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“Urban Redevelopment and Social Polarisation in the City"

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“Urban Redevelopment and Social Polarisation in the City Rapport Final 1999 sous la direction de : Frank Moulaert et Erik Swyngedouw avec la collaboration de Farid Sekia “URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL POLARISATION IN THE CITY" U.R.S.P.I.C. 1 1 CONTENTS Chapter 1 - UDPs, SOCIO-POLITICAL POLARISATION AND URBAN GOVERNANCE IN METROPOLITAN CITIES PART 1 : BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT 2 1. THE RESEARCH PROGRAMME 2 2. BACKGROUND 2 3. CASE-STUDY PROJECTS 5 PART 2 : TRANSVERSAL ANALYSIS 6 0. INTRODUCTION 6 1. WHERE ARE WE IN THE RESEARCH PROGRAMME ? 6 2. THE ROLE OF UDPs AND UDP POLICY IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND CITIES 9 3. URBAN REGENERATION AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY : THE LINK WITH URBAN GOVERNANCE 20 4. ALTERNATIVE URBAN DEVELOPMENT MODELS 30 5. THE ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 37 6. CONCLUSION 43 Chapter 2 – NAPLES : THE CENTRO DIREZIONALE 0. PRESENTATION OF THE CDN 47 1. IMPACT OF THE CDN ON NEIGHBOURHOODS AND THE LARGER URBAN COMMUNITY 51 2. EVALUATION OF CDN BASED-URBAN POLICY IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA 55 3. PROPOSALS FOR AN IMPROVED URBAN POLICY IN THE NAPLES METROPOLITAN AREA 58 Chapter 3 - LISBON 2 2 0. PRESENTATION OH THE UDP 64 1. IMPACT OF THE EXPO’98 URBAN PROJECT ON THE LARGER URBAN COMMUNITY 68 2. EVALUATION OF THE UDP BASED URBAN POLICY IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA 75 3. PROPOSALS FOR AN IMPROVED URBAN POLICY IN THE LISBON METROPOLITAN AREA 80 Chapter 4 – ATHENS : THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE SOME PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 86 1. BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE UDP 90 2. IMPACT OF UDP ON NEIGHBORHOOD AND LARGER URBAN COMMUNITY 93 3.EVALUATION OF THE OV IN RELATION TO URBAN METROPOLITAN POLICY 98 4. PROPOSALS FOR AN IMPROVED URBAN POLICY IN THE CASE STUDY 102 Chapter 5 - BRUSSELS : THE LEOPOLD QUARTER 1. IMPACTS ON THE NEIGHBOURHOOD AND LARGER URBAN COMMUNITY 109 2. EVALUATION OF THE UDP BASED URBAN POLICY IN YOUR METROPOLITAN AREA 114 3. POLICY RECOMMANDATIONS 117 Chapter 6 – LONDON : THE SOUTH BANK - IMPACT ON THE NEIGHBOURHOOD AND LARGER URBAN COMMUNIYTY 123 2. EVALUATION OF THE UDP BASED URBAN POLICY 127 3. PROPOSALS FOR AN IMPROVED URBAN POLICY 131 Chapter 7 - BIRMINGHAM: THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTRE 3 3 1. PRESENTATION 137 - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONVENTION QUARTER AND ITS SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES 138 3. POLITICS, POLICY AND GOVERNANCE 145 4. PROPOSALS FOR AN IMPROVED URBAN POLICY 149 Chapter 8 – THE NEW BERLIN 0. PRESENTATION OF BERLIN-ADLERSHOF 155 1. IMPACT OF ADLERSHOF ON NEIGHBOURHOOD AND LARGER URBAN COMMUNITY 158 2. EVALUATION OF THE UDP BASED URBAN POLICY IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA 161 3. PROPOSALS FOR AN IMPROVED URBAN POLICY IN THE BERLIN METROPOLITAN AREA 165 Chapter 9 - DUBLIN INTRODUCTION 172 1. THE IMPACTS OF THE CHDDA AND CHDA/IFSC PROJECTS 176 2. THE UDP, URBAN REGENERATION POLICY AND NEW URBAN GOVERNANCE 181 - IMPROVING URBAN REGENERATION AND URBAN POLICY : THOUGHTS FOR THE FUTURE 185 RECOMMANDATIONS : INTEGRATED AREA PLANS – THE WAY FORWARD 189 Chapter 10 - VIENNA 0. SHORT PRESENTATION OF THE UDP 199 1. IMPACT OF UDP ON NEIGHBOURHOOD AND LARGER URBAN COMMUNITY 202 2. EVALUATION OF THE UDP BASED URBAN POLICY IN VIENNA 204 3. PROPOSALS FOR AN IMPROVED URBAN POLICY IN VIENNA 209 4 4 Chapter 11 - BILBAO 0. BRIEF PRESENTATION OF ABANDOIBARRA 216 1. IMPACT OF ABANDOIBARRA ON THE NEIGHBOURHOOD AND THE LARGER URBAN COMMUNITY 220 2. EVALUATION OF THE UDP-BASED URBAN POLICY IN METROPOLITAN BILBAO 225 3. PROPOSALS FOR AN IMPROVED URBAN POLICY IN METROPOLITAN BILBAO 229 Chapter 12 – ROTTERDAM : KOP VAN ZUID 0. PRESENTATION OF THE KOP VAN ZUID PROJECT 232 1. IMPACT OF THE KVZ PROJECT ON THE ADJACENT NEIGHBOURHOODS AND THE URBAN COMMUNITY 236 2. EVALUATION OF THE UDP BASED URBAN POLICY IN ROTTERDAM 241 3. PROPOSALS FOR AN IMPROVED URBAN POLICY IN ROTTERDAM 246 Chapter 13 - EURALILLE : THE NORTH OF FRANCE ‘S LEAP INTO THE 21 ST CENTURY 1. EURALILLE, URBAN REGENERATION POLICY AND THE SOCIOECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF THE LILLE METROPOLIS 253 2. EVALUATION OF URBAN POLICY IN THE LILLE METROPOLIS 260 3. ALTERNATIVE SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS AND CHALLENGES TO URBAN REGENERATION POLICY 264 4. THE ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 266 Chapter 14 – COPENHAGEN : OERESTAD PROJECT 1. INTRODUCTION 270 2. EVALUATION OF URBAN POLICY IN COPENHAGEN AND THE ROLE OF THE UDP 277 3. PROPOSALS FOR AN IMPROVED URBAN POLICY 282 Chapter 15 – EXPERT SEMINAR - REPORT 5 5 1. THE EXPERT SEMINAR : OBJECTIVES 289 2. BACKGROUND TO THE EXPERT SEMINAR 290 3. EXPERT SEMINAR : MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 291 4. CONCLUDING COMMENTS 304 5. CONCLUSION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 308 6 6 PREFACE This is the ‘MONTH 24 REPORT’ of our research on ‘Urban Redevelopment and Social Polarisation in the City’. It summarises the results of all Work Packages: analyses of the large scale Urban Development Projects (UDP), their links with their urban environment, their role in urban development policy and an evaluation of the