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Home , Madera Group, Manzano Mountains

State Park and State Park Series Abó and Quarai units of the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument

e d n a 25 r G Santa io Fe R 55 40 Manzano Albuquerque 55

Chato National Forest Boundary National Forest

Deming Las Cruces MANZANO MOUNTAINS 10 STATE PARK El Paso Manzano Mountains State Park FIGURE 1—Location of Manzano Mountains State Park.

Introduction Eighteen miles northwest of Mountainair in the foothills of the Manzano Mountains and south of the village of Manzano, lies Manzano Mountains State Park (Fig. 1), established in 1973. FIGURE 3—View of Manzano Mountains from a trail in Manzano Moun- “Manzano” is Spanish for apple and refers to old apple orchards tains State Park. found in the town of Manzano. The apple trees were planted after 1800 as determined by tree ring growth, although local legends juniper trees are abundant. The alligator juniper is named for the claim that the apple trees were planted in the 17th century by checkered pattern on the bark of older trees, which resembles an Spanish missionaries traveling to the nearby Indian pueblos alligator's hide. Nearby, Tajique, Torreon, and 4th of July Canyons (Stanley, 1962; Julyan, 1996; Laine and Laine, 1998). The few in the Manzano Mountains contain some of the largest stands of remaining trees are probably the oldest apple trees in the United Rocky Mountain and big-toothed maple trees in the Southwest; States. There are no apple trees at Manzano Mountains State Park, spectacular fall colors attract visitors from throughout the area. but Gambel oak, Emory oak, piñon, ponderosa pine, and alligator The Manzano Mountains also play an important role as a raptor flyway during spring and fall migrations. Some species of birds To NM Ð 55 may fly 200 mi in a day and several thousand miles in a season. The park has a field checklist available to visitors who enjoy bird Gate entrance to watching. National Forest The 160-acre state park, at an elevation of 7,300 ft, is reached via a well-graded gravel road off NM–55 near Manzano. This same road continues on to Red Canyon and the Manzano Mountains Wilderness area, established in 1978. The 36,970-acre Manzano GS Mountains Wilderness ranges from juniper woodland at approxi- mately 5,000 ft to pine and aspen at approximately 10,000 ft. It is administered by the . $ Popular activities at the state park include camping, bird watch- ing, photography, hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, and cross-country skiing. Horseshoe pits are also available. The park has restrooms (no showers), electrical hookups, RV dump station, 1 17 campsites (Fig. 2), and a large pavilion. A ⁄2-mi nature trail wanders throughout much of the park grounds; other park Game trails connect to trails in the Cibola National Forest via a gate at court the forest boundary. One of the forest trails reaches the crest of the Manzano Mountains at an elevation of 10,098 ft. The Manzano Workshop Mountains lie in the background to the west (Figs. 3, 4), and the Estancia Basin lies to the east. The state park is open from mid- April through October. Park office Tables Dump station The main Visitor Center for the Salinas Pueblo Missions Park residence Restrooms Electrical hookup National Monument is headquartered in Mountainair. The monu- ment, established in 1980, consists of three pueblo sites and Shelter Water hydrant Handicap site G S Spanish missions: Abò, Quarai (Fig. 5), and Gran Quivira. The Group shelter Hiking trail $ Pay station Quarai site, also on NM–55, is a few miles southeast of the Manzano Mountains State Park, south of Punta de Aqua. FIGURE 2—Facilities map of Manzano Mountains State Park. “Salinas” is Spanish for salt or salt marshes. There are no camping

