle math/text Ctrl+m or Ctrl+t or Insert Fraction Ctrl+f or Ctrl+/ or Ctrl+1 Radical Ctrl+r or Ctrl+2 Superscript Ctrl+h or Ctrl+ up arrow or Ctrl+3 Subscript Ctrl+l or Ctrl+down arrow or Ctrl+4 Integral Ctrl+i or Ctrl+8 Summation Ctrl+7 Brackets Ctrl+9 or Ctrl+0 or Ctrl+( or Ctrl+) Square brackets Ctrl+[ or Ctrl+] or Ctrl+6 Angle brackets Ctrl+< Braces Ctrl+{ or Ctrl+} To enter Press Display Ctrl+d Product Ctrl+p Absolute value Ctrl+\ Norm Ctrl+| (Ctrl+Shift+\) Required space Ctrl+spacebar Nonbreaking space Shift+spacebar Thin space Ctrl+, Thick space Ctrl+Shift+spacebar “ (double open quote) Single open quote (`) twice “ (double close quote) Single close quote (`) twice - (intraword dash or hyphen) Hyphen (-) -- (en dash) Hyphen (-) two times --- (em dash) Hyphen (-) three times - (discretionary hyphen) Ctrl+ -- (Ctrl + hyphen two times) ¿ ? followed by ` (open single quote) ¡ ! followed by ` (open single quote) Hint: Scientific Notebook does not normally allow you to use the space bar in equations. You can use keyboard shortcuts to enter spaces: CTRL + spacebar = required space SHIFT + spacebar = nonbreaking space CTRL + SHIFT + spacebar = thick space MathType to Scientific Notebook - Open MS Word and create equations with MathType - Set the MathType Translator to the following: Tex – LaTex 2.09 or Later (located under Preferences > Translators) - Double-click on the equation to open in the MathType window and then select the entire equation - Copy the equation (Ctrl+C) - Open Scientific Notebook and choose Edit > Paste Special - Choose Text > Internal Format That should paste the equation into Sci. Notebook correctly. You *might* need to ensure that the equation is rendered in red (as this marks it as Math content), but it should come across correctly. Exporting Graphs to Word We need to adjust the settings so that the graph does not have a frame, axes are not labeled, and tick marks are not numbered. We will add numbers and labels in the Braille font in Word. (Note: If you do not have the Braille font, you can download it for free from Duxbury: http://www.duxburysystems.com/.) Once you have created your graph, right click on it and choose Properties. Set the Axes so that tick labeling is disabled (check the disable tick labeling option). Set the layout to “plot only” so that there is no bounding frame around the graph. Under Item Plotted, set line thickness to medium. Select and copy the graphic and copy it. Open Microsoft Word and paste the graphic by going to Edit > Paste Special > Picture. With the graphic in Word, enter the Braille labels in text boxes (26 point Braille font, no line around the boxes). y x Overview of Math Accommodations High Tech Center Training Unit of the California Community Colleges at the Foothill-De Anza Community College District 21050 McClellan Road Cupertino, CA 95014 (408) 996-4636 www.htctu.net URL to our CC license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/1.0/ Creative Commons website: http://creativecommons.org Thursday, October 27, 2011 Table of Contents OVERVIEW OF MATH ACCOMMODATIONS ...... I TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... II COUNTING ...... 1 MANIPULATIVES ...... 8 MATH WINDOW ...... 10 MATH BRAILLE ...... 15 AUDIO GRAPHING CALCULATOR ...... 22 PIAF (PICTURES IN A FLASH) ...... 25 MATHTYPE ...... 26 MATHTALK ...... 31 LATEX ...... 33 SCIENTIFIC NOTEBOOK ...... 35 Overview of Math Accommodations ii 10/27/2011 Counting Chisenbop Finger Counting Chisenbop is a method of doing basic arithmetic using your fingers. It is attributed to the Korean tradition, but it is probably extrememly old, as the soroban and abacus use very similar methods. Probably these other devices were derived from finger counting. For more information on Chisenbop, try one of the following sites: http://klingon.cs.iupui.edu/~aharris/chis/chis.html http://www.mathematicsmagazine.com/5-2003/Chisenbop_5_2003.htm http://mathforum.org/library/view/7129.html Counting —The tutorial below is from the following site: http://klingon.cs.iupui.edu/~aharris/chis/chis.html The key to finger math is understanding how to count. The right hand stands for the values zero through nine. Each digit counts as one, and the thumb counts as five. Here’s an illustration: 0 1 2 3 4 As you can see, digits 0 through four are pretty self explanatory. The thumb counts as five, so here’s how to represent five through nine: 5 6 7 8 9 Overview of Math Accommodations 1 4/14/2010 The left hand represents multiples of ten, with the right thumb representing 50. Here’s how the left hand works: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 ************************** Abacus The abacus is an ancient calculator and still very useful for persons whose ability to write mathematics may be limited. The PBS site below www.pbs.org/teachersource/mathline/concepts/asia/activity1.shtm) is a good source for more information and teaching ideas about the abacus, as is Abacus: Mystery of the Bead (http://webhome.idirect.com/~totton/abacus/pages.htm#Soroban1) The Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired site (www.tsbvi.edu/Education/ abacus.htm) has quite a bit of abacus information. The TSBVI site is also a very good general resource for teaching math to blind students. Displaying Numbers on the Japanese Abacus —The following is taken from the PBS Teacher Source Web site: http://www.pbs.org/teachersource/mathline/concepts/asia/activity1.shtm When you show a number on the abacus, you move beads to the crossbar. When beads are moved away from the crossbar, they are canceled. For example, when a lower bead is canceled, it is lowered from the crossbar and an upper bead is canceled when it is raised from the crossbar. Remember the upper bead represents five units and each lower bead equals one unit. Let’s show 63 on the abacus. Overview of Math Accommodations 2 4/14/2010 * Go to the ten’s place. Lower an upper bead to the cross bar. This represents 50. Move one lower bead up to the crossbar. This shows 60. * Move to the one’s column and move 3 lower beads up to the cross bar. This shows 63 (60 + 3 = 63). Let’s show 672 on the abacus. * Move to the hundred’s column. How