Fertility Awareness: an Appraisal
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Experiences and Practices of Women Using Fertility Awareness-Based Methods of Contraception
EXPERIENCES AND PRACTICES OF WOMEN USING FERTILITY AWARENESS-BASED METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION Cassandra Gonzalez September 2019 Experiences and Practices of Women Using Fertility Awareness-Based Methods of Contraception Cassandra Gonzalez 910609269050 Contact author: [email protected] or [email protected] MSc Program: Communication, Health, and Life Sciences, Specialization- Health and Society, Chair Group: Consumption and Healthy Lifestyles Supervisor: Dr. Chizu Sato Minor Thesis Code: CHL – 80424 Date Submitted: September 23, 2019 1 Abstract Fertility awareness-based methods of contraception (FABMs) are growing in popularity. Using a combination of social practice theory and a contraceptive decision- making framework, this research sought to understand the priorities, contexts, and influences that motivate women to turn to these methods and how they turn this choice into a practice over time. It also sought to understand how female health- focused smartphone applications and devices known as Femtech have contributed to the practice. Seven women were interviewed about their experiences using FABMs to avoid pregnancy. This research found that major motives for using FABMs as contraceptives were dissatisfaction with other available contraceptive options, feminist, women’s liberation, and “hippie” values, and a desire for increased body literacy. The respondents discovered FABMs largely through the internet and sometimes word-of-mouth. Social media, online communities, and FABM specialists were found to play substantial roles in providing FABM-related education and support. In-person communities including friends, family, and mainstream healthcare professionals were found to play minimal roles though partners often played important roles in the research and implementation processes and “alternative” healthcare providers were more supportive. -
Instructions on Natural Family Planning
NORTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Family Planning Program INFORMATION FOR FERTILITY AWARENESS BASED METHOD This method varies in efficacy and is dependent on correct and consistent use. BENEFITS: * Increased knowledge of reproductive cycle * Couples can work together * No menstrual changes * May achieve pregnancy if used in reverse RISKS/SIDE EFFECTS: * No serious side effects * May be less reliable with certain medications * May be less effective/difficult with irregular cycles *May require abstinence at certain times * May be less reliable if ill, breastfeeding or stressed *Requires discipline and commitment ALTERNATIVES: You have received information about the other methods of birth control that are available. For situations of suspected contraceptive failure, emergency contraception is available and offers a second chance to reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy. INSTRUCTIONS: You have received information about natural family planning/fertility awareness and how to use it. This method does not protect against STDs (sexually transmitted disease) or HIV. DECISION NOT TO USE: You may stop using natural family planning/fertility awareness at any time. A woman is most likely to become pregnant if she or her partner are not using a method of birth control. QUESTIONS: You may ask questions about this method at any time and may contact the clinic with further questions. Web sites for FABM/NFP information: https://www.nationalfamilyplanning.org/file/FABM_Guidelines_NFPRHA.pdf https://www.bedsider.org/methods/fertility_awareness http://www.tcoyf.com/wp-content/uploads/charts/TTA%20Classic%20Chart%20(F).pdf -
Information for Natural Family Planning (NFP)/Fertility Awareness Based Methods (FABM)
Flathead Family Planning 1035 1st Avenue West, Kalispell MT 59901 751-8150 Information for Natural Family Planning (NFP)/Fertility Awareness Based Methods (FABM) FABMs of family planning depend on identifying the “fertile window,” or the days in each menstrual cycle when intercourse is most likely to result in a pregnancy. Successful use of FABMs for avoiding pregnancy depends on (1) the accuracy of the method in identifying the actual fertile window, (2) the ability of the person using the method to correctly interpret the information to identify the fertile window, and (3) the ability of the couple to follow the instructions of the method. About 2 to 23, out of 100 women, may become pregnant while using fertility awareness based methods. BENEFITS: * Increased knowledge of reproductive cycle * Couples can work together * No menstrual changes * May achieve pregnancy if used in reverse RISKS/SIDE EFFECTS: * No serious side effects * Less reliable with certain medications * Difficult to use with irregular cycles * May require abstinence at certain times * Less reliable if ill, breastfeeding or stressed * Requires discipline and commitment ALTERNATIVES: You may receive information about the other methods of birth control that is available. For situations of suspected contraceptive failure, emergency contraception is available and offers a second chance to reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy. INSTRUCTIONS: You have received this information sheet about natural family planning/fertility awareness based methods and how to use it. This method does not protect against STDs (sexually transmitted disease) or HIV. DECISION NOT TO USE: You may stop using natural family planning/fertility awareness at any time. -