108 NEW MEXICO GEOLOGY November 2000 FIGURE 4—Manzano Mountains form the skyline beyond Manzano FIGURE 5—Quarai ruins. Mountains State Park. facilities at the national monument. In 1995, the Salt Missions Trail key-driven rock millstones used to grind other rocks and grain), was established and forms a loop connecting Tijeras, Manzano and then spread it on patios to be heated by the sun. The salt com- Mountains State Park, Quarai, Mountainair, Gran Quivira, bined with the silver to form silver chloride, which was then Willard, Estancia, and Moriarty (Fig. 6). reduced to pure silver by the sunlight. Estancia Basin salt was also used by the Spanish to cure leather and was needed for raising History animals (Kraemer, 1976). As time passed, the Indians had to give more and more of their Prehistoric people traveled and hunted in the Estancia Basin from crops to the church and to the colonial government in Santa Fe; about 12,000 to 10,000 yrs before present (B.P.; Lyons and Ebert, there was not enough time and man power to both grow crops 1982; Lang, 1993). Hunters of the Sandia, Clovis, Folsom, and and mine salt. The pueblo way of life was further hampered by Plano cultures (Paleo-Indian people) established camping sites changes in climate as drought hit the basin in the 1660s. Famine throughout the basin from about 8,000 to 12,000 yrs B.P. (Lyons and pestilence followed, and raids by Apache Indians increased and Ebert, 1982; Lang, 1993). About 600 A.D. agriculture and a (Kraemer, 1976). Finally, the great missions were abandoned, Gran more sedentary village lifestyle became a part of prehistoric life. Quivira in 1671, Abò in 1673, and Quarai in 1677 (Murphy, 1993). Pithouses began to appear in the Estancia Basin, similar to those of By the time of the Pueblo Revolt in 1680, no one lived permanent- the Mogollon culture. ly in the basin, although the nomadic Apache, Comanche, and Between 900 and 1,500 A.D. the Estancia Basin was one of the Navajo Indians hunted in the area. The sandstone and adobe walls more populous areas of New Mexico. The Pueblo Indians mined at Abò and Quarai and the walls at Gran Quivira began salt from the playa lakes and established trade routes with the to crumble and collapse. Don Diego de Vargas led the Reconquest Plains Indians to the east, other Pueblo Indians along the Rio of New Mexico in 1692–1693, but the Estancia Basin was not set- Grande to the west, and the Jumanos Indians to the southwest tled again until the 1700s. The Spanish would attempt to mine salt (Kraemer, 1976). The Pueblo Indians settled along the western once or twice a year under heavily armed escorts (Kraemer, 1976). edge of the Estancia Basin; raised corn, squash, beans, and cotton; Hispanic sheepherders began grazing their flocks in the and built villages at the Salina Pueblos called Abò, Quarai, and Manzano area about 1703. Hispanic settlers from Tomè, northeast Gran Quivira (Murphy, 1993). They established other smaller set- of Belen, established Manzano village in 1824, and in 1829 the set- tlements in the basin. Salt, piñon nuts, local crops, and hides of tlers were granted the Manzano Land Grant (Stanley, 1962; Julyan, animals hunted in the Manzano Mountains were traded for other 1996). The state park is part of the original land grant. Manzano needed commodities. Quarai (Fig. 5) lies in the juniper forest, a Lake, southeast of the village, was once the site of a gristmill. setting similar to the state park. Quarai had the advantage of nat- Navajo, Comanche, and Apache Indians continued raiding the set- ural springs and the forest to provide shade and construction tlements until the 1860s. Hispanic settlers raised cattle and sheep materials for building. Abò lies south of Quarai and was on the and grew chile, onions, beans, corn, and alfalfa. A U.S. Post Office trade route connecting the salt lakes to the Rio Grande. Gran was established at Manzano in 1871 (at that time spelled Quivira, the largest of the ruins, is farther south on Chupadera Manzana). In 1876, the post office changed the spelling to Mesa and was nearest the Plains Indians to the east (Fig. 6). Manzano, but in 1918, the post office closed. Immigrants from Don Juan de Oñate was one of the first of the Spanish explorers Texas and Arkansas homesteaded much of the Estancia Basin in to visit the pueblo communities in the Estancia Basin in 1598 the early 1900s. (Murphy, 1993). Soon Catholic missionaries came and built large The arrival of the railroad to the region brought homesteaders churches within the existing pueblo complexes. Ultimately six and a boost in the economy. John W. Corbett, a newspaperman churches were built in the basin; ruins remain at Abò, Quarai, and from Kansas, heard that the proposed Belen cutoff of the Gran Quivira. Local stone was used along with clay to make Atchinson, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad would go through Abo adobe bricks and walls. As early as 1660 the Spanish coerced the Pass. Corbett and Col. E. C. Manning located a townsite at the Indians to mine salt, which was shipped 700 mi to Parral and highest point in the pass in 1901, and they called the town Chihuahua, Mexico, for processing silver that was being mined Mountainair because of mountain breezes in the summer. The cut- there (Northrop, 1959). The Spanish used the smelting method off was completed in 1908. A U.S. Post Office was established in called the patio process. They mixed silver sulfide with salt and 1903. mercury, ground the mixture to a powder in arrastras (large don- Exploitation of salt continued into the 20th century, when in

November 2000 NEW MEXICO GEOLOGY 109 ° ° Tijeras 106 105 30’

337 40 40 ° 66 Clines Corners 35 Martinez Moriarty

Lobo Hill 6501

Manzanita Mts.

