Examples of Data Transmission Media
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Laboratory #1: Transmission Line Characteristics
EEE 171 Lab #1 1 Laboratory #1: Transmission Line Characteristics I. OBJECTIVES Coaxial and twisted pair cables are analyzed. The results of the analyses are experimentally verified using a network analyzer. S11 and S21 are found in addition to the characteristic impedance of the transmission lines. II. INTRODUCTION Two commonly encountered transmission lines are the coaxial and twisted pair cables. Coaxial cables are found in broadcast, cable TV, instrumentation, high-speed computer network, and radar applications, among others. Twisted pair cables are commonly found in telephone, computer interconnect, and other low speed (<10 MHz) applications. There is some discussion on using twisted pair cable for higher bit rate computer networking applications (>10 MHz). The characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable is, L 1 m æ b ö Zo = = lnç ÷, (1) C 2p e è a ø so that e r æ b ö æ b ö Zo = 60ln ç ÷ =138logç ÷. (2) mr è a ø è a ø The dimensions a and b of the coaxial cable are shown in Figure 1. L is the line inductance of a coaxial cable is, m æ b ö L = ln ç ÷ [H/m] . (3) 2p è a ø The capacitor per unit length of a coaxial cable is, 2pe C = [F/m] . (4) b ln ( a) EEE 171 Lab #1 2 e r 2a 2b Figure 1. Coaxial Cable Dimensions The two commonly used coaxial cables are the RG-58/U and RG-59 cables. RG-59/U cables are used in cable TV applications. RG-59/U cables are commonly used as general purpose coaxial cables. -
NEXT GENERATION MOBILE WIRELESS NETWORKS: 5G CELLULAR INFRASTRUCTURE JULY-SEPT 2020 the Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering
VOLUME 36, NUMBER 3 July-September 2020 Article Page 2 References Page 17 Next Generation Mobile Wireless Networks: Authors Dr. Rendong Bai 5G Cellular Infrastructure Associate Professor Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Vigs Chandra Professor and Coordinator Cyber Systems Technology Programs Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Ray Richardson Professor Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Peter Ping Liu Professor and Interim Chair School of Technology Eastern Illinois University Keywords: The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering© is an official Mobile Networks; 5G Wireless; Internet of Things; publication of the Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Millimeter Waves; Beamforming; Small Cells; Wi-Fi 6 Engineering, Copyright 2020 ATMAE 701 Exposition Place Suite 206 SUBMITTED FOR PEER – REFEREED Raleigh, NC 27615 www. atmae.org JULY-SEPT 2020 The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering Next Generation Mobile Wireless Networks: Dr. Rendong Bai is an Associate 5G Cellular Infrastructure Professor in the Department of Applied Engineering and Technology at Eastern Kentucky University. From 2008 to 2018, ABSTRACT he served as an Assistant/ The requirement for wireless network speed and capacity is growing dramatically. A significant amount Associate Professor at Eastern of data will be mobile and transmitted among phones and Internet of things (IoT) devices. The current Illinois University. He received 4G wireless technology provides reasonably high data rates and video streaming capabilities. However, his B.S. degree in aircraft the incremental improvements on current 4G networks will not satisfy the ever-growing demands of manufacturing engineering users and applications. -
Transmission Media Transmission Media Are Actually Located Below the Physical Layer and Are Directly Controlled by the Physical Layer
SYBScIT /Sem III / Computer networks UNIT II • MULTIPLEXING Multiplexing is the set of technique that allow the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link.In a multiplexed system, n lines share the bandwidth of one link. The lines on the left direct their transmission streams to a multiplexer (MUX), which combines them into a single stream (many-to-one). At the receiving end, that stream is fed into a demultiplexer (DEMUX), which separates the stream back into its component transmissions (one- to-many) and directs them to their corresponding lines. In the figure, the word link refers to the physical path. The word channel refers to the portion of a link that carries a transmission between a given pair of lines. One link can have many (n) channels. There are three basic multiplexing techniques: frequency-division multiplexing, wavelength- division multiplexing, and time-division multiplexing. • Frequency-Division Multiplexing(FDM) Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is an analog technique that can be applied when the bandwidth of a link (in hertz) is greater than the combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted. In FDM, signals generated by each sending device modulate different carrier frequencies. These modulated signals are then combined into a single composite signal that can be transported by the link. Carrier frequencies are separated by sufficient bandwidth to accommodate the modulated signal. These bandwidth ranges are the channels through which the various signals travel chapter SYBScIT /Sem III / Computer networks Channels can be separated by strips of unused bandwidth—guard bands—to prevent signals from overlapping. FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines analog signals. -