many beads should you lower and/or raise to represent 600? * Move to the ten’s column. How many beads should you lower and/or raise to represent 70? * Move to the one’s column. How beads should you lower and/or raise to represent 2? Your abacus should look like this picture. The Japanese Soroban Abacus Taken from http://webhome.idirect.com/~totton/abacus/pages.htm#Soroban1 Simple addition & subtraction When using a soroban to solve problems of addition and subtraction, the process can often be quite straightforward and easy to understand. In each of the six examples below beads are either added or subtracted as needed. Simple Addition Overview of Math Accommodations 3 4/14/2010 Simple Subtraction But what happens when an operator is presented with a situation where rods don’t contain enough beads to complete addition or subtraction problems in a simple, straightforward manner? This is where the real fun begins. In the next section we’ll see how the use of complementary numbers and a process of mechanization allows an operator to add or subtract sets of numbers with lightning speed. COMPLEMENTARY NUMBERS A Process of Thoughtlessness In competent hands, a soroban is a very powerful and efficient calculating tool. Much of its speed is attributed to the concept of mechanization. The idea is to minimize mental work as much as possible and to perform the task of adding and subtracting beads mechanically, without thought or hesitation. In a sense to develop a process of thoughtlessness. With this in mind, one technique employed by the operator is the use of complementary numbers with respect to 5 and 10.  In the case of 5, the operator uses two groups of complementary numbers: 4 & 1 and 3 & 2.  In the case of 10, the operator uses five groups of complementary numbers: 9 & 1, 8 & 2, 7 & 3, 6 & 4, 5 & 5. With time and practice using complementary numbers becomes effortless and mechanical. Once these techniques are learned, a good operator has little difficulty in keeping up with (even surpassing) someone doing the same addition and subtraction work on an electronic calculator. The following examples illustrate how complementary numbers are used to help solve problems of addition and subtraction. In all cases try not to think beforehand what the answer to a problem will be. Learn these simple techniques and and you’ll be amazed at how quickly and easily correct answers materialize, even when problems contain large strings of numbers. Overview of Math Accommodations 4 4/14/2010 Addition In addition, always subtract the complement. Add: 4 + 8 = 12 Set 4 on rod B. Add 8. Because rod B doesn’t have 8 available, use the complementary number. The complementary number for 8 with respect to 10 is 2. Therefore, subtract 2 from 4 on rod B and carry 1 to tens rod A. This leaves the answer 12. (Fig.8) 4 + 8 = 12 becomes 4 - 2 + 10 = 12 Similar exercises: 4+9 4+7 4+6 3+9 3+8 3+7 2+9 2+8 1+9 9+9 9+8 9+7 9+6 8+9 8+8 8+7 7+9Fig.8 Add: 6 + 7 = 13 Set 6 on rod B. Add 7. Once again subtract the complement because rod B doesn’t have the required beads. The complementary number for 7 with respect to 10 is 3. Therefore, subtract 3 from 6 on rod B and carry 1 to tens rod A. This leaves the answer 13. (Fig.9) 6 + 7 = 13 becomes 6 - 5 + 2 + 10 = 13 Similar exercises: 5+6 5+7 5+8 5+9 6+6 6+8 7+6 7+7 8+6Fig.9 Overview of Math Accommodations 5 4/14/2010 Subtraction In subtraction, always add the complement. Subtract: 11 - 7 = 4 Set 11 on rods AB. Subtract 7. Since rod B only carries a value of 1 use the complement . The complementary number for 7 with respect to 10 is 3. (Please note: In subtraction the order of working the rods is different from that of addition.) Begin by subtracting 1 from the tens rod on A, then add the complementary 3 to rod B to equal 4. (Fig.10) 11 - 7 = 4 becomes 11 - 10 + 3 = 4 Similar exercises: 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 11-8 11-9 12-8 12-9 13-9 15-9 15-8 15-7 15-6 16-9 16-8 16-7 17-9Fig.10 Subtract: 13 - 6 = 7 Set 13 on rods AB. Subtract 6. Use the complement again. In this case, the complementary number for 6 with respect to 10 is 4. Begin by subtracting 1 from the tens rod on A, then add the complementary 4 to rod B to equal 7. (Fig.11) 13 - 6 = 7 becomes 13 - 10 + 5 - 1 = 7 Similar exercises: 11-6 12-6 12-7 13-7 13-8 14-6 14-7 14-8 14-9Fig.11 Overview of Math Accommodations 6 4/14/2010 The Order of the Rod This is where students new to soroban can make mistakes. In each of the above examples the operation involves using two rods, a complementary number and a carry over from one rod to another. Notice the order of operation. For Addition 1. First subtract the complement from the rod on the right. 2. Then add a bead to the rod on the left. For Subtraction 1. First subtract a bead from the rod on the left. 2. Then add the complement to the rod on the right. This is the most efficient order of operation. When attention is finished on one rod the operator moves on to the next. There is no back and forth between rods. This saves time. Overview of Math Accommodations 7 4/14/2010 Manipulatives Publisher: The American Printing House for the Blind, Inc. www.aph.org 1839 Frankfort Avenue P.O. Box 6085 Louisville, Kentucky 40206-0085 Phone: 800-223-1839 Fax: 502-899-2274 For customer service: info@aph.org Products:  Braille rulers and yardsticks  Braille and large-print protractor  Brannan Cubarithm slate and cubes rubber frame only  Brannan Cubarithm slate and cubes plastic cubes only  Cranmer abacus  Cranmer abacus: optional coupler  Embossed graph sheets  Fractional parts of wholes set  Geometry Tactile Graphics Kit  Graphic aid for mathematics (rubber/cork board)  Graphic art tape (for making lines on cork boards)  Metric-English measurement ruler with caliper slide  Number lines  Orion TI-34 Talking Calculator Description: APH carries many products to assist persons who are blind or visually impaired. Check also for such products as TalkingTyper (to teach keyboarding) and APHont (a free font designed for low vision users). ***************** Publisher: Maxi-Aids, Inc. www.maxiaids.com Overview of Math Accommodations 8 4/14/2010 42 Executive Blvd. Farmingdale, NY 11735 