DOCSLIB.ORG

Status Report for the Bald Eagle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Status Report for the Bald Eagle STATE OF WASHINGTON October 2007 Status Report for the Bald Eagle by Derek W. Stinson, James W. Watson and Kelly R. McAllister The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife maintains a list of endangered, threatened and sensitive species (Washington Administrative Codes 232-12-014 and 232-12-011, Appendix D). In 1990, the Wash- ington Fish and Wildlife Commission adopted listing procedures developed by a group of citizens, interest groups, and state and federal agencies (Washington Administrative Code 232-12-297, Appendix D). The procedures include how species listing will be initiated, criteria for listing and delisting, public review and recovery and management of listed species. The first step in the process is to develop a preliminary species status report. The report includes a review of information relevant to the species’ status in Washington and addresses factors affecting its status including, but not limited to: historic, current, and future species population trends, natural history including ecologi- cal relationships, historic and current habitat trends, population demographics and their relationship to long term sustainability, and historic and current species management activities. The procedures then provide for a 90-day public review opportunity for interested parties to submit new scientific data relevant to the draft status report and classification recommendation. During the 90-day review period, the Department may hold public meetings to take comments and answer questions. At the close of the comment period, the Department completes the final status report and listing recommendation for presentation to the Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission. The final report and recommendations are then released 30 days prior to the Commission presentation for public review. The 2001 Status Report for the Bald eagle was reviewed by researchers and state, provincial, and federal agencies, and was then subject to a 90-day public comment period from 1 July – 30 September 2001. This report is an update of the 2001 report. It was reviewed by bald eagle specialists in Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and external experts, and will be subject to a 30-day public review. The Department will present this status review and a recommendation to down-list the bald eagle to the Fish and Wildlife Commission at the 8 December meeting in Port Angeles. Send written comments on this report or the rec- ommendation to down-list the bald eagle to Sensitive by 30 November via e-mail to: [email protected] or by mail to: Endangered Species Section Manager Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 600 Capitol Way North, Olympia, WA 98501-1091 This report should be cited as: Stinson, D. W., J. W. Watson, and Kelly R. McAllister. 2007. Washington State Status Report for the Bald Eagle. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia. 86 + viii pp. Cover photos by Joe Higbee (eagle) and Jim Watson (background aerial of Eagle Island and Otso Point of Anderson Island, Pierce County) Title page illustration by Michelle LaGory WASHINGTON STATE STATUS REPORT FOR THE BALD EAGLE D. W. Stinson, J. W. Watson, and K. R. McAllister Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Wildlife Program 600 Capitol Way N Olympia, Washington October 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 TAXONOMY ................................................................................................................................. 1 DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................................ 1 North America ................................................................................................................................1 Washington ....................................................................................................................................2 NATURAL HISTORY ................................................................................................................... 3 General Behaviors ..........................................................................................................................3 Reproduction ...................................................................................................................................3 Longevity, Survival, and Mortality ................................................................................................4 Diet and Foraging ...........................................................................................................................6 Home Range, Migration, and Dispersal ..........................................................................................8 Ecological Relationships ...............................................................................................................13 HABITAT REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................... 14 Nesting Habitat ............................................................................................................................14 Perch Trees ....................................................................................................................................15 Foraging Habitat ...........................................................................................................................15 Roosting Habitat ...........................................................................................................................16 POPULATION STATUS ............................................................................................................. 17 Decline, Protection and Recovery in North America ...................................................................17 Washington: Past ..........................................................................................................................20 Washington: Present .....................................................................................................................22 Washington Population: Future .....................................................................................................27 HABITAT STATUS ..................................................................................................................... 28 Past ...............................................................................................................................................28 Present ...........................................................................................................................................29 Future ............................................................................................................................................33 CONSERVATION STATUS ........................................................................................................ 