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Das Kulturelle Gedächtnis Mesoamerikas Im Kulturvergleich Zum Alten China Das kulturelle gedächtnis mesoamerikas im kulturvergleich zum alten China : rituale Titulo im spiegel von schrift und mündlichkeit Graña Behrens, Daniel - Compilador/a o Editor/a; Graña Behrens, Daniel - Autor/a; Autor(es) Whittaker, Gordon - Autor/a; Wang, Xiaobing - Autor/a; Johansson K., Patrick - Autor/a; Riese, Berthold - Autor/a; Jansen, Maarten - Autor/a; Pérez Jiménez, Gabina Aurora - Autor/a; Megged, Amos - Autor/a; Brito Guadarrama, Baltazar - Autor/a; Reyes Equiguas, Salvador - Autor/a; Berlín Lugar Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Editorial/Editor Gerbr. Mann Verlag 2009 Fecha Estudios Indiana no. 2 Colección Cultura; Indígenas; Memoria; Mesoamérica; China; Temas Libro Tipo de documento "http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/Alemania/iai/20161114034520/pdf_1081.pdf" URL Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Derivadas CC BY-NC-ND Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.edu.ar Daniel Graña-Behrens (Hrsg.) DAS KULTURELLE GEDÄCHTNIS MESOAMERIKAS IM KULTURVERGLEICH ZUM ALTEN CHINA Rituale im Spiegel von Schrift und Mündlichkeit This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Namensnennung-NichtKommerziell-KeineBearbeitung 3.0 Deutschland License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/. The online version of this work can be found at: <http://www.iai.spk-berlin.de/publikationen/estudios-indiana.html> ESTUDIOS INDIANA 2 DAS KULTURELLE GEDÄCHTNIS MESOAMERIKAS IM KULTURVERGLEICH ZUM ALTEN CHINA Rituale im Spiegel von Schrift und Mündlichkeit Herausgegeben von Daniel Graña-Behrens Gebr. Mann Verlag • Berlin 2009 ESTUDIOS INDIANA Die Reihe ESTUDIOS INDIANA (früher „Indiana Beihefte“) präsentiert in Monografien und Sammelbänden die Ergebnisse von Forschungen zu den indigenen und multi- ethnischen Gesellschaften und Kulturen Lateinamerikas und der Karibik in Vergan- genheit und Gegenwart. Das Themenspektrum der Reihe umfasst alle Bereiche der amerikanistischen Studien einschließlich der Archäologie, der Ethnohistorie, der Kul- tur- und Sozialanthropologie sowie der Ethnolinguistik. En la serie ESTUDIOS INDIANA (anteriormente „Indiana Suplementos“) aparecen mo- nografías y ediciones sobre los resultados de las investigaciones acerca de las so- ciedades y las culturas indígenas y multiétnicas de América Latina y el Caribe en el pasado y el presente. Esta serie abarca una diversidad de temas de todas las áreas de los estudios americanistas incluyendo la arqueología, la etnohistoria, la antropología cultural y social y la etnolingüística. Herausgegeben vom Ibero-Amerikanischen Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz. Editado por el Instituto Ibero-Americano del Patrimonio Cultural Prusiano. Anschrift/Dirección: Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut, Potsdamer Str. 37, D-10785 Berlin, Alemania; www.iai.spk-berlin.de Herausgebergremium / Consejo editorial Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar Sáenz, Wolfgang Gabbert, Barbara Göbel, Bruno Illius, Mark Münzel, Heiko Prümers, Bettina Schmidt, Gordon Whittaker. Redaktion / Redacción: Peter Birle, Peter Masson www.iai.spk-berlin.de/publikationen/estudios-indiana.html [email protected] Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet unter http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Copyright © 2009 by Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin http://www.reimer-mann-verlag.de/mann/ Alle Rechte vorbehalten Satz: Anneliese Seibt, IAI; Umschlaggestaltung: Mariano Procopio Druck: COLOR-DRUCK Dorfi GmbH, Wünsdorfer Str. 83, D- 12307 Berlin Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-7861-2600-3 INHALT Einleitung Daniel Graña-Behrens: Das “Gedächtnis Mesoamerikas” im Spiegel von Schriftlichkeit und Mündlichkeit und im Kulturvergleich zum alten China.............................................................................................................. 7 Gordon Whittaker: Was there Historical Contact Between Early China and Mesoamerica?................................................................................................. 37 Xiaobing Wang-Riese: Zukunftsperspektive und Geschichtsbewusstsein in altchinesischen und mesoamerikanischen Hochkulturen .................................. 41 Patrick Johansson K.: And the Flint Stone became a Rabbit... The Creation of the South and the Origin of Time in the Aztec “Legend of the Suns” ............................................................................................ 77 Berthold Riese: Bücher in Mesoamerika .............................................................. 