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Home , Cup of Gold, Jay Parini, John Steinbeck IV, Library of America, Of Mice and Men (play), Pigasus (literature)

“Steinbeck” redirects here. For other people with this pressed in such works as .[9] He also surname, see Steinbeck (surname). explored his surroundings, walking across local forests, fields, and farms.[9] While working at Spreckels Sugar John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. (February 27, 1902 – De- Company, he would sometimes work in their laboratory, which gave him time to write.[10] He also had consid- cember 20, 1968) was an American author of twenty- seven books, including sixteen novels, six non-fiction erable mechanical aptitude and fondness for making his own repairs to things he owned.[10] books, and five collections of short stories. He is widely known for the comic novels (1935) and (1945), the multi-generation epic (1952), and the novellas Of Mice and Men (1937) and (1937). The Pulitzer Prize-winning (1939), widely attributed to be part of the American literary canon,[2] is considered Stein- beck’s masterpiece. In the first 75 years since it was pub- lished, it sold 14 million copies.[3] The winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature, he has been called “a giant of American letters”.[4] His works are widely read abroad and many of his works are considered classics of literature. Most of Steinbeck’s work is set in southern and cen- tral , particularly in the and the The Steinbeck House at 132 Central Avenue, Salinas, California, California Coast Ranges region. His works frequently ex- the Victorian home where Steinbeck spent his childhood. plored the themes of fate and injustice, especially as ap- plied to downtrodden or protagonists. Steinbeck graduated from Salinas High School in 1919 and went from there to study English Literature at Stanford University in Palo Alto, leaving, without a de- gree, in 1925. He travelled to City where 1 Early life he took odd jobs while trying to write. When he failed to have his work published, he returned to California John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. was born on February 27, and worked in 1928 as a tour guide and caretaker[10] 1902, in Salinas, California. He was of German, En- at Lake Tahoe, where he met Carol Henning, his first glish, and Irish descent.[5] Johann Adolf Großsteinbeck, wife.[6][10][11] The two were married in January 1930 in Steinbeck’s paternal grandfather, had shortened the fam- Los Angeles, where, with friends, he attempted to make ily name to Steinbeck when he emigrated to the United money manufacturing plaster mannequins.[10] States. The family farm in Heiligenhaus, Mettmann, When their money ran out six months later, Steinbeck North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, is still today named and Carol moved back to Pacific Grove, California, to a “Großsteinbeck.” cottage owned by his father, on the Monterey Peninsula His father, John Ernst Steinbeck, served as Monterey a few blocks from the border of the city of Monterey, County treasurer. John’s mother, Olive Hamilton, a for- California. The elder Steinbecks gave John free housing, mer school teacher, shared Steinbeck’s passion for read- paper for his manuscripts, and from 1928, loans that al- ing and writing.[6] The Steinbecks were members of the lowed him to write without looking for work. During this Episcopal Church,[7] although Steinbeck would later be- period of the Great Depression, Steinbeck bought a small come an agnostic.[8] Steinbeck lived in a small rural town, boat, and later claimed that he was able to live on the fish no more than a frontier settlement, set in some of the and crab that he gathered from the sea, as well as fresh world’s most fertile land.[9] He spent his summers work- vegetables from his garden and local farms. When that ing on nearby ranches and later with migrant workers on didn't work, Steinbeck and his wife were not above get- Spreckels sugar beet farms. There he became aware of ting welfare, or rarely even stealing bacon from the local the harsher aspects of migrant life and the darker side produce market.[10] Whatever food they had, they would of human nature, which supplied him with material ex- share with their friends.[10] Carol became the model for

1 2 2 CAREER

Mary Talbot in Steinbeck’s novel Cannery Row.[10] trayed in ironic comparison to mythic knights on a quest In 1930, Steinbeck met , who became a and reject nearly all the standard mores of American soci- close friend and mentor to Steinbeck during the following ety in enjoyment of a dissolute life centered around wine, decade teaching him a great deal about philosophy and lust, camaraderie and petty theft. In presenting the 1962 biology.[10] Ricketts, usually very quiet, yet likable, with Nobel Prize to Steinbeck, the Swedish Academy cited an inner self-sufficiency and an encyclopedic knowledge “spicy and comic tales about a gang of paisanos, asocial of diverse subjects, became a focus of Steinbeck’s atten- individuals who, in their wild revels, are almost carica- tion. Ricketts had taken a college class from Warder C. tures of King Arthur’s Knights of the Round Table. It has been said that in the this book came as Allee, a biologist and ecological theorist, who would go on to write a classic early textbook on ecology. Ricketts a welcome antidote to the gloom of the then prevailing depression.”[1] Tortilla Flat was adapted as a 1942 film became a proponent of ecological thinking, in which man was only one part of a great chain of being, caught in a of the same name, starring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr and John Garfield, a friend of Steinbeck’s. With some of web of life too large for him to control or understand.[10] Meanwhile, Ricketts operated a biological lab on the the proceeds he built a summer ranch-home in Los Gatos. coast of Monterey, selling biological samples of small an- Steinbeck began to write a series of “California novels” imals, fish, rays, starfish, turtles, and other marine forms and Dust Bowl fiction, set among common people during to schools and colleges. the Great Depression. These included , Between the years 1930 to 1936, Steinbeck and Rick- Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. etts became close friends. Steinbeck’s wife began work- Of Mice and Men was a drama about the dreams of a ing at the lab as secretary-bookkeeper.[10] Steinbeck him- pair of migrant agricultural laborers in California. It was self began helping out on an informal basis.[10] They critically acclaimed[12] and Steinbeck’s 1962 Nobel Prize formed a common bond based on their love of music citation called it a “little masterpiece”.[1] Its stage pro- and art, and John learned biology and Ricketts’ ecologi- duction was a hit, starring Wallace Ford as George and cal philosophy.[10] When Steinbeck had emotional upsets, starring Broderick Crawford as George’s companion - the Ricketts would sometimes play music for him.[10] mentally childlike but physically powerful itinerant farm- hand Lennie. Steinbeck refused to travel from his home in California to attend any performance of the play dur- 2 Career ing its New York run, telling director George S. Kaufman that the play as it existed in his own mind was “perfect” and that anything presented on stage would only be a dis- 2.1 Writing appointment. Steinbeck would write two more stage plays ( and ). Steinbeck’s first novel, , published in 1929, Of Mice and Men was also adapted as a 1939 Hollywood is loosely based on the life and death of privateer Henry film, with Lon Chaney, Jr. as Lennie (he had filled the Morgan. It centers on Morgan’s assault and sacking of role in the Los Angeles stage production) and Burgess the city of Panama, sometimes referred to as the 'Cup of Meredith as George.[13] Meredith and Steinbeck became Gold', and on the women, fairer than , who were close friends for the next two decades.[10] Another film said to be found there.[12] based on the novella was made in 1992 starring Gary After Cup of Gold, between 1930 and 1933 Steinbeck Sinise as George and John Malkovich as Lennie. produced three shorter works. The Pastures of Heaven, Steinbeck followed this wave of success with The Grapes published in 1932, consists of twelve interconnected sto- of Wrath (1939), based on newspaper articles about mi- ries about a valley near Monterey, which was discov- grant agricultural workers that he had written in San Fran- ered by a Spanish corporal while chasing runaway Indian cisco. It is commonly considered his greatest work. Ac- slaves. In 1933 Steinbeck published The Red Pony, a 100- cording to , it was the best-selling page, four-chapter story weaving in memories of Stein- book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by beck’s childhood.[12] , named after a February 1940. In that month it won the National Book Vedic hymn,[10] follows the life of a homesteader and his Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members family in California, depicting a character with a primal of the American Booksellers Association.[14] Later that and pagan worship of the land he works. Although he year it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction[15] and it was still had not achieved the status of a well-known writer, adapted as a film directed by John Ford, starring Henry he never doubted that he would achieve greatness.[10] Fonda as Tom Joad; Fonda was nominated for the best Steinbeck achieved his first critical success with Tortilla actor Academy Award. Flat (1935), a novel set in post-war Monterey, Califor- Grapes was controversial. Steinbeck’s New Deal polit- nia, that won the California Commonwealth Club's Gold ical views, negative portrayal of aspects of capitalism, Medal.[12] It portrays the adventures of a group of class- and sympathy for the plight of workers, led to a backlash less and usually homeless young men in Monterey after against the author, especially close to home.[16] Claim- World War I, just before U.S. prohibition. They are por- 2.3 1940s–1960s work 3

