John Steinbeck
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
John Steinbeck “Steinbeck” redirects here. For other people with this pressed in such works as Of Mice and Men.[9] He also surname, see Steinbeck (surname). explored his surroundings, walking across local forests, fields, and farms.[9] While working at Spreckels Sugar John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. (February 27, 1902 – De- Company, he would sometimes work in their laboratory, which gave him time to write.[10] He also had consid- cember 20, 1968) was an American author of twenty- seven books, including sixteen novels, six non-fiction erable mechanical aptitude and fondness for making his own repairs to things he owned.[10] books, and five collections of short stories. He is widely known for the comic novels Tortilla Flat (1935) and Cannery Row (1945), the multi-generation epic East of Eden (1952), and the novellas Of Mice and Men (1937) and The Red Pony (1937). The Pulitzer Prize-winning The Grapes of Wrath (1939), widely attributed to be part of the American literary canon,[2] is considered Stein- beck’s masterpiece. In the first 75 years since it was pub- lished, it sold 14 million copies.[3] The winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature, he has been called “a giant of American letters”.[4] His works are widely read abroad and many of his works are considered classics of Western literature. Most of Steinbeck’s work is set in southern and cen- tral California, particularly in the Salinas Valley and the The Steinbeck House at 132 Central Avenue, Salinas, California, California Coast Ranges region. His works frequently ex- the Victorian home where Steinbeck spent his childhood. plored the themes of fate and injustice, especially as ap- plied to downtrodden or everyman protagonists. Steinbeck graduated from Salinas High School in 1919 and went from there to study English Literature at Stanford University in Palo Alto, leaving, without a de- gree, in 1925. He travelled to New York City where 1 Early life he took odd jobs while trying to write. When he failed to have his work published, he returned to California John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. was born on February 27, and worked in 1928 as a tour guide and caretaker[10] 1902, in Salinas, California. He was of German, En- at Lake Tahoe, where he met Carol Henning, his first glish, and Irish descent.[5] Johann Adolf Großsteinbeck, wife.[6][10][11] The two were married in January 1930 in Steinbeck’s paternal grandfather, had shortened the fam- Los Angeles, where, with friends, he attempted to make ily name to Steinbeck when he emigrated to the United money manufacturing plaster mannequins.[10] States. The family farm in Heiligenhaus, Mettmann, When their money ran out six months later, Steinbeck North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, is still today named and Carol moved back to Pacific Grove, California, to a “Großsteinbeck.” cottage owned by his father, on the Monterey Peninsula His father, John Ernst Steinbeck, served as Monterey a few blocks from the border of the city of Monterey, County treasurer. John’s mother, Olive Hamilton, a for- California. The elder Steinbecks gave John free housing, mer school teacher, shared Steinbeck’s passion for read- paper for his manuscripts, and from 1928, loans that al- ing and writing.[6] The Steinbecks were members of the lowed him to write without looking for work. During this Episcopal Church,[7] although Steinbeck would later be- period of the Great Depression, Steinbeck bought a small come an agnostic.[8] Steinbeck lived in a small rural town, boat, and later claimed that he was able to live on the fish no more than a frontier settlement, set in some of the and crab that he gathered from the sea, as well as fresh world’s most fertile land.[9] He spent his summers work- vegetables from his garden and local farms. When that ing on nearby ranches and later with migrant workers on didn't work, Steinbeck and his wife were not above get- Spreckels sugar beet farms. There he became aware of ting welfare, or rarely even stealing bacon from the local the harsher aspects of migrant life and the darker side produce market.[10] Whatever food they had, they would of human nature, which supplied him with material ex- share with their friends.[10] Carol became the model for 1 2 2 CAREER Mary Talbot in Steinbeck’s novel Cannery Row.[10] trayed in ironic comparison to mythic knights on a quest In 1930, Steinbeck met Ed Ricketts, who became a and reject nearly all the standard mores of American soci- close friend and mentor to Steinbeck during the following ety in enjoyment of a dissolute life centered around wine, decade teaching him a great deal about philosophy and lust, camaraderie and petty theft. In presenting the 1962 biology.