Contemporary Psychological Approaches to Depression

Contemporary Psychological Approaches to Depression THEORY, RESEARCH, AND TREATMENT Contemporary Psychological Approaches to Depression THEORY, RESEARCH, AND TREATMENT

Edited by Rick E. Ingram San Diego State University San Diego, California

PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloglng-In-Publlcatlon Data

Conference on Contemporary Approaches to Depression (1st: 1988 : San Diego, Calif.) Contemporary psychological approaches to depression: theory, research, and treatment I edited by Rick E. Ingram. p. cm. "Proceedings of the First Annual Conference on Contemporary Psychological Approaches to Depression: treatment, research, and theory--from a conference series on contemporary issues in clinical psychology, held February 6-7,1988, in San Diego, California."• -T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. IS8N-13:978-1-4612-7909-9 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4613-0649-8 001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0649-8

1. DepreSSion, Mental--Congresses. I, Ingram, Rick E, II. Title. RC537.C646 1988 616.85'27--dc20 90-43004 CIP

Proceedings of the First Annual Conference on Contemporary Psychological Approaches to Depression: Treatment, Research, and Theory-from a conference series on Contemporary Issues in Clinical Psychology, held February 6-7, 1988, in San Diego, California

A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N,Y. 10013

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors

L yn Y. Abramson, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Jeanne S. Albright, Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, lllinois

Lauren B. Alloy, Department of Psychology, Temple University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Aaron T. Beck, Center for Cognitive Therapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Robert J. DeRubeis, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

David A. Clark, Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada

Benjamin M. Dykman, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Mark D. Evans, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Judy Garber, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Ian H. Gotlib, Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Constance Hammen, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California

Steven D. Hollon, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Rick E. Ingram, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California

Randy Katz, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,Ontario, Canada

Gerald I. Metalsky, Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas

Mary J. Naus, Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas

Nancy Quiggle, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Lynn P. Rehm, Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas

Martin E. P. Seligman, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Nancy Shanley, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Brian F. Shaw, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

v Preface

In 1988, the Deparunent of Psychology at San Diego State University initiated the first in a planned conference series on Contemporary Issues in Clinical Psychology. It was decided that the focus of this first conference would be depression. Consequently, a number of distinguished scholars were invited to San Diego to discuss contemporary theoretical, empirical, and treatment issues in depressive disorders. This volume contains the results of this conference. Each chapter remains true to the original presentation, although each has been extensively reworked by the authors for inclusion in a book format, and in some cases co-authors have aided in revisions for the volume.

Given the sheer quantity and impressive quality of contemporary research, it may not be possible to overstate the impact of psychological approaches on our understanding of depressive disorders. Accordingly, the aim of this conference was, within the limited amount of time available for such an endeavor, to chronicle the current status of the psychology of depression. In inviting participants to this forum, no attempt was made to reflect only certain theoretical views. Contemporary psychological theory and research in depression, however, are dominated by cognitive viewpoints, and the influence of cognitive perspectives is thus unmistakable throughout the present volume.