ing the book was both obscene and misrepresented con- 2.3 1940s–1960s work ditions in the county, the Kern County Board of Supervi- sors banned the book from the county’s publicly funded schools and libraries in August 1939. This ban lasted un- Steinbeck’s novel The Moon Is Down (1942), about the til January 1941.[17] Socrates-inspired spirit of resistance in an occupied vil- lage in Northern Europe, was made into a film almost Of the controversy, Steinbeck wrote, “The vilification of immediately. It was presumed that the unnamed coun- me out here from the large landowners and bankers is try of the novel was Norway and the occupiers the Nazis, pretty bad. The latest is a rumor started by them that and in 1945 Steinbeck received the Haakon VII Cross of the Okies hate me and have threatened to kill me for ly- freedom for his literary contributions to the Norwegian ing about them. I'm frightened at the rolling might of this resistance movement. damned thing. It is completely out of hand; I mean a kind of hysteria about the book is growing that is not healthy.” In 1943, Steinbeck served as a World War II war corre- spondent for the New York Herald Tribune and worked The film versions of The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice with the Office of Strategic Services (predecessor of the and Men (by two different movie studios) were in pro- CIA).[22] It was at that time he became friends with Will duction simultaneously, allowing Steinbeck to spend a full Lang, Jr. of Time/Life magazine. During the war, Stein- day on the set of The Grapes of Wrath and the next day beck accompanied the commando raids of Douglas Fair- on the set of Of Mice and Men. banks, Jr.'s Beach Jumpers program, which launched small-unit diversion operations against German-held is- lands in the Mediterranean. At one point, he accompa- nied Fairbanks on an invasion of an island off the coast of Italy and helped capture Italian and German prisoners, 2.2 Ed Ricketts using a Tommy Gun. Some of his writings from this pe- riod were incorporated in the documentary Once There In the 1930s and 1940s, Ed Ricketts strongly influenced Was a War (1958). Steinbeck’s writing. Steinbeck frequently took small trips Steinbeck returned from the war with a number of with Ricketts along the California coast to give himself [18] wounds from shrapnel and some psychological trauma. time off from his writing and to collect biological spec- He treated himself, as ever, by writing. He wrote imens, which Ricketts sold for a living. Their joint book Alfred Hitchcock's Lifeboat (1944), and the film A Medal about a collecting expedition to the Gulf of California in for Benny (1945) with screenwriter Jack Wagner about 1940, which was part travelogue and part natural history, paisanos from Tortilla Flat going to war. He later re- published just as the U.S. entered World War II, never [18] quested that his name be removed from the credits of found an audience and did not sell well. However, in Lifeboat because he believed the final version of the film 1951, Steinbeck republished the narrative portion of the had racist undertones. In 1944, suffering from home- book as The Log from the Sea of Cortez, under his name sickness for his Pacific Grove/Monterey life of the 1930s, only (though Ricketts had written some of it). This work [19] he wrote Cannery Row (1945) which became so famous remains in print today. that Ocean View Avenue in Monterey, the location of the Although Carol accompanied Steinbeck on the trip, their book, was eventually renamed Cannery Row in 1958. marriage was beginning to suffer, and ended a year later, After the end of the war, he wrote (1947), al- in 1941, even as Steinbeck worked on the manuscript for ready knowing it would be filmed. The story first ap- the book.[10] In 1942, after his divorce from Carol he [20] peared in the December 1945 issue of Woman’s Home married Gwyndolyn “Gwyn” Conger. With his second Companion magazine as “The Pearl of the World.” It was wife Steinbeck had two sons—Thomas (“Thom”) Myles illustrated by John Alan Maxwell. The novel is an imagi- Steinbeck (born 1944) and John Steinbeck IV (1946– native telling of a story which Steinbeck had heard in La 1991). Paz in 1940, as related in The Log From the Sea of Cortez, Ricketts was Steinbeck’s model for the character of “Doc” which he described in Chapter 11 as being “so much in Cannery Row (1945) and (1954), like a parable that it almost can't be”. Steinbeck trav- “Friend Ed” in Burning Bright, and characters in In Du- eled to Mexico for the filming with Wagner who helped bious Battle (1936) and The Grapes of Wrath (1939). with the script; on this trip he would be inspired by the Ecological themes recur in Steinbeck’s novels of the story of Emiliano Zapata, and subsequently wrote a film period.[21] script (Viva Zapata!) directed by Elia Kazan and starring Steinbeck’s close relations with Ricketts ended in 1941 Marlon Brando and Anthony Quinn. when Steinbeck moved away from Pacific Grove and di- In 1947, Steinbeck made the first of many trips to vorced his wife Carol.[18] Ricketts’ biographer Eric Enno the Soviet Union, this one with photographer Robert Tamm notes that, except for East of Eden (1952), Stein- Capa. They visited Moscow, Kiev, Tbilisi, Batumi and beck’s writing declined after Ricketts’ untimely death in Stalingrad, some of the first Americans to visit many parts 1948.[21] of the USSR since the communist revolution. Steinbeck’s 4 2 CAREER

