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Tesi Di Laurea La Solidarietà Digitale Tesi di Laurea La Solidarietà Digitale Da Seti@home a Boinc. Ipotesi di una società dell’elaborazione. di Francesco Morello 1 INDICE Introduzione............................................................... 4 Capitolo I Calcolo Vontario....................................... 5 1.1 Dai media di massa al calcolo distribuito......... 5 1.2 Calcolo Distribuito............................................... 6 1.3 Calcolo Volontario............................................... 8 1.3.1 Come funziona il calcolo volontario ?.......... 10 1.3.2 Applicazioni del Calcolo Volontario.............. 11 Capitolo II Analisi di BOINC.................................... 23 2.1 Piattaforma per il calcolo volontario............... 23 2.2 Architettura di BOINC........................................ 25 2.2.1 L'interfaccia di BOINC.................................... 25 2.2.2 Progetti e Volontari......................................... 31 2.2.3 Checkpointing e Work unit............................ 32 2.2.4 Crediti e ridondanza....................................... 32 2.2.5 Gli scopi di BOINC.......................................... 33 Capitolo III Aspetti tecnici del calcolo distribuito 36 3.1 Grid Computing vs Volunteer Computing....... 36 3.2 Hardware e Software per il Distributed Computing38 3.2.1 La Playstation 3 per raggiungere il Petaflop.41 Capitolo IV Aspetti sociali del calcolo volontario 45 4.1 Riavvicinarci alla scienza.................................. 45 2 4.2 Volontari oltre la CPU........................................ 47 4.2.1 Forum, Blog e Web site................................. 47 4.3 Sondaggi e Statistiche...................................... 48 4.4 Prospettive del calcolo volontario................... 48 Capitolo V Ipertesto................................................ 49 Conclusioni.............................................................. 50 Bibliografia............................................................... 51 3 Introduzione Negli ultimi decenni persino le più comuni azioni quotidiane sono state profondamente modificate dal progresso tecnologico. Tutti i campi sono stati influenzati dalla novità digitale: la conversione al bit ha investito la fotografia come il commercio, la comunicazione personale e di massa, persino il terrorismo e la politica. Questo studio è teso a mettere in evidenza come la “rivoluzione ed evoluzione“ digitale stia modificando ed innovando il concetto di solidarie- tà, offrendo nuove dimensioni globali in cui lʼutente può contribuire soli- dalmente, allargando i confini ed abbattendo le barriere nazionali, verso unʼipotesi prossima della “Società dellʼelaborazione”. Ripercorrendo lʼevoluzione informatica che ha gettato le basi della soli- darietà digitale e analizzando la piattaforma di calcolo volontario più famo- sa del web, traccerò i contorni della comunità online di supporto al calcolo distribuito, uno strumento comunicativo che ha lo scopo di spiegare in termini semplici questo universo e sensibilizzare gli utenti su temi scientifi- ci ed umanitari, con la speranza di ampliare maggiormente questa già grande comunità che aiuta la scienza. 4 Capitolo I Calcolo Vontario 1.1 Dai media di massa al calcolo distribuito. Nel villaggio globale dellʼepoca dei mass media, sono avvenuti innume- revoli cambiamenti. Quello che una volta veniva chiamato comunemente audience, che si ipotizzava rispondesse a teorie ipodermiche, è diventato lentamente un abile creatore di contenuti. Da passivi spettatori di un mes- saggio mediatico, questi abili e pazienti cittadini, grazie al web, hanno ini- ziato a tessere relazioni sociali e la comunicazione da verticale è divenuta orizzontale. La realtà sociale di internet è ormai indiscussa: blog, comu- nity, forum,instant messaging, sono un esempio dellʼinnumerevole quantità di strumenti che il cittadino comunicatore del villaggio globale ha a dispo- sizione 24 ore su 24 ore. I social network come my space, blogger, facebook, sono diventati il centro di interesse sia per gli utenti, sia per gli investitori bilionari di inter- net. Questa veloce evoluzione nellʼutilizzo di internet può essere riassunta in un modo: dopo vari tentativi di creare un prodotto di successo, utiliz- zando una prospettiva di vecchio stampo, alla fine sono stati gli utenti a creare il prodotto di successo, User Created Content (UCC). Esempi ecla- tanti di UCC sono sotto gli occhi di tutti: Wikipedia, Youtube, per citarne due, sono prodotti digitali continuamente creati dagli utenti di internet, un internet soprannominato Web 2.0. 