Spread Spectrum and Wi-Fi Basics Syed Masud Mahmud, Ph.D
Spread Spectrum and Wi-Fi Basics Syed Masud Mahmud, Ph.D. Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. Wayne State University Detroit MI 48202 Spread Spectrum and Wi-Fi Basics by Syed M. Mahmud 1 Spread Spectrum Spread Spectrum techniques are used to deliberately spread the frequency domain of a signal from its narrow band domain. These techniques are used for a variety of reasons such as: establishment of secure communications, increasing resistance to natural interference and jamming Spread Spectrum and Wi-Fi Basics by Syed M. Mahmud 2 Spread Spectrum Techniques Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Direct -Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Spread Spectrum and Wi-Fi Basics by Syed M. Mahmud 3 The FHSS Technology FHSS is a method of transmitting signals by rapidly switching channels, using a pseudorandom sequence known to both the transmitter and receiver. FHSS offers three main advantages over a fixed- frequency transmission: Resistant to narrowband interference. Difficult to intercept. An eavesdropper would only be able to intercept the transmission if they knew the pseudorandom sequence. Can share a frequency band with many types of conventional transmissions with minimal interference. Spread Spectrum and Wi-Fi Basics by Syed M. Mahmud 4 The FHSS Technology If the hop sequence of two transmitters are different and never transmit the same frequency at the same time, then there will be no interference among them. A hopping code determines the frequencies the radio will transmit and in which order. A set of hopping codes that never use the same frequencies at the same time are considered orthogonal . -
Product Doc Guide
Engineered Interconnect Products Catalog and Custo:;; Desig:ls s:!:ce 1970 Super Flexible • Lov/ :"'oss• ?::ase Stable Ground-based • Shipboard • A;r • S90ce • Defense Wireless Communications • H:gh ?o'v'!er: • -:-es~ & Measurement FLEXible COaxial Cab."e ~_sse:::bjjes to 40 GHz Product Do~c Guide Flexeo Microwave, Inc. PO Box 115· 17 Karrville Road Port Murray, NJ 07865 Toll Free 800 84 FLEXC Telephone 908-835-1720 Fax 908-835-0002 www.FlexcoMW.com flexeD Microwave, Inc. PO Box 115 ° 17 Karrville Road Port Murray, NJ 07865 Telephone 908 850°5800 Fax 908 85005250 ~~~ Engineered Interconnect Products THE CTC EXPERIENCE Introducing a new member to our Test line, it will fulfill all your needs for a flexible, shielded, phase stable, durable Test Cable. The CTS is a version of the NTC with heavy armor. The electrical specs are the same but, what a difference. Superior torque and crush resistance, the design incorporates a stainless steel conduit covered with a stainless steel braid rendering it a virtually indestructible assembly. We actually drove a solid wheeled fork truck across it. This cable is ideal for Production testing or applications where there is excessive twisting and contorting imposed by the process or the operator. The trade off is the min. bend radius: NTC = 1.0 in. CTC = 1.5 in. If RFI/EMI is a concern, the effective shielding under dynamic conditions is in excess of -110 dBc. Flexco Microwave, Inc. PO Box 115, 17 Karrville Road Port Murray, NJ 07865 Telephone 800 84 FLEXC Fax 908-835-0002 E-mail [email protected] ~~~~1;~ Engineered Interconnect Products http://www.FlexcoMW.com Product Data Guide Table of Contents 4 NEW Super Low Loss Designs! Flexco'spatented outer conductor with an expanded PTFEdielectric FC105 to 26.5 8Hz 1A FCL02 to 188Hz 1B FC102 & FCL05 Call Factory VANA Cables for Precision test & measurement Rock Solid Phase & Amplitude. -
Fiber Optic Cable for VOICE and DATA TRANSMISSION Delivering Solutions Fiber Optic THAT KEEP YOU CONNECTED Cable Products QUALITY
Fiber Optic Cable FOR VOICE AND DATA TRANSMISSION Delivering Solutions Fiber Optic THAT KEEP YOU CONNECTED Cable Products QUALITY General Cable is committed to developing, producing, This catalog contains in-depth and marketing products that exceed performance, information on the General Cable quality, value and safety requirements of our line of fiber optic cable for voice, customers. General Cable’s goal and objectives video and data transmission. reflect this commitment, whether it’s through our focus on customer service, continuous improvement The product and technical and manufacturing excellence demonstrated by our sections feature the latest TL9000-registered business management system, information on fiber optic cable the independent third-party certification of our products, from applications and products, or the development of new and innovative construction to detailed technical products. Our aim is to deliver superior performance from all of General Cable’s processes and to strive for and specific data. world-class quality throughout our operations. Our products are readily available through our network of authorized stocking distributors and distribution centers. ® We are dedicated to customer TIA 568 C.3 service and satisfaction – so call our team of professionally trained sales personnel to meet your application needs. Fiber Optic Cable for the 21st Century CUSTOMER SERVICE All information in this catalog is presented solely as a guide to product selection and is believed to be reliable. All printing errors are subject to General Cable is dedicated to customer service correction in subsequent releases of this catalog. and satisfaction. Call our team of professionally Although General Cable has taken precautions to ensure the accuracy of the product specifications trained sales associates at at the time of publication, the specifications of all products contained herein are subject to change without notice. -