1948 book about their experiences, , expounder of the truth with an unbiased instinct for what was illustrated with Capa’s photos. In 1948, the year is genuinely American, be it good or bad.”[1] the book was published, Steinbeck was elected to the Apparently taken aback by the critical reception of this American Academy of Arts and Letters. novel, and the critical outcry when he was awarded the In 1952 Steinbeck’s longest novel, East of Eden, was pub- Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962,[25] Steinbeck pub- lished. According to his third wife, Elaine, he considered lished no more fiction in the next six years before his it his magnum opus, his greatest novel. death. In 1952, John Steinbeck appeared as the on-screen nar- rator of 20th Century Fox's film, O. Henry’s Full House. 2.4 Nobel Prize Although Steinbeck later admitted he was uncomfortable before the camera, he provided interesting introductions In 1962, Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize for literature to several filmed adaptations of short stories by the leg- for his “realistic and imaginative writing, combining as endary writer O. Henry. About the same time, Stein- it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception.” beck recorded readings of several of his short stories for The selection was heavily criticized, and described as Columbia Records; despite some stiffness, the recordings “one of the Academy’s biggest mistakes” in one Swedish provide a record of Steinbeck’s deep, resonant voice. newspaper.[25] The reaction of American literary critics Following the success of Viva Zapata!, Steinbeck collab- was also harsh. The New York Times asked why the No- orated with Kazan on East of Eden, James Dean's film bel committee gave the award to an author whose “limited debut. talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising”, noting that "[T]he international charac- ter of the award and the weight attached to it raise ques- tions about the mechanics of selection and how close the Nobel committee is to the main currents of American writing.... [W]e think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age”.[25] Steinbeck himself, when asked on the day of the announcement if he deserved the Nobel, replied: “Frankly, no.”[10][25] Bi- ographer Jackson Benson notes, "[T]his honor was one of the few in the world that one could not buy nor gain by political maneuver. It was precisely because the commit- tee made its judgment ... on its own criteria, rather than plugging into 'the main currents of American writing' as Rocinante, camper truck in which Steinbeck traveled across the defined by the critical establishment, that the award had United States in 1960 value.”[10][25] In his acceptance speech later in the year in Stockholm, he said: (subtitle: In Search of America) is a travelogue of his 1960 road trip with his poodle Charley. the writer is delegated to declare and to Steinbeck bemoans his lost youth and roots, while dis- celebrate man’s proven capacity for greatness pensing both criticism and praise for America. Accord- of heart and spirit—for gallantry in defeat, for ing to Steinbeck’s son Thom, Steinbeck went on the trip courage, compassion and love. In the endless because he knew he was dying and wanted to see the war against weakness and despair, these are [23] country one last time. the bright rally flags of hope and of emulation. Steinbeck’s last novel, The Winter of Our Discontent I hold that a writer who does not believe in (1961), examines moral decline in America. The pro- the perfectibility of man has no dedication nor tagonist Ethan grows discontented with his own moral any membership in literature. decline and that of those around him.[24] The book is —Steinbeck Nobel Prize Acceptance very different in tone from Steinbeck’s amoral and eco- Speech[26] logical stance in earlier works like Tortilla Flat and Can- nery Row. It was not a critical success. Many reviewers recognized the importance of the novel but were disap- In 2012, (50 years later), the Nobel Prize opened its pointed that it was not another Grapes of Wrath.[24] In archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a “com- the Nobel Prize presentation speech next year, however, promise choice” among a shortlist consisting of Stein- the Swedish Academy cited it most favorably: “Here he beck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Dur- attained the same standard which he set in The Grapes rell, French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author of Wrath. Again he holds his position as an independent Karen Blixen.[25] The declassified documents showed that 5

