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2001 Survey of Energy Resources 2001 Survey of Energy Resources 19th Edition The World Energy Council Promoting the sustainable supply and use of energy for the greatest benefit of all. Publication details The compilation of the Survey of Energy Resources 2001 is the work of the editors and, while all reasonable endeavours have been used to ensure the accuracy of the data, neither the editors nor the World Energy Council can accept responsibility for any errors. Survey of Energy Resources Copyright 2001 World Energy Council All Rights Reserved. This publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the written permission of the copyright holder. Data given in the tables of the survey may be quoted provided that appropriate acknowledgement of this document as the source is given. Published September 2001 by: World Energy Council Regency House 1-4 Warwick Street London W1B 5LT United Kingdom Tel: (+44 207) 734 5996 Fax: (+44 207) 734 5926 email: [email protected] web: www.worldenergy.org WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL MEMBER COMMITTEES 2001 Albania Hungary Paraguay Algeria Iceland Peru Angola India Philippines Argentina Indonesia Poland Australia Iran (Islamic Republic) Portugal Austria Ireland Romania Belarus Israel Russian Federation Belgium Italy Saudi Arabia Bolivia Japan Senegal Botswana Jordan Singapore Brazil Kenya Slovakia Bulgaria Korea (Republic) Slovenia Cameroon Latvia South Africa Canada Libya/GSPLAJ Spain Chile Lithuania Sri Lanka China Luxembourg Swaziland Congo (Democratic Republic) Macedonia (Republic) Sweden Côte d'Ivoire Malaysia Switzerland Croatia Mali Syria (Arab Republic) Czech Republic Mexico Taiwan, China Denmark Monaco Tanzania Egypt (Arab Republic) Mongolia Thailand El Salvador Morocco Trinidad & Tobago Estonia Namibia Tunisia Ethiopia Nepal Turkey Finland Netherlands USA France New Zealand Ukraine Gabon Niger United Kingdom Germany Nigeria Uruguay Ghana Norway Venezuela Greece Pakistan Yemen Hong Kong, China SURVEY OF ENERGY RESOURCES COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP 2001 Executive Board Chairman: K. Yokobori (Japan) Joint Editors: A. W. Clarke (United Kingdom) J.A. Trinnaman (United Kingdom) Secretary: E.V. Nekhaev (WEC Programme Manager) Resource Consultants Coal (including Lignite) R. Knapp World Coal Institute Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids N. Alazard-Toux B. Bensaïd Institut Français du Pétrole France Oil Shale W. Youngquist Consulting Geologist USA Natural Bitumen and Extra-Heavy Oil R.F. Meyer US Geological Survey USA Natural Gas P.K. Storm International Gas Union J. McRae Westcoast Energy Inc. Canada Uranium and Nuclear Energy D.H. Underhill P.E. Juhn International Atomic Energy Agency Hydropower R. Lafitte International Hydropower Association Peat R. Sopo International Peat Society Wood (including Charcoal) M.A. Trossero UN Food and Agriculture Organisation Biomass (other than Wood) F. Rosillo-Calle King’s College, London United Kingdom Solar Energy C. Silvi International Solar Energy Society Geothermal Energy R. Carella European Geothermal Energy Council Wind Energy D.J. Milborrow Energy Consultant United Kingdom Tidal Energy J. Craig AEA Technology United Kingdom Wave Energy J.W. Griffiths JWG Consulting Ltd. United Kingdom Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion D.E. Lennard Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems Ltd. United Kingdom Marine Current Energy E.J. Rudkin Vortec Energy Ltd. New Zealand Contents Foreword and Acknowledgements Overview 1. Coal (including Lignite) 2. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids 3. Oil Shale 4. Natural Bitumen and Extra-Heavy Oil 5. Natural gas 6. Part I: Uranium Part II: Nuclear 7. Hydropower 8. Peat 9. Wood (including Charcoal) 10. Biomass (other than Wood) 11. Solar Energy 12. Geothermal Energy 13. Wind Energy 14. Tidal Energy 15. Wave Energy 16. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 17. Marine Current Energy Abbreviations Conversion Factors ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The WEC greatly appreciates the efforts of its Member Committees and those institutions and experts who have contributed to this Survey with data and their knowledge. Special thanks go to Keiichi Yokobori, Chairman of the SER Executive Board, for guiding the production of the Survey and providing the Overview. Finally, the WEC thanks the Joint Editors Judy Trinnaman and Alan Clarke for compiling, validating and formatting the data. Once again they have successfully and professionally completed this enormous task, both achieving an excellent quality and keeping to the planned schedule. The WEC is grateful to them for their knowledge, dedication, tenacity and inspiration. FOREWORD This 19th WEC Survey of Energy Resources contains a chapter for each energy resource, ranging from the conventional fossil fuels to the renewables, both