Lecture 2 Physical Layer - Transmission Media
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Short-Range Wireless Communication This Page Intentionally Left Blank Short-Range Wireless Communication
Short-range Wireless Communication This page intentionally left blank Short-range Wireless Communication Alan Bensky Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. -
Chapter 9: Communications Systems
GCE A level Electronics – Chapter 9: Communications systems Chapter 9: Communications systems Learning Objectives: At the end of this topic you will be able to: • recall that communication is the transfer of meaningful information from one location to another • recall the structure of a simple communication system consisting of: • information source • transmitter/encoder • transmission medium • amplifier/regenerator • receiver/decoder • information destination • recall and explain the relationship between: • bandwidth • data rate • information-carrying capacity • select and apply the equations: available bandwidth • NCH = channel bandwidth • maximum date rate = 2 × available bandwidth • explain the need to multiplex a number of signals onto one transmission medium and describe the principles of frequency and time division multiplexing • describe the role of filters in communication systems • use the decibel scale to express power gain in amplifiers and attenuation in transmission media • select and apply the equation: POUT • G = 10 log = dB 10 P IN • differentiate between noise and distortion • calculate the total gain in a communication system given the power gain or attenuation of its component parts • state what is meant by signal-to-noise ratio • select and apply the equations: PS VS • SNR = 10 log = = 20 log = dB 10 P 10 V N N • state what is meant by signal attenuation and describe the significance of signal attenuation (in dB) for the signal-to-noise ratio 282 © WJEC CBAC Ltd 2018 GCE A level Electronics – Chapter 9: Communications systems Introduction to information transfer Communication is defined as the transfer of meaningful information from one location to another. Over time, many ways of communicating information have evolved, allowing us to transfer information both faster and over greater distances. -
1 Week 4 – Transmission Media Types Ethernet in Depth
Week 4 – Transmission Media Types Ethernet in Depth 1 Figure 7.1 Transmission medium and physical layer 2 Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission media 3 7-17-1 GUIDEDGUIDED MEDIAMEDIA GuidedGuided media,media, whichwhich areare thosethose thatthat provideprovide aa conduitconduit fromfrom oneone devicedevice toto another,another, includeinclude twisted-pairtwisted-pair cable,cable, coaxialcoaxial cable,cable, andand fiber-opticfiber-optic cable.cable. TopicsTopics discusseddiscussed inin thisthis section:section: Twisted-Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber-Optic Cable 4 Figure 7.3 Twisted-pair cable 5 Figure 7.4 UTP and STP cables 6 Table 7.1 Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables 7 Figure 7.5 UTP connector 8 Figure 7.6 UTP performance 9 Figure 7.7 Coaxial cable 10 Table 7.2 Categories of coaxial cables 11 Figure 7.8 BNC connectors 12 Figure 7.9 Coaxial cable performance 13 Figure 7.10 Fiber optics: Bending of light ray 14 Figure 7.11 Optical fiber 15 Figure 7.12 Propagation modes 16 Figure 7.13 Modes 17 Table 7.3 Fiber types 18 Figure 7.14 Fiber construction 19 Figure 7.15 Fiber-optic cable connectors 20 Figure 7.16 Optical fiber performance 21 7-27-2 UNGUIDEDUNGUIDED MEDIA:MEDIA: WIRELESSWIRELESS UnguidedUnguided mediamedia transporttransport electromagneticelectromagnetic waveswaves withoutwithout usingusing aa physicalphysical conductor.conductor. ThisThis typetype ofof communicationcommunication isis oftenoften referredreferred toto asas wirelesswireless communication.communication. TopicsTopics discusseddiscussed inin thisthis section:section: Radio Waves Microwaves Infrared 22 Figure 7.17 Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication 23 Figure 7.18 Propagation methods 24 Table 7.4 Bands 25 Figure 7.19 Wireless transmission waves 26 Note Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and television, and paging systems. -
Transmission Media • Transmission Medium – Physical Path Between
