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Effects of Seasonal Variations on Thermoregulation of Ostrich

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Effects of Seasonal Variations on Thermoregulation of Ostrich EFFECTS OF SEASONAL VARIATIONS ON THERMOREGULATION OF OSTRICH By HAMDY ABD Al-RAHMAN MOHAMED BASUONY High Diploma in (Applied Poultry Technology) Fac. of Agric. Al-Azhar University, 2000 M.Sc. Agric. (Animal Production-Animal Physiology) Fac. of Agric. Al-Azhar University, 2005 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES (Animal Production-Animal Physiology) Department of Animal Production Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo Al-Azhar University 1432 A.H 2011 A.D TITLE: EFFECTS OF SEASONALVARIATIONS ON THERMOREGULATION OF OSTRICH NAME: HAMDY ABD Al-RAHMAN MOHAMED BASUONY THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES (Animal Production-Animal Physiology) Department of Animal Production Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo Al-Azhar University 1432 A.H 2011 A.D Supervision Committee: Prof. Dr. M. H. KHALIL……………………………… Prof. of Animal Physiology, Dept. of Animal Production, Faculty of Agric., Al-Azhar Univ. Prof. Dr. H. H. KHALIFA ……………………………... Prof. of Animal Physiology, Dept. of Animal Production, Faculty of Agric., Al-Azhar Univ. Prof. Dr. M. A. El-SAYED …………………………....... Associate Prof. of Poultry Physiology, Biology Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo APPROVAL SHEET NAME: HAMDY ABD Al-RAHMAN MOHAMED BASUONY TITLE: EFFECTS OF SEASONAL VARIATIONS ON THERMOREGULATION OF OSTRICH THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES (Animal Production-Animal Physiology) Department of Animal Production Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo Al-Azhar University 1432 A.H 2011 A.D Approved by: Prof. Dr. H. H. KHALIFA ……………………………... Prof. of Animal Physiology, Dept. of Animal Production, Faculty of Agric., Al-Azhar Univ. Prof. Dr. H. M. S. SHOKRY ……………………………. Prof. of Poultry Physiology, Dept. of Animal Production, Faculty of Agric., Al-Azhar Univ. Prof. Dr. M. A. EL-KHASHAB ……………………….... Prof. of Animal Physiology, Dept. of Animal Production, Faculty of Agric., El-Fayoum Univ. Date: 28 / 7 / 2011 I LIST OF CONTENTS Title Page 1- INTRODUCTION 1 2- REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6 2-1-Thermoregulation and thermoneutral-zone 6 2-2-Thermoregulatory mechanisms 7 2-3- Feed and water consumption 8 2-4-Body temperature 13 2-5- Hematological studies 22 2-6- Blood biochemical studies 25 2-7- Blood hormone levels 31 2-8- Blood electrolytes 35 2-9- Total body water 39 2-10- Protein profile 41 3- MATERIAL AND METHODS 44 3-1- Management of experimental animals 44 3-2-Blood samples 46 3-3-Feed and water consumption 46 3-4- Body temperature 46 3-5-1-Hematological studies 47 3-5-2-Hemoglobin (Hb) 48 3-5-3-Packed cell volume (PCV) 48 3-5-4-Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 49 2-5-5-Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 49 3-5-6-Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 49 (MCHC) 3-6-Biochemical studies 49 3-7-Estimation of serum concentrations of Calcium, 51 Sodium, Potassium and Phosphorus 3-8-Estimation of hormone levels 51 3-9- Determination of total body water 51 3-10- Proteins electrophoresis 52 II 3-11- Statistical analysis 56 4- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 57 4-1-Effect of seasonal variations on feed and water 57 consumption 4-2-Effect of seasonal variations on body 62 temperature 4-3-Effect of seasonal variations on hematological 66 parameters 4-4-Effect of seasonal variations on blood 71 biochemical parameters 4-5- Effect of seasonal variations on serum 82 electrolytes 4-6- Effect of seasonal variations on total body 88 water. 4-7- Effect of seasonal variations on some hormone 89 levels 4-8-Effect of seasonal variations on blood proteins 96 profile. 5- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 104 6- REFERENCES 109 ARABIC SUMMARY III LIST OF APREVIATIONS Appreviation Meaning ACTH Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ALT Alanine transaminase Amo. Amount of protein ANP Antipyren AST Aspartate transaminase BWT Body weight Ca++ Calcium ions CA Cold-acclimated EB Electrolytes balance EHL Evaporation heat loss Gr Growth rate Hb Hemoglobin value HCo 3 Carbonate Hct Hematocrit value HP Heat production HS Heat stress Hsp Heat shock protein K+ Potassium ions K.Da Kilo Dalton L.B.W Live body weight M.W Molecular weight MCH Mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCHC Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration MCV Mean corpuscular volume Na Sodium ions NaHCO 3 Sodium bicarbonate OD Optical density IV OM Organic matter PCV Packed cell volume Pi Phosphorus ions PM Peritoneal macrophages R.f Rate of flow RBC s Red blood cells RH Relative humidity RT Rectal temperature SPE Serum