he was chosen as the best of a bad lot,[25] “There aren't of Mount Hope, a farm community established in Israel any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize by his grandfather, whose brother, Friedrich Grossstein- committee is in an unenviable situation,” wrote commit- beck, was murdered by Arab marauders in 1858 in what tee member Henry Olsson.[25] Although the committee became known as the Outrages at Jaffa.[30] believed Steinbeck’s best work was behind him by 1962, committee member Anders Österling believed the release of his new novel The Winter of Our Discontent in 1961 4 Death and legacy showed that “after some signs of slowing down in recent years, [Steinbeck has] regained his position as a social truth-teller [and is an] authentic realist fully equal to his predecessors and .”[25] Although modest about his own talent as a writer, Stein- beck talked openly of his own admiration of certain writ- ers. In 1953, he wrote that he considered cartoonist Al Capp, creator of the satirical Li'l Abner, “possibly the best writer in the world today.”[27] At his own first Nobel Prize press conference he was asked his favorite authors and works and replied: "Hemingway's short stories and nearly everything Faulkner wrote.”[10] In September 1964, Steinbeck was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1967, at the behest of Newsday magazine, Steinbeck The Steinbeck family graves in the Hamilton plot at the Salinas went to to report on the war there. Thinking of Cemetery the as a heroic venture, he was considered a hawk for his position on that war. His sons both served John Steinbeck died in on December 20, in Vietnam prior to his death, and Steinbeck visited one 1968, of heart disease and congestive heart failure. He son in the battlefield (at one point being allowed to man was 66, and had been a lifelong smoker. An autopsy showed nearly complete occlusion of the main coronary a machine-gun watch position at night at a firebase, while [12] his son and other members of his platoon slept).[28] arteries. In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated, and interred on March 4, 1969[31] at the Hamilton family gravesite in Salinas, with those of his parents and mater- 3 Personal life nal grandparents. His third wife, Elaine, was buried in the plot in 2004. He had earlier written to his doctor that In May 1948, Steinbeck went back to California on an he felt deeply “in his flesh” that he would not survive his emergency trip to be with his friend Ed Ricketts, who had physical death, and that the biological end of his life was been seriously injured when his car was struck by a train. the final end to it.[18] Ricketts died hours before Steinbeck arrived. Upon re- The day after Steinbeck’s death in New York City, re- turning home, Steinbeck was confronted by Gwyn, who viewer Charles Poore wrote in the New York Times: “John asked for a divorce, which became final in August. Stein- Steinbeck’s first great book was his last great book. But beck spent the year after Ricketts’ death in deep depres- Good Lord, what a book that was and is: The Grapes sion. of Wrath.” Poore noted a “preachiness” in Steinbeck’s In June 1949, Steinbeck met stage-manager Elaine Scott work, “as if half his literary inheritance came from the at a restaurant in Carmel, California. Steinbeck and Scott best of — and the other half from the worst eventually began a relationship and in December 1950 of Cotton Mather.” But he asserted that “Steinbeck didn't Steinbeck and Scott married, within a week of the final- need the Nobel Prize— the Nobel judges needed him.” izing of Scott’s own divorce from actor Zachary Scott. Steinbeck’s incomplete novel based on the King Arthur This third marriage for Steinbeck lasted until his death in [12] legends of Malory and others, The Acts of King Arthur 1968. and His Noble Knights, was published in 1976. In 1962 Steinbeck began acting as friend and mentor to Many of Steinbeck’s works are on required reading lists the young writer and naturalist Jack Rudloe, who was try- in American high schools. In the United Kingdom, Of ing to establish his own biological supply company, now Mice and Men is one of the key texts used by the examin- Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory in Florida. Their cor- [29] ing body AQA for its English Literature GCSE. A study respondence continued until his death. by the Center for the Learning and Teaching of Litera- In 1966, Steinbeck traveled to Tel Aviv to visit the site ture in the United States found that Of Mice and Men was 6 4 DEATH AND LEGACY

one of the ten most frequently read books in public high tic voice by drawing upon direct memories of his life in schools.[32] California. His childhood friend, Max Wagner, a brother At the same time, The Grapes of Wrath has been banned of Jack Wagner and who later became a film actor, served by school boards: in August 1939, Kern County Board of as inspiration for The Red Pony. Later he used real Amer- Supervisors banned the book from the county’s publicly ican historical conditions and events in the first half of funded schools and libraries.[17] It was burned in Salinas the 20th century, which he had experienced first-hand on two different occasions.[33][34] In 2003, a school board as a reporter. Steinbeck often populated his stories with in Mississippi banned it on the grounds of profanity.[35] struggling characters; his works examined the lives of the working class and migrant workers during the Dust Bowl According to the American Library Association Stein- beck was one of the ten most frequently banned authors and the Great Depression. from 1990 to 2004, with Of Mice and Men ranking sixth His later work reflected his wide range of interests, in- out of 100 such books in the United States.[36][37] cluding marine biology, politics, religion, history and mythology. One of his last published works was Travels with Charley, a travelogue of a road trip he took in 1960 4.1 Opinions on Nobel Prize to rediscover America.

The award of the 1962 Nobel Prize for Literature to Steinbeck was controversial in the United States. The 4.3 Commemoration award citation lauded Steinbeck “for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception”. Many critics of the award of the Nobel to Steinbeck complained that the au- thor’s best work were behind him. The New York Times ran an article by Arthur Mizener entitled “Does a Writer with a Moral Vision of the 1930s Deserve the Nobel Prize?” that claimed Steinbeck was undeserving of the prestigious prize as he was a “limited talent” whose works were “watered down by tenth-rate philosophizing”. Many American critics now consider these attacks to be politi- cally motivated.[38] The British newspaper , in a 2013 arti- cle that revealed that Steinbeck had been a compromise choice for the Nobel Prize, called him a “Giant of Amer- ican Letters.” Despite ongoing attacks on his literary rep- Cannery Row in Monterey utation, Steinbeck’s works continue to sell well and he is widely taught in American and British schools as a bridge to more complex literature. Works such as Of Mice and Men are short and easy to read, and compassionately il- lustrate universal themes that are still relevant in the 21st Century.[4]

4.2 Literary influences

Steinbeck grew up in California’s Salinas Valley, a cul- turally diverse place with a rich migratory and immi- grant history. This upbringing imparted a regionalistic flavor to his writing, giving many of his works a distinct sense of place.[9][12] Salinas, Monterey and parts of the San Joaquin Valley were the setting for many of his sto- National Steinbeck Center in Salinas, California ries. The area is now sometimes referred to as “Stein- [18] beck Country”. Most of his early work dealt with sub- Steinbeck’s boyhood home, a turreted Victorian building jects familiar to him from his formative years. An ex- in downtown Salinas, has been preserved and restored by ception was his first novel, Cup of Gold, which concerns the Valley Guild, a nonprofit organization. Fixed menu the pirate Henry Morgan, whose adventures had captured lunches are served Monday through Saturday, and the Steinbeck’s imagination as a child. house is open for tours during the summer on Sunday In his subsequent novels, Steinbeck found a more authen- afternoons.[39] 7