Phone: 800-223-1839 Fax: 1-631-752-0689 For customer service: on-line form Retail Costs: Magnetic Alphaboard Item#: 17825 Price: $15.95 Raised Line Drawing Kit (Sewell) Item#: 2053406 Price: $28.95 Replacement Sheets (about 70 sheets) Item#: 2022801 Price: $5.99 Description: Maxi Aids carries a wide range of products of interest to persons with various disabilities. You can order on-line. Overview of Math Accommodations 9 4/14/2010 Math Window Publisher: Wolf Products www.mathwindow.com 106 Purvis Road Butler, PA 16001 Phone: 724-285-5428 For customer service: wolfproducts@mathwindow.com Retail Cost: Braille basic kit: $120.00 Braille algebra add-on: $65.00 Braille geometry kit: $400 Large print basic math: $140 Large print algebra add-on: $90 Description: Math Window consists of a magnetic board and tiles that allow blind students to build and solve math problems. The tiles combine printed numerals and symbols for the sighted instructor, along with Nemeth Code for the blind student. Math problems can be configured in the same linear or vertical forms that sighted students are taught. The Math Window Algebra Add-On Kit contains all the letters, symbols, and operations needed for students to understand and progress through high school algebra. Sighted tutors can use Math Window with very little instruction, and Braille-readers can construct their own math equations. How to construct a problem Math Window is designed for ease in locating and moving the pieces so the student can quickly construct and solve a problem. Rather than picking up each piece and placing it in the desired location, we recommend sliding the pieces from place to place. Linear Arrangement Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division: Overview of Math Accommodations 10 4/14/2010 Slide the first numeral of the problem into an empty section of the Window. Next, slide the operation sign into position, followed by the second numeral in the problem. Place the equal sign after the last numeral, and the problem is ready to solve. Spatial Arrangement Addition and Subtraction: Slide the first numeral into an empty section of the Window. Next, slide the second numeral under the first. The addition sign or subtraction sign is located in front of the last numeral, in the next space to the left of the outermost column. A separation line is then slid in place under the problem. (The separation lines vary in length to accommodate the variety in problems being solved.) Multiplication: Similar to addition and subtraction, except the multiplication sign is located directly in front of the multiplier. Division: The division symbol is placed between the divisor and the dividend. A separation line is slid above the dividend and begins in the same column the division symbol is located. Overview of Math Accommodations 11 4/14/2010 When solving a division problem, we recommend teaching the student to “bring numerals down” within the problem by sliding numerals from the outside perimeter of the window and placing them directly below their respective numerals in the dividend. Do not slide numerals from the dividend. This can lead to confusion when working larger problems. How to construct fractions Simple Fractions Mixed Numbers Complex fractions Overview of Math Accommodations 12 4/14/2010 Overview of Math Accommodations 13 4/14/2010 Overview of Math Accommodations 14 4/14/2010 Math Braille Nemeth The primary system of math Braille in the United States is Nemeth. Nemeth Braille was developed by Dr. Abraham Nemeth in the 1940s, originally for his personal use, and was adopted officially into the Braille code in 1952 by the Braille Authority of North America (BANA). Nemeth Braille uses the standard Braille symbols to convey mathematics and can be used from the most basic to the highest levels of math. Because it uses the same 63 cells that make up literary Braille, it can be used with refreshable Braille displays. The downside with Nemeth is that it is extremely complex, expensive to produce, and difficult to read. Braille users who did not learn Nemeth as part of their K–12 education rarely become proficient in its use. DotsPlus In the 1990s, Dr. John Gardner developed the DotsPlus system for rendering math into a combination of Braille and graphical symbols. Dr. Gardner, who lost his vision later in life, found Nemeth cumbersome and difficult to learn. As a working physicist who had spent much of his life doing math visually, he also wanted to maintain the spatial information inherent in standard print mathematics. DotsPlus looks much like print math and is not hard for a Braille reader or a sighted teacher/tutor to learn to read. The combination of symbols and Braille makes printing DotsPlus somewhat challenging. To solve this problem, Dr. Gardner developed the Tiger embosser, which remains the only way to emboss DotsPlus math. Number Systems Compared System 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 literary ⠼⠁ ⠼⠃ ⠼⠉ ⠼⠙ ⠼⠑ ⠼⠋ ⠼⠛ ⠼⠓ ⠼⠊ ⠼⠚ Nemeth ⠼⠂ ⠼⠆ ⠼⠒ ⠼⠲ ⠼⠢ ⠼⠖ ⠼⠶ ⠼⠦ ⠼⠔ ⠼⠴ DotsPlus ⠡ ⠣ ⠩ ⠹ ⠱ ⠫ ⠻ ⠳ ⠪ ⠬ Overview of Math Accommodations 15 4/14/2010 Nemeth Code Cheat Sheet Print Meaning Braille Sign Braille Example Meaning 0 ⠴ ⠼⠴ 0 1 ⠂ ⠼⠂ 1 2 ⠆ ⠼⠆ 2 3 ⠒ ⠼⠒ 3 4 ⠲ ⠼⠲ 4 5 ⠢ ⠼⠢ 5 6 ⠖ ⠼⠖ 6 7 ⠶ ⠼⠶ 7 8 ⠦ ⠼⠦ 8 9 ⠔ ⠼⠔ 9 baseline indicator ⠐ ⠼⠆⠭⠘⠆⠐⠽ 2x2y brackets closing ⠈⠾ ⠈⠷⠼⠴⠈⠾ [0] brackets opening ⠈⠷ ⠈⠷⠼⠴⠈⠾ [0] Capital sign ⠠ ⠠⠁⠇⠛⠑⠃⠗⠁ Algebra cent sign ⠈⠉ ⠼⠢⠴⠈⠉ 50¢ comma ⠠ ⠼⠂⠠⠦⠔⠶ 1,897 curly brackets closing ⠨⠾ ⠨⠷⠼⠴⠨⠾ {0} curly brackets opening ⠨⠷ ⠨⠷⠼⠴⠨⠾ {0} decimal point ⠨ ⠼⠔⠦⠨⠖ 98.6 divided by ⠨⠌ ⠼⠦⠨⠌⠆ 8 ÷ 2 dollar sign ⠈⠎ ⠈⠎⠼⠂⠴ $10 dot (multiplication) ⠡ ⠼⠢⠡⠖ 5 * 6 English-letter indicator (lower case) ⠰ ⠰⠁ A Overview of Math Accommodations 16 4/14/2010 Print Meaning Braille Sign Braille Example Meaning English-letter indicator (upper case) ⠰ ⠰⠠⠁ A equals ⠨⠅ ⠭ ⠨⠅ ⠼⠲ x = 4 1 fraction indicator closing ⠼ ⠹⠂⠌⠂⠴⠼ 105 fraction indicator opening ⠹ ⠹⠢⠌⠦⠼ 81 fraction line ⠌ ⠹⠂⠌⠒⠼ 3 fraction: bi-level diagonal-slash ⠸⠌ ⠹⠂⠸⠌⠲⠼ ¼ fraction: closing mixed-number 1 ⠸⠼ ⠼⠂⠸⠹⠼⠂⠌⠆⠸⠼ 1 fraction indicator 2 1 2 fraction: complex fraction modifier ⠠ ⠠⠹⠹⠂⠌⠆⠼⠠⠌⠹⠒⠌⠲⠼⠠⠼ 3 4 fraction: diagonal-slash fraction bar ⠸⠌ ⠼⠂⠸⠌⠲ 1/4 1 fraction: horizontal fraction bar ⠌ ⠹⠂⠌⠲⠼ 4 fraction: opening mixed-number 1 1/2 fraction indicator ⠸⠹ ⠼⠂⠸⠹⠼⠂⠸⠌⠆⠸⠼ greater than ⠨⠂ ⠼⠶ ⠨⠂ ⠼⠲ 7 > 4 Greek-letter indicator (lower case) ⠨ ⠨⠙ δ Greek-letter indicator (upper case) ⠨ ⠨⠠⠙ Δ grouping symbols ⠠⠄ less than ⠐⠅ ⠼⠆ ⠐⠅ ⠼⠖ 2 < 6 ⠒⠒⠒⠒ ⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒ long division 16 448 ⠕ ⠂⠖⠕⠲⠲⠦ minus ⠤ ⠼⠖⠤⠆ 6 – 2 Overview of Math Accommodations 17 4/14/2010 Print Meaning Braille Sign Braille Example Meaning mixed number indicator closing ⠸⠼ ⠼⠆⠸⠹⠼⠒⠸⠌⠲⠸⠼ 2 3/4 mixed number indicator opening ⠸⠹ ⠼⠒⠸⠹⠼⠆⠸⠌⠢⠸⠼ 3 2/5 not equal to ⠌⠨⠅ ⠼⠦⠤⠂ ⠌⠨⠅ ⠼⠔ 8 - 1 ≠ 9 numeric indicator ⠼ ⠼⠒⠲⠢⠖ 3456 parenthesis closing ⠾ ⠷⠼⠴⠾ (0) parenthesis opening ⠷ ⠷⠼⠴⠾ (0) percent ⠈⠴ ⠼⠢⠴⠈⠴ 50% plus ⠬ ⠼⠶⠬⠔ 7 + 9 punctuation indicator ⠸ ⠼⠢⠸⠒⠼⠲⠢ 5:45 ⠢⠢ 55 separation line ⠒⠒⠒⠒ ⠬ ⠖ + 6 ⠒⠒⠒⠒ subscript indicator ⠰ ⠭⠰⠑ xe ⠉⠘⠆ c2 superscript indicator ⠘ 2 ⠧⠘⠁⠘⠘⠆ v a times sign (cross) ⠈⠡ ⠼⠂⠈⠡⠒ 1 x 3 Overview of Math Accommodations 18 4/14/2010 Greek Letters in Braille, Math Context Letter Name Upper Case Lower Case Braille Upper Case Braille Lower Case alpha A α ⠨⠠⠁ ⠨⠁ beta B β ⠨⠠⠃ ⠨⠃ gamma Γ γ ⠨⠠⠉ ⠨⠉ delta Δ δ ⠨⠠⠙ ⠨⠙ epsilon Ε ε ⠨⠠⠑ ⠨⠑ zeta Ζ ζ ⠨⠠⠵ ⠨⠵ eta Η η ⠨⠠⠱ ⠨⠱ theta Θ θ ⠨⠠⠹ ⠨⠹ iota Ι ι ⠨⠠⠊ ⠨⠊ kappa Κ κ ⠨⠠⠅ ⠨⠅ lambda Λ λ ⠨⠠⠇ ⠨⠇ mu Μ μ ⠨⠠⠍ ⠨⠍ nu Ν ν ⠨⠠⠝ ⠨⠝ xi Ξ ξ ⠨⠠⠭ ⠨⠭ omicron Ο ο ⠨⠠⠕ ⠨⠕ pi Π π ⠨⠠⠏ ⠨⠏ rho Ρ ρ ⠨⠠⠗ ⠨⠗ sigma Σ σ ⠨⠠⠎ ⠨⠎ tau Τ τ ⠨⠠⠞ ⠨⠞ upsilon Υ υ ⠨⠠⠥ ⠨⠥ phi Φ φ ⠨⠠⠋ ⠨⠋ chi Χ χ ⠨⠠⠯ ⠨⠯ psi Ψ ψ ⠨⠠⠽ ⠨⠽ omega Ω ω ⠨⠠⠺ ⠨⠺ Greek-letter indicator ⠨ Capital sign ⠠ Overview of Math Accommodations 19 4/14/2010 DotsPlus Symbols Print Dots Plus Print Dots Plus 1 ⠡ curly braces {} 2 ⠣ angle brackets 3 ⠩ 4 ⠹ and sign & 5 ⠱ asterisk 6 ⠫ * at sign 7 ⠻ @ 8 ⠳ backslash \ 9 ⠪ bullet 0 ⠬ • apostrophe caret ' ^ colon : divide ¸ comma , dollar sign $ period . question mark ? equals = quotes " not equal ¹ semicolon ; approximately equal » single quote ` greater than > parentheses ( ) less than < square brackets [] minus – Overview of Math Accommodations 20 4/14/2010 Print Dots Plus Print Dots Plus multiply ´ null ∅ number sign # integral ò percent % long division plus + slash / square root tilde ____~ underline x squared 2 sin x sin angle cosine cos Ð tangent tan ® ray AB AB pi π right angle union ^ ∪ intersection ∩ Overview of Math Accommodations 21 4/14/2010 Audio Graphing Calculator Publisher: ViewPlus Technology www.viewplus.com 1853 SW Airport Ave Corvallis, OR 97333 Phone: 541-736-1659 FAX: 541-738-6505 For customer service: info@viewplus.com Retail Cost: Price for CD: $295.00 Price for download: $295.00 System Requirements:  Windows XP/2000/NT  Sound card & 256 MB of RAM  20 MB hard disk space  200 MHz processor or faster  CD-ROM drive or network/Internet connection for download Description AGC is a <a href="/tags/Scientific_calculator/" rel="tag">scientific calculator</a> that provides voiced feedback for computations, as well as audio representations of graphs. The versatile AGC can import data from Excel® or a host of other applications. Quickly and easily create tactile copies of your AGC graphs by printing directly to any ViewPlus Embosser (Tiger). The AGC is accessible to anyone who can use a computer, regardless of ability, allowing the user to concentrate on math, not on learning the tools to access it. A demo version is available on their site: http://www.viewplus.com/products/braille-math/AGC/. Overview of Math Accommodations 22 4/14/2010 Example: Computing and Plotting the expression y = x You should select the Expression 1 edit box. You may reach it by moving to the Data Set 1 Tab Page and going to the first item - which is the expression box. There are a number of ways to do this. You may always press ALT-o to open the Options menu. Then arrow down to find the “Data Set 1” option and press ENTER. Focus goes to the Expression 1 edit box. Delete any characters in this box and type a single x. You can read the box with CTRL-r, but the box is also voiced if you press HOME to go to the first character. You may right arrow to move through and hear each character, or you may go to the end and left arrow backwards, also hearing each character. DEL deletes the character just voiced (which is just behind the insertion cursor). Backspace deletes the previous character (which is just before the insertion cursor). If focus is in this expression box, which should now have x in it, you may calculate the data set by pressing ENTER. You will hear a short tone when the computation is finished. Note that you may also do this computation by pressing function key F4 or by going to the “Graph” menu with ALT-g and pressing ENTER on the first item - “Evaluate Expression 1”. Note that the last two options require that the source be set to Data Set 1. You have previously set the number of points parameter at 500, and it usually takes only a fraction of a second to compute such a simple function as y=x, so you should hear the tone rather quickly after pressing any of the options that cause the function in Expression 1 to be calculated. Overview of Math Accommodations 23 4/14/2010 You may display the graph on screen with function key F3 or by going to the “Graph” menu with ALT-g and arrowing down to “Display graph” and pressing ENTER. Finally you may play an audio tone plot of this graph by pressing function key F5 or by going to the “Graph” menu with ALT-g, arrowing down to “Play data set” and pressing ENTER. Sighted people will see a graph on screen showing a straight line from the bottom left to upper right of the graph, which is correct for the expression y=x. The audio tone plot is a tone representing the y value when x is swept from its minimum to its maximum value as you hear the tone graph. Since y rises linearly, the tone of y rises linearly on a harmonic scale also. If you have set all parameters as we suggested, you should also hear some static (technically known as “white noise”) for the first half of the tone graph. You hear this because you have set the tone graph to “Play noise below y threshold” and set that threshold to zero. So you hear noise when y is less than zero and do not hear that noise when y is greater than 0. Press F5 to listen again so you can