new and traditional. Marine current energy has been covered for the first time. Generally, the coverage of each resource comprises a commentary by a leading expert in the field, data tables and country notes. The tables summarise the worldwide resources, reserves, production and consumption of fossil fuels and comparable data for non- fossil energy sources, as applicable. The country notes aim to highlight the main features of the resource and its utilisation. In addition, definitions pertinent to the resource in question are set out to aid the reader’s understanding. • Reserves/Resources - where relevant, tables of fossils fuels provide reserve statistics (covered globally from WEC and non-WEC sources) and amounts in place (as reported by WEC Member Committees). • Tabulations – data tables are arranged on a standard regional basis throughout. • Units – where relevant, data have been provided in alternative units (cubic feet as well as cubic metres, barrels as well as tonnes) in order to facilitate use of survey data in an industry context. • References and Sources – as far as possible, these have been consolidated in the introductory notes to the data tables and the country notes. Any review of energy resources is critically dependent upon the availability of data, and reliable, comprehensive information does not always exist. While the basis of the compilation was input provided by WEC Member Committees, completion necessitated recourse to a multitude of national and international sources and in some cases estimation. The difficulty in obtaining information has been compounded by recent trends in the energy sector. The availability of data has been reduced with the process of deregulation and privatisation, as data-reporting channels have been lost or more data becomes confidential. In addition, problems in the quantification of energy resources persist, in particular for those universally-found resources: solar energy, wind power and biomass, owing to their evolutionary state. Despite growth of such capacity throughout the world, installations are frequently on an extremely small scale, often leading to great difficulties in their identification and enumeration. Another problematical area is that of the definitions relating to resources and reserves: it is well recognised that each country tends to have its own notion of what constitutes resources and reserves. A continued effort has been made in order to maximise harmonisation and comparability. As editors we strive to develop and maintain contacts in the energy world and hope that in time the availability of data will not only improve but expand to cover those energy resources that presently go unrecorded (e.g. coal bed methane). We are grateful to all those who have helped to produce this Survey: we extend our thanks to the WEC Member Committees, to the authors of the Commentaries, to Keiichi Yokobori for guidance and for writing the Overview and to Ann Fewster for her much-appreciated administrative support. We would also like to thank the WEC London office for overseeing the production and the Argentine Member Committee for the production of the CD-Rom. Judy Trinnaman and Alan Clarke Editors Back to SER Contents Page Overview OVERVIEW This is the 19th edition of the Survey of Energy Resources produced by the World Energy Council since 1934. The 2001 Survey, which will be released in conjunction with the 18th World Energy Congress in Buenos Aires in October 2001, provides a review of world energy resources, mainly as of the end of 1999. The main findings of the Survey confirm that conventional commercial fossil fuels, encompassing coal, oil and natural gas, remain in adequate supply, with a substantial resource base. Compared to the 1998 Survey, coal and natural gas reserves increased somewhat, while those of oil declined slightly. Within the total coal reserves, both sub-bituminous coal and lignite reserves declined from the previously reported levels by 15% and 3% respectively, but bituminous coal reserves increased by 2%. While Coal supply in the medium and long term is assured, the future prospects for delivery and use of coal will largely depend on the impact of deregulation of electricity markets, policies to reduce greenhouse gases, and technological advances (cleaner use of coal and carbon sequestration). Coal could contribute in a sustainable way to satisfying demand for energy from the two billion people in the world who today still depend on traditional fuels. In the commentary on Oil the pessimistic and optimistic reserve assessments have been propounded and appear to incline towards the former, for the following reasons: • proved recoverable reserves of oil, which are largely concentrated in the Middle East, declined, while those of gas, which are more evenly spread, increased; • fewer giant fields were discovered in the 1990’s than in the 1960’s (albeit
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