The National Steinbeck Center, two blocks away at 1 is the only museum in the U.S. dedicated to a single author. Dana Gioia (chair of the National Endow- ment for the Arts) told an audience at the center, “This is really the best modern literary shrine in the country, and I've seen them all.” Its “Steinbeckiana” includes “Roci- nante,” the camper-truck in which Steinbeck made the cross-country trip described in Travels with Charley. His father’s cottage on Eleventh Street in Pacific Grove, where Steinbeck wrote some of his earliest books, also survives.[18] In Monterey, Ed Ricketts’ laboratory survives (though it is not yet open to the public) and at the corner which Steinbeck describes in Cannery Row, also the store which once belonged to Lee Chong, and the adjacent vacant lot frequented by the hobos of Cannery Row. The site of the Hovden Sardine Cannery next to Doc’s laboratory is now occupied by the Monterey Bay Aquarium. However, the street that Steinbeck described as “Cannery Row” in the novel, once named Ocean View Avenue, was renamed Cannery Row in honor of the novel, in 1958. The town of Monterey has commemorated Steinbeck’s work with an avenue of flags depicting characters from Cannery Row, historical plaques, and sculptured busts depicting Stein- beck and Ricketts.[18] On February 27, 1979 (the 77th anniversary of the writer’s birth), the United States Postal Service issued a John Steinbeck, with his 19-year-old son John (left), visits his friend, President Johnson, in the Oval Office, May 16, 1966. stamp featuring Steinbeck, starting the Postal Service’s John Jr. is shortly to leave for active duty in Vietnam. Literary Arts series honoring American writers.[40] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Steinbeck into the California Hall of Fame, located at the California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[41] His son, author , accepted the award on his behalf. Documents released by the Central Intelligence Agency To commemorate the 112th anniversary of Mr. Stein- in 2012 indicate that Steinbeck offered his services to the beck’s birthday on February 27, 2014, displayed Agency in 1952, while planning a European tour, and the Director of Central Intelligence himself, Walter Bedell an interactive doodle utilizing animation which included [48] illustrations portraying scenes and quotes from several Smith, was eager to take him up on the offer. What novels by the author.[42][43][44] work, if any, Steinbeck may have performed for the CIA during the Cold War is unknown. Steinbeck was a close associate of playwright Arthur 5 Political views Miller. In June 1957, Steinbeck took a personal and professional risk by standing up for him when Miller re- fused to name names in the House Un-American Activi- Steinbeck’s contacts with leftist authors, journalists, and [33] labor union figures may have influenced his writing and ties Committee trials. Steinbeck called the period one of the “strangest and most frightening times a government he joined the League of American Writers, a Commu- [33] nist organization, in 1935.[45] Steinbeck was mentored by and people have ever faced.” radical writers Lincoln Steffens and his wife Ella Winter. In 1967, when he was sent to Vietnam to report on the Through Francis Whitaker, a member of the Communist war, his sympathetic portrayal of the United States Army Party USA’s John Reed Club for writers, Steinbeck met led the New York Post to denounce him for betraying with strike organizers from the Cannery and Agricultural his liberal past. Steinbeck’s biographer, Jay Parini, says Workers’ Industrial Union.[46] In 1939, he signed a let- Steinbeck’s friendship with President Lyndon B. Johnson ter with some other writers in support of the Soviet in- influenced his views on Vietnam.[12] Steinbeck may also vasion of Finland and the Soviet-established puppet gov- have been concerned about the safety of his son serving ernment.[47] in Vietnam. 8 8 FILMOGRAPHY

5.1 Government harassment 6.3 The Grapes of Wrath

Steinbeck complained publicly about government harass- Main article: The Grapes of Wrath ment. Thomas Steinbeck, the author’s eldest son, said that J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI at the time, could The Grapes of Wrath is set in the Great Depression and find no basis for prosecuting Steinbeck and therefore used describes a family of sharecroppers, the Joads, who were his power to encourage the U.S. Internal Revenue Service driven from their land due to the dust storms of the Dust to audit Steinbeck’s taxes every single year of his life, Bowl. The title is a reference to the Battle Hymn of the just to annoy him. According to Thomas, a true artist Republic. Some critics found it too sympathetic to the is one who “without a thought for self, stands up against workers’ plight and too critical of capitalism but it found the stones of condemnation, and speaks for those who are quite a large audience in the working class. It won both given no real voice in the halls of justice, or the halls of the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction government. By doing so these people will naturally be- (novels) and was adapted as a film starring Henry Fonda [49] come the enemies of the political status quo.” and directed by John Ford. In a 1942 letter to United States Attorney General Francis Biddle, John Steinbeck wrote: “Do you sup- pose you could ask Edgar’s boys to stop stepping on my 6.4 East of Eden heels? They think I am an enemy alien. It is getting tiresome.”[50] The FBI denied that Steinbeck was under Main article: East of Eden (novel) investigation. Steinbeck deals with the nature of good and evil in this Salinas Valley saga. The story follows two families: the Hamiltons – based on Steinbeck’s own maternal ances- 6 Major works try – and the Trasks, reprising stories about the Biblical Adam and his progeny. The book was published in 1952. 6.1 In Dubious Battle It was made into a movie in 1955 directed by Elia Kazan starring James Dean. Main article: In Dubious Battle 6.5 Travels with Charley In 1936, Steinbeck published the first of what came to be known as his Dustbowl trilogy, which included Of Mice Main article: Travels with Charley: In Search of America and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. This first novel tells the story of a fruit pickers’ strike in California which is In 1960, Steinbeck bought a pickup truck and had it both aided and damaged by the help of “the Party,” gen- modified with a custom-built camper top – which was erally taken to be the Communist Party, although this is rare at the time – and drove across the United States never spelled out in the book. with his faithful 'blue' standard poodle, Charley. Stein- beck nicknamed his truck Rocinante after Don Quixote's “noble steed”. In this sometimes comical, sometimes 6.2 Of Mice and Men melancholic book, Steinbeck describes what he sees from Maine to Montana to California, and from there to Texas Main article: Of Mice and Men and Louisiana and back to his home on Long Island. The restored camper truck is on exhibit in the National Stein- beck Center in Salinas. Of Mice and Men is a tragedy that was written in the form of a play in 1937. The story is about two travel- ing ranch workers, George and Lennie, trying to work 7 Bibliography up enough money to buy their own farm/ranch. As it is set in 1930s America, it provides an insight into The Great Depression, encompassing themes of racism, lone- 8 Filmography liness, prejudice against the mentally ill, and the struggle for personal independence. Along with The Grapes of • 1939—Of Mice and Men—directed by Lewis Mile- Wrath, East of Eden, and The Pearl, Of Mice and Men is stone, featuring Burgess Meredith, Lon Chaney, Jr., one of Steinbeck’s best known works. It was made into and Betty Field a movie three times, in 1939 starring Burgess Meredith, Lon Chaney Jr., and Betty Field, in 1982 starring Randy • 1940—The Grapes of Wrath—directed by John Quaid, Robert Blake and Ted Neeley, and in 1992 star- Ford, featuring Henry Fonda, Jane Darwell and John ring and John Malkovich. Carradine 9