In This Issue
Highlights from this issue BMJ Sex Reprod Health: first published as 10.1136/bmjsrh-2018-200292 on 8 January 2019. Downloaded from In this issue The impact of Northern Ireland’s women’s healthcare services are being findings could shape future interventions laws on women seeking abortion programmed. See page 10 aimed at removing barriers to abortion Despite Northern Ireland being part of services. See page 23 the United Kingdom, abortion remains Innovative approaches to safer illegal there except in very limited circum- An evaluation of the quality of sex: messages from imprisoned stances. Aiken and colleagues interviewed online information for women American women 30 women who had sought abortion by For incarcerated women, transition into seeking abortion travelling to clinics in Great Britain or by the community is known to be accom- In developed countries, women with using online telemedicine to self-manage panied by an increased frequency of unwanted pregnancies will usually turn a medication abortion at home. The key behaviour that may increase the risk to the internet when seeking help in themes that emerged from the in-depth of acquisition of sexually transmitted accessing abortion services. Sadly the interviews were that there are multiple infections (STIs). Few efficacious inter- information that they retrieve may be barriers to travelling for abortion services ventions have addressed STI prevention inaccurate, or unrelated to the jurisdic- even when abortion is provided without among such women. ‘Sexual health tion in which they reside. Duffy and charge, that self-management is often prevention for incarcerated women: colleagues performed a formative eval- preferred over travel, that Customs can eroticizing safe sex during community uation of 619 abortion-related websites, obstruct import of abortion medications, re-entry’ was an exploratory qualita- of which 83 dealt with accessing services. -
Thesis-1968-K45i.Pdf
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE VARIATIONS IN THE CRYSTAL PATTERNS OF CERVICAL AND NASAL MUCUS DURING THE ESTROUS CYCLE IN EWES Bvv BHUPALSINGH l\lIAHETAPSINGH KfL.\MAREu Bachelor O.Lh V(~ t' erinary. s cience. Uni.ve:rsi t;y of Saugar Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India 1956 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial f1J.lfillment of the requirements for the degree of TulASTER OF SCIENCE lvlay, 1968 OKlAHOMA STATE UNIVERSllY ; LIBRARY !· OCT 25 1968 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE VARIATIONS IN THE CH.YSTAL PATTERNS OF CERVICAL AND NASAL MUCUS DURING THE ESTROUS CYCLE IN EWES Thesis Approved: ./l1 o~te School 688438 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The.author expresses his sincere gratitude to Drs. J. V. Whiteman and E. J. Turman, Professors of Animal Science, for their counsel and guidance during the course of this study and their valuable help in the preparation of this thesis. The author also expresses his sincere appreciation and gratefulness to devoted friends, Mr. and Mrs. George W. Varns, Edwardsport, Indiana, for their inspi~ations and encouragement during the entire course of this study. Grateful indebtedness is also extended to Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Miller, Bicknell, Indiana; Mr. and Mrs. Fred Buescher; Mr. and Mrs. Ollie Richardson, Edwardsport, Indiana; and Mr. Gottlieb Volle, Sandborn, Indiana, whose contributions to the scholarship fund made possible the graduate study of the author. The author is grateful for the privilege of association and assistance of fellow graduate students in the Department of Animal Science. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 The Phenomenon of Arborization in Relation to !Ylenstrual Cycle. -
Examination and Processing of Human Semen
WHO laboratory manual for the Examination and processing of human semen FIFTH EDITION WHO laboratory manual for the Examination and processing of human semen FIFTH EDITION WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen - 5th ed. Previous editions had different title : WHO laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction. 1.Semen - chemistry. 2.Semen - laboratory manuals. 3.Spermatozoa - laboratory manuals. 4.Sperm count. 5.Sperm-ovum interactions - laboratory manuals. 6.Laboratory techniques and procedures - standards. 7.Quality control. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 154778 9 (NLM classifi cation: QY 190) © World Health Organization 2010 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications— whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution—should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expres- sion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specifi c companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. -
Cervical Mucus: an Agent Or a Barrier to Conception?