hear that there is noise for half the graph but not for the last half of the graph. We note that the tone graph is often accompanied by an unintentional quiet high-pitched chirping sound on some <a href="/tags/Computer/" rel="tag">computers</a> and sound cards. It is usually minor and should just be ignored. Overview of Math Accommodations 24 4/14/2010 PIAF (Pictures in a Flash) Publisher: Quantum Technology http://www.quantech.com.au/piaf U.S. Resellers: Humanware, Access Ingenuity Retail Cost: Machine: $1395.00 Swelltouch capsule paper, 8.5" x 11", 100/box: $130 Swelltouch capsule paper, 11" x 11.5", 100/box: $175 Swelltouch capsule paper, 11" x 17", 100/box: $230 Description The PIAF machine produces high quality tactile graphics by using heat sensitive capsule paper. The raised images are easy to produce and ideal for communicating graphics and Braille to blind people. PIAF provides quick and easy access to geography, mathematics, orientation and mobility training, all science subjects, and more. What Is Capsule Paper? —The following discussion is taken from the Quantum Technology Website: http://www.quantech.com.au/ The Name? Capsule paper has many names. Sometimes it is known as swell paper, puff paper, pop-up paper, or even Minolta paper. It is basically all the same material with a few variations. How’s it Made? To manufacture capsule paper, a suspension of very tiny polypropylene beads is painted onto a sheet of paper. These beads are measured in microns, so don’t try looking for them. How’s it Work? Capsule paper works on the principal that the color black absorbs more heat. Hence, when a black line or image or dot is on a piece of capsule paper, it gets hotter than the area around it. At a certain temperature, these little beads explode, and increase their volume rather dramatically (just like making popcorn!). The result is that any black area on the paper is raised—and hey presto, you have a tactile image. Always feed the capsule paper into the photocopier in the “pass through” or “single copy” mode to avoid the capsule paper becoming stuck in the photocopier. Please Note: The black ink used on capsule paper, must be carbon-based ink. Toner in photocopiers is carbon, some felt tip pens use carbon ink (try one and keep it with your PIAF). China markers (also called "grease pencils"), gel pens, and soft-lead pencils all work well. Overview of Math Accommodations 25 4/14/2010 MathType Publisher: Design Science, Inc. 4028 Broadway Ave. Long Beach, CA 90803 USA http://www.dessci.com/en/ Phone: 562-433-0685 FAX: 562-433-6969 General Information: info@dessci.com Retail Cost: Full Price (Academic): $57.00 Upgrade Price (Academic): $37.00 Check with Design Science for site license pricing if order is greater then 5 units System Requirements:  Microsoft Windows XP, 2000, Me, 98 SE or Apple Macintosh OS 9 or OS X  10 to 20 MB hard disk space  CD-ROM drive (can also download from Internet) Description Design Science MathType™ for Windows and Macintosh is a powerful interactive tool that will revolutionize the way you create print and web-based documents that contain math. MathType works with any word processor, presentation program, page layout program, HTML-authoring tool, plus other types of software, to create equations for research papers, class materials, web pages, slide presentations, journal articles and books. MathType provides several options for creating accessible math content. MathType can export mathematical expressions as images (GIF, PNG, etc.) or as MathML content. Web content can also be created from MS Word using the MathPage export function. Math equations created using the MathPage export are recognized by screen-reader technologies and read to the individual. Additionally, if using Internet Explorer, the MathPlayer plug-in provides the Web page with the capacity to “speak” the equation. Overview of Math Accommodations 26 4/14/2010 Creating Math Equations for the Web To create mathematical equations for the Web, it is first necessary to input the equations using MathType (in MS Word). Once the mathematical expressions have been entered into MS Word, there are several options for exporting the content in a Web-ready format. Exporting a Web page for Internet Explorer: 1. Choose MathType from the menu bar and choose Export to MathPage. 2. In the Title field, enter a title for the Web page. You can also select where the resulting file will be placed. 3. Select the radio button marked MathML using: and choose the MathPlayer (IE behavior) option from the drop-down list. 4. Select OK. MathType will then export the file and open the Web page within the Internet Explorer browser. NOTE – You may receive an error message in IE that says Internet Explorer has restricted this file from showing active content. Click in the message and choose the option Allow Blocked Content and then select Yes. This will allow the math content to be displayed with the MathPlayer. Exporting a Web page for multi-browser functionality: 1. Choose MathType from the menu bar and choose Export to MathPage. 2. In the Title field, enter a title for the Web page. You can also select where the resulting file will be placed. 3. Uncheck the checkbox Display in default browser. 4. Select the radio button marked MathML using: and choose the XHTML + MathML option from the drop-down list. 5. Select OK. MathType will create a .xht file that contains all the page information with mathematical content. You will need to create a hyperlink to this .xht file in order to view the relevant mathematical expressions using a Web browser. NOTE – It is recommended to choose the “Exporting a Web page for multi-browser functionality:” option in order to best serve the widest audience possible. This will allow individuals using specialized assistive computer technology to access the necessary math Overview of Math Accommodations 27 4/14/2010 content as well as provide options to individuals using non-IE Web browsers (e.g., FireFox, Mozilla). Considerations When creating mathematical expressions for the Web, it is important to remember the following guidelines. If you are exporting MathType content using the “MathPlayer (IE