• 1941——directed by 10 Notes Alexander Hammid and Herbert Kline, nar- rated by Burgess Meredith, music by Hanns [1] The Swedish Academy cited The Grapes of Wrath and The Eisler Winter of Our Discontent most favorably. “The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962: Presentation Speech • 1942—Tortilla Flat—directed by Victor Fleming, by Anders Österling, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish featuring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr and John Academy”. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved April 21, 2008. Garfield [2] Bryer, R. Jackson (1989). Sixteen Modern American Au- • thors, Volume 2. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 1943—The Moon is Down—directed by Irving 620. ISBN 978-0822310181. Pichel, featuring Lee J. Cobb and Sir Cedric Hard- wicke [3] Chilton, Martin. “The Grapes of Wrath: 10 surprising facts about John Steinbeck’s novel”. Telegraph (London). • 1944—Lifeboat—directed by Alfred Hitchcock, Retrieved 6 December 2014. featuring Tallulah Bankhead, Hume Cronyn, and [4] “Who, what, why: Why do children study Of Mice and John Hodiak Men?". BBC. Retrieved 6 December 2014.

• 1944—A Medal for Benny—directed by Irving [5] “Okie Faces & Irish Eyes: John Steinbeck & Route 66”. Pichel, featuring Dorothy Lamour and Arturo de Irish America. Retrieved 2012-10-23. Cordova [6] John Steinbeck Biography at the Wayback Machine (archived March 5, 2010). National Steinbeck Centre • 1947—La Perla (The Pearl, Mexico)—directed by Emilio Fernández, featuring Pedro Armendáriz and [7] Alec Gilmore. John Steinbeck’s View of God. María Elena Marqués gilco.org.uk

• [8] Jackson J. Benson (1984). The true adventures of John 1949—The Red Pony—directed by Lewis Mile- Steinbeck, writer: a biography. Viking Press. p. 248. stone, featuring Myrna Loy, Robert Mitchum, and ISBN 978-0-670-16685-5. Ricketts did not convert his Louis Calhern friend to a religious point of view—Steinbeck remained an agnostic and, essentially, a materialist—but Ricketts’s • 1952—Viva Zapata!—directed by Elia Kazan, fea- religious acceptance did tend to work on his friend,... turing Marlon Brando, Anthony Quinn and Jean Pe- ters [9] Introduction to John Steinbeck, , pp. 9– 10, John Timmerman, Penguin Publishing, 1995

• 1955—East of Eden—directed by Elia Kazan, fea- [10] Jackson J. Benson, The True Adventures of John Steinbeck, turing James Dean, Julie Harris, Jo Van Fleet, and Writer New York: The Viking Press, 1984. ISBN 0-14- Raymond Massey 014417-X, pp. 147, 915a, 915b, 133

• 1957——directed by Victor Vi- [11] Introduction to 'The Grapes of Wrath' Penguin edition (1192) by Robert DeMott cas, featuring Rick Jason, Jayne Mansfield, and [12] Jay Parini, John Steinbeck: A Biography, Holt Publishing, 1996 • 1961—Flight—featuring Efrain Ramírez and Ar- nelia Cortez [13] “Of Mice and Men (1939)". The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved October 10, 2007.

• 1962—Ikimize bir dünya (Of Mice and Men, [14] “1939 Book Awards Given by Critics: Elgin Groseclose’s Turkey) 'Ararat' is Picked as Work Which Failed to Get Due Recognition”, The New York Times, February 14, 1940, • 1972—Topoli (Of Mice and Men, Iran) p. 25. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2007). • 1982—Cannery Row—directed by David S. Ward, featuring Nick Nolte and Debra Winger [15] “Novel” (Winners 1917–1947). The Pulitzer Prizes. Re- trieved January 28, 2012.

• 1992—Of Mice and Men—directed by Gary Sinise [16] Keith Windschuttle (2002-06-02). “Steinbeck’s myth of and starring John Malkovich and Gary Sinise the Okies” at the Wayback Machine (archived February 4, 2004). The New Criterion.

[17] Steinbecks works banned at the Wayback Machine 9 See also (archived October 5, 2006). pacific.net.au [18] Susan Shillinglaw (2006). “A Journey into Steinbeck’s • – A personal stamp used by Steinbeck. California”. Roaring Forties Press. 10 11 REFERENCES

[19] A website devoted to Sea of Cortez literature, with infor- [38] Johnson, Eric. “John Steinbeck, despised and dismissed mation on Steinbeck’s expedition. Retrieved July 6, 2009. by the right and the left, was a real American radical”. Monterey County Weekly. Retrieved 6 December 2014. [20] Fensch, Thomas (2002). Steinbeck and Covici. New Cen- tury exceptional lives. New Century Books. p. 33. ISBN [39] John Steinbeck’s Home and Birthplace at the Wayback 978-0-930751-35-7. Machine (archived October 16, 2006), Information Point. Retrieved 2007. [21] Bruce Robison, “Mavericks on Cannery Row,” American Scientist, vol. 92, no. 6 (November–December 2004), p. [40] “Pulitzer Prize-Winning Author Gets ‘Stamp of Ap- 1: a review of Eric Enno Tamm, Beyond the Outer Shores: proval’". United States Postal Service. February 21, 2008. The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecol- Retrieved March 15, 2008. ogist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell, Four Walls Eight Windows, 2004. [41] Steinbeck inducted into California Hall of Fame, Califor- nia Museum. Retrieved 2007. [22] Introduction to The Moon Is Down (Penguin) published 1995, by Donald V. Coers [42] Laura Stampler (February 27, 2014). “Google Doodle Celebrates John Steinbeck”. Time, Inc. Retrieved March [23] Steinbeck knew he was dying,” September 13, 2006. Au- 8, 2014. dio interview with Thom Steinbeck

[24] Cynthia Burkhead, The students companion to John Stein- [43] Alison Flood (February 27, 2014). “John Steinbeck: beck, Greenwood Press, 2002, p. 24 ISBN 0-313-31457- Google Doodle pays tribute to author on 112th anniver- 8 sary”. The Guardian. Retrieved March 8, 2014.

