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Finding the Words of God: the Contest for Moral Authority in Germany's Believing Protestant Community, 1888—1919

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Finding the Words of God: the Contest for Moral Authority in Germany's Believing Protestant Community, 1888—1919 FINDING THE WORDS OF GOD: THE CONTEST FOR MORAL AUTHORITY IN GERMANY’S BELIEVING PROTESTANT COMMUNITY, 1888—1919 By MARK RYAN CORRELL A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 Copyright 2006 by Mark Ryan Correll To Ina ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is the culmination of a work of passion and soul-searching. I have struggled with its findings and wrestled with its content in a way that has shaped my innermost beliefs. I feel privileged and thankful that I was able to work on a subject that lies so close to my beliefs. I look at this dissertation as merely the first step in a life-long project to grasp the nature of conflict and the Scriptures as they were understood in the nineteenth century. I feel grateful to everybody who has offered me support and encouragement. There are many who deserve my thanks. Gary Burge and Mark Noll, my professors at Wheaton, have my enduring thanks for introducing me to the subject of Biblical criticism and to the personal work of Adolf Schlatter and Christoph Blumhardt. Professor Noll has also graciously accepted to read parts of the dissertation and to serve on the reading committee. The University of Florida has provided me with a wonderful learning environment. Frederick Gregory has been the ideal dissertation advisor over the past five years, leaving me a free hand to delve into the subject of my choice but offering poignant advice and criticism when they were most useful. I am also thankful to Peter Bergmann, who has thoughtfully read and critiqued parts of my dissertation in its preparation. Finally, my thanks go to the department and alumni of the University of Florida who have supported me and my family generously through my graduate studies. iv I am deeply indebted to the Deutsche Akademische Austauschdienst and the University of Tübingen for their generous support for a year of research in German archives. The provincial archives for the Protestant churches in Stuttgart, Speyer, and Kiel overwhelmed me with their support, assistance, and friendliness. Their abundant resources are sadly underused by academics. I would also like to thank the state and university archives in Göttingen and the state library in Berlin for the use of materials. I would like to thank the faculty of Spring Arbor University for their faith in me even before seeing this completed dissertation. I would like to thank Ina for her patience with me in all of my ups and downs as I worked through this dissertation. v TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE THEOLOGY OF THE WORD OF GOD AND THE MORAL LEADERSHIP OF THE CHURCH IN WILHELMINE GERMANY ..................................................................................1 Martin Kähler, Adolf Schlatter, and Christoph Blumhardt Offering a New Path for an Old Belief to Guide Germany into the Twentieth Century ..................................3 The Believing Christian in the Context of Nineteenth-Century Protestantism ............5 The Religious Context of Kähler, Schlatter, and Blumhardt........................................8 Theology and Cultural History ...................................................................................18 2 THE MEETING POINT OF SACRED AND SECULAR HISTORIOGRAPHY.....25 Historical Theology and the Theology of the Nineteenth Century.............................26 Secular History and the Sacred Voices.......................................................................31 Martin Kähler..............................................................................................................36 Adolf Schlatter............................................................................................................41 Christoph Blumhardt ..................................................................................................48 Conclusion: The Issues Addressed .............................................................................58 3 HOW TO HONOR THE BIBLE: MARTIN KÄHLER’S THEOLOGICAL VIEWS OF THE BIBLE AND ETHICS....................................................................60 Martin Kähler’s Life: The Formation of a Believing Theologian ..............................62 Contra Critics: Kähler’s Opposition to Destructive Literary and Historical Criticism..................................................................................................................75 Contra Verbal Inspiration: Kähler’s Call for Moderation from Traditionalist Extremism ...............................................................................................................83 Resolving the Middle Way: the Bible as God’s Word in Martin Kähler’s Theology .................................................................................................................87 The Subjective Word of God and Belief ....................................................................91 vi A Response to Christ’s Sacrifice: God’s Word and Christian Ethics.........................94 Defending the Young and Protecting the Church: Kähler as Teacher......................100 Conclusion: Martin Kähler’s Voice for a Return to a Faithful Community Under God’s Word...........................................................................................................108 4 RECEIVING THE ANCIENT BELIEFS IN THE MODERN DAY: ADOLF SCHLATTER’S LIFE AND WORK .......................................................................111 “My Experience with the Bible”: a Biographical Overview of Adolf Schlatter’s Life ........................................................................................................................112 Schlatter’s Position in the Theological Academic Scene .........................................140 The Moderate Reactionary: Schlatter in the Classroom...........................................148 Conclusion: The Ivory Tower and the Practical System of Adolf Schlatter ............152 5 THE RESULT OF A PASSIONATE GENERATION: THE BELIEVING THEOLOGY OF ADOLF SCHLATTER................................................................154 Setting a Foundation for Modern Belief: An Overview of Schlatter’s Academic Work......................................................................................................................154 Schlatter and the Doctrines of Inerrancy and Inspiration .........................................183 The Calling and the Life: Schlatter’s Ethics.............................................................199 Conclusion: Memoirs of a Forgotten Theologian.....................................................218 6 VIEWS FROM THE KINGDOM OF GOD: THE LIFE AND PREACHING OF CHRISTOPH BLUMHARDT..................................................................................221 Growing up in the Kingdom of God: A Sketch of Christoph Blumhardt’s Life ......223 Biblical Realism and Natural Supernaturalism: Christoph Blumhardt’s Hermeneutic ..........................................................................................................230 Awakening the Sleeping Giant: Christoph Blumhardt’s Art of Preaching...............240 Calling Germany to Repentance: Prophecy in the Ministry of Christoph Blumhardt..............................................................................................................241 The Real and Future World: Blumhardt and the Kingdom of God ..........................247 Living the Kingdom of God on Earth: Blumhardt’s Ethics......................................259 Conclusion: Blumhardt as an Example of the Possibilities of Belief in Late- Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Theology ...........................................276 7 THE FRIENDS OF JOB: GERMAN SERMONS, 1888-1914................................280 German Sermons at the Beginning of the Effectiveness of Kähler, Schlatter and Blumhardt, 1888-1895 ..........................................................................................283 The Sermons During the Ascendency of Kähler, Schlatter, and Blumhardt, 1895- 1904.......................................................................................................................297 The Sermons of Kähler and Schlatter.......................................................................305 Sermons at Kähler’s and Schlatter’s Height of Influence, 1907-1914 .....................315 The Traces of Kähler and Schlatter in their Students...............................................327 Conclusion ................................................................................................................330 vii 8 CONFIDENT IN JESUS’S VICTORY: GERMANY’S PROTESTANT CLERGY’S SPIRITUAL GUIDANCE DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR ....333 The Changing Clerical Stance During World War I ................................................333 Adolf Schlatter and the First World War..................................................................357 Blumhardt and the War.............................................................................................378 The Rejection of His Elders: The Impact of the War
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