101 Maarten Jansen/Gabina Aurora Pérez Jiménez: Mixtec Rulership in Early Colonial Times. The Codex of Yanhuitlan ................................................ 149 Daniel Graña-Behrens: Piktographie und Erinnerung in der frühen Kolonialzeit am Beispiel von Cuauhtinchan, Puebla, Mexiko............................. 181 Amos Megged: From Pictoriality to Alphabetization: Comments on the Evolution of Nahua Visual Memory, 1570 to 1740 ............................................. 207 Baltazar Brito Guadarrama/Salvador Reyes Equiguas: The Meaning of the Codices for the Present-Day Indigenous Peoples .......................................... 235 Autorinnen und Autoren / Autoras y Autores / Authors...................................... 251 Daniel Graña-Behrens* Das “Gedächtnis Mesoamerikas” im Spiegel von Schriftlichkeit und Mündlichkeit und im Kulturvergleich zum alten China Nicht im Gedächtnis, sondern im Traum entfernt sich der Geist am weitesten von der Gesellschaft (Halbwachs 1985: 72). Nach dem obigen Zitat lebt der Mensch seine Phantasien, Wünsche und Ängste dort aus, wo die unmittelbare Kontrolle einer Gesellschaft und einer Kultur über die Art der Erinnerung und das Vergessen am geringsten ist: im Traum. Umgekehrt manifes- tiert sich jede persönliche Erfahrung neurologisch im menschlichen Gedächtnis. Was ist aber das kulturelle Gedächtnis? Wenn es nicht die Summe aller durch ein Kollektiv geformten individuellen Gedächtnisse ist, erscheint es wie der Traum, jedoch als ein Sammelbecken eben jener kollektiv besonderen Zustände von Überzeugungen, Vor- stellungen und Praktiken. Dann ist das kulturelle Gedächtnis entweder eine “Leerstel- le” für etwas, was nicht als Summe von Einzelelementen beschrieben werden kann (Pethes/Ruchatz 2001: 8f.) oder eine metaphorische Versinnbildlichung von Kultur in Form der menschlichen Gedächtniskapazität und -eigenschaft (Erll 2005: 97). In beiden Fällen steht das kulturelle Gedächtnis für eine jedes Individuum weit überragende Raum- und Zeitdimension, vergleichbar mit der virtuellen Welt im heuti- gen Cyberspace-Zeitalter. Das kulturelle Gedächtnis ist dann wie diese eine Parallel- welt zum Individuum, von dem es sich wie beim Träumen nicht frei machen kann. Zwar wird bemängelt, dass die Theorie vom kulturellen Gedächtnis keinen Anhalts- punkt bietet, wie biologische Hirne sich zu einem solchen kollektiven Hirn zusam- menschließen (Candau 2006: 67f.), doch auch hier genügt wieder ein Blick auf das Cyberspace-Zeitalter und auf Mary Douglas (1986), deren Analyse der Entstehung von Institutionen gezeigt hat, wie mithilfe einer Analogie zur Natur die Menschen eingefangen und geprägt werden und diese umgekehrt ebenso prägen. Nicht im * Der Herausgeber dankt der Volkswagen-Stiftung für das von ihr zwischen 2005 und 2008 geförderte Forschungsprojekt “Schrift, Ritual und das kulturelle Gedächtnis – das alte China und Mesoamerika im Vergleich” im Tandem mit Xiaobing Wang-Riese. Die im Sammelband enthaltenen Beiträge gehen auf ein im Rahmen dieses Forschungsprojekts in Shanghai, China, im Oktober 2005 abgehaltenes internationales Symposium zu Schrift und Ritual in den alten Hochkulturen Asiens und Amerikas zurück. 8 Daniel Graña-Behrens Traum, sondern im kulturellen Gedächtnis entfernt sich entsprechend der Mensch am weitesten von seiner Individualität. Zugleich ist der Mensch so ganz und gar in eine Kultur verstrickt, die, wie sie Ruth Benedicts in ihrem Buch Patterns of Culture (1934) beschreibt, Vergangenheit und Gegenwart als Gesamtheit von nicht auflösba- ren zeitlichen und räumlichen Bezügen vereint. Letztendlich wird so auch eine Syste- matizität von Kultur bejaht, die gerade im Zuge der writing (against) culture-Debatte von einigen verneint wird (Abu-Lughod 1991). In dem vorliegenden Sammelband wird das theoretische Konstrukt “kulturelles Gedächtnis” für Mesoamerika von verschiedenen Autoren allen voran über die Bedeu- tung von oraler Tradition, Schriftlichkeit und Ritual fruchtbar gemacht. Hierzu wird die Region mit ihren zeitlich unterschiedlich vielen Einzelkulturen kulturell monolit- hisch und zugleich diversifizierend behandelt. Vorweg werden allerdings vorgestellt, welche Ansätze bislang im Hinblick auf kulturelle Kontinuität, Wandel und Tradition entwickelt wurden, was sie leisten und wie sich das virtuelle Netz “kulturelles Ge- dächtnis” als Alternative in die Debatte um diesen Kulturraum einfügt. Nicht aus- schließlich, aber allen voran, wird das “kulturelle Gedächtnis” von Jan Assmann (1992) und die Betonung vom Ritual im Spiegel von Schriftlichkeit und Mündlichkeit thematisiert, jedoch im Gegensatz zu Assmanns mediterranen Hochkulturen hier das alte China kulturvergleichend erwähnt. 1. Mesoamerika:
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