[25] Alison Flood (3 January 2013). “Swedish Academy re- [44] Carolyn Kellogg (February 27, 2014). “Google Doo- opens controversy surrounding Steinbeck’s Nobel prize”. dle celebrates the work of John Steinbeck”. Los Angeles The Guardian. Retrieved January 3, 2013. Times. Retrieved March 8, 2014.

[26] Steinbeck Nobel Prize Banquet Speech. Nobelprize.org [45] Dave Stancliff (February 24, 2013). “Remembering John (December 10, 1962). Retrieved August 26, 2011. Steinbeck, a great American writer”. Times-Standard. Retrieved June 28, 2014. [27] ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Archive: Biography: Al Capp 2- A CAPPital Offense at the Wayback Machine [46] Steinbeck and radicalism New Criterion. Retrieved 2007. (archived March 24, 2009). animationarchive.org (May 2008). [47] “Terijoen hallitus sai outoa tukea” [The Terijoki Gov- ernment received odd support]. Helsingin Sanomat (in [28] Steinbeck, A Life in Letters. Finnish). November 29, 2009.

[29] T. Manning, Matos S., Addler B. “Hidden Treasure The [48] Brian Kannard, Steinbeck: Citizen Spy, Grave Distrac- Steinbeck-Rudloe Letters”, Steinbeck Studies, San Jose tions, 2013 ISBN 978-0-9890293-9-1, pp. 15–17. University, 2005 Vol 16, No 1&2, pg 109-117 The correspondence is also available at http://www. [30] Perry, Yaron.“John Steinbeck’s Roots in Nineteenth- steinbeckcitizenspy.com/steinebeck-1952-letter.php Century Palestine.” Steinbeck Studies 15.1 (Spring 2004): [49] Huffington Post, September 27, 2010, John Steinbeck, 46-72. www.muse.jhu.edu. Retrieved on August 26, Michael Moore, and the Burgeoning Role of Planetary Pa- 2011. triotism [31] Burial in timeline at this site, taken from '''Steinbeck: A Life in Letters’''. Steinbeck.org. Retrieved on August 26, [50] Steinbeck Political Beliefs, Smoking Gun Part 1. Re- 2011. trieved 2007.

[32] Books taught in Schools, Center for the Learning and Teaching of Literature. Retrieved 2007. 11 References [33] Jackson J. Benson, John Steinbeck, Writer: A Biography, Penguin, 1990 ISBN 0-14-014417-X • DeMott, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine A., eds. John [34] The Grapes of Wrath Burnt in Salinas, National Steinbeck Steinbeck, Novels and Stories 1932–1937 (Library of Centre. Retrieved 2007. America, 1994) ISBN 978-1-883011-01-7

[35] Steinbecks work banned in Mississippi 2003, American • DeMott, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine A., eds. John Library Association. Retrieved 2007. Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath and Other Writings 1936–1941 (, 1996) ISBN 978- [36] Steinbeck 10 most banned list at the Wayback Machine (archived July 15, 2004), American Library Association. 1-883011-15-4

[37] 100 Most Frequently banned books in the U.S. at the • DeMott, Robert, ed. John Steinbeck, Novels 1942– Wayback Machine (archived March 23, 2008), American 1952 (Library of America, 2002) ISBN 978-1- Library Association. Retrieved 2007. 931082-07-5 11

• DeMott, Robert and Railsback, Brian, eds. John • The Martha Heasley Cox Center for Steinbeck Stud- Steinbeck, Travels With Charlie and later novels, ies at the San José State University 1947–1962 (Library of America, 2007) ISBN 978- • 1-59853-004-9 searchable database of secondary Steinbeck materi- als • Benson, Jackson J. (ed.) The Short Novels Of John • Nathaniel Benchley (Fall 1969). “John Steinbeck, Steinbeck: Critical Essays with a Checklist to Stein- The Art of Fiction No. 45”. The Paris Review. beck Criticism. Durham: Duke UP, 1990 ISBN 0- 8223-0994-7. • George Plimpton and Frank Crowther (Fall 1975). “John Steinbeck, The Art of Fiction No. 45 (Con- • Davis, Robert C. The Grapes of Wrath: A Collection tinued)". The Paris Review. of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1982. PS3537 .T3234 G734 • John Steinbeck at C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History • French, Warren. John Steinbeck’s Fiction Revisited. NY: Twayne, 1994 ISBN 0-8057-4017-1. • FBI file on John Steinbeck

• Hughes, R. S. John Steinbeck: A Study of the Short • Works by or about John Steinbeck in libraries Fiction. R.S. Hughes. Boston : Twayne, 1989. (WorldCat catalog) ISBN 0-8057-8302-4. • Nobel Laureate page • Meyer, Michael J. The Hayashi Steinbeck Bibliogra- • John Steinbeck Collection, 1902–1979 (call number phy, 1982–1996. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1998 M0263; 8.50 linear ft.) and Wells Fargo John Stein- ISBN 0-8108-3482-0. beck Collection, 1870–1981 (call number M1063; • Benson, Jackson J. Looking for Steinbeck’s Ghost. 5 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Spe- Reno: U of Nevada P, 2002 ISBN 0-87417-497-X. cial Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries • Ditsky, John. John Steinbeck and the Critics. • Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2000 ISBN 1- The Steinbeck Quarterly journal, a full-text search- 57113-210-4. able journal published from 1968–1993 by the John Steinbeck Society of America that focuses on Stein- • Heavilin, Barbara A. John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of beck criticism and scholarship Wrath: A Reference Guide. Westport, CT: Green- • John Steinbeck at Library of Congress Authorities, wood, 2002 ISBN 0-313-31837-9. with 359 catalog records • Li, Luchen. ed. John Steinbeck: A Documentary Volume. Detroit: Gale, 2005 ISBN 0-7876-8127- X.