behavior)” option, then individuals will be able to view the content only with the Internet Explorer browser. If you are exporting MathType content using “XHTML+MathML” option, then individuals will be able to view the content with either Internet Explorer, Netscape 7, or Mozilla/FireFox. It will be necessary to download the appropriate MathML fonts for Netscape 7+ and Mozilla/FireFox. You can download the appropriate MathML fonts at: http://www.mozilla.org/projects/mathml/fonts . The “Font Installer” is located in the right sidebar of the page. Internet Explorer may not be able to view the Web page with the .xht extension if the file resides on the computer. If you upload the .xht file (and appropriate folder) to your Web server, then you will be able to view the Web page with your preferred browser (i.e., Internet Explorer, Mozilla/Firefox, Netscape 7+). You will need to ensure that your Web server can serve documents with the extension .xht. This can be accomplished by setting the appropriate MIME-type for your Web server. For more information, please visit: http://www.dessci.com/en/products/mathplayer/author/creatingpages.htm Creating Math Equations for Scientific Notebook Scientific Notebook now allows the importing of RTF documents containing mathematical expressions created using MathType. This process is useful if the final content is to be embossed as Nemeth Braille. To import math equations into Scientific Notebook, it is necessary for content to originally be created in MS Word using MathType and saved in a .RTF format. From within Scientific Notebook, it is possible to import the .RTF document and prepare the information for embossing. MathType also provides an option to copy an equation from the MathType authoring tool directly into Scientific Notebook. It is necessary to choose the translation type before moving a MathType expression into Scientific Notebook. 1. Open the MathType equation editor and compose a mathematical equation. 2. Select Preferences from the menu bar and choose Translators. 3. Choose the radio button marked Translation to other language (text). Choose the translator in the drop-down list that corresponds to the output of your choice. For Scientific Notebook, you may choose any one of the “Tex” translators. Overview of Math Accommodations 28 4/14/2010 4. Select OK. 5. Select the equation you wish to copy into Scientific Notebook and choose Copy (under Edit on the menu bar). 6. Switch to Scientific Notebook and select Edit from the menu bar. Choose Paste Special. You will need to select the Text format and the radio button marked Internal Format. 7. Select OK. You may need to clean up part of the equation in order to ensure the entire equation is recognized as “math”, however, your equation should now be usable from within Scientific Notebook. MathType and DotsPlus In order to print mathematical content in the Dots Plus format, it is necessary to use the Tiger font (from View Plus Technologies), and the MathType editor. Math equations can be created in MS Word from MathType. When the document is ready to be printed to the Tiger embosser (from MS Word), the user needs to select the Tiger font. This will allow for content to be properly embossed in the Dots Plus format. For more information on the Tiger embosser, visit: http://www.viewplus.com/ Resizing Equations in MathType “Design Science Technical Support” <support@dessci.com> 2/26/2007 Good afternoon, The process for [enlarging equations] is essentially a 2-part process. You would first use MathType to create a “Preference” file and then apply that preference to the existing Word document. Here’s what you do. Making a preference file: 1. Open MathType on its own. 2. From the Size Menu choose Define 3. The very top size category is called “Full” this is what all the others follow so you’d only have to change this one. Set it to 24 point. Click OK. 4. From the Preferences menu choose Equation Preferences/Save to file. 5. Name and save the file in the default location. 6. Close MathType. Note, you can make as many preference files as you like. Call them, 24point, 36 point, etc. Applying the preference file 1. Open the Word document 2. From the MathType menu in Word choose Format equations 3. In the resulting dialog, click the radio button next to MathType preference file then click the browse button. Overview of Math Accommodations 29 4/14/2010 4. Find the preference file you want and double click to select it. 5. Click ok. This will apply the size attributes saved in the preference file to each MathType equation in the document and end with a dialog that tells you how many objects were changed. Done! Thank you, Karl Valentine-Rothenberg Technical Support Design Science, Inc. 140 Pine Avenue, 4th Floor Long Beach, California 90802 USA Tel: (562) 432-2920 Fax: (562) 432-2857 support@dessci.com www.dessci.com Many commonly reported problems are addressed on our website. You may view our Technical Support Notices at http://dessci.com/en/support/support/tncentral.htm Overview of Math Accommodations 30 4/14/2010 MathTalk Publisher: Metroplex Voice Computing, Inc. P. O. Box121984 Arlington, Texas 76012 fax: 817-543-1103 email: mathtalk@mathtalk.com Retail Cost: MathTalk bundled with Scientific Notebook: $295 MathTalk bundled with Scientific Notebook and Dragon Preferred: $495 MathTalk bundled with Scientific Notebook and Dragon Pro: $1020 System Requirements:  Dragon Naturally Speaking 7.0 & 8.0 & 9.0  1.5 MHZ PC; * Intel Pentium 4 for Dragon 9.0  1GB free hard disk space for Dragon 9.0  Microsoft Windows XP (SP1 or higher) Home and professional, 2000 (SP4 or higher) for Dragon 9.0  SoundBlaster or compatible soundcard  512 MB RAM minimum; * recommended 1 GIG RAM for Dragon 9.0  Microsoft Internet Explorer v.5 or higher (free download from www.microsoft.com)  CD-ROM drive for installation  Web connection is required for activation Description MathTalk can be used with Scientific Notebook and Dragon NaturallySpeaking to allow hands-free entry of math equations on the computer. Product demos are available on their Web site: http://www.metroplexvoice.com/demos.htm Overview of Math Accommodations 31 4/14/2010 