Under Water Optical Wireless Communication
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Under Water Optical Wireless Communication Smruti Goswami1, Ravi Patel2 1ME Student, Dept of EC Engineering, SVBIT, Gujarat, India 2 Assistant Professor, Dept of EC Engineering, SVBIT, Gujarat, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract-Underwater absorption, scattering and turbulence can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight processes will introduce attenuation and fading to light spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of propagation and then degrade the performance of underwater other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers wireless optical communications (UWOC). As power In fibers, there are two significant sections – the core and the cladding. The core is part where the light rays travel and the consumption is an important issue in under- water missions, it cladding is a similar material of slightly lower refractive index to is fundamental to minimize the intensity loss by reducing the cause total internal reflection. Usually both sections are fabricated beam divergence , data transmission in relatively high from silica (glass). The light within the fiber is then continuously turbidity waters appeals for the use of energy-efficient totally internally reflected along the waveguide. modulations and powerful channel codes at the -
LP-C400 400 Series 50 Ohm Ultra Low Losses Coaxial Cable
Wireless - Coaxial LP-C400 400 Series 50 Ohm Ultra low losses LPC400_SS_ENB01I Characteristics Antenna Cable Runs to Base Stations, Access Points (AP), Bridges or CPE. Cabling between any WiFi or WiMax antenna and the associated equipment. Indoor or Outdoor Use. Direct Bury or Tower Use. Land Mobile Radio (LMR). Local Multi-Point Distribution LP-C400 400 Series 50 Ohm System (LMDS). Ultra low losses Coaxial Cable. Multi-Channel Multi-Point Distribution Service (MMDS). This is an ultra-low-loss 50 ohm coaxial cable ideal for RF deployment. This 400-Series cable offers equivalent or better characteristics and performance than other existing industry cables such as Commscope WBC-400*, Times Wireless Local Loop (WLL). Microwave LMR-400*, Andrew CNT-400*, etc. This cable size is the most demanded and widely used coaxial cable in the wireless industry. Personal Communication Systems (PCS). The LP-C400 is our superior Lower Loss-per-meter 400-Series coaxial cable GPS. offered. It is manufactured with a polyethylene (PE) jacket which is UV resistant, and is built to withstand harsh temperatures, grease, oil, chemicals, SCADA. salt water and abrasion, offering a 15 year plus lifespan. The LP-C400 with a tough PE jacket is especially suited for long life outdoor use. Ham Radio. If your application is direct burial, our LP-C400 is also the best choice with its polyethylene jacket (PE). Other jacket materials, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), TPE, etc. are not well suited for direct burial. While PE jackets do not offer the same flexibility as other materials, this is the only material that any experienced engineer will recommend for a direct burial application for long term survivability underground. -
Analysis of FHSS-CDMA with QAM-64 Over AWGN and Fading Channels Prashanth G S1
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Analysis of FHSS-CDMA with QAM-64 over AWGN and Fading Channels Prashanth G S1 Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, JNNCE, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract – CDMA is a type of channel access method in huge amount of power which result in implementation of which users using the same channel will use the same extra hardware to normalize the power requirement. [2] frequency band and also can access the channel at the same Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a time. Using CDMA, more users can be allocated in the channel method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly compared to TDMA and FDMA. CDMA can be achieved using switching a carrier among many frequency channels Direct sequence spread spectrum(DSSS) and Frequency using a pseudo random sequence known to both transmitter hopping spread spectrum(FHSS). FHSS-CDMA consumes less and receiver. FHSS-CDMA consumes less power compared to power compared to DSSS-CDMA. High data rate modulation DSSS-CDMA. High data rate modulation schemes are used schemes are used along with FHSS-CDMA to deliver high along with FHSS-CDMA to deliver high quality multimedia quality multimedia content. High data rate modulation content. QAM-64 modulation technique as good bandwidth techniques have good bandwidth efficiency in FHSS-CDMA. In efficiency with wideband FHSS-CDMA. Author in [4], wireless communication, QAM is one of the most commonly discusses about broadband wireless access techniques. used modulation technique. Due to noise and interference, For 4G systems data rates up to 100 Mbps will be high data rate modulation techniques are prone to errors. -
