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Phytogeographic Evolution of Guttiferae and Its Bearing on the Past Climate

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Phytogeographic Evolution of Guttiferae and Its Bearing on the Past Climate PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF GUTTIFERAE AND ITS BEARING ON THE PAST CLIMATE U. PRAKASH Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow ABSTRACT GEOLOGIC HISTORY Phytogeographically Guttiferae is an important TERTIARY tropical family with fossil records going baek to the Upper Cretaceous. It was widespread during The study of the Tertiary indicates that the Tertiary and was known even from Europe and Central United States, which are presently the Palaeogene differs in organic as well as devoid of Guttiferous plants. in physicogeographical assemblage from the Neogene. INTRODUCTION PALAEOGENE During this period two phytogeographical Cretaceous the continental flora has DURING the early part of the Lower provinces were known. The first included the same composition as that of the Western Europe, the southern part of the Jurassic, i.e. it was a flora of cycads, Russian platform upto Stalin gracl and ginkgoes, conifers and ferns in which the southern Asia (in the tropical and subtro• Benettites developed to a considerable pical areas). In the new world Mexico extent. However, in the second half of is included in this province together with the Lower Cretaceous neW elements Were the adjoining temporary tropical and sub• added to this typical Mesozoic flora which tropical zones. The second phytogeogra• included few representatives of the angio• phical province covered the extra tropical sperms that appeared in the Barremian. part of Asia and North America, as well Since then the angiosperms started appear• as the present Arctic zone (Stral<hov, 1962). ing in great numbers and in wide areas so Gondwana no longer existed as a separate that from the base of the Upper Cretaceous entity during this period. Most of its the angiosperms dominated over the gymno• territory was deeply submerged under the sperms and maintained a dominant position waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. in the continental flora. A smaller part of this land was preserved One of the phytogeographically important as small fragments forming the contem• tropical families of the angiosperms is Gut• porary South American, African, Indian tiferae; this appear to show its presence in and Australian platforms (Map 1). the Cretaceous. Seeds of Marn1'/'taeitesfran• In this period the family is known to ehetis are known from the Upper Cretaceous occur in Nortb America, Europe, Africa of France (Fliche, 1896). These resemble and India (Map 1; Table 1). The earliest those of the modern genus M arnrnea. This records are from the Early Eocene of the is the first record of a guttiferous plant in Deccan Intertrappean series in India. the geologic histofY of this family. From the Deccan Intertrappean beds, It is said that at the end of the Lower a woody tetralocular dicot fruit, Indoearpa Cretaceous and beginning of the Upper inteftrappea, is known from the well-known Cretaceous the Gondwana disintegrated and locality of Mohgaon Kalan (Jain, 1964). mostly sank beneath the sea level. How• This fruit could not be compared to any ever, such fragments of the Gondwana as living genus and has been tentatively Indian, Australian, African, South American assigned to the family Guttiferae, platforms existed in their contemporary showing some resemblances to those forms. Contemporaneous with the Upper of the Hypericoideae and Clusoideae. A Cretaceous transgression, large scale volcanic fossil wood said to resemble Clusia and processes occurred in subsiding parts of Tavomita is also recorded from Mahurzari the Gondwana, such as in Africa and (Shallom, 1963) in the Deccan Intertrap• India. pean series. Recently, some pollen grains 63 ~"" ,,-cf',- ',;,0; -----""• (7, .. , ,~e,·~~-~.(b: ',<).'- >-l 0::' '~' •. trJ ~ -- r' :» " trJ '.:. o I, to I o I >-l :» I Z ~ •...•. , Ul , >-l. ~..•. , ...." <I ,!';, '.. .:. ' (I II~ ,; ~ MAP 1 - Geographic distribution of guttiferous fossil plants (black dot) and palaeogeography of the Palaeogene (marked by dotted line). PRAKASH - PHYTOGEOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF GUTTIFERAE 65 showing resemblance to those of Calophyl• temporary fragments of the Gondwana lum, Platonia and Kielmeyera have been and continued later on becoming stronger recorded from the Palana lignites of Lower during the Neogene. At that time South Eocene age in Rajasthan (Sah & Kar, 1974). American, African and the Indian platforms From the Middle Eocene beds of Fuller's were entirely continental and were only earth at Kapurdi in Western Rajasthan, covered by water along their narrow Lakhapal & Bose (1951) described leaf marginal areas (Strakhov, 1962). impressions comparable to Mesua and Continental and marine organisms gradu• Garcinia and fruits somewhat