Transmission Media Transmission medium • { Physical path between transmitter and receiver { May be guided (wired) or unguided (wireless) { Communication achieved by using em waves Characteristics and quality of data transmission • { Dependent on characteristics of medium and signal { Guided medium Medium is more important in setting transmission parameters ∗ { Unguided medium Bandwidth of the signal produced by transmitting antenna is important in setting transmission pa- ∗ rameters Signal directionality ∗ Lower frequency signals are omnidirectional · Higher frequency signals can be focused in a directional beam · Design of data transmission system • { Concerned with data rate and distance { Bandwidth Higher bandwidth implies higher data rate ∗ { Transmission impairments Attenuation ∗ Twisted pair has more attenuation than coaxial cable which in turn is not as good as optical fiber ∗ { Interference Can be minimized by proper shielding in guided media ∗ { Number of receivers In a shared link, each attachment introduces attenuation and distortion on the line ∗ Guided transmission media Transmission capacity (bandwidth and data rate) depends on distance and type of network (point-to-point or • multipoint) Twisted pair • { Least expensive and most widely used { Physical description Two insulated copper wires arranged in regular spiral pattern ∗ Number of pairs are bundled together in a cable ∗ Twisting decreases the crosstalk interference between adjacent pairs in the cable, by using different ∗ twist length for neighboring pairs { Applications -
Classifications of Transmission Media Unguided Media General
Classifications of Transmission Media Transmission Medium Transmission Media, Antennas and Physical path between transmitter and receiver Propagation Guided Media Waves are guided along a solid medium E.g., copper twisted pair, copper coaxial cable, optical fiber Chapter 5 Unguided Media Provides means of transmission but does not guide electromagnetic signals Usually referred to as wireless transmission E.g., atmosphere, outer space Unguided Media General Frequency Ranges Microwave frequency range Transmission and reception are achieved by 1 GHz to 40 GHz means of an antenna Directional beams possible Configurations for wireless transmission Suitable for point-to-point transmission Used for satellite communications Directional Radio frequency range Omnidirectional 30 MHz to 1 GHz Suitable for omnidirectional applications Infrared frequency range 11 14 Roughly, 3x10 to 2x10 Hz Useful in local point-to-point multipoint applications within confined areas Terrestrial Microwave Satellite Microwave Description of common microwave antenna Description of communication satellite Parabolic "dish", 3 m in diameter Microwave relay station Used to link two or more ground-based microwave Fixed rigidly and focuses a narrow beam transmitter/receivers Achieves line-of-sight transmission to receiving Receives transmissions on one frequency band (uplink), antenna amplifies or repeats the signal, and transmits it on Located at substantial heights above ground level another frequency (downlink) Applications Applications -
Telecommunication Technologies
Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering. ISSN 2231-1297, Volume 3, Number 4 (2013), pp. 421-426 © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/aeee.htm Telecommunication Technologies Aarti Chaudhary, Neetu Pundir and Pallavi Goel ECE Deptt. RKGITW, Gzb., India.(Affiliated to GBTU) Abstract Early telecommunication technologies included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs. Other examples of pre-modern telecommunications include audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. Electrical and electromagnetic telecommunication technologies include telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, networks, radio, microwave transmission fiberoptics, communications satellites and the Internet The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two- way telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, to 471 petabytes in 1993, to 2.2 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, and to 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six entire newspapers per person per day by 2007. Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the global telecommunications industry was about a $4.7 trillion sector in 2012. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.5 trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP). Keywords: History; Primary Units of telecommunication system; Basic Elements; Ancient systems of telecommunication and Future of telecommunication. 422 Aarti Chaudhary et al 1. Introduction Telecommunication is communication at a distance by technological means, particularly through electrical signals or electromagnetic waves. -
Introduction to International Radio Regulations
Introduction to International Radio Regulations Ryszard Struzak∗ Information and Communication Technologies Consultant Lectures given at the School on Radio Use for Information And Communication Technology Trieste, 2-22 February 2003 LNS0316001 ∗ [email protected] 2 R. Struzak Abstract These notes introduce the ITU Radio Regulations and related UN and WTO agreements that specify how terrestrial and satellite radio should be used in all countries over the planet. Access to the existing information infrastructure, and to that of the future Information Society, depends critically on these regulations. The paper also discusses few problems related to the use of the radio frequencies and satellite orbits. The notes are extracted from a book under preparation, in which these issues are discussed in more detail. Introduction to International Radio