McIntosh Witt Estancia Estancia Basin (6107) 55 Tajique Pedernal (6700) Hills Torreon

41 60 Negra Laguna del Encino Manzano Mts. Manzano Perro Dunmoor Pedernal Carnero Punta de Agua Willard Quarai Manzano Mission Mountains Ruin 3 State Park Salina Rattlesnake Lake Hills Abo Mountainair Mission 34° 30’ Ruin Duran Progresso Mesa ~ Duran Abo Pinos Wells 14 42

41 54

Cedarvale Torrance

Chupadera MesaGran Quivira Chupadera Mission Ruin

0 10 Miles

0 10 20 Kilometers

FIGURE 6—The Salt Missions Trail in the Estancia Basin forms a loop connecting Tijeras, Manzano Mountains State Park, Quarai, Mountainair, Gran Quivira, Willard, Estancia, and Moriarty.

1915, Julius Meyer began producing salt commercially. From 1915 granitic rocks of the Ojita, Monte Largo, and Priest plutons. The to 1933 several companies mined salt; approximately 1,050 tons Ojita pluton is 1,527 m.y. old, the Monte Largo pluton is 1,656 m.y. was produced in 1932–1933 (Talmage and Wootton, 1937; old and the Priest pluton is 1,427 m.y. old (Bauer et al., 1993). The McLemore, 1984). When the Carlsbad potash mines opened and metamorphic rocks are clearly older than the 1,656 m.y.-old Monte began producing salt as a by-product, operations in the Estancia Largo pluton and may be as old as 1,700 m.y. (Bolton, 1976; Bow- Basin were abandoned. Total production of salt from the Estancia ring et al., 1983). Boulders of these metamorphic rocks are scat- Basin is unknown. tered throughout the state park. Homesteaders raised pinto beans, and Mountainair was known Regional uplift occurred, and several thousand feet of erosion as the “Pinto Bean Capital of the World” until drought once again followed forming a regional erosional surface that records no hit the area in the 1950s. Today, Mountainair is a small ranching deposition in the Manzano Mountains until Late , a community that attracts tourists, railroad workers, and travelers gap in the geologic record of about 1.1 m.y. The contact between passing through on US–60. the substantially older rocks and younger Mississip- pian rocks is called an “unconformity.” This particular unconfor- Geology mity was recognized in the Grand Canyon area and was called the Great Unconformity by John Wesley Powell. The Manzano Mountains are a north-south elongate, east-tilted Marine seas began to cover New Mexico during late Paleozoic fault block that formed as part of the eastern flank of the Rio time and deposited Mississippian- and -age sedi- Grande rift during time, about 20–15 m.y. ago. The oldest ment unconformably on the Proterozoic rocks (Myers, 1982). The rocks exposed in the highest peaks of the Manzano Mountains are Mississippian Caloso Formation of Myers (1982) and the Pennsyl- Proterozoic quartzites, mica schists, metasiltstones, phyllites, vanian represent the first stage of marine depo- metarhyolite, amphibolite, and basic schist (Fig. 7; Bauer, 1982, sition and consist of a mixture of thin nonmarine , silt- 1983; Cavin et al., 1982). These rocks were subsequently metamor- stones, sandstones, and conglomerates and marine limestones and phosed (Marcoline et al., 2000) and then intruded locally by shales (Myers, 1982). The Caloso Formation is poorly exposed,

