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Will the Three Gorges Dam Affect the Underwater Light Climate of Vallisneria Spiralis L. and Food Habitat of Siberian Crane in Poyang Lake?

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Will the Three Gorges Dam Affect the Underwater Light Climate of Vallisneria Spiralis L. and Food Habitat of Siberian Crane in Poyang Lake? View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Wageningen University & Research Publications Hydrobiologia DOI 10.1007/s10750-008-9659-7 PRIMARY RESEARCH PAPER Will the Three Gorges Dam affect the underwater light climate of Vallisneria spiralis L. and food habitat of Siberian crane in Poyang Lake? Guofeng Wu Æ Jan de Leeuw Æ Andrew K. Skidmore Æ Herbert H. T. Prins Æ Elly P. H. Best Æ Yaolin Liu Received: 15 July 2008 / Revised: 14 November 2008 / Accepted: 22 November 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract Almost 95% of the entire population of crane by affecting the light intensity reaching the top the Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus) winter in of the V. spiralis canopy. In this study, the photosyn- Poyang Lake, China, where they forage on the tubers thetically active radiation at the top of the V. spiralis of the submerged aquatic macrophyte Vallisneria canopy (PARtc) in Lake Dahuchi was modeled from spiralis. The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River 1998 to 2006, and the potential impacts of changes in may possibly affect this food source of the Siberian water level and turbidity on the underwater light climate of V. spiralis were analyzed. PARtc was calculated from incident irradiance while the losses due to reflection at the water surface, absorption, and scattering within the water column were taken into consideration. The results indicated significant differ- Handling editor: Luigi Naselli-Flores ences in PARtc between years. Six years of water level and Secchi disk depth records revealed a seasonal G. Wu (&) Á Y. Liu School of Resource and Environmental Science & Key switching of the lake from a turbid state at low water Laboratory of Geographic Information System levels in autumn, winter, and spring to a clear state at of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, high water levels during the monsoon in summer. The No. 129, Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, highest PAR occurred at intermediate water levels, People’s Republic of China tc e-mail: [email protected] which were reached when the Yangtze River forces Lake Dahuchi out of its turbid state in early summer J. de Leeuw Á A. K. Skidmore and the water becomes clear. The intended operation Department of Natural Resources, International Institute of the Three Gorges Dam, which will increase water for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, P.O. Box 6, Hengelosestraat 99, 7500 AA Enschede, levels in May and June, may advance the moment The Netherlands when Lake Dahuchi switches from turbid to clear. We suggest that this might increase production of V. spi- H. H. T. Prins ralis and possibly improve the food habitat conditions Resource Ecology Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg for wintering Siberian crane in Poyang Lake. 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Keywords Photosynthetically active E. P. H. Best radiation (PAR) Á Vallisneria spiralis Á Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Tuber production Á Siberian crane Á Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199, USA Poyang Lake Á Three Gorges Dam 123 Hydrobiologia Introduction Lake Mattamuskeet, North Carolina, USA, gave up foraging when tuber density of wildcelery (Vallisne- Endemic species are vulnerable to extinction when ria americana) was below a certain threshold. environmental change affects their habitat. Thus, areas How would hydrology influence the photosynthesis with high diversity of endemic species deserve atten- and tuber production of V. spiralis? The growth and tion in case of environmental change. Poyang Lake, a production of submerged vegetation is regulated by lake system connects to the Yangtze River of China, light intensity reaching its canopy, water temperature, hosts significant proportions of the Yangtze finless CO2, and nutrient availability (Best & Boyd, 2001; porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis Best et al., 2001; Van Nes, 2002). Light availability Pilleri and Gihr), swan goose (Anser cygnoides L.), likely controls the growth and production of V. spi- and almost 95% of the entire world population of the ralis as it is highly variable in the waters with endangered Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus Pal- fluctuating water depth and clarity of Poyang Lake. las). The Siberian crane winter at this lake and forage The light response of V. spiralis has not been studied, on the tubers of the submerged aquatic macrophyte, but light compensation points of 20–25 and 10 mol Vallisneria spiralis L. (Wu & Ji, 2002; Li et al., 2005). m-2 s-1, respectively, were reported for the related The environmental conditions of Poyang Lake are V. americana (Madsen et al., 1991; Blanch et al., rapidly changing due to economic development and 1998). This corresponds to 1–2% of surface irradiance hydro-engineering projects in the watershed to which during sunshine, and