QUESTION 20-1/2 Examination of Access Technologies for Broadband Communications
International Telecommunication Union QUESTION 20-1/2 Examination of access technologies for broadband communications ITU-D STUDY GROUP 2 3rd STUDY PERIOD (2002-2006) Report on broadband access technologies eport on broadband access technologies QUESTION 20-1/2 R International Telecommunication Union ITU-D THE STUDY GROUPS OF ITU-D The ITU-D Study Groups were set up in accordance with Resolutions 2 of the World Tele- communication Development Conference (WTDC) held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1994. For the period 2002-2006, Study Group 1 is entrusted with the study of seven Questions in the field of telecommunication development strategies and policies. Study Group 2 is entrusted with the study of eleven Questions in the field of development and management of telecommunication services and networks. For this period, in order to respond as quickly as possible to the concerns of developing countries, instead of being approved during the WTDC, the output of each Question is published as and when it is ready. For further information: Please contact Ms Alessandra PILERI Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) ITU Place des Nations CH-1211 GENEVA 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 6698 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 E-mail: [email protected] Free download: www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups/index.html Electronic Bookshop of ITU: www.itu.int/publications © ITU 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. International Telecommunication Union QUESTION 20-1/2 Examination of access technologies for broadband communications ITU-D STUDY GROUP 2 3rd STUDY PERIOD (2002-2006) Report on broadband access technologies DISCLAIMER This report has been prepared by many volunteers from different Administrations and companies. -
Unit – 1 Overview of Optical Fiber Communication
www.getmyuni.com Optical Fiber Communication 10EC72 Unit – 1 Overview of Optical Fiber communication 1. Historical Development Fiber optics deals with study of propagation of light through transparent dielectric waveguides. The fiber optics are used for transmission of data from point to point location. Fiber optic systems currently used most extensively as the transmission line between terrestrial hardwired systems. The carrier frequencies used in conventional systems had the limitations in handling the volume and rate of the data transmission. The greater the carrier frequency larger the available bandwidth and information carrying capacity. First generation The first generation of light wave systems uses GaAs semiconductor laser and operating region was near 0.8 μm. Other specifications of this generation are as under: i) Bit rate : 45 Mb/s ii) Repeater spacing : 10 km Second generation i) Bit rate: 100 Mb/s to 1.7 Gb/s ii) Repeater spacing: 50 km iii) Operation wavelength: 1.3 μm iv) Semiconductor: In GaAsP Third generation i) Bit rate : 10 Gb/s ii) Repeater spacing: 100 km iii) Operating wavelength: 1.55 μm Fourth generation Fourth generation uses WDM technique. i) Bit rate: 10 Tb/s ii) Repeater spacing: > 10,000 km Iii) Operating wavelength: 1.45 to 1.62 μm Page 5 www.getmyuni.com Optical Fiber Communication 10EC72 Fifth generation Fifth generation uses Roman amplification technique and optical solitiors. i) Bit rate: 40 - 160 Gb/s ii) Repeater spacing: 24000 km - 35000 km iii) Operating wavelength: 1.53 to 1.57 μm Need of fiber optic communication Fiber optic communication system has emerged as most important communication system. -
Twisted-Pair Cable (Cat
1 LAN Physical Layer Various symbols are used to represent media types. The function of media is to carry a flow of information through a LAN. Networking media are considered Layer 1, or physical layer, components of LANs. Each media has advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantage or disadvantage comparisons concern: • Cable length • Cost • Ease of installation • Susceptibility to interference Coaxial cable, optical fiber, and even free space can carry network signals. However, the principal medium that will be studied is Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair cable (Cat 5 UTP) 2 Cable Specifications 10BASE-T The T stands for twisted pair. 10BASE5 The 5 represents the fact that a signal can travel for approximately 500 meters 10BASE5 is often referred to as Thicknet. 10BASE2 The 2 represents the fact that a signal can travel for approximately 200 meters 10BASE2 is often referred to as Thinnet. All 3 of these specifications refer to the speed of transmission at 10 Mbps and a type of transmission that is baseband. Thinnet and Thicknet are actually a type of networks, while 10BASE2 & 10BASE5 are the types of cabling used in these networks. 3 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable 4 Physical Media Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Consists of 4 pairs (8 wires) of insulated copper wires typically about 1 mm thick. The wires are twisted together in a helical form. Twisting reduces the interference between pairs of wires. High bandwidth and High attenuation channel. Flexible and cheap cable. Category rating based on number of twists per inch and the material used CAT 3, CAT 4, CAT 5, Enhanced CAT 5 and now CAT 6.