Overview of Math Accommodations 32 4/14/2010 LaTeX Publisher: Varies: numerous free editors Retail Cost: Numerous free editors and others at low cost System Requirements: Varies: some editors are cross-platform, at least one is Web-based. TEX is a typesetting language created by Donald E. Knuth; it has extensive capabilities to typeset math. LATEX is an extension of TEX designed by Leslie Lamport; its major features include a strong focus on document structure and the logical markup of text; automatic numbering and cross-referencing. The term LaTeX refers only to the language in which documents are written, not to the text editor itself. In order to create a document in LaTeX, a .tex file must be created using some form of text editor. While many text editors work, many people prefer to use one of several editors designed specifically for working with LaTeX. There are a number of these editors available for free.  Led: http://www.latexeditor.org/  Texmaker: http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/ (cross-platform)  Keynote: http://evolve.lse.ac.uk/software/EquationEditor/ (Apple)  AMS-LaTeX: http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html  Web-based: http://www.monkeytex.com/ The American Mathematical Society has a free PDF manual available online for learning LaTeX:  http://tex.loria.fr/general/mil.pdf Web-based LaTex resource: http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/LaTeX/AoPS_L_About.php To help you get a general idea of LaTeX, I copied an example from Wikipedia. The example below shows the LaTeX input: \documentclass[12pt]{article} \title{\LaTeX} \date{} \begin{document} \maketitle \LaTeX{} is a document preparation system for the \TeX{} typesetting program. It offers programmable desktop publishing features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing, tables and figures, page layout, bibliographies, and much more. \LaTeX{} was originally written in 1984 by Leslie Lamport and has become the dominant method for using \TeX; few Overview of Math Accommodations 33 4/14/2010 people write in plain \TeX{} anymore. The current version is \LaTeXe. \newline % This is a comment, it is not shown in the final output. % The following shows a little of the typesetting power of LaTeX \begin{eqnarray} E &=& mc^2 \\ m &=& \frac{m_0}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}} \end{eqnarray} \end{document} This input would produce the following LaTeX output: Because LaTeX is created completely with text-based commands, the underlying source code is readable with a screenreader. Many blind mathematicians and blind higher-math students work in LaTeX directly and then use the LaTeX editor to print out well-formatted math equations for their instructors. Overview of Math Accommodations 34 4/14/2010 Scientific Notebook Publisher: MacKichan Software http://www.mackichan.com/ 19307 8th Avenue Suite C Poulsbo, WA 98370-7370 Phone: 360-394-6033 FAX: 360-394-6039 For customer service: info@mackichan.com Retail Cost: Full Price (Academic): $148.00 Upgrade Price (Academic): $52.00 System Requirements:  Microsoft Windows® XP, 2000, Me, 98, or NT 4.0 or Apple Macintosh® running an emulator program such as Virtual PC™  64 MB of RAM  70 to 250 MB hard disk space, depending on the type of hard drive and the installation options selected  CD-ROM drive Description Scientific Notebook is a math “word-processor” allowing authors to integrate mathematical expressions, text content, and graphics into one document. Using the computer algebra engine MuPad 2.5, Scientific Notebook provides the flexibility to not only create mathematical expressions, but also solve equations within the document itself. Scientific Notebook also provides the capability to compute symbolically or numerically, integrate, differentiate, and solve algebraic and differential equations. With menu commands, you can create 2-D and 3-D plots in many styles and coordinate systems; import data from graphing calculators; and compute with over 150 units of physical measure. Scientific Notebook now allows exporting in RTF, MathML, and HTML as well as reading MathType mathematics by importing RTF documents. Previous features including LaTex and PDF support are also included in Scientific Notebook. Overview of Math Accommodations 35 4/14/2010 Scientific Notebook Shortcut Keys Note: When working in Scientific Notebook, go to View > Toolbars and turn on the Standard, Math Templates, Symbol Panels, and Tag toolbars. To enter Press Toggle math/text Ctrl+m or Ctrl+t or Insert Fraction Ctrl+f or Ctrl+/ or Ctrl+1 Radical Ctrl+r or Ctrl+2 Superscript Ctrl+h or Ctrl+ up arrow or Ctrl+3 Subscript Ctrl+l or Ctrl+down arrow or Ctrl+4 Integral Ctrl+i or Ctrl+8 Summation Ctrl+7 Brackets Ctrl+9 or Ctrl+0 or Ctrl+( or Ctrl+) Square brackets Ctrl+[ or Ctrl+] or Ctrl+6 Angle brackets Ctrl+< Braces Ctrl+{ or Ctrl+} Display Ctrl+d Product Ctrl+p Absolute value Ctrl+\ Norm Ctrl+| (Ctrl+Shift+\) Required space Ctrl+spacebar Nonbreaking space Shift+spacebar Thin space Ctrl+, Thick space Ctrl+Shift+spacebar “ (double open quote) Single open quote (`) twice “ (double close quote) Single close quote (`) twice - (intraword dash or hyphen) Hyphen (-) -- (en dash) Hyphen (-) two times --- (em dash) Hyphen (-) three times - (discretionary hyphen) Ctrl+ -- (Ctrl + hyphen two times) ¿ ? followed by ` (open single quote) ¡ ! followed by ` (open single quote) Overview of Math Accommodations 36 4/14/2010 Hint: Scientific Notebook does not normally allow you to use the space bar in equations. You can use keyboard shortcuts to enter spaces: CTRL + spacebar = required space SHIFT + spacebar = nonbreaking space CTRL + SHIFT + spacebar = thick space MathType to Scientific Notebook - Open MS Word and create equations with MathType - Set the MathType Translator to the following: Tex – LaTex 2.09 or Later (located under Preferences > Translators) - Double-click on the equation to open in the MathType window and then select the entire equation - Copy the equation (Ctrl+C) - Open Scientific Notebook and choose Edit > Paste Special - Choose Text > Internal Format That should paste the equation into Sci. Notebook correctly. You *might* need to ensure that the equation is rendered in red (as this marks it as Math content), but it should come across correctly. Exporting Graphs to Word We need to adjust the settings so that the graph does not have a frame, axes are not labeled, and tick marks are not numbered. We will add numbers and labels in the Braille font in Word. (Note: If you do not have the Braille font, you can download it for free from Duxbury: http://www.duxburysystems.com/.) Once you have created your graph, right click on it and choose Properties. Set the Axes so that tick labeling is disabled (check the disable tick labeling option). Overview of Math Accommodations 37 4/14/2010 Set the layout to “plot only” so that there is no bounding frame around the graph. Under Item Plotted, set line thickness to medium. Overview of Math Accommodations 38 4/14/2010 Select and copy the graphic and copy it. Open Microsoft Word and paste the graphic by going to Edit > Paste Special > Picture. With the graphic in Word, enter the Braille labels in text boxes (26 point Braille font, no line around the boxes). y x Overview of Math Accommodations 39 4/14/2010 List of AT Products with Math Support Courtesy of Design Science www.dessci.com Which Assistive Technology Products Have Math Support? There are a growing number of assistive technology (AT) products that have math support, ranging from synthetic speech output of math equations to braille support. Design Science is constantly working with AT vendors to assist them in developing accessible math supports for their customers. We provide the following list to help keep you informed on the current status of math support in AT products.  Reader Tools  Tactile and Braille Translation Software  DAISY Playback Software  DAISY Production and Conversion Tools  Authoring Software that supports DAISY or XHTML+MathML Export  Terminology Key  Instructions to Vendors Note: The features listed are for the most current version of the software. Older versions may or may not have these features. Reader Tools The following table lists a number of the most popular synthetic speech reading tools, including screen reader applications and literacy support tools. Basic Advanced Synchronized Refreshable Accessibility PRODUCT VENDOR Math Math Math Math Braille Partner Speech Speech Highlighting Support Browsealoud Texthelp Yes Yes No Yes N/A ClaroRead for Claro No Yes No No No PC HAL Dolphin No Yes No N/A No Freedom JAWS No Yes No N/A No Scientific Kurzweil Coming Kurzweil Yes No N/A No 1000 soon Overview of Math Accommodations 40 4/14/2010 Kurzweil Kurzweil Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A 3000 MAGic with Freedom No Yes No No N/A speech Scientific NVDA-NVDA N/A No No No No project Read&Write Texthelp Yes Yes No Yes N/A Gold Supernova Dolphin No Yes No No No System Serotek Yes Yes No N/A No Access Window-Eyes GW Micro No Yes No N/A No Freedom WYNN No Yes No No N/A Scientific ZoomText Ai Yes Yes No No N/A Reader Squared Tactile and Braille Translation Software The following table lists some of the most commonly used translation software for the creation of hard copy tactile materials. Equation Accessibility DotsPlus Math MathType MathML PRODUCT VENDOR Editor Partner Math Braille Support Support Support Computer Coming Braille2000 Application No No Yes No No soon Specialties Cragside Coming Coming Braille Maker No No Yes No AccessABILITY soon soon Duxbury Braille Duxbury Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Translator Tiger Software ViewPlus Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Suite WinBraille Index Braille No No Yes Yes No No DAISY Playback Software The following table lists some of the most popular DAISY Digital Talking Book software players. Basic Advanced Synchronized Refreshable Accessibility PRODUCT VENDOR Math Math Math Math Braille Partner Speech Speech Highlighting Support DAISY for All AMIS N/A No No No No Project American Book Wizard Printing N/A No No No No Reader House EasyReader Dolphin No Yes No No No eClipseReader IRTI No No No No No gh PLAYER gh Yes Yes Yes Yes No Victor Reader HumanWare Yes No No No No Soft Overview of Math Accommodations 41 4/14/2010 DAISY Production and Conversion Tools The following table lists a number of commonly used production and conversion tools for creating DAISY Digital Talking Books, and in some cases for converting to other formats. Accessibility PRODUCT VENDOR MathML Support Partner American Printing Book Wizard Producer N/A No House CAST NIMAS Conversion Tool CAST N/A Yes Yes (requires DAISY Pipeline DAISY Consortium Yes MathDaisy) Dolphin Publisher Dolphin No No Wyoming Medical DTBMaker N/A No Center EasyConverter Dolphin No No EasyProducer Dolphin No No eClipseWriter Professional IRTI No No TechAdapt Accessible Media TechAdapt No Yes Center Authoring Software that supports DAISY or XHTML+MathML Export The following table lists document authoring software that can be used to create DAISY or XHTML files with accessible math. Accessibility Supports DAISY Export Supports PRODUCT VENDOR Partner w/Math XHTML+MathML Export MS Office In Beta (requires “Save as Microsoft No Yes (requires MathType) Word DAISY XML” add-in) OpenOffice OpenOffice.or Yes (requires Text To Yes (requires N/A Writer g DAISY DTB" extension) "Writer2html" extension) Overview of Math Accommodations 42 4/14/2010 </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" async crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-8519364510543070"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.1/jquery.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script> <script> var docId = 'eca6f67363d7df789f6a633bee055b48'; var endPage = 1; var totalPage = 127; var pfLoading = false; window.addEventListener('scroll', function () { if (pfLoading) return; var $now = $('.article-imgview .pf').eq(endPage - 1); if (document.documentElement.scrollTop + $(window).height() > $now.offset().top) { pfLoading = true; endPage++; if (endPage > totalPage) return; var imgEle = new Image(); var imgsrc = "//data.docslib.org/img/eca6f67363d7df789f6a633bee055b48-" + endPage + (endPage > 3 ? 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