BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Indonesia Adalah Negara

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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Indonesia Adalah Negara BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Indonesia adalah negara yang memiliki banyak potensi sumber daya alam, salah satunya adalah hasil tambang. Negara ini memiliki banyak hasil tambang diantaranya seperti emas, tembaga, belerang, dan sebagainya. Manusia mengeksplorasi sumber daya alam dengan melakukan penambangan secara tradisional maupun secara modern. Penambangan yang dilakukan secara tradisional dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat-alat tradisional maupun dengan tenaga manusia, seperti cara dipikul dan lain sebagainya. Sedangkan penambangan secara modern dapat dilakukan dengan alat-alat canggih seperti mesin-mesin yang bisa digunakan pekerja agar mereka tidak kesulitan dalam bekerja. Berdasarkan data Asosiasi Pertambangan Indonesia pada tahun 2014, Indonesia menduduki peringkat ke-6 terbesar untuk negara yang kaya akan sumberdaya tambang, dengan potensi dan produksi sebagai berikut: cadangan batubara Indonesia hanya 0,5% dari cadangan dunia, produksinya menempati posisi ke-6 sebagai produsen dengan jumlah produksi mencapai 246 juta ton, peringkat ke-25 sebagai negara dengan potensi minyak terbesar yaitu sebesar 4,3 miliar barel yang terbukti dan 3,7 miliar barel potensial, peringkat ke-13 negara dengan cadangan gas alam. Indonesia menduduki 13 terbesar dunia sebesar 92,9 triliun kaki kubik, peringkat ke-7 yang memiliki potensi emas terbesar di dunia dengan produksi menduduki peringkat ke-6 di dunia sekitar 6,7%, peringkat ke-5 untuk cadangan timah terbesar di dunia sebesar 8,1% dari 1 cadangan timah dunia, peringkat ke-7 untuk cadangan tembaga dunia sekitar 4,1%, Peringkat ke-8 cadangan nikel dunia, cadangan nikel Indonesia sekitar 2,9% dari cadangan nikel dunia (www.hpli.org). Sedangkan tambang belerang yang ada di Kawah Ijen dalam sehari produksi belerang mencapai 14 ton per hari. Sedangkan jumlah produksi dalam 1 tahun kurang lebih 5.000 ton. (www.ptcandingrimbi.com). Penyebaran wilayah tambang belerang di Indonesia saat ini baru diketahui 6 Provinsi di Indonesia yaitu: Jawa barat : Gunung Tangkuban Perahu, Danau Putri, Galunggung, Ceremai, Telaga bodas, Jawa tengah : Gunung Dieng, Jawa timur : Gunung Arjuno, Gunung Welirang, Gunung Ijen, Sumatera utara : Gunung Namora, Sulawesi utara : Gunung Mahawu, Soputan, dan Gunung Sorek Merapi, Maluku : Pulau Damar (Sumarti :2010). Pekerja tambang belerang juga harus perlu memikirkan kondisi. Baik keadaan kondisi fisik maupun kondisi alam. Agar tingkat kecelakaan kerja dapat di minimalisirkan, maka para penambang belerang harus menjaga kondisi tersebut. Karena kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja merupakan salah satu upaya yang penting untuk menciptakan suasana bekerja yang aman dan nyaman. Berdasarkan UU No. 1 Tahun 1970 tentang keselamatan kerja, bahwa kecelakaan kerja adalah suatu kejadian yang tidak diduga ataupun tidak dikehendaki, dan yang mengacaukan proses yang telah diatur dari suatu aktivitas dan dapat menimbulkan kerugian baik korban manusia maupun kerugian harta benda. 2 Menurut data Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia, menyatakan angka kecelakaan kerja di Indonesia masih tergolong naik turun dari setiap tahunnya. Tercatat bahwa tahun 2016 menunjukan data jumlah kecelakaan kerja 106.129 orang, korban mati berjumlah 26 185 orang. Korban luka berat dan luka ringan berjumlah 144.108 orang (www.bps.go.id). Sedangkan kecelakaan kerja pada bidang pertambangan, pada tahun 2014 tercatat bahwa ada 48 orang cidera ringan, 78 orang mengalami cidera berat, dan 32 orang meninggal (www.esdm.go.id). Timbulnya kecelakaan kerja dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor diantaranya adalah faktor manusia atau pekerja dan faktor lingkungan. Faktor manusia memegang peranan penting didalam terjadinya kecelakaan kerja sedangkan dari segi lingkungan temperatur yang ada di tempat kerja dipercaya sebagai salah satu penyebab terjadinya kecelakaan kerja, suhu dilingkungan seperti pertambangan (Suma’mur,1989:7). Terdapat tujuh dusun di Desa Tamansari dengan sebagaian besar masyarakatnya bekerja sebagai penambang belerang. Mereka melakukan penambangan di Kawah Ijen, yaitu kawah dari Gunung Ijen yang lokasinya berada di Desa tersebut. Selain keindahan alamnya juga adanya penambang belerang tradisional yang menambang belerang di dasar Kawah Ijen. Menjadi menarik karena mereka menambang belerang masih dengan cara tradisional yaitu dengan cara dipikul dan peralatan yang digunakan juga masih sangat sederhana. Penambang belerang Kawah Ijen masih menggunakan cara yang sederhana untuk mengambil belerang. Mereka menggunakan kerangjang pikul untuk mengangkut belerang. Dengan menggunakan keranjang pikul sebagai alatnya, maka para 3 penambang belerang jika akan mengambil belerang mereka harus turun kebawah di dekat danau kawah. Setelah belerang dimasukukkan