34 Legal Status ..................................................................................................................................34 Management Activities in Washington ........................................................................................34 Surveys ..........................................................................................................................................34 Bald Eagle Management Plans .....................................................................................................36 Research .......................................................................................................................................38 Habitat Acquisition .......................................................................................................................39 Miscellaneous Activities ...............................................................................................................39 FACTORS AFFECTING CONTINUED EXISTENCE .............................................................. 40 Adequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms ...........................................................................40 Salmon ..........................................................................................................................................42 Other Prey Populations .................................................................................................................45 Disturbance and Habitat ................................................................................................................47 Contaminants ...............................................................................................................................52 Other Human-related Factors ........................................................................................................55 October 2007 ii Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................ 57 LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WDFW Washington State Status Report for the Bald Eagle
    STATE OF WASHINGTON October 2001 WashingtonWashington StateState StatusStatus ReportReport forfor thethe BaldBald EagleEagle by Derek W. Stinson, James W. Watson and Kelly R. McAllister Washington Department of FISH AND WILDLIFE Wildlife Program WDFW 759 The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife maintains a list of endangered, threatened and sensitive species (Washington Administrative Codes 232-12-014 and 232-12-011, Appendix I). In 1990, the Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission adopted listing procedures developed by a group of citizens, interest groups, and state and federal agencies (Washington Administrative Code 232-12-297, Appendix I). The procedures include how species listing will be initiated, criteria for listing and delisting, public review and recovery and management of listed species. The first step in the process is to develop a preliminary species status report. The report includes a review of information relevant to the species’ status in Washington and addresses factors affecting its status including, but not limited to: historic, current, and future species population trends, natural history including ecological relationships, historic and current habitat trends, population demographics and their relationship to long term sustainability, and historic and current species management activities. The procedures then provide for a 90-day public review opportunity for interested parties to submit new scientific data relevant to the draft status report and classification recommendation. During the 90-day review period, the Department held three public meetings to take comments and answer questions. The Department has now completed the final status report, listing recommendation and State Environmental Policy Act findings for presentation to the Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Populations, Behavior, and Seasonal Dispersal of Bald Eagles in Northwestern Illinois
    WINTER POPULATIONS, BEHAVIOR, AND SEASONAL DISPERSAL OF BALD EAGLES IN NORTHWESTERN ILLINOIS WILLIAM E. SOUTHERN s a result of efforts by Bent (1937)) Broley (1952)) Herrick (1924, A 1932, and 1933), Imler (1955)) and others, numerous data on the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus Zeucocephalus) are available. Little of the published information, however, pertains to the winter habits of the species or to winter population dynamics and seasonal movements. Between 27 November 1961 and 1 April 1962, at the Savanna Army Depot, Carroll and Jo Daviess counties, Illinois, my assistants and I spent 232 hours observing and attempting to trap eagles. Additional time was devoted to other aspects of the project (making and setting traps, securing bait, etc.). On several occasions we spent the entire daylight period in the area. The study area extended for 14 miles along the Mississippi River and its backwaters and sloughs, which were proliferated with islands (Fig. 1). Most of the slightly rolling terrain bordering the river was covered by deciduous forest. The trees along a portion of the main channel had been thinned to the point that the area (between points 1 and 2, Fig. 1) resembled a park. The study area represented only a small part of the habitat suitable for eagles near Savanna; however, it probably had the greatest abundance of food and, there- fore, eagles (we observed only four outside the Depot; three of these during spring dispersal). The concentrations reported during our study were larger than those reported elsewhere in the state. My objectives were to record behavior, live-trap, color-mark, and determine the movements of Bald Eagles during the winter and early spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Bald Eagle Haliaetus Leucocephalus
    Appendix A: Birds Bald Eagle Haliaetus leucocephalus Federal Listing N/A State Listing T Global Rank G4 State Rank S2 Regional Status Photo by Jason Lambert Justification (Reason for Concern in NH) Bald Eagle populations in the conterminous United States entered a severe population decline in the 1950s, largely a result of reproductive failure induced by biomagnification of the insecticide DDT (Buehler 2000). Some regional breeding populations, especially in eastern and southern states, became locally extirpated. This serious decline led to the designation of the bald eagle as Endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Following the banning of DDT and intensive reintroduction efforts, Bald Eagle populations gradually rebounded, and the species was removed from the federal endangered list in 2007. In the Northeast, recovery has been particularly strong since 2000. However, most states still consider Bald Eagle a SGCN due to historic extirpations and historic sensitivity to certain environmental stressors, particularly contaminants. Distribution Bald eagles currently occur and breed in all Lower 48 states and in Alaska. Based upon data provided by state agencies, from a population low of 417 breeding pairs in 1963 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimated that there were an estimated 1,500 breeding pairs in the contiguous 48 states in 1982 and an estimated 5,300 pairs in the same area in 1997 (derived from data in Buehler 2000), and nearly 9800 breeding pairs in the Lower 48 states in 2006. The USFWS estimated that there were 463 breeding pairs in the six New England states in 2006. The nationwide population has probably increased substantially since 2006, but more recently compiled information is not available from USFWS.