CERVICAL MUCUS: AN AGENT OR A BARRIER TO CONCEPTION? EILEEN LINFORD Ministry ofAgriculture, Fisheries and Food, Cattle Breeding Centre, Shinfield, Reading RG2 9BZ The significance of the cervix and its secretion, in relation to conception, varies with the species. By natural service, semen deposition in the pig and horse is intrauterine. This is also the site of artificial insemination in cattle even though the semen is deposited in the vagina at natural mating. In these species, therefore, the cervix is by-passed and the cervical mucus can be used only indirectly as an indicator of the stage of the cycle or of the hormonal state of the female. In contrast, in the sheep and in man the semen is deposited in the vagina. Further- more, human semen is deposited in the female tract at times other than when fertilization can occur. The cervix in these species is involved in the process of conception. The physical and chemical properties of the cervical mucus de- termine whether the spermatozoa penetrate the cervix and reach the site of fertilization and so the mucus in these species can act either as an agent or as a barrier to conception. The cervical mucus of most species shows cyclical changes in its physical and chemical properties; these changes are under hormonal control. Most studies of cervical mucus have been concerned with establishing the cyclical variation in mucous components. It is not my intention to present these qualitative and quantitative changes here since this information has already been satisfactorily reviewed (Gibbons & Mattner, 1966; Weiss, 1970; Schumacher, 1970, 1971; Davajan, Nakamura & Kharma, 1970; Moghissi & Blandau, 1972). -
Natural Cycles User Manual / Instructions for Use Please Read This Manual Before You Start Using Natural Cycles
Natural Cycles User Manual / Instructions for Use Please read this manual before you start using Natural Cycles. Indications for Use Natural Cycles is a stand-alone software application, intended for women 18 years and older, to monitor their fertility. Natural Cycles can be used for preventing a pregnancy (contraception) or planning a pregnancy (conception). Contraindications There are no known contraindications for use of Natural Cycles. Natural Cycles may not be right for you if ● You have a medical condition where pregnancy would be associated with a significant risk to the mother or the fetus. Using Natural Cycles does not guarantee 100% that you will not get pregnant. If pregnancy presents a significant risk, you should talk to your doctor about the best contraceptive option for you. ● You are currently taking hormonal birth control or undergoing hormonal treatment that inhibits ovulation. Natural Cycles will mainly provide red days if you do not ovulate. You can explore the app in Demo Mode until you discontinue your hormonal birth control or treatment. Warnings ⚠ No method of contraception is 100% effective. Natural Cycles does not guarantee that you cannot get pregnant, it only informs you whether and when you can become pregnant based on the information that you enter into the application. ⚠ Even with using the app perfectly, you can still have an unintended pregnancy. Natural Cycles is 93% effective under typical use, which means that 7 women out of 100 get pregnant during 1 year of use. With using the app perfectly, i.e. if you never have unprotected intercourse on red days, Natural Cycles is 98% effective, which means that 2 women out of 100 get pregnant during 1 year of use. -
Pharmacology of Estrogens and Progestogens: Influence of Different Routes of Administration
CLIMACTERIC 2005;8(Suppl 1):3–63 Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration H. Kuhl Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, J. W. Goethe University of Frankfurt, Germany Key words: ESTROGENS, PROGESTOGENS, PHARMACOKINETICS, PHARMACODYNAMICS, HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY ABSTRACT This review comprises the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of natural and synthetic estrogens and progestogens used in contraception and therapy, with special consideration of hormone replacement therapy. The paper describes the mechanisms of action, the relation between structure and hormonal activity, differences in hormonal pattern and potency, peculiarities in the properties of certain steroids, tissue-specific effects, and the metabolism of the available estrogens and progestogens. The influence of the route of administration on pharmacokinetics, hormonal activity and metabolism is presented, and the effects of oral and transdermal treatment with estrogens on tissues, clinical and serum parameters are compared. The effects of oral, transdermal (patch and gel), intranasal, sublingual, buccal, vaginal, subcutaneous and intramuscular adminis- tration of estrogens, as well as of oral, vaginal, transdermal, intranasal, buccal, intramuscular and intrauterine application of progestogens are discussed. The various types of progestogens, their receptor interaction, hormonal pattern and the hormonal activity of certain metabolites are described in detail. The structural formulae, serum concentrations, binding affinities to steroid receptors and serum binding globulins, and the relative potencies of the available estrogens and progestins are presented. Differences in the tissue-specific effects of the various compounds and regimens and their potential implications with the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy are discussed. INTRODUCTION The aim of any hormonal treatment of postmen- tance of pharmacological knowledge for an opausal women is not to restore the physiological optimal use of hormone therapy. -