economic, spatial and social policy in the cities where the UDPs have been implemented. A first special focus is given to the role of the European Union’s structural funds and support measures in the accomplishment of the UDPs, but also accompanying or counterbalancing role regarding some of the side-effects caused by large scale urban development and economic growth oriented urban policy. A second special focus is the comments of a panel of experts on the MONTH 18 REPORT and the transversal analysis. The comments provided by the experts were used to improve the transversal analysis presented as chapter 1 of this report. A verbalisation of the major interventions at the Expert Seminar in Bilbao in September 1999 is provided in the closing chapter. Further results of this research can be consulted on the IFRESI web-site: http:/www.ifresi.univ-lille1.fr select URSPIC. A number of publication projects are underway. I wish to thank Fariza Marecaille and Martine Ratajczak for having taken special case of the administration and accounts of this research project, Kourosh Saljoghi for computing and drawing assistance and Hubert Bataille, Christine Lefèbvre and Denis Duvet for their logistical backing. A special thanks also goes to my eldest son Pieter Moulaert who relieved me from a number of major ‘crises informatiques’. Most of all we would all like to address our gratitude to our scientific officer Giulia Amaducci who dealt with the intellectual vibrations of this network in a remarkable way. Frank Moulaert Lille 14 December 1999 7 7 Chapter 1 UDPs, SOCIO-POLITICAL POLARISATION AND URBAN GOVERNANCE IN METROPOLITAN CITIES: A Transversal Analysis Frank Moulaert, Arantxa Rodriguez and Erik Swyngedouw December 1999 8 8 Part 1: BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT 1. The Research Programme The research has four objectives: i) The analysis of 13 large-scale urban development projects in eleven Member States and the mechanisms of social polarisation, exclusion and integration, which these projects embody. For each project, the different dynamics which relate the project to the wider urban fabric and its various components (financial markets, production and distribution system, labour and housing markets, socio-cultural processes, political processes) will be examined. These dynamics will shed light on the integration and exclusion mechanisms which the projects catalyse, both in general European, and specific local terms. ii) The relationships between global economic restructuring mechanisms on the one hand and processes of integration and exclusion at the local level on the other are examined. Urban dynamics are pivotal in contributing to and expressing the epochal changes. iii) The assessment of the impact of specific politico-institutional environments at the Union, national, regional and local level on these processes. iv) The development of a research methodology which allows for the transversal analysis of the above mechanisms and relationships among different cities in different Member States of the Union. Such methodology must allow to i) turn comparative analysis into an instrument to differentiate general union-wide or global processes from local or national processes; ii) assess the key parameters of new elite and excluded group formation through comparative analysis; and iii) study polarising/exclusion mechanisms in urban development. 2. Background Research into poverty has developed significantly over the last years. First, it has moved from single variable analysis to a multi-dimensional construction of poverty, which includes cultural, political and identity issues alongside more traditional economic and employment parameters. Second, and perhaps most importantly, research has moved from a static analysis of disadvantage (measuring, mapping and describing poverty) to a process-based approach, captured by the conceptual shift from 'poverty' to 'exclusion and polarisation' emphasising the 9 9 relational character and the conditions under which excluded and marginalised populations are produced. Third, attention has shifted from a focus on individuals or households to a community based approach in recognition that processes of polarisation and exclusion are not abstract but unfold in and through the restructuring of 'localised' communities and places (Room, 1994; Moulaert, 1996). Any understanding of social exclusion processes is likely to be one-sided without reference to their spatial dimension. The concentration of excluded populations in certain geographical areas is a fundamental part of socio-economic transformation. Processes of exclusion always operate in and through social space and nowhere has this been more evident than in urban areas. World-wide economic restructuring has significantly altered the functions and hierarchy of cities and, consequently, their social structure (Sassen, 1991; Fainstein, 1994). For many cities, especially those in old industrial regions, this has meant systematic divestment in manufacturing activities, plant closures, environmental degradation, massive unemployment and rising poverty and marginality (Goodwin, 1993; Harvey, 1989; Anderson, et al, 1995). Since the end of the seventies, and until very recently, research into socio-spatial exclusion mechanisms has been highly neglected. After some early research by Harvey (1973), Castells (1972), Godard, (1973), Preteceille (1974) and others, there has been a symptomatic silence on the side of researchers and policy-makers alike.
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