    [Show full text]
  • Shad in the Schools, NC
    Attachment 1 Food Web Activity Student Sheet Background Information: Shad in the Schools, N.C. The coastal rivers and shallow marine environments along the coast of North Carolina are home to complex ecosystems. Within these freshwater and saltwater ecosystems there is an intimate relationship between many different producers and consumers. These produces and consumers create an interconnected food web. Each organism is dependent on clean water, oxygen, and healthy riparian corridors on the lands adjacent to these waters. The disruption of just one component of any food web can disturb all living things, including humans. American shad, a member of the herring family, is one species of fish that plays a critical role in the river and near shore shallow marine ecosystems of North Carolina. Shad are an anadromous species, meaning they live in the ocean but return to the rivers of North Carolina in the spring to spawn, or reproduce, each spring. This means that shad serve as a food source for many animals living in both inland freshwater and marine environments. Predators of shad include other fishes such as striped bass and king mackerel, bald eagles, bottlenose dolphin, and humans. Bald eagles have evolved to raise their young at the same time that anadromous fishes, such as shad, return to the rivers to spawn so that the young eaglets will have a plentiful food source. This evolutionary trait highlights the connectivity that can be found within food webs. Bald Eagles can be viewed now through a new technology, web cams. To see eagles that feed on herring near North Carolina, view http://www.friendsofblackwater.org/camhtm2.html.
    [Show full text]
  • Bald Eagle Haliaeetus Leucocephalus
    Wyoming Species Account Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus REGULATORY STATUS USFWS: Delisted; Migratory Bird USFS R2: Sensitive USFS R4: Sensitive Wyoming BLM: Sensitive State of Wyoming: Protected Bird CONSERVATION RANKS USFWS: Bird of Conservation Concern WGFD: NSS3 (Bb), Tier II WYNDD: G5, S4B/S5N Wyoming Contribution: LOW IUCN: Least Concern PIF Continental Concern Score: 9 STATUS AND RANK COMMENTS Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is provided international protection under the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, as amended 1. In 1940, Bald Eagle was provided protection under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act 2. In 1966, the southern subspecies was listed as federally endangered under the Endangered Species Preservation Act; the entire population in the contiguous United States was listed as endangered in 1978 under the 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA). A significant increase in numbers of nesting pairs, productivity, and distribution allowed Bald Eagle to be reclassified from Endangered to Threatened in 1995 under the ESA 3. Bald Eagle was delisted in 2007, and numbers are considered to be stable to increasing across its range 4. The species has been assigned different state conservation ranks by the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database for the breeding season and nonbreeding season because the abundance of the species is different between seasons. NATURAL HISTORY Taxonomy: Bald Eagle is a member of the family Accipitridae, which includes kites, eagles, harriers, and hawks 5. There are two subspecies of Bald Eagle; H. l. alascanus is found north of 40 degrees latitude across North America, including Wyoming, while H. l. leucocephalus is found south of 40 degrees latitude in the Gulf coast states 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Specialties Western
    REGIONAL SPECIALTIES WESTERN OSPREY 21 - 26” length SOUTHERN . FERRUGINOUS . Eagle sized; clean, white body. HAWK Black wrist marks. 20 - 26” length . Glides with kink (M) in long, narrow wings. MISSISSIPPI . Largest buteo; eagle-like. KITE . Pale below with dark leggings. 13 - 15” length . Mostly white tail; 3 color morphs. Long, pointed wings; slim body. Light body; dark wings; narrow, black tail. Not to scale. Buoyant, acrobatic flight. NORTHERN HARRIER 16 - 20” length PRAIRIE FALCON 14 - 18” length . Long, narrow wings and tail; sharp dihedral. Size of Peregrine; much paler plumage. Brown above, streaked brown below – female. Narrow moustache; spotted breast; long tail. Gray above, pale below with black wing tips – male. Dark armpits and partial wing linings. WING PROFILE IMMATURE BALD EAGLE BALD EAGLE GOLDEN EAGLE . Immature birds vary GOLDEN EAGLE greatly in the amount 27 to 35” length of white spotting on body and wings. White showing on wing linings is surely a Bald Eagle. BALD EAGLE . Like large buteo, curvy wings. Head protrudes much less than tail. Slight dihedral to wing profile. NOTE: Some hawks soar and glide with their wings raised above the horizontal, called a dihedral. 27 to 35” length . Head and tail length similar. Long, flat wings. Straight leading edge to wings. 24 to 28” length This guide developed by Paul Carrier is the property of the Hawk Migration Association of North America (HMANA). HMANA is TURKey VUltUre a membership-based, non-profit organization committed to the . Dark wing linings with light flight feathers. conservation of raptors through the scientific study, enjoyment, and . Small head; long tail; sharp dihedral.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume III, Chapter 6 American Shad