• Steinbeck, John Steinbeck IV and Nancy (2001). The Other Side of Eden: Life with John Steinbeck. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-858-5

• Tamm, Eric Enno (2005). Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecologist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell. Thunder’s Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1- 56025-689-2.

• Bensen, Jackson J. “John Steinbeck, Writer” Pen- guin Putnam Inc., second edition, New York, 1990, 0-14-01.4417X,

12 External links

• National Steinbeck Center in Salinas, CA

• at Ball State University Archives and Special Col- lections 12 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text

• John Steinbeck Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Steinbeck?oldid=650654080 Contributors: Kpjas, NathanBeach, Mav, Es- pen, The Anome, Koyaanis Qatsi, Danny, Shsilver, Olivier, Frecklefoot, Edward, D, Ixfd64, Delirium, Skysmith, Paul A, Goatasaur, Mde- bets, Ahoerstemeier, DavidWBrooks, Ronz, Kingturtle, Cherkash, John K, Mxn, Raven in Orbit, Jengod, Charles Matthews, Dino, RickK, Fuzheado, Buridan, ElmoHoo, Bloodshedder, Dpbsmith, Pollinator, Phil Boswell, AlexPlank, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Robzero33, Chrism, Fredrik, Nurg, Amgine, Sverdrup, Pmineault, Academic Challenger, Meelar, JB82, LGagnon, Rasmus Faber, Sunray, Rebrane, Hadal, Wikibot, JackofOz, Borislav, HaeB, TPK, Dina, Alan Liefting, Giftlite, Graeme Bartlett, Orangemike, Everyking, Elinnea, Perl, Michael Devore, Henry Flower, Jdavidb, Leonard G., FrYGuY, Ezhiki, Slyguy, Solipsist, Jackol, Bobblewik, Tagishsimon, Meddlin' Pedant, Gy- rofrog, Wmahan, Utcursch, Alexf, Dvavasour, SarekOfVulcan, SURIV, Antandrus, OverlordQ, JoJan, Watcher, PDH, Neutrality, Jcw69, Ukexpat, Jewbacca, Klemen Kocjancic, Nogwa, Squash, TheObtuseAngleOfDoom, Acsenray, RevRagnarok, Guppyfinsoup, Mike Rosoft, D6, Simonides, Freakofnurture, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Atchom, Xezbeth, JPX7, Bender235, ESkog, Kbh3rd, Kaisershatner, JoeSmack, Kaszeta, Maclean25, LordHarris, Zscout370, El C, Chairboy, Tom, RoyBoy, Leif, Gershwinrb, Noren, Bobo192, NetBot, Whosyourjudas, Hurricane111, Smalljim, Viriditas, Clarkbhm, Giraffedata, SpeedyGonsales, Rockhopper10r, Rajah, Brookswilliams, Troels Nybo, Pschemp, DCEdwards1966, Sam Korn, Nsaa, Officiallyover, Googie man, Jumbuck, Storm Rider, Alansohn, Enirac Sum, Rray, Civvi, Slof, Improv, Riana, Yamla, Calton, Viridian, Fritzpoll, Trjumpet, Wanderingstan, Spangineer, Idont Havaname, Snowolf, AnthonyWS, Wtmitchell, Irdepesca572, Yuckfoo, RainbowOfLight, DrGaellon, Dave.Dunford, Versageek, Netkinetic, Bookandcoffee, Dan100, Tm1000, Dismas, Feezo, Gmaxwell, Angr, OwenX, Camw, Eyesbomb, Deeahbz, ^demon, WadeSimMiser, Matijap, MONGO, Guardian, KaurJmeb, Bkwillwm, Schzmo, GregorB, Snagari, OCNative, SDC, Sam Coutu-Oughton, Prashanthns, Gimboid13, Liface, Pal- ica, Dysepsion, Rtcpenguin, Miken32, Kesla, Jwoodger, Graham87, Magister Mathematicae, Rachel1, BD2412, Kbdank71, FreplySpang, RxS, Jclemens, JFPerry, Noirish, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Joe Decker, Nightscream, Jweiss11, Vary, Avia, Hiberniantears, Kalimac, Ya- mamoto Ichiro, FayssalF, Falphin, Titoxd, Leisaie, FlaBot, Ian Pitchford, RobertG, Ground Zero, Oliver Chettle, CalJW, Greg321, Crazy- computers, RMc, Nivix, RexNL, Gurch, President Rhapsody, TeaDrinker, Terrx, Alphachimp, Alfadog, Newmhost, Ahunt, King of Hearts, Fogelmatrix, Chobot, Bgwhite, Cactus.man, Gwernol, Flcelloguy, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Borgx, Hawaiian717, RattusMaximus, Unravel, Split, Jeffpw, Kinneyboy90, Daverocks, RussBot, Jumbo Snails, Cougarwalk, SpuriousQ, Stephenb, Tenebrae, RandallJones, Ihope127, Member, Philopedia, Royalbroil, Shanel, NawlinWiki, Swollib, Zhaladshar, Wiki alf, Magicmonster, Veledan, Jaxl, Welsh, UDScott, Valhallia, Lepidoptera, Irishguy, Nick, Vizjim, Anetode, Nephron, Dppowell, Coderzombie, Jpbowen, Larry laptop, Vancou- veriensis, Raven4x4x, Moe Epsilon, Tony1, Bucketsofg, Aaron Schulz, JJBunks, DeadEyeArrow, PS2pcGAMER, Bota47, Craigkbryant, Kewp, Shadowblade, CLW, Bronks, Tekana, Alpha 4615, David Underdown, Nick123, Ms2ger, The Halo, Zello, 21655, Zzuuzz, J. 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