110 NEW MEXICO GEOLOGY November 2000 FIGURE 7—Geologic map of Manzano Moun- 106° 15' tains and vicinity, including Manzano Moun- Canyon tains State Park (modified by V. T. McLemore Tijeras from Myers, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1977, 1982; Myers and McKay, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974). Albuquerque Tijeras 40 consists of local, thin (less than 22 ft thick), nonfossiliferous limestones, and is proba- Tijeras fault bly part of the Arroyo Peñasco Group 35° 00' (Broadhead, 1997). The Sandia Formation is approximately 90–320 ft thick, and most of the sediment was probably derived from the Pedernal uplift, which forms the Escabosa eastern edge of the Estancia Basin (Figs. 6, and Tertiary 7). These rocks were probably deposited Chilili surficial deposits about 320 m.y. ago, based on fossil evi- dence (Myers, 1982), and are exposed along the western foothills of the Manzano Los Moyos Canyon Mountains (Fig. 7). 14 The overlies the Sandia Guadalupe Formation and represents the major Peak marine sequence of the Pennsylvanian and Wild Cow Formation Early . The Madera Group is Bosque 1,200–1,270 ft thick and consists of the Los Peak Tajique Los Moyos Limestone Moyos Limestone (oldest), Wild Cow 34° 45' and Sandia Formation Formation, and Bursum Formation (Broadhead, 1997). Many of the limestone Torreon Proterozoic metamorphic Capilla and igneous rocks boulders found in the state park belong to Peak these formations. The Los Moyos Limestone and Wild Cow Formation con- sist of marine limestones with interbedded Manzano siltstones, shales, sandstones, and con- Contact, approximately located glomerates. The Bursum Formation is the Manzano last phase (Early Permian) of marine depo- Mountains Fault, dashed where sition during the Pennsylvanian–Permian State Park concealed, bar and ball and consists of alternating sequences of Quarai on downthrown side red arkosic sandstones, red and green fault shales and siltstones, and greenish-gray 0 10 Miles marine limestones. Carbon dioxide (CO2) Mountainair was discovered in the Pennsylvanian rocks 0 16 Kilometers near Estancia in 1925 (McLemore, 1984). 34° 30' Montosa 60 Carbon dioxide was produced from 1932 Abo to 1942 and was converted into dry ice. Abo The brick red sandstones, shales, and mudstones of the Permian Abo Formation Priest Canyon were deposited on top of the Madera Group after the Pennsylvanian seas retreated about 250 m.y. ago. The lower units of the Abo Formation were deposited in high-energy allu- the eastern boundary, Chupadera Mesa forms the southern vial-fan and pediment environments, and the upper units were boundary, and Lobo Hill separates the Estancia Basin from the deposited in low-energy fluvial floodplain and shallow-water lake Española Basin to the north (Broadhead, 1997). environments (Hatchell et al., 1982). Abo sandstones were used at During the last ice age between 24,000 and 12,000 yrs B.P., a Abò and Quarai by the Pueblo Indians to build their homes and large pluvial lake filled the basin (Bachhuber, 1982; Smith and later the churches. The area of the state park has been stripped of Anderson, 1982; Allen and Anderson, 2000). The maximum extent younger rocks by erosion and is underlain by the Abo Formation of the lake was approximately 40 mi long, 23 mi wide, and it (Fig. 7). Rocks eroding from the Manzano Mountains form a thin would have covered the towns of Estancia and Willard with near- veneer on top of the Abo and other Permian and Pennsylvanian ly 100 ft of water (Allen, 1994). Shore features, cliffs, terraces, rocks in the surrounding Manzano area. The younger Yeso beach ridges, and other lake features, preserved in the Estancia Formation, at one time overlying the Abo Formation, also has Basin east of the state park, record a series of changing water lev- been eroded in the Manzano area and is only exposed to the east els in the lake from 24,000 to 12,000 yrs B.P. caused by rapid shifts in the Estancia Basin. in climate. Lake Estancia gradually dried up after about 12,000 yrs The state park lies on the western edge of a closed basin, called B.P., and the floor became exposed (Allen and Anderson, 1993, the Estancia Basin (Fig. 6), which initially formed as a deposition- 2000). A return to wetter conditions resulted in the filling of the al basin during the Early Pennsylvanian with the deposition of the basin again by a younger lake (called Lake Willard by some geol- Sandia Formation and Madera Group. The present structural ogists) at about 10,000 yrs B.P. (Bachhuber, 1982; Allen and Ander- basin formed when the Sandia, Manzano, Manzanita, and Los son, 2000). These lakes did not have any outlets to the Rio Grande Pinos Mountains were uplifted during formation of the Rio or anywhere else, and the water became saline over time, in part Grande rift about 20–15 m.y. ago (McLemore, 1999; Bauer et al., in as a result of evaporation and also as a result of contributions from press). The Sandia, Manzano, Manzanita, and Los Pinos underlying Yeso evaporites. Mountains form the western boundary, the Pedernal Hills form Today, a complex of playa lakes and surrounding gypsum and