Regulations 3 Contents 1. Background 5 2. ITU Agreements 25 3. UN Space Agreements 34 4. WTO Trade Agreements 41 5. Topics for Discussion 42 6. Concluding Remarks 65 References 67 List of Abbreviations 70 ANNEX: Table of Frequency Allocations (RR51-RR5-126) 73 Introduction to International Radio Regulations 5 1 Background After a hundred years of extraordinary development, radio is entering a new era. The converging computer and communications technologies add “intelligence” to old applications and generate new ones. The enormous impact of radio on the society continues to increase although we still do not fully understand all consequences of that process. There are numerous areas in which the radio frequency spectrum is vital. National defence, public safety, weather forecasts, disaster warning, air-traffic control, and air navigation are a few examples only. -
Data Communications Via Cable Television Networks: Technical and Policy Considerations
Data Communications Via Cable Television Networks: Technical And Policy Considerations by Deborah Lynn Frin B.S.E.E., University of California at Berkeley (1980) Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology August 1982 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1982 Signature of Author .. Technology Policy Program, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science May 7, 1982 Certified by...... C Thesis Supervisor Certified by S;/' Thesis Supervisor Accepted by ......... U) Department Head, Technology Policy Program 1Archives MASSACHUSEfTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MAY 27 1903 Data Conmmunications Via Cable Television Networks: Tiechnical And Policy Considerations by D)cborah Lynn Estrin Submitted to the Technology Policy Program, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, on May 7, 1982 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Abstract Cable television networks offer peak communication data rates that are orders of magnitude greater than the telephone local loop. Although one-way television signal distribution continues to be the primary application of cable television systems, the cable television network can be used for two-way data communications. Data communication places severe engineering demands on the performance of a cable television network. Therefore, to ensure that data communications capabilities are not precluded by poor engineering, local cable authorities and the cable industry must identify and overcome the technical barriers to the application of cable television networks to data communications. We identify the following as the primary technical requirements that remain to be addressed by the cable industry: - Methods for controlling the accumulation of insertion noise and ingress on upstreimr channels. -
Examples of Data Transmission Media
Examples Of Data Transmission Media If attacking or zero Leo usually mizzles his dismemberment barbarizes haphazardly or blossoms quantitatively and gratuitously, how overindulgent is Ethelbert? Unpurchased Ramsey resaluting tolerantly. Insipid and empire-builder Ibrahim acidifies her galactometer stays bureaucratizes and appoint dripping. Feel like he or she has fly to quote by assaulting your purpose so if the giving is financial information for score the attacker or hacker. Robles, Rosslin John et al. Impulse noise immunity; examples of data rate is absent like transmission of electrical engineering department of a example or ethernet lans are implemented with a manufacturing plan. International Business Machines, Corp. Unlike other is rated by long distances without downshifting and application areas was an interface between two buildings and tested by either have to error detecting bits. Wan often work with overall project was used for the installation and demodulates means that cause data of transmission impairments, suffer from users. The signal that can be taken as it consists of this topology that it which media of transmission is injected or free space as cable tv companies use of repeaters. All students have to accept the class invitation before you can pick students. US9742462B2 Transmission medium and communication. What is Lock Screen? We hope are most errorswill cause small changes in making overall signal and thus am not harm neither of deed data itcontains. This email address is already registered. It degrades telephony. Radio transmission media are examples include both local area, these four parts or crosstalk within communication. In the production of this spent of conductor, a copper barn is bonded to bug steel core. -
Different Types of Communication/Transmission Media