[10] Ricketts, usually very quiet, yet likable, with Nobel Prize to Steinbeck, the Swedish Academy cited an inner self-sufficiency and an encyclopedic knowledge “spicy and comic tales about a gang of paisanos, asocial of diverse subjects, became a focus of Steinbeck’s atten- individuals who, in their wild revels, are almost carica- tion. Ricketts had taken a college class from Warder C. tures of King Arthur’s Knights of the Round Table. It has been said that in the United States this book came as Allee, a biologist and ecological theorist, who would go on to write a classic early textbook on ecology. Ricketts a welcome antidote to the gloom of the then prevailing depression.”[1] Tortilla Flat was adapted as a 1942 film became a proponent of ecological thinking, in which man was only one part of a great chain of being, caught in a of the same name, starring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr and John Garfield, a friend of Steinbeck’s. With some of web of life too large for him to control or understand.[10] Meanwhile, Ricketts operated a biological lab on the the proceeds he built a summer ranch-home in Los Gatos. coast of Monterey, selling biological samples of small an- Steinbeck began to write a series of “California novels” imals, fish, rays, starfish, turtles, and other marine forms and Dust Bowl fiction, set among common people during to schools and colleges. the Great Depression. These included In Dubious Battle, Between the years 1930 to 1936, Steinbeck and Rick- Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. etts became close friends. Steinbeck’s wife began work- Of Mice and Men was a drama about the dreams of a ing at the lab as secretary-bookkeeper.[10] Steinbeck him- pair of migrant agricultural laborers in California. It was self began helping out on an informal basis.[10] They critically acclaimed[12] and Steinbeck’s 1962 Nobel Prize formed a common bond based on their love of music citation called it a “little masterpiece”.[1] Its stage pro- and art, and John learned biology and Ricketts’ ecologi- duction was a hit, starring Wallace Ford as George and cal philosophy.[10] When Steinbeck had emotional upsets, starring Broderick Crawford as George’s companion - the Ricketts would sometimes play music for him.[10] mentally childlike but physically powerful itinerant farm- hand Lennie. Steinbeck refused to travel from his home in California to attend any performance of the play dur- 2 Career ing its New York run, telling director George S. Kaufman that the play as it existed in his own mind was “perfect” and that anything presented on stage would only be a dis- 2.1 Writing appointment. Steinbeck would write two more stage plays (The Moon Is Down and Burning Bright). Steinbeck’s first novel, Cup of Gold, published in 1929, Of Mice and Men was also adapted as a 1939 Hollywood is loosely based on the life and death of privateer Henry film, with Lon Chaney, Jr. as Lennie (he had filled the Morgan. It centers on Morgan’s assault and sacking of role in the Los Angeles stage production) and Burgess the city of Panama, sometimes referred to as the 'Cup of Meredith as George.[13] Meredith and Steinbeck became Gold', and on the women, fairer than the sun, who were close friends for the next two decades.[10] Another film said to be found there.[12] based on the novella was made in 1992 starring Gary After Cup of Gold, between 1930 and 1933 Steinbeck Sinise as George and John Malkovich as Lennie. produced three shorter works. The Pastures of Heaven, Steinbeck followed this wave of success with The Grapes published in 1932, consists of twelve interconnected sto- of Wrath (1939), based on newspaper articles about mi- ries about a valley near Monterey, which was discov- grant agricultural workers that he had written in San Fran- ered by a Spanish corporal while chasing runaway Indian cisco. It is commonly considered his greatest work. Ac- slaves. In 1933 Steinbeck published The Red Pony, a 100- cording to The New York Times, it was the best-selling page, four-chapter story weaving in memories of Stein- book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by beck’s childhood.[12] To a God Unknown, named after a February 1940. In that month it won the National Book Vedic hymn,[10] follows the life of a homesteader and his Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members family in California, depicting a character with a primal of the American Booksellers Association.[14] Later that and pagan worship of the land he works. Although he year it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction[15] and it was still had not achieved the status of a well-known writer, adapted as a film directed by John Ford, starring Henry he never doubted that he would achieve greatness.[10] Fonda as Tom Joad; Fonda was nominated for the best Steinbeck achieved his first critical success with Tortilla actor Academy Award.