    Volume III, Chapter 6 American Shad TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.0 American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) ........................................................................... 6-1 6.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 6-1 6.2 Life History & Requirements...................................................................................... 6-1 6.2.1 Spawning Conditions ........................................................................................... 6-2 6.2.2 Incubation ............................................................................................................ 6-2 6.2.3 Larvae & Juveniles .............................................................................................. 6-2 6.2.4 Adult..................................................................................................................... 6-2 6.2.5 Movements in Fresh Water.................................................................................. 6-3 6.2.6 Ocean Migration.................................................................................................. 6-4 6.3 Population Identification & Distribution .................................................................... 6-4 6.3.1 Life History Differences....................................................................................... 6-4 6.3.2 Genetic Differences.............................................................................................. 6-4 6.4 Status & Abundance
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 AIM Program
    A Message from ASABE President Maury Salz Welcome to the 2019 Annual International Meeting (AIM) of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers in Boston, Massachusetts. I extend a special welcome to first time participants, international attendees and pre-professionals. I am confident you will find the meeting a welcoming and stimulating investment of your time. AIM offers a wide array of opportunities for you to gain knowledge in technical sessions, make new or catch-up with old friends at social events, contribute to the ongoing growth efforts in technical communities, and to celebrate the accomplishments of peers in the awards ceremonies. I highly encourage you to engage in the opening keynote session by GreenBiz’s Joel Makower and the following panel discussion on sustainability and the need for a national strategy, which could alter how we live. We as individuals, and collectively as ASABE, will be challenged to think about how this broader vision of sustainability could fundamentally change our lives and the profession. I want to thank our friends at Cornell University for serving as local hosts and the volunteer coordinators. Students work as volunteers to enhance the experience for all meeting participants and you can locate them by their blue shirts. Please thank them when you have the chance. Boston is rich in history and be sure to take some time to experience what this unique area has to offer. I also encourage you to participate actively in AIM and reflect on how you can advance the Society goals to benefit yourself personally and the people of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Predation by a Golden Eagle on a Brown Bear Cub
    SHORT COMMUNICATION N Sørensen et al. Predation by a golden eagle on a brown bear cub Ole J. Sørensen1,4, Mogens Totsa˚ s2, Tore eagles attending bears. Murie hypothesized that Solstad2, and Robin Rigg3 eagles attending bears were waiting for opportunities to capture prey trying to escape from the bears. He 1North-Trondelag University College, Department of also observed eagles swooping at and diving low over Natural Resource Sciences and Information Technology, grizzlies and other carnivores, but interpreted this Box 2501, N-7729 Steinkjer, Norway behavior as play or curiosity, rather than predation. 2 Norwegian Nature Inspectorate, N-7485 Trondheim, C. McIntyre (US National Park Service, Fair- Norway 3 banks, Alaska, USA, personal communication, 2008), Slovak Wildlife Society, PO Box 72, 033 01 Liptovsky a golden eagle researcher in Denali National Park for Hradok, Slovakia many years, has never seen an eagle attack a bear, although she has often observed eagles following Abstract: During spring 2004 an adult female brown bears in open terrain, perhaps positioning themselves bear (Ursus arctos) and her 3 cubs-of-the-year were to take prey escaping from the bear as suggested by observed outside their den on a south-facing low- Murie. Commensalistic hunting, as well as curious or alpine slope in central Norway. They remained near play behavior by eagles in the vicinity of bears, could the den for 8–10 days and were, except for one day, be misinterpreted as eagles hunting, attacking, or observed daily by Totsa˚s and other wardens of the inspecting bears as possible prey. Predation by eagles Norwegian Nature Inspectorate.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthony, R.G., J.A. Estes, M. A. Ricca, A. K. Miles, and E. D. Forsman