November 2000 NEW MEXICO GEOLOGY 111 clay dunes remain following excavation or deflation of the ancient Bowring, S. A., Kent, S. C., and Sumner, W., 1983, Geology and U-Pb lake bottom since about 8,000 yrs B.P. by southwesterly wind. An geochronology of Proterozoic rocks in the vicinity of Socorro, New Mexico; in overall rise in the water table and return to a slightly wetter cli- Chapin, C. E., and Callender, J. F. (eds.), Socorro country II: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 34, pp. 137–142. mate have reversed the trend from deflation to sediment filling of Broadhead, R. F., 1997, Subsurface geology and oil and gas potential of Estancia the lakes (Allen, 1994). As saline water in some of the playas evap- Basin, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, orated, a residue of halite (salt) and minor sodium sulfates and Bulletin 157, 54 pp. magnesium sulfates precipitated. The deposits of halite became Cavin, W. J., Connolly, J. R., Woodward, L. A., Edwards, D. L., and Parchman, valuable commodities to the Pueblo Indians that settled at Abò, M., 1982, stratigraphy of Manzanita and north Manzano Quarai, and Gran Quivira and later to the Spanish and Anglo set- Mountains, New Mexico; in Grambling, J. A., Wells, S. G., and Callender, J. F. (eds.), Albuquerque country II: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook tlers. Today, the playa lakes in Estancia Basin range in size from a 33, pp. 191–196. few acres to more than 12 mi long (Fig. 6; Meinzer, 1911; Talmage Hatchell, W. O., Blagbrough, J. W., and Hill, J. M., 1982, Stratigraphy and cop- and Wootton, 1937). per deposits of the Abo Formation, Abo Canyon area, ; in Grambling, J. A., Wells, S. G., and Callender, J. F. (eds.), Albuquerque country Summary II: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 33, pp. 249–260. Julyan, R., 1996, The place names of New Mexico: University of New Mexico Manzano Mountains State Park lies in the foothills of the Manzano Press, Albuquerque, 385 pp. Mountains and on the edge of the Estancia Basin. Park visitors Kraemer, P. M., 1976, New Mexico’s ancient salt trade: El Palacio, v. 82, pp. 22–29. enjoy camping, bird watching, photography, hiking, horseback Laine, D., and Laine, B., 1998, New Mexico and Arizona state parks; a complete riding, mountain biking, and cross-country skiing. The Quarai recreation guide: The Mountaineers, Seattle, 270 pp. unit of the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument lies Lang, R. W., 1993, Early prehistory in the Estancia Basin; in Noble, D. G. (ed.), southeast of the state park and is a tribute to early settlement of Salinas: Ancient City Press, Santa Fe, pp. 3–5. the basin. The geologic evolution of the Estancia Basin influenced Lyons, T. R., and Ebert, J. I., 1982, Early man in the Estancia Basin; in Grambling, human occupation in the area. Playa lakes that formed in the area J. A., Wells, S. G., and Callender, J. F. (eds.), Albuquerque country II: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 33, pp. 15–16. contained salts, which led to early settlement and mining of the Marcoline, J. R., Ralser, S., and Goodwin, L. B., 2000, Field and microstructural salt (halite) in the basin by Pueblo Indians. These Indians estab- observations from the Capilla Peak area, Manzano Mountains, central New lished trade routes with the Plains Indians to the east and with Mexico: New Mexico Geology, v. 22, pp. 57–63. other Pueblo Indians along the Rio Grande. Drought, pestilence, McLemore, V. T., 1984, Preliminary report on the geology and mineral-resource over taxing by the Spanish government, and raiding by Apache potential of Torrance County, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Open-file Report 192, 202 pp. Indians ended the pueblo way of life in the basin by 1677. McLemore, V. T., 1999, Leasburg Dam State Park and Fort Selden State Hispanic homesteaders settled in the basin, starting in 1703, and Monument: New Mexico Geology, v. 21, pp. 66–70. ranching and farming continues today. Manzano Mountains State Meinzer, O. E., 1911, Geology and groundwater resources of Estancia Valley, Park and Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument are worth New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 275, 89 pp. visiting as scenic reminders of the relationships between geologic Murphy, D., 1993, Salinas Pueblo Missions: Southwest Parks and Monuments past and human history. Association, Tucson, 64 pp. Myers, D. A., 1966, Geologic map of the Tajique quadrangle, Torrance and Bernalillo Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Acknowledgments. Special thanks are given to the personnel of Quadrangle Map GQ–551, scale 1:24,000. Manzano