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I INTERNATIONAL CENTRE for SETTLEMENT of INVESTMENT DISPUTES in the Arbitration Proceeding Between ICSID CASE NO. ARB/07/30 DECI

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I INTERNATIONAL CENTRE for SETTLEMENT of INVESTMENT DISPUTES in the Arbitration Proceeding Between ICSID CASE NO. ARB/07/30 DECI INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES WASHINGTON, D.C. In the arbitration proceeding between CONOCOPHILLIPS PETROZUATA B.V. CONOCOPHILLIPS HAMACA B.V. CONOCOPHILLIPS GULF OF PARIA B.V. AND CONOCOPHILLIPS COMPANY THE CLAIMANTS V. BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA THE RESPONDENT ICSID CASE NO. ARB/07/30 DECISION ON JURISDICTION AND THE MERITS Members of the Tribunal Judge Kenneth Keith, President Mr L. Yves Fortier, CC, QC Professor Georges Abi-Saab Secretary of the Tribunal Mr Gonzalo Flores Date: 3 September, 2013 i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ II THE PARTIES’ REPRESENTATIVES................................................................................... VI GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... VII I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1 II. THE PARTIES ..................................................................................................................... 3 A. THE CLAIMANTS.............................................................................................................. 3 B. THE RESPONDENT ........................................................................................................... 4 C. THE PARTIES ................................................................................................................... 5 III. PROCEDURAL HISTORY ................................................................................................ 5 IV. THE FACTUAL BACKGROUND TO THE DISPUTE ................................................ 19 A. THE VENEZUELAN OIL INDUSTRY AND THE PRE-EXISTING LEGAL FRAMEWORK ......... 19 B. THE OIL OPENING ......................................................................................................... 22 C. THE PETROZUATA PROJECT ........................................................................................... 23 (1) Overview of the Petrozuata Project ...................................................................... 23 (2) The Senate and Bicameral Reports ....................................................................... 24 (3) The Congressional Authorisation ......................................................................... 26 (4) Further Amendments to the Income Tax Law ...................................................... 27 (5) The Petrozuata Association Agreement ................................................................ 28 (6) Financing of the Petrozuata Project ...................................................................... 30 (7) The Orinoco Belt Royalty Agreement .................................................................. 31 (8) Implementation of the Petrozuata Project and Commencement of Production .... 32 (9) The Insertion of the Claimant CPZ into the Chain of Ownership ........................ 32 D. THE HAMACA PROJECT ................................................................................................. 33 (1) Overview of the Hamaca Project .......................................................................... 33 (2) Initial Discussions among Phillips and PdVSA Regarding the Hamaca Project .. 34 (3) The Congressional Authorisation of the Conditions for the Hamaca Project ....... 34 (4) The Hamaca Association Agreement .................................................................... 36 (5) The Orinoco Belt Royalty Agreement .................................................................. 38 (6) Financing of the Hamaca Project .......................................................................... 39 (7) Implementation of the Hamaca Project and Commencement of Production ........ 39 (8) The Insertion of the Claimant CPH Into the Chain of Ownership ........................ 40 ii E. THE COROCORO PROJECT .............................................................................................. 40 (1) Overview of the Corocoro Project ........................................................................ 40 (2) The Congressional Authorisation of Exploration at Risk in New Areas and Profit Sharing Agreements .............................................................................................. 41 (3) Royalty Agreement for the New Areas ................................................................. 42 (4) The Association Agreement for the Corocoro Project .......................................... 43 (5) Declaration of Commerciality With Respect to the Corocoro Project ................. 44 (6) The Corocoro Development Plan.......................................................................... 44 (7) The Insertion of the Claimant CGP Into the Chain of Ownership ........................ 45 F. THE FACTS GIVING RISE TO THE DISPUTE .................................................................... 45 (1) Election of President Chávez and Promulgation of the Investment and New Hydrocarbons Laws .............................................................................................. 45 (a) Election of President Chávez ........................................................................ 45 (b) Promulgation of the Investment Law ............................................................ 45 (c) Promulgation of the New Hydrocarbons law and Execution of the Procedure for Payment of Exploitation Tax (Royalty) ......................................................... 46 (2) Measures Taken to Increase the Applicable Royalty Rate ................................... 47 (a) Amendment of the Orinoco Belt Royalty Agreements ................................. 47 (b) Imposition of a Higher Royalty Rate on Production of Between 120,000 and 145,000 Barrels Per Day ..................................................................................... 48 (c) Further Increase in the Effective Royalty Rate - the Extraction Tax ............ 48 (3) Increase in the Income Tax Rate for Extra-Heavy Oil Projects ............................ 49 (4) The Nationalisation Decree and Venezuela’s Taking of the Claimants’ Interests in the Petrozuata, Hamaca and Corocoro Projects .................................................... 49 (a) Draft Contracts for Conversion of the Projects Into Empresas Mixtas ......... 49 (b) The Claimants Notify the Respondent of the Existence of a Dispute Under the Investment Law and the Treaty ..................................................................... 50 (c) Promulgation of Decree Law 5,200 .............................................................. 51 (d) Negotiations Regarding the Claimants’ Interests in the Project .................... 52 (e) PdVSA Assumes Operational Control of the Projects .................................. 52 (f) Expiry of the Period for Reaching Agreement Under the Nationalisation Decree .................................................................................................................. 52 V. SUMMARY OF THE PARTIES’ POSITIONS .............................................................. 54 A. THE CLAIMANTS’ REQUESTS FOR RELIEF ...................................................................... 54 B. THE RESPONDENT’S REQUESTS ..................................................................................... 56 iii VI. JURISDICTION ................................................................................................................ 57 A. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 57 B. ARTICLE 22 OF THE INVESTMENT LAW .......................................................................... 58 (1) The Starting Point ................................................................................................. 61 (2) The Applicable Law .............................................................................................. 62 (3) The Text of Article 22........................................................................................... 63 C. ARTICLE 9 OF THE BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY BETWEEN THE NETHERLANDS AND VENEZUELA .................................................................................. 73 (1) “Corporations of Convenience” ............................................................................ 75 (2) Indirect Investment ............................................................................................... 82 (3) Ratione Temporis .................................................................................................. 83 D. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 84 VII. MERITS .............................................................................................................................. 85 A. CLAIMS FOR BREACH OF THE OBLIGATION OF FAIR AND EQUITABLE TREATMENT: ARTICLES 3 AND 4 OF THE NETHERLANDS-VENEZUELA TREATY .................................. 85 (1) Introduction ........................................................................................................... 85 (2) The Relationship between Articles 3 and 4 .......................................................... 87 (3) The Effect of Article 4 .......................................................................................... 88 (4) The Ordinary Meanings and Purposes of Article 3 and Article
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