    Ecology, 89(10), 2008, pp. 2725–2735 Ó 2008 by the Ecological Society of America BALD EAGLES AND SEA OTTERS IN THE ALEUTIAN ARCHIPELAGO: INDIRECT EFFECTS OF TROPHIC CASCADES 1,5 2 3 3 4 ROBERT G. ANTHONY, JAMES A. ESTES, MARK A. RICCA, A. KEITH MILES, AND ERIC D. FORSMAN 1U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA 2U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Science Center, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95060 USA 3U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Science Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA 4U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA Abstract. Because sea otters (Enhydra lutris) exert a wide array of direct and indirect effects on coastal marine ecosystems throughout their geographic range, we investigated the potential influence of sea otters on the ecology of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA. We studied the diets, productivity, and density of breeding Bald Eagles on four islands during 1993–1994 and 2000–2002, when sea otters were abundant and scarce, respectively. Bald Eagles depend on nearshore marine communities for most of their prey in this ecosystem, so we predicted that the recent decline in otter populations would have an indirect negative effect on diets and demography of Bald Eagles. Contrary to our predictions, we found no effects on density of breeding pairs on four islands from 1993–1994 to 2000–2002. In contrast, diets and diet diversity of Bald Eagles changed considerably between the two time periods, likely reflecting a change in prey availability resulting from the increase and subsequent decline in sea otter populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Humboldt Bay Fishes
    Humboldt Bay Fishes ><((((º>`·._ .·´¯`·. _ .·´¯`·. ><((((º> ·´¯`·._.·´¯`·.. ><((((º>`·._ .·´¯`·. _ .·´¯`·. ><((((º> Acknowledgements The Humboldt Bay Harbor District would like to offer our sincere thanks and appreciation to the authors and photographers who have allowed us to use their work in this report. Photography and Illustrations We would like to thank the photographers and illustrators who have so graciously donated the use of their images for this publication. Andrey Dolgor Dan Gotshall Polar Research Institute of Marine Sea Challengers, Inc. Fisheries And Oceanography [email protected] [email protected] Michael Lanboeuf Milton Love [email protected] Marine Science Institute [email protected] Stephen Metherell Jacques Moreau [email protected] [email protected] Bernd Ueberschaer Clinton Bauder [email protected] [email protected] Fish descriptions contained in this report are from: Froese, R. and Pauly, D. Editors. 2003 FishBase. Worldwide Web electronic publication. http://www.fishbase.org/ 13 August 2003 Photographer Fish Photographer Bauder, Clinton wolf-eel Gotshall, Daniel W scalyhead sculpin Bauder, Clinton blackeye goby Gotshall, Daniel W speckled sanddab Bauder, Clinton spotted cusk-eel Gotshall, Daniel W. bocaccio Bauder, Clinton tube-snout Gotshall, Daniel W. brown rockfish Gotshall, Daniel W. yellowtail rockfish Flescher, Don american shad Gotshall, Daniel W. dover sole Flescher, Don stripped bass Gotshall, Daniel W. pacific sanddab Gotshall, Daniel W. kelp greenling Garcia-Franco, Mauricio louvar
    [Show full text]
  • Bald Eagle Nest in a Manitoba Heron 30L0ny Eagle/Coyote
    The Ring-billed Gull colony were several weeks old while heron appeared to contain complete chicks were just beginning to hatch. dutches, although no young had yet The observation is of interest and latched. Their nests contain “usually worthy of future field observation to three, sometimes two, very rarely determine if the two species will co¬ four” eggs.1 Sixty-two of these Ring- exist in such close proximity. The pilled Gull nests contained four eggs, abandonment of a heron colony at eight had five eggs and one had six Beaver Lake (54° 43’ N, 111° 53’ W) aggs. The remaining gull nests had between 1970 and 1972 supposedly he usual three. Numbers of four- due to the establishment of an eagle and five-egg clutches appear nest in the colony was reported by significant because they infer a larger Vermeer (Can. Field Nat. 87:427- than normal clutch size rather than 432). the pairing of two females. Other Ring-billed Gull colonies surveyed in 1979 contained abnor¬ mal clutch sizes, but none ap¬ EAGLE/COYOTE proached the proportion INCIDENT documented on the Bachelor’s Island polony. SIG JORDHEIM, White Bear, Sask¬ HARRISON, COLIN. 1978. A field guide atchewan, SOL 3L0. to the nests, eggs and nestlings of North American birds. Collins, New On 25 November 1979, I was on a York. 416 pp. hill overlooking Lake Diefenbaker. At this late date there were still several hundred Canada Geese and Mallard ducks on about an acre of open BALD EAGLE NEST IN A water toward the south shore of the MANITOBA HERON lake.
    [Show full text]