agrees with the observation that it is associated. For example, dredging increases the V. americana maintains photosynthesis above 0.5% water turbidity in the northern Poyang Lake (Wu of surface irradiance (Korschgen & Green, 1988). et al., 2007). The environmental conditions might Tuber production requires a higher light intensity. also be influenced by operation of the Three Gorges Kimber et al. (1995) reported for V. americana a Dam in the Yangtze River, which is scheduled for threshold of 5–9% of surface irradiance for tuber completion by 2009 (Wang, 2002). Several authors production under temperate climatological conditions, suggested that the Three Gorges Dam might affect which forms the lower limit of the 9% surface the habitat of the Siberian crane (Liu & Xu, 1994; irradiance threshold cited for V. americana occur- Jiang & Huang, 1997; Kanai et al., 2002; Wu et al., rence in temperate North-Florida (Dobberfuhl, 2007). 2007), without however explaining in detail as to how How would the hydrology of the Yangtze River this will happen. We suggest that the Three Gorges affect the hydrological conditions in Poyang Lake, Dam might affect the habitat of the Siberian crane as and, thus, indirectly, the tuber production of V. spi- follows: (1) the Three Gorges Dam may affect the ralis? The Yangtze River with five confluent rivers hydrology of Poyang Lake, (2) the changed hydrol- together controls the water level in Poyang Lake (Min, ogy may influence the tuber production of V. spiralis 1995; Xu et al., 2001; Shankman et al., 2006). The in Poyang Lake, and (3) the changed tuber production Siberian cranes forage in lakes located at the periph- may affect the foraging by the wintering Siberian ery of Poyang Lake. So far, no analysis has been made crane. So far, however, there is no direct evidence to to investigate whether the Yangtze River influences support this expectation, as little research has been the water level and clarity of these peripheral lakes. reported on the ecology of the tuber-feeder food A crucial question is whether the Three Gorges chain of Poyang Lake. Dam will affect the hydrology in Poyang Lake. Is there evidence to support the premise that a Addressing this question requires insight into the changed tuber production would affect the foraging consequence of operating the Three Gorges Dam and of tuber-feeders like the Siberian crane? Jonzen et al. its impact on the dynamics of the Yangtze River. Such (2002), Nolet et al. (2006) and Raymond et al. (2006) an analysis has recently been presented by Wang et al. reported that tuber density of sago pondweed (2005). The Three Gorges Dam will be operated for (Potamogeton pectinatus) affects the foraging of flood control, power generation, and navigation. The tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Lake water level of the reservoir will alternate between 175 Lauwersmeer in the north of the Netherlands, while and 145 m in winter and summer, respectively. The Sponberg & Lodge (2005) found that waterfowl in discharge will be increased from January to April for 123 Hydrobiologia power generation, while from May to June the water Materials and methods level of the reservoir will be further lowered to create capacity for flood control during the monsoon season. Study area The discharge will be reduced from October to November to recharge the reservoir. Above we argued Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, is that the water level change of the Yangtze River might located south of the Yangtze River between 115°470– affect the production of V. spiralis while influencing 116°450 E, 28°220–29°450 N (Fig. 1). It receives run- the light regime. So far, it is not understood how the off from five rivers (Raohe, Xinjiang, Fuhe, Ganjiang, reported operation of the Three Gorges Dam and the and Xiushui), while a channel leading to the Yangtze induced water level change in the Yangtze River River serves as the only outlet of the lake. The Poyang might influence the light regime of V. spiralis in Lake national nature reserve (115°550–1168030 E, Poyang Lake. 29°050–29°150 N) in the northwest (Fig. 1) was This paper presents a model simulating the pho- established in 1988 to conserve the Siberian crane tosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching the (Wu & Ji, 2002; Li et al., 2005). The current study was top of V. spiralis canopy and discusses how the carried out in Lake Dahuchi within the nature reserve, changes in water level of the Yangtze River induced which connects to Poyang Lake during high water in by operation of the Three Gorges Dam may affect the summer, while separates from Poyang Lake when PAR in Lake Dahuchi. water levels are low in spring, autumn, and winter. Fig. 1 Location of Poyang Lake national nature reserve, Lake Dahuchi, and Dahuchi Conservation Station ( ) where daily photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was measured 123 Hydrobiologia Water level and Secchi disk depth (PAR?0) was calculated from the global solar radia- tion recorded at Nanchang meteorological station Lake Dahuchi, a shallow oxbow lake with its deepest (approximately 55 km from Lake Dahuchi), assuming part at 12 m1 is surrounded by creek banks at that PAR accounts for 45% of the total global solar elevations of 14 to 15 m.
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