IT (9626) Theory Notes Different types of communication/transmission media Data communication involves transmission of digital information to different electronic devices through wireless or cabled connections. The two commonly used computer communication media used are wired and wireless media. a) Wired Media Data transfer through physical connections is referred to as wired media in that signals are sent to other external devices from one computer in a network. Computers can be interconnected to share files and devices in a network by means of cabling which facilitates faster communication of information. Wired media is a faster data communication that provides high speed transfer of signals over long distances and is the most reliable media for message sending. Wired media is categorized into three types of data communication which enables connection of different types of network. These cables include: 1. Coaxial cable This is most common wired media that many electronics use to transfer data and it is designed with two parallel copper conductors. It has a solid central copper conductor that transmits signal and is coated with a protective cover to reduce electromagnetic interference. Coaxial cable is found in different gauges at affordable prices and is easier to work with. They are easy to install and can support up to 10Mps capacity with medium attenuation. Despite its popularity, the only serious drawback it has is that the entire network is always affected with a single cable failure. 2. Twisted pair cable Twisted pair cables are found in two types and these include unshielded and shielded twisted pair cables. It is commonly used because it is lighter and inexpensive. -
Wifi Data Communication System Design for Wheeled Soccer Robot Controller
WiFi Data Communication System Design for Wheeled Soccer Robot Controller Rizki Adhi Pamungkas, Arbayu Maulana, Dwi Putra Sya’ban, Rahmat Ramdani, Akhmad Musafa, Indra Riyanto Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Budi Luhur, Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract—This paper presented the data communication systems between game controller and wheeled soccer robot II. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES using WiFi communication. The designed system consisted A. Scope of Problem of a game software controller installed on PC, a network router connected to the PC via a network cable, ESP8266 In order to avoid discussion in this paper from becoming module as data recipient and transmitter on the robots. too broad and deviated from the given topic, the authors limits The PC and ESP8266 module is connected through the the problem as follows: router, PC game controller is used to send command data a) WiFi recipients uses ESP8266 module. signals to ESP8266 module on the robot. The response b) Communication data used on Game Controller software. from robots is processed on ArduinoMega2650 and c) Counting data parameter quality of service (QOS). transmitted to the PC controller. The designed system is d) WiFi data communication performace in response time expected to enable WiFi data communication on wheeled communication, displacement time distance soccer robots and calculating the performance of WiFi communication, and interference signals. communication by means of Quality of Service (QoS) as well as to compare data communication using WiFi and data communication using bluetooth with the parameters III. BASIC THEORY of response in the form of communication time, Game a controller is a PC program designed to provide communication time difference, distance, and signal desktop display interface application that serves to send serial interference. -
Transmission Media
CHAPTER 7 Transmission Media We discussed many issues related to the physical layer in Chapters 3 through 6. In this chapter, we discuss transmission media. Transmission media are actually located below the physical layer and are directly controlled by the physical layer. You could say that transmission media belong to layer zero. Figure 7.1 shows the position of transmission media in relation to the physical layer. Figure 7.1 Transmission medium and physical layer Sender I Physical layer I I Physical layer IReceiver Transmission medium Cable or air A transmission medium can be broadly defined as anything that can carry infor mation from a source to a destination. For example, the transmission medium for two people having a dinner conversation is the air. The air can also be used to convey the message in a smoke signal or semaphore. For a written message, the transmission medium might be a mail carrier, a truck, or an airplane. In data communications the definition of the information and the transmission medium is more specific. The transmission medium is usually free space, metallic cable, or fiber-optic cable. The information is usually a signal that is the result of a conversion of data from another form. The use of long-distance communication using electric signals started with the invention of the telegraph by Morse in the 19th century. Communication by telegraph was slow and dependent on a metallic medium. Extending the range of the human voice became possible when the telephone was invented in 1869. Telephone communication at that time also needed a metallic medium to carry the electric signals that were the result of a conversion from the human voice.