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Political Parties' Positions on the EU

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Political Parties' Positions on the EU A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details The Attitudes of Political Parties in Serbia and Croatia towards the European Union in Comparative Perspective Marko Stojić University of Sussex Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December, 2013 iii Contents List of Tables and Figures vi List of Abbreviations vii Acknowledgements viii Summary ix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Setting the scene 1 1.2 Serbian and Croatian relationships with the EU/EC 4 1.2.1 Serbian and Croatian relationships with the European Community until the 1990s 4 1.2.2 A decade of lost opportunities (1990-2000) 5 1.2.3 A difficult role for latecomers (2000-2012) 8 1.3 Serbian and Croatian party politics since 2000 11 1.3.1 Serbian party politics since 2000 – the agony of political and state fragmentation 11 1.3.2 Croatian party politics since 2000 – a gradual post-conflict normalisation and stabilisation 14 1.4 General literature review 16 1.4.1 Literature on the domestic politics of European integration 17 1.4.2 Literature on the EU’s impact on member and candidate states 20 1.4.3 Comparative Serbian and Croatian party politics 24 1.5 Contribution of the research 28 1.6 Research design and methodology 29 1.6.1 Methods of data collection 36 1.7 The structure of the thesis, hypotheses and major findings 47 Chapter 2: Conceptualisation and categorisation of the positions of Serbian and Croatian parties on the EU 51 2.1 Conceptual models in the comparative literature 52 2.2 Challenges of applying conceptual models to (potential) candidate states 55 2.3 The classification model 60 2.4 Classification model and Serbian and Croatian parties 64 Chapter 3: Party attitudes towards the EU and party ideology 67 3.1 Party attitudes towards the EU and ideology in the comparative literature 68 3.2 How to study party ideology and identity? 72 3.2.1 Criteria for mapping and classifying party ideology 74 3.3 The ideologies of Serbian and Croatian political parties 80 3.3.1 Social democratic parties 80 3.3.2 Conservative parties 85 3.3.3 Christian democratic parties 88 3.3.4 Agrarian parties 89 3.3.5 Liberal parties 89 3.3.6 Radical right parties 91 3.3.7 An overview of the ideologies of Serbian and Croatian parties 92 3.4 Party attitudes towards the EU and ideology in Serbia and Croatia 97 3.4.1 Social democrats and the EU 99 3.4.2 Conservatives and the EU 104 3.4.3 Christian democrats and the EU 110 3.4.4 Agrarians and the EU 112 iv 3.4.5 Liberals and the EU 113 3.4.6 Radical right parties and the EU 115 3.4.7 An overview of party ideology and attitudes towards the EU in Serbia and Croatia 118 3.5 Conclusion 125 Chapter 4: Parties’ strategies and attitudes towards the EU 129 4.1 Parties’ strategies and attitudes towards the EU in the comparative 130 literature 4.2 How to conceptualise party strategy? 134 4.3 Party strategy and attitudes towards the EU in Serbia and Croatia 135 4.3.1 The Socialist Party of Serbia 136 4.3.2 The Serbian Progressive Party 142 4.3.3 The Croatian Democratic Union 146 4.3.4 Party strategy and other political parties’ attitudes towards the EU 149 4.4 Conclusion 151 Chapter 5: Party attitudes towards the EU and their position in the party system 156 5.1 Party position in the party system and attitudes towards the EU in the comparative literature 157 5.2 Characteristics of the party systems and political parties in Serbia and 161 Croatia 5.2.1 Party systems in Serbia and Croatia 161 5.2.2 Characteristics of the political parties in Serbia and Croatia 164 5.3 Party position in the party system and attitudes towards the EU in Serbia and Croatia 168 5.3.1 The impact of government participation and opposition status 168 5.3.1.1 Governmental status and attitudes towards the EU 169 5.3.1.2 Opposition status and attitudes towards the EU 173 5.3.2 The impact of core and peripheral positions 178 5.3.2.1 Core parties and attitudes towards the EU 179 5.3.2.2 Peripheral parties and attitudes towards the EU 181 5.4 Conclusion 185 Chapter 6: Party attitudes towards the EU and relations with their electoral constituencies and socio-economic groups 189 6.1 Party attitudes towards the EU and relations with their electoral constituencies and socio-economic groups in the comparative literature 190 6.2 Methodology 194 6.3 Party attitudes towards the EU and public opinion 194 6.4 Party attitudes towards the EU and their electoral constituencies 198 6.4.1 The Socialist Party of Serbia 204 6.4.2 The Serbian Progressive Party 207 6.4.3 The