Effects of Controlled Breeding on Cervicovaginal
EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED BREEDING ON CERVICOVAGINAL MUCUS AND FERTILITY OF THE MERINO EWE Jessie Ward Maddison A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney © 2017 Declaration Apart from the assistance mentioned in the acknowledgements, the studies contained within this thesis were planned and executed by the author, and have not been previously submitted for any degree to a University or Institution. Jessie Maddison B An Vet Bio Sci (Hon I) Author Attribution Statement Chapter 2 of this thesis is published as Maddison, JW, Rickard, JP, Mooney, E, Bernecic, NC, Soleilhavoup, C, Tsikis, G, Druart, X, Leahy, T & de Graaf, SP 2016, 'Oestrus synchronisation and superovulation alter the production and biochemical constituents of ovine cervicovaginal mucus', Animal Reproduction Science, vol. 172, no., pp. 114-122. I assisted in the design of the study, carried out the experiments, analysed the data and wrote the drafts of the MS. Chapter 3 of this these is published as Maddison, JW, Rickard, JP, Bernecic, NC, Tsikis, G, Soleilhavoup, C, Labas, V, Combes-Soia, L, Harichaux, G, Druart, X, Leahy, T & de Graaf, SP 2017, 'Oestrus synchronisation and superovulation alter the cervicovaginal mucus proteome of the ewe', Journal of Proteomics, vol. 155, no., pp. 1-10. I assisted in the design of the study, carried out the experiments, analysed the data and wrote the drafts of the MS. i Acknowledgements To Simon, Tamara, Xavier and Jess, the supervisor team of the century, thank you all for your support, guidance, patience and encouragement throughout this journey. -
Plan D – Know Your Cycle to Help Determine Your Fertility
Plan D – Know your cycle to help determine your fertility Now that you’ve decided that you’d like to try for a baby, you are about to embark on a fascinating journey of self-discovery. The first step for you will be to become very familiar with your own body and its unique cyclical patterns. This may help you to identify your fertile times and increase your chances of conceiving. 1. What is natural family planning? Observing and charting the changes your body goes through during the menstrual cycle gives you vital clues about your fertility status. Natural Family Planning employs various methods to help you understand and chart your fertility signals and fertile times. - Ovulation (or Billings) Method uses observations of your cervical mucus; - Temperature Method uses observations of your basal body temperature (BBT); - Symptothermal Method uses observations of both your cervical mucus and BBT, as well as secondary signs such as cervical changes. The Symptothermal Method is considered the most effective method for identifying when you are most fertile. 2. Fertility facts The Menstrual Cycle: The menstrual cycle follows the periodic changes that occur in a woman’s body as a result of fluctuations in the levels of various hormones. It is generally 28 days long but the exact length can vary from woman to woman, or cycle to cycle. The length of the cycle is measured from the first day of bleeding (spotting doesn’t count), which is called day 1, to the first day of bleeding of the next menstrual period. Your cycle is composed of the following phases: Menses: This is your period (from the first day of menstruation). -
Effectiveness of Fertility Awareness–Based Methods for Pregnancy
Contraception: Review Effectiveness of Fertility Awareness–Based Methods for Pregnancy Prevention A Systematic Review 08/17/2018 on BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD3fPTF9rH0T9Ib7mROJHcu9aWeY+7gZmEZhp/vmUkacL6PNyx7vdpuQQ== by https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal from Downloaded Downloaded Rachel Peragallo Urrutia, MD, MS, Chelsea B. Polis, PhD, Elizabeth T. Jensen, PhD, Margaret E. Greene, PhD, Emily Kennedy, MA, and Joseph B. Stanford, MD, MSPH from https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal OBJECTIVE: To summarize best available prospective varied widely: 11.2–14.1 for the Standard Days Method, data on typical and perfect use effectiveness of fertility 13.7 for the TwoDay Method, 10.5–33.6 for the Billings awareness–based methods for avoiding pregnancy. Ovulation Method, 4–18.5 for the Marquette Mucus-only DATA SOURCES: We conducted a systematic review of Method, 9.0–9.8 for basal body temperature methods, by studies published in English, Spanish, French, or German 13.2 for single-check symptothermal methods, 11.2– BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD3fPTF9rH0T9Ib7mROJHcu9aWeY+7gZmEZhp/vmUkacL6PNyx7vdpuQQ== by June 2017 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of 33.0 for Thyma double-check symptothermal methods, Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. 1.8 for Sensiplan, 25.6 for Persona, 2–6.8 for the Mar- METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: We reviewed 8,755 quette Monitor-only Method, and 6–7 for the Marquette unique citations and included 53 studies that contained Monitor and Mucus Method. First-year perfect use preg- 50 or greater women using a specific fertility awareness– nancy rates or probabilities among moderate-quality based method to avoid pregnancy, calculated life table studies were 4.8 for the Standard Days Method, 3.5 for pregnancy probabilities or Pearl rates, and prospectively the TwoDay Method, 1.1–3.4 for the Billings Ovulation measured pregnancy intentions and outcomes.