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Investigating Postnatal Ontogeny in the Craniofacial Complex of Human Juveniles

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Investigating Postnatal Ontogeny in the Craniofacial Complex of Human Juveniles University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2015 Investigating Postnatal Ontogeny in the Craniofacial Complex of Human Juveniles Amber Davis Wheat University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Wheat, Amber Davis, "Investigating Postnatal Ontogeny in the Craniofacial Complex of Human Juveniles. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2015. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3374 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Amber Davis Wheat entitled "Investigating Postnatal Ontogeny in the Craniofacial Complex of Human Juveniles." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Anthropology. Benjamin M. Auerbach, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Richard L. Jantz, Andrew Kramer, James A. Fordyce Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Investigating Postnatal Ontogeny in the Craniofacial Complex of Human Juveniles A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Amber Davis Wheat May 2015 Copyright © 2015 by Amber Davis Wheat All rights reserved. ii To Austin, for being the true rockstar of this journey. You are still my world! iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was accomplished with the help of many people, and I am more than grateful for everyone’s support, assistance, and kindness. I would first like to thank Dr. Ben Auerbach for serving as my committee chair and mentor for the last five years. Words cannot express the appreciation I have for your intellectual guidance, advice, and patience during my time as your graduate student at the University of Tennessee. A big thank you to the members of my committee: Dr. Richard Jantz, Dr. Andrew Kramer, and Dr. James Fordyce. Dr. Richard Jantz not only provided assistance with some of the data formatting for this project, but also applied his knowledge of human craniofacial variation to the review of my work. Your insightful advice has greatly enhanced this project. I would also like to thank Dr. Andrew Kramer. Not only have you become an inspiration for my teaching practices, but you offered valuable advice in the creation of this project. I am also indebted to Dr. James Fordyce. I greatly appreciate that you were so willing to join my committee and offer your expertise. Together, the influence of my committee members has made this dissertation become exceedingly more than I ever expected. I sincerely thank each of you for your part in this project. I would also like to thank the researchers and colleagues that were not on my committee that played an integral part in making this project possible. I am indebted to Dr. David Hatcher at the Digital Diagnostic Imaging Center. After months of trying to locate data to be used in this project, you generously provided me with access to CT scans. This project would not have been successful without your help. I would also like to thank Dr. David Wiley who provided me with a great deal of assistance in learning the imaging software used in this project. Dr. Valerie DeLeon, thank you for all the conversations that made this dissertation become better. Your advice throughout this project is greatly appreciated. In addition, I sincerely thank Dr. Timothy iv Cole. Just when I was about to give up on using EDMA as an analytical tool in this dissertation, you graciously stepped in and wrote special software to aid in my research. Thank you for your countless advice related to my EDMA-issues. Thank you also to the Forensic Anthropology Center for funding a portion of this project through the Leitner Award and the Bass Endowment. My time at the University of Tennessee was made enjoyable by the friendships of many people. Thank you to Bridget Algee-Hewitt for your unwavering support in all of my research endeavors. You have offered countless advice and have taught me so much about the world of geometric morphometrics. Thank you to Nicole Reeves, Courtney Eleazer, Becky Kelso, Brannon Hulsey, and Frankie Pack. You all inspire me to be a better thinker, educator, and person. Thank you for all of the coffee breaks, laughter, and the shared experience of being ‘OVAL’ office mates. You kept me going all the way to the end. I am eternally grateful to all my friends and family for your support and encouragement. To my friends: Ashleigh Thomas, Camille Fritz, Kara Malone, Heather Story, and Amber Smith. Thank you for your unwavering support and your continuous prayers. I am truly blessed to have each of you in my life. Mali Collins, thank you for being a part of ‘Team Wheat’. Your part in this journey does not go unrecognized. Thank you for loving on my babies like they were your own. Thank you to my parents for your continuous support in all of my endeavors. Mom, you have always encouraged me to reach for the stars when it came to my education. Thank you for your support throughout this entire journey. Dad, thank you for your continued interest in my research. I will always cherish our conversations about science. I also want to thank my grandparents and in-laws. Your unconditional love, support, and prayers means more to me than you will ever know. Thank you for supporting me in my decision to keep attending school. Abram and Dove, of all the accomplishments in my graduate career, you two are the ones of v which I am most proud. And finally, thank you to my husband, Austin Wheat. You have earned your sticky note that will be placed on my diploma. Thank you for your unconditional support in this journey. When I wanted to give up and walk away, you kept me going. Thank you for becoming a full- time bread-winner, Daddy, house cleaner, dish washer, and chef during these last few months. None of this would have been possible without you. “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.” Philippians 4:13 vi ABSTRACT Researchers have analyzed the developmental processes contributing to craniofacial variation from genetic, evolutionary, biomechanical and forensic perspectives, yet no study has clearly demonstrated the exact anatomical processes that occur in the craniofacial complex during postnatal growth to establish ultimate adult morphologies. Furthermore, previous research has not evaluated how endocranial bones (i.e., the ethmoid and sphenoid) play a role in postnatal craniofacial growth. Thus, while researchers have hypothesized that the long postnatal period of continued growth contributes to the high amount of variation observed in adult facial variation, this has yet to be shown empirically. The presented research uses cranial data obtained from 299 computer tomographic (CT) scans of juvenile heads to document the growth changes that take place in the mid-face to establish adult human craniofacial variation. The growth trajectories of five developmentally independent regions of the face were studied: the frontonasal “module”, the left and right maxillary “modules”, the sphenoid “module”, and the ethmoid “module”. This study examined: 1) if developmental “modules” of the face remain proportional to each other throughout postnatal growth; 2) which “modules” of the face experience the most shape change during postnatal growth; and 3) if males and females have different growth trajectories of the five “modules” under study. Results of analyses demonstrate clear distinctions between the sexes in growth patterns, as well as between the modules. Analyses within each module indicate that shape changes are occurring locally, while all of the units of the face, with the exception of the ethmoid, are remaining in relatively the same positions throughout growth. Results also reveal that males and females display different growth trajectories for the five “modules” under investigation. vii This study applies current hypotheses of postnatal ontogeny to a human skeletal sample of known age and sex, providing support for the early onset of craniofacial variation and differential growth trajectories for males and females. The implications of this study provide important information for our current understanding of postnatal facial growth. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 Research Goals and Hypotheses ................................................................................................. 3 Organization of Chapters ........................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 2 CRANIOFACIAL GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND MODULARITY ............ 7 Midface Growth and Development ............................................................................................. 7 Prenatal Development of the Face .........................................................................................
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