kedalam keranjang pikul selanjutnya belerang tersebut dibawa menuju tempat penimbangan belerang. Belerang yang mereka hasilkan kemudian mereka timbang di tempat penimbangan. Penimbangan tersebut ialah PT Candi Ngrimbi yang berada di Desa Tamansari Kecamatan Licin. Perusahaan tersebut bergerak di pengolahan barang tambang belerang dan bidang produksi bahan dasar sebagai suatu produk tertentu. Para penambang belerang yang ada di Kawah Ijen berjumlah sekitar 200 orang penambang. mereka bekerja setiap hari mulai dini hari hingga siang hari. Dengan medan yang berat yaitu berjalan melewati jalan yang sempit dan bebatuan dengan jarak sekitar 4 kilometer. Dalam sehari mereka mampu mengangkut belerang kurang lebih 70 kilogram, bahkan dari mereka ada yang bekerja hingga dua kali naik. Dengan harga yang tidak seberapa, dan harga belerang tersebut per-kilonya Rp 900,00 . Pendapatan tersebut tidak sebanding dengan apa yang mereka lakukan selama bekerja. Namun, pekerjaan ini tetap mereka lakukan dari dulu hingga sekarang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Penambang belerang harus memikirkan kondisi. Baik keadaan kondisi fisik penambang serta keadaan lokasi tempat penambangan, apakah dalam keadaan aman atau tidak. Sering kali asap tebal juga muncul dari kawah belerang dan juga berbahaya bagi keselamatan para penambang. Menjadi penambang belerang dengan risiko keselamatan kerja yang tidak terlalu banyak membuat mereka tetap bertahan bekerja sebagai penambang. Karena mereka bekerja untuk memenuhi kebutuhan keluarganya. 4 Meski pekerjaan tersebut memiliki risiko tinggi. Salah satunya adalah kecelakaan kerja, yang terjadi pada waktu mereka menambang. Dari hasil observasi di lapangan peneliti mengetahui kecelakaan kerja yang terjadi di kalangan penambang belerang ialah kecelakaan kerja bersifat ringan, sedang dan berat. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara peneliti dengan penambang yang pernah mengalami kecelakaan kerja ialah sebagai berikut kecelakaan kerja ringan berjumlah 2 orang penambang, kecelakaan kerja sedang berjumlah 3 orang penambang dan kecelakaan kerja berat berjumlah 1 orang penambang. Sebab menambang belerang bukanlah suatu pekerjaan yang mudah. Merujuk kecelakaan kerja yang pernah di alami para penambang di Kawah Ijen, membuat mereka tetap termotivasi untuk lanjut bekerja menjadi penambang belerang. Melimpahnya sumber daya belerang tersebut dimanfaatkan oleh penambang untuk kehidupan yang lebih sejahtera. Namun yang terlihat justru penambang hidup masih dalam kekurangan. Dikarenakan pendapatan yang hanya pas-pasan, serta waktu kerja yang dikeluarkan. Para penambang juga di baying-bayangi rasa takut pada kematian karena penyakit pernafasan. Secara rasional tentunya para penambang belerang memikirkan tentang cara-cara agar kebutuhan keluarganya tercukupi. 5 Mencermati fenomena tersebut maka skripsi ini mengkaji, memahami serta menunjukan secara kualitatif tentang kecelakaan kerja. Sebab frekuensi terjadinya kecelakaan kerja lebih sering disebabkan oleh faktor manusia. Karena manusia yang paling banyak berperan dalam menggunakan peralatan kerja. Oleh karena itu peneliti mengangkat judul “Rasionalitas Kecelakaan Kerja Dan Keselamatan Kerja Di Kalangan Penambang Belerang Kawah Ijen”. 1.2 Rumusan Masalah Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut rumusan masalahnya adalah :“Bagaimana Rasionalitas Kecelakaan Kerja Dan Keselamatan Kerja di Kalangan Penambang Belerang Kawah Ijen?” 1.3 Tujuan Penulisan Untuk mengetahui Rasionalitas Kecelakaan Kerja Dan Keselamatan Kerja di Kalangan Penambang Belerang Kawah Ijen. 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian 1.4.1 Manfaat Teoritis Secara teoritis penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menguatkan dan mengkritik pada konsep Weber tentang rasionalitas. Dan mengkaji konsep Weber terutama pada Rasionalitas dan untuk mengetahui Rasionalitas Kecelakaan Kerja Dan Keselamatan Kerja Penambang Belerang Kawah Ijen. 6 1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis a. Manfaat Bagi Civitas Akademika Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi tambahan referensi baru bagi civitas akademika. Sehingga dapat menunjang keilmuan dan mempertajam analisis terkait dengan tema penelitian ini. Terutama dalam Rasionalitas Kecelakaan Kerja Dan Keselamatan Kerja di Kalangan Penambang Belerang Kawah Ijen. b. Manfaat Bagi Peneliti Peneliti akan menjadi lebih paham tentang lingkup kerja penambang belerang di Ijen, sehingga peneliti juga mampu menerapkan analisis berkaitan dengan Rasionalitas Kecelakaan Kerja Dan Keselamatan Kerja Penambang Belerang Kawah Ijen. Selain itu peneliti akan lebih mengetahui dan memahami tingkat kecelakaan kerja yang ada di sektor informal, terutama pada bidang pertambangan. c. Manfaat Bagi Pemerintah Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan pertimbangan atau rujukan dalam pembuatan kebijakan bagi pemerintah terkait kebijakan pemerintah kepada penambang yang mengalami kecelakaan kerja.
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