resembling ally attained characteristic features similar to those of Cal?phyllum trapezijolium, Gar• to those of present day forms. During this cinia an::l other gllttiferous plants. On era the family Guttiferae is known to have further examination, the leaf impressiolls occurred in Africa, Europe, India, Indonesia revealed a close resemblance to the and South America (Map 2; Table 1). mojern leaves of jldesua jerrea and Garcinia In ] 932 Bancroft descrited a fossil wood lanceaejvlia. Th03e resembling Mesua jerrea from the Miocene of Karungu in Kenya, have been described as jldesua tertiara and East Africa and named it as Dryoxylon the others resembling Garcinia lancea~jolia symph,mioides, the specific name indicat• are assigned to Garcinia bGrooahii (Lakhan• ing some relationship with the modern woods 1964). Of the three types of fruits reported of Symphonia. However, Chiarugi (1933) pal, earlier (Lakhapal & Boce, ] 951) from the thinking it to be a wood of Symphonia trans• same deposits, the one with a globose shape ferre"! it to Symphonioxylcn symphonioides. and thicker oJ-ter wall shows similarity On further detailed examination of this with the fruits of Garcinia and has been and a fossil wooJ from the Oligo-Miocene assigned to fossil species, G. borooahii of Egypt, Krausel (1939) described it again (Lakhapal, 1964). as Guttijeroxylon symphonioides, the name A fossil wooj somewhat re:embling that showing affinity with the guttiferou.s plants. of G~rcinia is also known from the He further described another fossil wood Palaeogene continental deposits of Algeria as Guttijeroxvlon jarcghense from the Lower in Africa (De1teil-Desneux, 1970). Miocene of Egypt showing resemblance to Leaves resembling those of Clusia are both Mes-ua and Calophylltu/t. From t.he known from the Lower Eocene of Wilcox Pontien (?) of Sudanese Algeria in Africa, groilp in Arkansas, U.S.A. These have been Boureau (1952) described a fossil wood as named as Clusiaphyllum eocenic1t11tby Berry Guttijeroxylon saharianU1tl. Two fossil wooels (1930). of Symphmia are also known from the, Some guttiferous leaves have also been ?Plio-Pleistocene of Somaliland in Africa. recorcl.ed from the Eocene nodular stones These are described as Svmphonioxylon of Mosel near Saxony in Germany (Fischer, stejaninii and S. sc::czureensis (Chiarugi, 1950). These have been named as Gutti• 1933). jeraephyll1t11t moselense resembling the Recently L~khanpal (1966) described a moJern leaves of Kielmeyera corymbosa leaf impression of Garcinia from the Middle (trop. South America), Clusia sellowiana Tertiary beds of South Kivu in Congo. (trop. South America) and Clusia peruviana This resembles closely the modern leaves (Andes); Guttijeraephyllum oblongum resem• of Garcinia kola growing at an altitude of bling Tavomita leucantha (trop. South about 500 metres in Cameroons and Congo. America) and Garcinia petiolaris (Malayan); Pollen grains resembling those of Platonia and Guttijeraephyllum sp. resembling are known from the Neogene of Burundi, some species of Clusia growing in tropical Rusizi Valley in Congo (Sah, 1967; Sah South America. & Kar, 1974). In 1952 Hofmann recorded a fossil wood GuUiferae was also represented in Eu.rope as Guttijeroxylon prambachense from the during the Neogene. Hofmann (1944) Upper Oligocene of Prambachkirchen in recorded a fossil wooel.. Guttijeroxylon Austria. garcinioides, from the Miocene beds of Prambackhirchen in Austria. This re• NEOGENE sembles the modern woods of Garcinia cowa and G. mannii. The uplifting processes at the end of the Guttiferous plants are also known from Palaeogene drove the sea from the con- the Late Tertiary of Colombia in South 0-• 0'- . eQ:;6,' . .-.-_ ... ~.~''1'~ ,,' JI ,\ .• ,_f:],. / , / / ,,'~ \.~~l A', ..._ ..• (j~"'Th,~:6:":' .-• ...., .. :r: tI:l ~ ~ otI:l ot:O z;: •...•. en " >-l: ',:.; :;.:. '.. <;) MAP 2 - Geographic distribution of guttiferous fossil plants (black dot) in the Neogene and palaeogeography of the Upper Pliocene (marked by dotted line). 67-68 .. .---- .•••.• _.~... '_'_nO' • __ ~_._~ - ...H.__...·•__...... _ TABLE 1 - GEOGRAPHICAL AND STRATIGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GUTTIFEROUS FOSSIL PLANTS COUNTRIES FOSSIL SPECIES AGE MODERN COMPARABLE FORM ~---- ._------.., ~---------------~------------"------------_. ----. Cretaceous Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Calophyllum Mesua Tavomita Kayea Kielmeyera Clusia Mammea Platonia Rheedia Symphonia North America United States 1. ClusiaphyUum eocenicum x X Central America and West Indies West Indies 2. Clusia vera x X Trinidad 3. Calophyllum callabaformis X X 4. Rheedia sylyargillacea X x 5. Rheedia miocenica x X Cuba 6. Rheedia sylyargillacea x X South America Brazil 7. Calophyllum pliocenicum x C. calaba Colombia 8. Rheedia miocenica x X 9. Guttiferoxylon platanjoides Neogene ?Platonia 10. G. compactum Neogene Africa Algeria 11. G. saharianum ?Pliocene 12. G. barryi
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