5 il ruolo del computer, grazie allʼincremento delle risorse di elaborazione ed alla maggiore (quasi capillare) diffusione del mezzo, è profondamente cambiato nel corso degli anni e grazie al web, il computer è diventato no- do di una ragnatela che collega tutti i paesi del mondo. Tutte queste nuove caratteristiche e abilità molto utili, che hanno reso lʼutilizzo del computer molto più gradevole da quando si comunicava solo con un prompt, non potevano nascondere la prima caratteristica dellʼelaboratore, la computa- zione. Questʼultima variabile è quella che è cresciuta a dismisura se si pensa che un pc di 13 anni fà, con a bordo Windows 95, doveva avere come requisiti minimi, una cpu 133Mhz ed una RAM di 16 mb. La fre- quenza attuale dei processori moderni si aggira intorno al Ghz, con model- li di CPU che toccano perfino i 3Ghz. La interconnessione di elaboratori così potenti, sta alla base dellʼidea del calcolo distribuito, una nuova applicazione nella megalopoli digitale. 1.2 Calcolo Distribuito Alla base del calcolo distribuito vi è lʼidea di unire vari computer per generare una grande potenza di elaborazione, questa idea è stata di certo aiutata dalla diffusione di internet durante gli anni 90, era il primo periodo in cui i computer connessi in internet utilizzavano applicazioni per inviare email o navigare il web. I primi ricercatori iniziarono a realizzare che quel grande numero di macchine connesse in Internet avrebbero potuto essere utilizzate per for- mare un grande super computer virtuale. 6 Il calcolo distribuito può generare più potenza di elaborazione di qual- siasi supercomputer ed il distacco tra i due sistemi di calcolo crescerà sempre di più. Nel 1998 fu stimato che il progetto SETI@home era stato eseguito da circa 1 milione di computer e questo significava una potenza di calcolo di circa 60 TeraFLOPs1, mentre il super computer IBM ASCI White, il più ve- loce in quegli anni, generava una potenza di calcolo di circa 12 TeraFLOPs. Il milione di utenti di SETI@home rappresenta una piccolissima frazi- one degli utenti di internet e si stima che la popolazione di internauti arrivi entro il 2015 ad un miliardo2, Ciò che caratterizza questa versatilità e successo del calcolo distribuito rispetto ai sistemi di supercomputer costosi ed ingombranti è proprio lʼes- senza del calcolo distribuito: la rete di elaboratori che aderiscono alla con- divisione di risorse è molto simile alla struttura di internet, infatti la rete non dipende da ogni computer connesso, anzi ogni singolo nodo è proprio autonomo e lʼassenza di un nodo non compromette la struttura della rete. Inoltre lʼimplementazione del calcolo distribuito ha un vantaggio molto evidente: la sua economicità rispetto ai sistemi basati sui supercomputer, ciò significa un accesso molto più democratico allʼutilizzo di potenti risorse 1 Trillion floating-point operations per second. 2 D.P. Anderson. Public Computing: Reconnecting People To Science, Nov. 2003. http://boinc.berkeley.edu/papers.php 7 informatiche e quindi la potenziale riuscita di vari progetti scientifici, a pre- scindere dai fondi stanziati per la ricerca. 1.3 Calcolo Volontario “The worldʼs computing power and disk space is no longer primarily con- centrated in supercomputer centers and machine rooms. Instead it is dis- tributed in hundreds of millions of personal computers and game con- soles belonging to the general public”3. Il calcolo volontario è un aspetto molto romantico dellʼera digitale, infatti è un tipo di calcolo distribuito in cui gli utenti donano una percentuale delle risorse informatiche a disposizione, senza scopo di lucro. Dal punto di vista tecnico, può essere definito come una forma di calco- lo distribuito in cui gli utenti donano volontariamente risorse informatiche a progetti, i quali a loro volta usano queste risorse per analizzare dei dati più efficientemente. Qualsiasi utente in possesso di un computer connesso ad internet può contribuire a questi progetti, infatti scaricando un software per simulare dei modelli di dati e registrandosi al progetto, sarà a tutti gli effetti un volonta- rio e ad ogni accensione del proprio personal computer, contribuirà con una parte della potenza del suo elaboratore. I progetti sono normalmente accademici e svolgono compiti scientifici ma esistono anche eccezioni, ad esempio GIMPS e distributed.net, due 3 BOINC: A Stystem for Public-Resource Computing and Storage. 8 dei primi progetti che hanno riscosso molto successo, non sono accade- mici. I volontari sono utenti anonimi, sebbene agli utenti è chiesto di regi- strarsi e di fornire un indirizzo email valido o altre informazioni, non esiste un modo per un progetto di collegare lʼutente volontario con la sua identità reale. A causa dellʼanonimato, i volontari non hanno nessuna responsabili- tà nei confronti dei progetti. Se un volontario ha un comportamento erra- to,per esempio, danneggiare i risultari dellʼelaborazione in modo intenzio- nale, il progetto non può perseguire o giudicare lʼutente volontario. Dʼaltronde anche i Volontari
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