Democratic Party of Serbia 210 6.4.4 Other political parties’ attitudes towards the EU and their core constituencies 212 6.4.5 Croatian political parties’ attitudes towards the EU and their core constituencies 214 6.5 Party attitudes towards the EU and relations with socio-economic groups 217 6.6 Conclusion 220 v Chapter 7: Party attitudes towards the EU and transnational and bilateral party linkages 224 7.1 Party attitudes towards the EU and their transnational and bilateral linkages in the comparative literature 226 7.2 Conceptual framework 233 7.3 Serbian and Croatian parties’ attitudes towards the EU and their relations with transnational party federations and foreign national parties 236 7.3.1 The European People’s Party 240 7.3.2 The Party of European Socialists 247 7.3.3 The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party 250 7.3.4 Parties intending to join European transnational party federations 251 7.3.5 Parties not intending to join European transnational party federations 254 7.4 Parties’ attitudes towards the EU and their relations with EU institutions and foreign governments 256 7.5 Conclusion 262 Chapter 8: Conclusions and implications 266 8.1 Summary of the key findings 269 8.1.1 Conceptualising and classifying party stances on the EU 269 8.1.2 The relation between the dependent and independent variables 275 8.2 General conclusions 281 8.2.1 Ideology, strategy and party attitudes towards the EU 281 8.2.2 Attitudes of political parties towards the EU and the experience of opposition 283 8.2.3 Attitudes of political parties, public opinion and core voters’ concerns about the EU 284 8.2.4 The importance of external factors 285 8.2.5 The importance of the post-Yugoslav context 290 8.3 Avenues for further research 293 Bibliography 297 Appendix 1: List of interviewees 319 Appendix 2: Interview questions 322 vi List of Tables and Figures Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 The initial relation between dependent and independent variables 31 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Model of party positions on Europe and their underpinnings in (potential) candidate countries 60 Table 2.2 The initial mapping of party positions on Europe in Serbia and Croatia 65 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Party families and attitudes towards the EU of Serbian and Croatian political parties 98 Figure 3.1 Attitudes towards the EU and ideological position of Serbian and Croatian parties on the socio-economic left-right dimension 120 Figure 3.2 Attitudes towards the EU and ideological position of Serbian and Croatian parties on the cosmopolitanism vs. nationalism dimension 122 Figure 3.3 Support for/opposition to the EU by party families in Serbia and Croatia 123 Figure 3.4 Dimension of party competition, party families and positions on European integration in Serbia and Croatia 124 Chapter 4 Table 4.1 Government coalitions in Serbia and Croatia since 2000 136 Chapter 5 Table 5.1 Party systems in Serbia and Croatia 162 Table 5.2 Party governmental/opposition positions and attitudes towards the EU 169 Table 5.3 Party core/peripheral positions and attitudes towards the EU 179 Chapter 6 Table 6.1 Serbian public and party-based Euroscepticism 195 Table 6.2 Croatian public and party-based Euroscepticism 197 Table 6.3 Attitudes of Serbian parties’ voters towards Serbian EU membership 199 Figure 6.1 Support for Serbian EU membership by party electorates 200 Table 6.4 Preference of Serbian parties’ core voters for either Kosovo staying in Serbia or Serbian EU membership 201 Table 6.5 Attitudes of Serbian parties’ voters towards the European Union 202 Table 6.6 Attitudes of Croatian parties’ voters towards Croatian EU membership 215 Figure 6.2 Support for Croatian EU membership by party electorates 216 Chapter 7 Table 7.1 Indicators of the influence of European transnational party federations on national party attitudes towards the EU 235 Table 7.2 Transnational affiliation of Serbian and Croatian parties and its impact on party attitudes towards the EU 238 Chapter 8 Table 8.1 Party positions on Europe in Serbia and Croatia 270 Table 8.2 Party characteristics and sources of their attitudes towards the EU 273 Figure 8.1 The relation between the dependent and independent variables 277 vii List of abbreviations DOS Democratic Opposition of Serbia DS Democratic Party (Serbia) DSS Democratic Party of Serbia EC European Community ELDR European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party EP European Parliament EPP European People’s Party EU European Union HDSSB Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonija and Baranja
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