Mountains State Park for their help. Bruce Allen, Adam Myers, D. A., 1967, Geologic map of the Torreon quadrangle, Torrance County, Read, Steve Cary, and Christy Comer reviewed this manuscript. New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–639, Peter Scholle, Director, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral scale 1:24,000. Resources, and State Geologist, is acknowledged for his support Myers, D. A., 1969, Geologic map of the Escabosa quadrangle, Bernalillo County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Quadrangle Map and encouragement of this project. GQ–795, scale 1:24,000. Myers, D. A., 1977, Geologic map of the Scholle quadrangle, Socorro, Valencia, References and Torrance Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1412, scale 1:24,000. Allen, B. D., 1994, Ancient lakes: a tool for understanding climatic change: Lite Myers, D. A., 1982, Stratigraphic summary of Pennsylvanian and Lower Geology, Summer, 3 pp. Permian rocks, Manzano Mountains, New Mexico; in Grambling, J. A., Wells, Allen, B. D., and Anderson, R. Y., 1993, Evidence from western North America S. G., and Callender, J. F. (eds.), Albuquerque country II: New Mexico for rapid shifts in climate during the last glacial maximum: Science, v. 260, pp. Geological Society, Guidebook 33, pp. 233–237. 1920–1923. Myers, D. A., and McKay, E. J., 1970, Geologic map of the Mount Washington Allen, B. D., and Anderson, R. Y., 2000, A continuous, high-resolution record of quadrangle, Bernalillo and Valencia Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological late climate variability from the Estancia Basin, New Mexico: Survey, Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–886, scale 1:24,000. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, v. 112, pp. 1444–1458. Myers, D. A., and McKay, E. J., 1971, Geologic map of the Bosque Peak quad- Bachhuber, F. W., 1982, Quaternary history of the Estancia Valley, central New rangle, Torrance, Valencia, and Bernalillo Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Mexico; in Grambling, J. A., Wells, S. G., and Callender, J. F. (eds.), Geological Survey, Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–948, scale 1:24,000. Albuquerque country II: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 33, pp. Myers, D. A., and McKay, E. J., 1972, Geologic map of the Capilla Peak quad- 343–346. rangle, Torrance and Valencia Counties, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Bauer, P. W., 1982, Precambrian geology and tectonics of the southern Manzano Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ–1008, scale 1:24,000. Mountains, central New Mexico; in Grambling, J. A., Wells, S. G., and Myers, D. A., and McKay, E. J., 1974, Geologic map of the southwest quarter of Callender, J. F. (eds.), Albuquerque country II: New Mexico Geological the Torreon 15-minute quadrangle, Torrance and Valencia Counties, New Society, Guidebook 33, pp. 211–216. Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map Bauer, P. W., 1983, Geology of the Precambrian rocks of the southern Manzano I–820, scale 1:24,000. Mountains, New Mexico: Unpublished MS thesis, University of New Mexico, Northrop, S. A., 1959, Minerals of New Mexico: University of New Mexico Albuquerque, 133 pp. Press, Albuquerque, 665 pp. Bauer, P. W., Karlstrom, K. E., Bowring, S. A., Smith, A. G., and Goodwin, L. B., Smith, L. N., and Anderson, R. Y., 1982, Pleistocene–Holocene climate of the 1993, Proterozoic plutonism and regional deformation—new constraints from Estancia Basin, central New Mexico; in Grambling, J. A., Wells, S. G., and the southern Manzano Mountains, central New Mexico: New Mexico Callender, J. F. (eds.), Albuquerque country II: New Mexico Geological Geology, v. 15, pp. 49–55, 77. Society, Guidebook 33, pp. 347–350. Bauer, P. W., Lozinsky, R. P., and Condie, C. J., in press, Albuquerque’s geology Stanley, F., 1962, The Manzano, New Mexico story: F. Stanley, P.O. Box 107, and culture; a guide to the natural and cultural histories of the Albuquerque Nazareth, Texas, 19 pp. area: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Scenic Trip 9, 144 Talmage, S. B., and Wootton, T. P, 1937, The non-metallic mineral resources of pp. New Mexico and their economic features (exclusive of fuels): New Mexico Bolton, W. R., 1976, Precambrian geochronology of the Sevillita Metarhyolite Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Bulletin 12, 159 pp. and the Los Pinos, Sepultura, and Priest plutons of the southern Sandia uplift, central New Mexico: Unpublished PhD dissertation, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, 57 pp. —Virginia McLemore

112 NEW MEXICO GEOLOGY November 2000