proteins electrophoresis T.B.S Total body solids T.B.W Total body water T3 Triiodothyronine T4 Thyroxin Ta Ambient temperature Tb Body temperature TM Thermal manipulation TN Thermo-neutral zone TP Total proteins WBC s White blood cells V LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page Table (1) The ingredients and the chemical analysis of 45 the experimental diet. Table (2) Effect of seasonal variations on hematological 69 parameters. Table (3) Effect of diurnal variations on hematological 70 parameters in each season. Table (4) Effect of seasonal variations on serum total 74 protein, albumin, globulin concentrations and A/G ratio. Table (5) Effect of diurnal variations on serum total 75 protein, albumin, globulin concentrations and A/G ratio in each season. Table (6) Effect of seasonal variations on serum 80 allanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose concentrations. Table (7) Effect of diurnal variations on serum allanine 81 transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose concentrations in each season. Table (8) Effect of seasonal variations on serum 86 electrolytes concentration. Table (9) Effect of diurnal variations on serum 87 electrolytes concentration concentration in each season Table (10) Effect of seasonal variations on total body 89 water. VI Table (11) Effect of seasonal variations on serum 94 hormone levels. Table (12) Effect of diurnal variations on serum 95 hormone levels in each season. Table (13) Physiological epigenetic sub level expressed 101 as native protein in different samples of ostrich blood serum. Table (14) Similarity Index and genetic distance between 102 blood samples of ostrich under study. VII LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No. Title Page Figure (1) Effect of seasonal variations on food 61 consumption. Figure (2) Effect of seasonal variations on water 61 consumption. Figure (3) Effect of seasonal variations on body 65 temperature Figure (4) Electrophoretic pattern by native-PAGE 98 of protein fraction of ostrich during seasonal variation (summer and winter). Figure (5) Densitograms of protein pattern 99 separation of Marker (Biolab). Figure (6) Densitograms of protein pattern 99 separation of ostrich winter morning. Figure (7) Densitograms of protein pattern 100 separation of ostrich summer morning. Figure (8) Densitograms of protein pattern 100 separation of ostrich summer afternoon. VIII Prayerful thanks, at first to our Merciful God who gives me every thing I have . My deepest gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr. M. H. Khalil professor of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, for supervision, planning the experimental design providing, text revision, his strong support, his useful criticism, and his continuous encouragement during the course of this study. I’m greatly indebted to Prof. Dr. H. H. khkhaaaalifalifalifalifa professor of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, for his kind guidance, valuable advice, planning the experimental design providing, the facilities, text revision, his continuous encouragement during the course of this study and helping to understand the statistics for my data. A very grateful acknowledgment and sincere thanks are extended to Prof. Dr. M. A. Elaroussi professor of Poultry Physiology, Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center Atomic Energy Authority, in Egypt, for their great helps during this work. I wish to express my sincere gratitude and deepest thanks to Associate Prof. Dr. M. A. Elsayed Associate Professor of Poultry Physiology, Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center Atomic Energy Authority, in Egypt, For his strong support, his useful IX criticism, and encouragement, valuable evinces, keep interest and providing guidance throughout he lift span of this work. I wish to express my sincere gratitude and deepest thanks to Prof. Dr. Ibrahim AbuelyazidAbuelyazid,,,, Professor of Molecular Biology, Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt, for his strong support, his useful criticism, encouragement, and continuous to finish my study. I would like to express my wish and thanks all staff member and workers of the animal unit, Prof. Dr. Habeeb,Habeeb, A. A. M. and also,, Prof. Dr. Farghaly, H. M. Laboratory in Applied Biological Department, Nuclear Research center, Atomic Energy Authority for their great help during the this work. Also, I would like to express my wish and thanks all staff member and workers of the poultry unit, Laboratory in Applied Biological Department, Nuclear Research center, Atomic Energy Authority for their great help during the this work. Finally my thanks are also extended to my family (my wife and my sons, Ahmed, Ghada and Eman) for their continuous encouragement, patience, interest and helpful co- operation
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