The conference participants represent a prominent and active group of theorists and researchers. In the first chapter of this volume, Martin E. P. Seligman addresses the epidemiology of depressive disorders across the life span and suggests the possibility that an increased reliance on the self over time has left a young generation vulnerable to depression. In Chapter 2, Brian F. Shaw and Randy Katz examine the current status of cognitive theoretical approaches to depression and the issues that are confronting these theories. In Chapter 3, Lynn P. Rehm and Mary J. Naus address the utility of theoretical conceptualizations for the study of depression. In particular, Rehm and Naus explore theoretical frameworks that may be capable of integrating diverse theory and research on depression. In Chapter 4, Lyn Y. Abramson, Lauren B. AIloy, and Gerald I. MetaIsky advance a specific type of depression, hopelessness depression, derived from theoretical perspectives and research on the reformulated helplessness model of depression. Constance Hammen in Chapter 5 discusses the issue of vulnerability to depression with a particular focus on the personal, situational and family aspects of vulnerability. Lauren B. Alloy, Jeanne S. Albright, Lyn Y. Abramson, and Benjamin M. Dykman focus in Chapter 6 on the growing body of research on depressive realism. In reviewing this research they discuss mechanisms potentially underlying depression based illusions and distortions and provide several theoretical perspectives from which to view the phenomenon of depressive realism. In Chapter 7, Judy Garber, Nancy Quiggle, and Nancy Shanley provide an extensive review of cognitive theories and empirical research as they relate to depression in children and adolescents. In Chapter 8, Steven D. Hollon, Mark D. Evans, and Robert J. DeRubeis discuss the implications that data on the efficacy of cognitive therapy have for understanding the basic cognitive mechanisms of depression. Ian H. Gotlib in Chapter 9 addresses the conceptualization and treatment of depression from an interpersonal systems perspective. Aaron T. Beck and Christine Padesky also participated in the conference by presenting an extended clinical workshop on cognitive treatment approaches for depression and anxiety. The clinical methods presented in this workshop are discussed in Chapter 10 by David Clark and Aaron Beck. Finally, in Chapter 11 Rick E. Ingram addresses the status of cognitive models and research on depression. Although I did not present at the conference, I have taken the editor's prerogative to include this material.

As the organizer and coordinator of this conference, I would like to thank a number of people who made the conference and this volume possible. The conference was sponsored jointly by the Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, and College of Extended Studies at San Diego State University, and by

vii viii

Alvarado Parkway Institute in La Mesa, California. Individuals in SDSU departments who deserve special thanks are William A. Hillix, Chair of the Department of Psychology, Donald R. Short, Dean of the College of Sciences, and Larry Cobb in the College of Extended Studies. More thanks than I can possibly give go to Anne Wright and Francesca Sardina in the College of Extended Studies. The conference would not have succeeded without their tireless efforts to insure that each logistical detail was worked out flawlessly. Woody Woodaman and Allan Adler at Alvarado Parkway Institute were instrumental in insuring the success of the conference and deserve special thanks. Thanks also go to the Ph.D. students in the SDSU/UCSD Doctoral Training Program in Clinical Psychology who volunteered to spend a Saturday and Sunday working at the conference. My appreciation also goes to those professionals who attended the conference; I hope that new information was learned and that their thinking was stretched. Finally, I would also like to offer my thanks to the conference participants. It is encouraging to know that such influential theorists and researchers can be such nice people.

Rick E. Ingram San Diego January, 1990 Contents

1. Why Is There So Much Depression Today? The Waxing of the Individual and the Waning of the Commons ...... 1

Martin E. P. Seligman

2. Cognitive Theory of Depression: Where AIe We and Where AIe We Going? ...... 11

Brian F. Shaw and Randy Katz

3. A Memory Model of Emotion ...... 23

Lynn P. Rehm and Mary J. Naus

4. Hopelessness Depression: An Empirical Search for a Theory-Based Subtype ...... 37

Lyn Y. Abramson, Lauren B. Alloy, and Gerald I. Metalsky

5. Vulnerability to Depression: Personal, Situational, and Family Aspects ...... 59

Constance Hammen

6. Depressive Realism and Nondepressive Optimistic Illusions: The Role of the Self...... 71

Lauren B. Alloy, Jeanne S. Albright, Lyn Y. Abramson, and Benjamin M. Dykman

7. Cognition and Depression in Children and Adolescents ...... 87

Judy Garber, Nancy Quiggle, and Nancy Shanley

8. Cognitive Mediation of Relapse Prevention Following Treatment for Depression: Implications of Differential Risk ...... 117

Steven D. Hollon, Mark D. Evans, and Robert J. DeRubeis

9. An Interpersonal Systems Approach to the Conceptualization and Treatment of Depression ...... 137

Ian H. Gotlib

10. Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety and Depression ...... 155

David A. Clark and Aaron T. Beck

11. Depressive Cognition: Models, Mechanisms, and Methods ...... l69

Rick E. Ingram

Index ...... 197